Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

¶ A Dilucidation or Exposition of the Controuersies concerning the Chest and Heart, &c.

QVEST. I. An Anatomicall demonstration concerning the Phrensie of the Midriffe.

THE ancient Physicians before Plato, did not call the Midriffe Dia∣phragma, * 1.1 but 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, not because there was in it any seate of wise∣dome which the Greeke worde signifieth, but because when this muscle is inflamed, presently followeth the disease called Phrenitis or the phrensie, which is a continuall abalienation or distemper of the minde, ioyned with an acute feuer and want of rest or sleep. * 1.2 The inflamations of many parts breede this deliration as of the li∣uer, the Stomacke and the Lungs; but such distemper is but vncer∣taine and at some times not continual, only the inflamation of the * 1.3 midriffe breedeth a perpetuall or continual phrensie, which so neerely resembleth the true phrensie arising from the inflamation of the brain and his membranes, that it may deceiue a Physicion vnlesse he be right skilful: we wil deliuer in this place the signes how they may be distinguished. They are therefore discerned the one from the other by respiration, by the voyce and by the handling of the Hypochondria. The true and primarie phrensie which commeth from the inflamation of the braine or his membranes, maketh the respiration * 1.4 great, and that is deepe and long, that is seldome and rare with much distance betweene the breathings: but in the phrensie of the midriffe the respiration is small and frequent or quicke, small or shallow, because the instrument of respiration is inflamed, so that the chest * 1.5 cannot moue or be inlarged in all his demensions in inspiration, nor yet be freely collected or gathered vp together in expiration, as it may be in the former, where the instrument of

breathing is not taynted or violated, but onely the brayne: frequent also it is and quick, of∣ten returning, because of the necessity imposed by the flame of the ague; for so the shallow breathing is recompenced by often breathing.

Secondly, these phrensies are distinguished by the voyce: for in the phrensie of the * 1.6 brayne the voyce is base, they cry out, spurne and byte any that comes neere them: con∣trariwise in the phrensie of the midriffe the voyce is acute or treble, because the chiefe in∣strument of free respiration is affected, and being drawne vpward by the inflamation, the chest becommeth narrower; for the magnitude and basenes of the voice followes the con∣stitution of this instrument.

The last and most proper signe of this phrensie of the midriffe, Hippocrates deliuereth in the 55. Aphorisme Coacarum poenotionum, where he sayth: In these men their Hypochon∣dria * 1.7 appeare intro sur sum revulsa. i. to be drawne inward and vpward: the demonstration of which saying is to bee made by Anatomy thus: The midriffe in the vpper side is coue∣red with the pleura; on the lower with the Peritonaum or rim of the belly, which incloseth as in a sacke all the naturall instruments and parts conteyned in the lower belly, and giueth * 1.8 euery one of them his owne coate. The midriffe then being inflamed, is drawne vpward, and carrieth with it the peritonaeum, with the peritonaeum are the hypochondria, the Liuer, the Spleene, the Stomack, and all the bowels retracted; also hence comes that inward and vp∣ward revulsion of the Hypochondria Hippocrates mentioneth: wherefore these are the three proper and demonstratiue signes of the phrensie from the midriffe: small or shallow and * 1.9 frequent respiration, a shrill or treble voyce, and the vpward and inward revulsion of the Hypochondria. But why happeneth it, that when the midriffe is inflamed, there followeth a phrensie? Some thinke that when the midriffe is inflamed, the brayne is also presently a∣like affected; for the inflamation of the midriffe hindering respiration, the heat is increased in the chest and the heart, the bloud is attenuated and groweth cholerick and flyeth vp in∣to the brayn, whence commeth an erisypelas, that is, a cholericke inflamation of the brayn, the immediate cause of the true phrensie; but these things are ridiculous. For if it were so, then whensoeuer the Lungs also are inflamed, presently a perpetual phrensie would follow; because there followeth both a difficulty of breathing, and the Lungs are nourished with a bilious, that is, a very thin bloud: moreouer, if an Erisypelas should breede in the brayne, then were the phrensie a true phrensie, & not depending vpon the inflamation of the mid∣riffe. Others referre the cause of the phrensie to an analogy or proportion in all corre∣spondency betweene the midriffe and the brayne. But because the marrow of the backe is more correspondent to the brayne, and yet when that is inflamed, there followeth not al∣wayes a perpetuall phrensie, we doe worthily search farther for the cause. Wee therefore vnderstand that there is a double concurring in this busines, to wit, a wonderfull connex∣ion * 1.10 and society of these two parts, and then the perpetuall motion of the midriffe. The so∣ciety is by nerues, which communicate both heate and a vaporous spirite to the brayne. And the continuall and strong motion of the midriffe driueth vp with force and violence smoaky vapours to the brayne. For if you onely admitte the society or sympathy of the nerues, why should not the same phrensie fall out when the mouth of the stomacke is infla∣med, which hath notable stomachicall sinewes which from the brayne are inserted into it?

QVEST. II. Of the motion of the Heart and the Arteries or Pulse, a Philosophicall discourse.

THE busie wit of man obseruing the perpetuall motions of the heauens, hath long trauelled to imitat•• the same, and in making experiments, hath framed excellent and admirable peeces of workmanship, whilest euery one carried a perpetuall motion about himselfe, which happly hee little remembred or * 1.11 thought vpon, and that is the perpetuall motion of the heart, which from the day of birth, til the day of death, neuer ceaseth, but moueth continually: by what engines & pullies, what poyses and counter-poyses, what affluencies and refluencies this perpetuity is accomplished, we imagine will neither be vnprofitable nor vnpleasant to vnderstand, espe∣cially to those who desire to know and acknowledge the admirable workes of God in this little world of the body of man, as wel as his great administrations in the greater. We read of Aristotle, that when hee was in banishment in Chalcide, and obserued the seauen-fold Eb∣bing and Flowing in one day & a night of the Euripus ornarrow Frith between Aulis and * 1.12 the Iland Eubra, and could not finde out the cause of it, he pyned away euen to death with

sorrow. Me thinks therefore that euery man when he puts his hand but into his bosome and feeleth there a continuall pulsation, by which hee knoweth his owne life is gouerned, should also bee desirous to vnderstand what maner of engine this is, which being so small that he may couer it with his hand, hath yet such diuersities of mouing causes therein, espe∣cially * 1.13 considering that a little skill to cleere and dresse the wheeles may keepe this watch of his life in motion, which otherwise will furre vp and stand in his dissolution. We will therefore a little payne our selues, to discourse of the manifold difficulties wherein the cau∣ses of this motion are so intangled, that some not meerely learned haue thought, that they are onely knowne to God and Nature and to none other.

The motion therefore of the heart is double; one naturall, the other depraued. The * 1.14 naturall we call the Pulse, the other we call Palpitation: the one proceedeth from a Natu∣rall faculty, the other from an vnnaturall distemper: the one is an action of the heart, the o∣ther a passion. Our discourse shall be onely of the naturall motion which consisteth of a dilatation called Diastole, a contraction called Systole, and a double rest betweene them.

Aristotle imagined the onely cause of this motion to be heate, but perpetuated by the * 1.15 continuall affluence of oylie moysture, which as continually is consumed as it is ministred, euen as oyle put to a lampe: but the dilatation (sayth hee) commeth from ebullition or boyling of the bloud, whereby it riseth and occupieth a larger place, yea and powreth it selfe out into all the cauity adioyning thereto: and this he illustrateth by an example taken from boyling water; water when it boyleth riseth vp and occupieth larger place then it did * 1.16 before, but if you blowe cold ayre into it, it presently falleth; right so is it (sayth he) in the heart of a man the heate boyleth vp the bloud, and the cold ayre we draw in by inspiration settleth it againe: and this is farther proued because the pulses of yong men are more liue∣ly and stronger then of old, of whole men then of sicke, of waking men then of sleeping, * 1.17 because their heate is more vehement, and the feruor or working of their bloud more ma∣nifest. These things are very probable, and carry (I must needs say) a great shew of trueth, but if they be weighed in the ballance of Anatomy they will bee found but light. Herein was the Philosophers error that he vnderstandeth the heart to be distended or dilated, be∣cause * 1.18 it is filled: contrariwise, the Anatomist vnderstandeth the heart to bee filled because it is dilated.

In the depraued motion or palpitation of the heart it is distended indeede, because it is filled either with water or with vapours, but in the proper and naturall it is dilated by an in∣bred * 1.19 power of his owne, and being dilated drawes in bloud and spirits, and so is filled, like as a Smithes bellowes being opened by the power of the smith is filled with ayre whether hee will or no; bladders whilest they are filled are distended, those fill in the dilatation, these dilate in the filling.

Beside this conceite of Aristotles, others haue diuersly deuised concerning this motion. * 1.20 Erasistratus, Hiracledus, Erithreus, conceiued that the motion of the heart was from the A∣nimall and vitall faculties together. Auerrhoes, that it was from the appetent and senti∣ent soule; and that the heat was but the instrument which the appetite vsed: others thought * 1.21 that nature onely moued the heart, because alone it is sayd to bee principium motus, or be∣ginning * 1.22 of motion in those things that are moued: others, that the dilatation of the heart was from the soule, and the contraction meerly naturall, the sides of the heart falling down with their owne waight, like as in the disease called Tremor, or the shaking palsie; the facul∣ty * 1.23 of the soule continually rayseth vp the heade, and the waight beareth it downe againe, whence the perpetuall shaking proceedeth.

But trueth is, the motion of the heart is no trembling but a constant and orderly moti∣on; neither is the contraction caused by the waight of the heart, it buckling vnder the bur∣then of it selfe, but the greatest strength of the heart is in the contraction, whereby it hur∣leth * 1.24 forth (as the lightning passeth through the whole heauen) his spirites into the whole body, and excludeth oftentimes not without violence, the fumed vapours into the arteriall veine. But before we set downe our resolution concerning this matter, a few things are to * 1.25 be first established.

There is a threefold motion; Violent, Animal, and Naturall: of violent motions none at all can be perpetuall, whereupon wee may conclude that no Art can make a perpetuall motion. Animall motions are all voluntary: this Galen well describeth in the fifth Chap∣ter of his second Booke de motu musculorum, where he sayeth, If thou canst settle and ap∣pease those things that are moued or done at thy pleasure, and againe mooue or doe that

was at rest or was not done, that action or motion is truely voluntarie; if moreouer thou canst doe any thing swifter or flower, oftner or seldomer at thy pleasure, these actions are obedient to thy will. Finally, the Naturall motion is manifold, as a thing may diuers waies * 1.26 be sayd to be naturall.

There is one simple naturall motion which is accomplished only by nature and the E∣lementary forme; with this motion heauy things moue downeward, and light things vp∣ward.

Secondly, all motions are called Naturall which are opposed to violent motions; so the motions of the muscles, though they be voluntary, are sayd to be naturall, if they be na∣turally disposed.

Thirdly, all motions are called Naturall which are not Animall, that is, voluntarie: So Galen sayeth in the place before quoted, that the motion of the heart is not of the soule, that is, of the will, but of nature: & againe, the motion of the heart is of Nature, the motion of the chest, of the Soule.

So that Galen in his 7. Book de vsu partium, deliuering but two kinds of faculties, the one Animall, the other Naturall, vnderstandeth all that to be Naturall which is not Animall or voluntary. Now we conclude, that the motion of the heart is Natural in the third accep∣tion; * 1.27 that is, that it dependeth neither vpon the will, nor simply vpon Nature; but vpon the vitall faculty of the Soule which is Naturall: not vpon the wil, because wee can neither stay it nor set it going againe, neither slacken nor hasten it at our pleasure: not simply vp∣on Nature, for in a body that is animated, that is, that hath a Soule, nothing mooueth but the Soule, otherwise there should be more formes then one, and more beginners of moti∣on then one, which true and solid Philosophy will not suffer. This Soule is the Nature it selfe of the Creature, which that it may preserue the vnion between the body and it selfe, moueth the heart, concocteth in the stomacke, reboyleth in the Liuer, and perfecteth the bloud in the veines. When we say therefore that the motion of the heart is Naturall, wee meane that it is from a naturall faculty of the Soule which is not voluntary. And that this motion is natural, all the causes of it do euidently shew.

There be three immediate causes of the pulse, the Efficient, the End or finall cause, and * 1.28 the Instrument, all Naturall.

The Efficient cause is the vital faculty, which imploieth it selfe wholly about the gene∣ration of spirits, which by that perpetuall motion are brought foorth, for in the Diastole or dilatation it draweth bloud and ayre. In the Systole or contraction it draweth out the spi∣rits already made, and their excrements.

The Finall cause (which you may call either the vse or the necessity at your pleasure) * 1.29 is three-fold; the nourishment of the spirituous substance, which is kept in the left ventri∣cle of the heart; the tempering and moderating of it (for there was great danger, that be∣cause of the continuall motions the heart should be inflamed, vnlesse it had beene ventila∣ted with ayre as with a fan) and the expurgation of smoky or fumed vapors.

The Instruments also of this motion are Natural, not Animall. Galen calleth the Ani∣mall * 1.30 instruments, the Muscles and the Nerues: the heart is no muscle, vnlesse wee speake a∣busiuely, because of the fastnes and colour of his flesh; and for nerues there are none that * 1.31 reach vnto his ventricles. There is indeed a small surcle or tendrill from the sixt coniuga∣tion that maketh the Recurrent, which is disseminated in the purse and Basis of the heart, but the heart standeth in no need of it for his motion; for if this nerue be intercepted with a string, or (which is the surest way) his originall which is easily perceiued by the sides of the weazon; yet neuerthelesse is the heart moued as also the arteries, as in Dogges we haue of∣ten made experiment. Seeing therefore all the causes of the hearts motion be Naturall, we may conclude that it selfe is natural, comming from the vitall faculty which is not volūtary.

But that the trueth of this conclusion may more playnely appeare, some obiections must bee answered, which otherwise would breede scruple in the mindes of them that are * 1.32 not so sufficiently grounded in these secrets of Nature.

First therefore say some, all naturall motions are continuall; but the motion of the heart is interrupted with a double rest, one betweene each motion. Let vs admit that one sim∣ple * 1.33 Naturall motion is continuall: yet when there are two natural motions and those con∣trary, there must needs be a rest betweene them.

Secondly, they say, no natural motion is compound: but the motion of the heart is * 1.34 compound. I answere, The motion of the heart is not compound, but double; not simple,

because of two contrary motions cannot be made one compound motion; neither of ma∣ny motions is made one motion as one line of many poynts.

Thirdly, they vrge vs further thus, with Aristotle in the 7. Booke of his Metaph. Whatso∣euer * 1.35 is moued by Nature is moued to some end, which end when it hath obteyned, then it resteth; as water being heated, if by it own force and proper forme it be cooled, neuer gro∣weth hot againe by the same forme or force. Wherefore if the heart be moued natural∣ly, it is mooued that it may be dilated or contracted; when therefore it is dilated, why is it contracted? and when it is contracted, why is it dilated againe? I answere, that that is true * 1.36 in a motion that is purely and meerely naturall; but the motion of the heart is from the vi∣tall faculty of the Soule, which hath a naturall instinct and knowledge of his owne vse, and according to the diuers appetites of that naturall instinct moueth diuersly. For when the heart is contracted, it desireth to be dilated that it may draw in cold ayre, when it is dilated or distended, it desireth to be contracted to auoyde the smoke and soote that by his heate are ingendred: so the vitall faculty of the Soule which is sensible of his owne want, moueth the heart perpetually with diuers motions, according as the needs of the Soule do require. By which this motion of the heart is distinguished from other motions of the Naturall fa∣culty of the Soule, to wit, of the wombe and the stomacke. For the motion of these parts is not perpetual, because there wanteth a perpetuall obiect, neither doth any necessity vrge, * 1.37 the finall cause it is not alwayes at hand, but the heart hath a continual obiect, necessity and end: for it wanteth perpetuall nourishment, tempering and expurgation. Finally, they contend that the motion of the heart is not Naturall, because it is to two contrary poynts, but opposite and contrary motions are onely performed by the Animall faculty: so the arme is lifted vp and pulled downe onely by the will. I answere, that in things without * 1.38 life this is true, but all things that haue life, yea euen in plants themselues there is motion to contrary poynts. I say more, there is neuer in the Soule one motion, but presently re∣sulteth another opposite or contrary vnto it: so in nutrition, the attraction of the Aliment is from the Soule, so is also the expulsion of excrements from the same Soule. The Soule is so diuine a thing, that not only it doth many things beside the lawes of other formes, but * 1.39 also is the author of contraries; for it moueth vpward and downeward and beyond the Na∣ture of Elements, to the right hand, to the left. and circularly. The motion of the earth is simple and vniforme, the motion of the Soule manifold, because the forme of the earth is one and simply simple. The Soule is simple, manifold, and manifold wayes: Simple in his Essence, manifold in his Power and Vertue, and manifold wayes in his knowledge of ob∣iects, * 1.40 from which his operations and actions are drawne.

We therefore conclude that the motion of the heart is Naturall, and proceedeth from the vitall faculty for a certaine end and purpose of Nature, and that it doth so proceede, * 1.41 these two arguments doe necessarily auerre.

First, because in the dilatation there is a certaine and determinate kinde of bloud and ayre drawne perpetually through the same set and determinate vessels. In the contraction likewise the smoky ayre and the spirits are thrust out by certayne vessels.

Secondly, because the flesh of the heart is wouen with all kindes of fibres. If therefore those seuerall fibres doe in other parts some draw, some contract, and some loosen, either they are superfluous in the heart (which to say, is to blaspheme Nature) or else they haue the same vses in the heart that they haue in other partes. VVee sayed it proceeded for a certaine end, because this faculty neither worketh voluntarily as the Animall, nor accor∣ding to the power of the Agent in respect of that which suffereth, but for meere necessity. The stomack, although it be not hungry, yet it concocteth so much meat as is put into it, if it can: but the heart is not moued but as necessity vrgeth, making a pulse either swifter or slower, as the vse of Nature is to haue a slow or quick pulse.

QVEST. III. Of the manner of the motion of the Heart, and whether it strike the Brest in the dilatation or in the contraction.

THus much concerning the cause of the motion of the heart. It followeth now to speake of the manner of his motion, which is better knowne by the eye * 1.42 then by discourse of reason: wherefore it is vsual with Anatomists, for the bet∣ter obseruation of this motion, to open Dogs aliue, that they may more di∣stinctly see the manner thereof. From this Autopsia and witnesse of the eye

will we vnfold this mystery.

There are two motions of the heart, Dyastole or dilatation, and Systole or contraction; * 1.43 betwixt each of these is a rest or cessation, one following the distētion, the other following the contraction. For it is not possible that two contrary motions should immediately suc∣ceed one another: but in the poynt of the refluxion or returne from one contrary to ano∣ther there must needes be a rest, otherwise there could be no beginning nor end of one mo∣tion distinct from the beginning and end of another; and so the motions could not be con∣trary which had no distinct beginning nor end particular to either of them, because there is no rest from which the beginning of the motion should arise, or into which the end of the motion should determine: wherefore whatsoeuer hath any reflexion, hath also some rest before the reflexion.

A manifest instance hereof wee haue in the Tyde, which when it hath flowed to his * 1.44 height, standeth sometime at a stay before it begin to Ebbe, which stay we call a high water when no motion of the tide can be perceiued. But what is done in these contrary motions? In the Dyastole the heart draweth bloud by the gate of the hollow veine into his right ven∣tricle, * 1.45 and ayre by the arteriall veine into the left. In the Systole the heart driueth out vitall * 1.46 spirites into the great artery, or fumed and smoky vapours together, with a small portion of the spirits, by the venall artery. In the Dyastole the ends of the heart are corrugated & contracted, the Basis being drawne to the mucro or poynt, and the poynt to the Basis: so that the heart becommeth shorter in his longitude, but is so amplified to his sides, that his figure commeth neere to the spherical, which is the figure of most capacity. Contrariwise, in the Systole the ends of the heart are distended, but the sides fall and flag, as it were, and so the heart becommeth longer, but narrower.

Both these motions are performed by the helpe of the fibres; for the right which passe * 1.47 directly from the Basis to the poynte, contracting themselues make the dilatation. The transuerse or circular straighting the sides, doe make the contraction; the oblique serue for retention, and make that double rest whereof we spake. Againe, in the Dyastole all the values are extended, in which distention, the forked values make many chinkes or crannyes as it were, but the semi-lunarie values do close vp the ends of their vesselles. In the Systole all these membranes are contracted, and then the forked shutte those chinks and crannyes * 1.48 which they made when they were dilated, and the semilunarie being corrugated or wrink∣led, leaue such distances or rifts by which the bloud freely passeth forth. Moreouer, the dilatation of the heart is before the contraction in time, for ayre is first drawn in before the smoky excrement is shut out: and againe, inspiration must needs be first, because expirati∣on is last, for the life vanisheth in expiration.

But whether is of greater necessity? VVe answere, that in hayle bodies they are of a∣like * 1.49 necessity. In Agues especially rotten and putrid there is more necessity of expiration, as wee see in those that dye, their Systole and expiration is greater, because Nature is more diligent to exclude that which is hurtfull, then to drawe that which is profitable; now wee know that the ayre that is drawne is familiar to the heart, but the smoaky and sooty excre∣ment is an offence vnto it.

Lastly, it is questioned whether it strike the breast (which wee feele with our hand a∣bout * 1.50 the left brest) in the dilatation or in the contraction. Galen seemeth to differ here∣in from himselfe: for in one place he saith, Quando rur sum euacuatum fuerit Cor, & in natu∣ralem figuram recurrerit, tunc prosilit pectori, et percussionem facit, et ita concidens pulsum per∣ficit: that is, Againe when the heart is emptied, and returneth to his naturall figure and po∣sition, * 1.51 then it leapeth against the brest, and maketh that percussion, and so falling accompli∣sheth that pulse.

To this authority may bee added this reason: when the heart is dilated it becommeth * 1.52 short, and againe long when it is contracted. VVherefore when it is distended it goeth from the brest, and when it is contracted it flyeth to the brest, and so striketh it: beside, al∣most all Anatomists say, that the flesh of the heart is more solid in the mucro or point, then * 1.53 in the Basis; that in the violent motions of the brest it should touch the bone, to which it is very neere, and so be hurt, & so vitiate his motion: the point therefore striketh the brest, * 1.54 but experience and waight of reason is on the contrary part.

The reasons are these: If you lay one hand vpon the brest, and another vpon the wrest, * 1.55 you shal perceiue in either place at the same time the same stroke; and this both Galen hath obserued in the 3. ch. of his 3. Book de praesag. expuls. & we daily proue it true by diffections

of liuing creatures; but it is most certaine, that the stroke of the artery is in the ende of the dilatation, for the end of the contraction cannot be felt; therefore that stroke of the heart we feele, is the end of the dilatation, not of the contraction.

It may bee obiected, that when the arteries are distended, the heart is contracted, and * 1.56 when the heart is contracted, then are the arteries dilated; if therfore you place your hand vpon the wrest or the temples, and there finde the stroke of the artery, and with the other hand vpon the breast finde also the stroke there at the same time, it must follow necessari∣ly, that the heart is then contracted when the arteries are dilated, but the vanity of this ob∣iection * 1.57 shall appeare in the next exercise. For the heart and the arteries are distended at the same time and in the same motion.

Moreouer, if the heart when it is contracted should strike the breast with his mucre or poynt, the stroake should not be felt at the left breast but somewhat lower, for the point of the heart reacheth to that place of the chest into which the midriffe is inserted. The brest therefore is beaten not with the poynt of the heart, but with the left ventricle when it is di∣stended, which is the originall of the arteries; for when the poynt is gathered to the Basis in the Diastole, the heart is made larger, and so striketh the breast at the left Pap; but when it is contracted, the heart becommeth longer & narrower, and so falleth back into the chest; and of this also is Galens opinion in his Anatomicall administrations, and in those golden Hymnes of his, of the vse of the parts. Let vs proceed to the other difficulties which con∣cerne the motion of this heart and arteries.

QVEST. IIII. By or from what power the Arteries are moued.

THE motion of the Arteries Hippocrates first of all others called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that * 1.58 is, the Pulse, & although he left indistinct precepts about it, yet was it not vt∣terly vnknowne vnto him, as some nouices would beare the worlde in hand, which may be prooued by many places, if it were necessary to wrastle in that floore: but we list not insist in that, but proceed. That the forme of the mo∣tion * 1.59 of this pulse is all one with that of the heart; for it consisteth of a Diastole and a Systole, and a double rest.

In the Diastole the Arteries draw and are filled, and in the Systole they expell. The rest is double, vnlesse Nature bee prouoked either by a violent obiect, or by some external cause; for then the arteries may be moued together with an insensible rest, as in the pulse called dicrotus ad vibrans: so a stone which is throwne vpward, if it meet with a falling To∣wer, descends againe without any rest, although Aristotle thinketh that no violence can tie * 1.60 to contrary motions without some rest.

The vse of this pulsation is double; one greater, another lesser. The greater is for the conseruation of the naturall heate as well of the heart as of other parts: for by contractions * 1.61 whatsoeuer is smoky the arteries auoyde, and so the naturall heate is kept from suffocation, by dilatation they draw outward ayre into the body, by which the dissolution of the same heate is inhibited.

The lesse vse is, that in the braine may be ingendered the Animal spirit, for by the pul∣sation the spirits of life are carried into the plexus choroides. There is therefore the same vse of the pulse that there is of respiration, sauing that what respiration doth to the heart, that the pulse of the arteries doth to other parts, which as they neede lesse heate then the heart, so are they not so soone offended: for if the heart bee depriued of respiration, presently the creature perisheth, but the part dyeth not as soone as it wanteth the pulse.

The nature of the motion of these arteries is very obscure, and many things must bee * 1.62 resolued of and known, before we can attayne to the vnderstanding of so deepe a mystery. First of all, whence are the arteries moued from themselues or from some other. Prapago∣ras thought the arteries did moue of their owne accord, and that they had the same pulsa∣tiue vertue that the heart hath, in themselues, not by influence. But this Galen disproueth * 1.63 by an obseruation; for sayth he, if an artery be cut ouerthwart, that part onely will pulse which remayneth ioyned to the heart; but that which is separated from the heart, will not beate at all.

Erasistratus was of minde, that the arteries were not mooued by any proper power of * 1.64 their owne, but by the constraint of the heart, and that constraint hee meaneth not of any faculty but onely of some matter. Aristotle thought they moued, because of the feruour or * 1.65 boyling of the bloud contayned in them, whome some haue followed, because they know * 1.66

that the spirits are those which make strife & offer violence; and again, because the veines * 1.67 neere the hart do not moue, which they would do (say they) if they had in them such bloud as the arteries haue: but we will proue that neither heate nor spirite, nor boyling bloud can be the immediate cause of this perpetuall motion. For the heate, it either hath a body or hath no body; if it had a body, then the arteries that are neerer to the heart would soonest be dilated; if it be onely a naked quality, then will it first heate those things that are neere hand, and after that which is farther off. For heate is not of the number of those formes which may in a moment be diffused as light, but his contrary is cold, which first must be ex∣pelled out of the subiect before it selfe bee receiued: but the pulse is in a moment diffused through all the arteries, it is not therefore only from heate.

It is not of spumous bloud; for then it would follow that where the bloud is more plen∣tifull * 1.68 and hotter, there the pulse should be not onely more vehement, but more frequent al∣so; and so the pulses of the great arteries should bee quicker then the pulses of the small: but experience teacheth, that all the arteries both great and small doe mooue alike vnlesse there be some hinderance; they are not therefore moued by the bloud contayned in them. Furthermore, intercept an arterie with a tye, and the part below the tye, though it strut * 1.69 with spirits and thinne bloud, yet will not beate, because the continuity of the faculty with the heart is intercepted; but as soon as the tye is vnloosed, the artery will instantly beate a∣gaine; but the heate nor the humour can in a moment or instant flow from the heart into the vtter arteries. Adde to this, that if the arteries should beate because of the bloud con∣tayned in them, then in all large pulses there should also be vehemencie, which is nothing so: For sayth Galen in his Booke de vsu pulsuum, and in the fourth de causis pulsuum, there is * 1.70 a pulse which is small yet vehement, and there is likewise a pulse which is great but languid and faynt, which variety cannot come from the heat.

Asclepiades acknowledgeth a faculty in the motion of the arteries; but whereas this * 1.71 motion is in dilatation and constriction, hee affirmeth that the distention onely is from the faculty, and the contraction from nature; that is, from the predominant element and from the waight, because when the creature is dead the arteries doe fall. So bladders if they be filled with any thing they are distended, but they fall of themselues: and all round and hol∣low bodies are dilated by some facultie, but afterward doe fall with the waight of their owne parts. On the contrary, those things that are contracted by any faculty, that facul∣ty ceasing, they are againe dilated. Therefore if the arteries bee dilated by a faculty, then are they contracted by their grauity, and so on the contrary: wherefore they need not a fa∣culty for both.

Herophylus quite contrary will haue the contraction to be performed by a faculty, but the dilatation (sayth he) is nothing else but the returne of the arterie to his natural position: * 1.72 Because sayth he, the arteries of dead carcasses being cast into hot water, when they haue gotten the measure of heate that they had in the liuing body, will be dilated, but neuer fall, because there wanteth a faculty: but they are both deceiued.

For if both the Dyastole and Systole came not from the faculty, but from the constitution * 1.73 of the artery, then the artery should euer keepe the same magnitude, and the same vehe∣mencie of pulsation; but we see that the pulse is now greater, now lesser, as the strength is great or little; sometimes the Systole, sometimes the Dyastole is greater, as the vse of either is increased. There want not some who striue to prooue that the motion of the arteries is from the brayne, standing vpon one authoritie of Galens, where hee sayth in the 2. Booke * 1.74 de causis pulsuum, When in a man the pulse beginnes to be convulsiue, presently he is taken with a convulsion, which seemeth to intimate, that there is one originall of the faculty of pulsation, and of that to which convulsion doeth belong. But Galens owne obseruation bewrayeth the vanity of this opinion. For if the brayne be compressed, sence and motion will perish, but the arteries will still beate. If the nerue which commeth from the brayn to the heart bee cut or intercepted, the creature becommeth dumbe, but the arteries beate still.

Seeing therefore that the arteries neither moue by a power of their owne, nor from the * 1.75 Elementary forme, nor onely from heate, nor from a spirit or spumy bloud, it remayneth necessary that they should be mooued by pulsatiue power of the heart. For if they should be moued by any thing saue by a faculty, their motion should be not continual but violent: neither would there bee any attraction of ayre in dilatation, but the boyling bloud would take vp all the roome.

This Faculty or power pulsatiue is in a moment carried, not through the Cauitie but along the coats of the Arteries; and that it is carried in a moment this is an argument that * 1.76 all the Arteries are mooued with the same motion, all together in the same time vvhen the heart is mooued. If it be obiected, that Galen (in the 1. de different. pulsuum, & de 2 pri∣ma cognitione ex puls. speaking of those that haue hot hearts, and cold Arteries in whom the parts of the Arterie that are neerer to the heart are dilated sooner then those that are more remote) is constrained to confesse, that the pulsatiue power is mooued through the * 1.77 arterie & slowly by degrees. I answer, that the faculty floweth in a moment vnlesse it be hin¦dred. But it may be hindred sometimes by his owne fault, sometimes by the fault of the Instrument; by his owne when the heate is weake, by the instrument when the arteries are either cold or soft or obstructed. It remaineth therefore, that when al things are aright dis∣posed it floweth in an instant, and not through the Cauitie, but along the coats of the Ar∣teries. Galen in the last Chapter of the Booke Quod sanguis Arterijs delineatur, giueth an * 1.78 instance from experience. If you put a Quill or Reede into the Arterie, which will fill the whole cauity, yet will the Artery beate; but if his coats be pressed with a Tie, it will cease instantly. If it be obiected that the Arteries in an Infant beate before the heart, and therefore the pulse is from the spirit, not from the heart: I aunswere, that the Infants Ar∣teries * 1.79 do mooue by a vertue that proceedeth from the heart of the Mother: for the Arte∣ries of the infant are continuall with those of the Mother, and receiueth as well life & the pulsatiue Faculty from her, as the Liuer and all the other parts do nourishment.

QVEST. V. Whether the Arteries are dilated, when the Heart is dilated, or on the contrary then contracted.

THere ariseth now a more obscure, thornie, and scrupulous question, then * 1.80 the former, and that is, whether the Arteries and the heart are mooued with the same motion. For the explication whereof, we must first resolue that the Arteries are filled when they are dilated, and emptied when they are contrac∣ted, * 1.81 that they draw when they are dilated, and expell when they are constrin∣ged. The reason is manifest; For the vessels must needs draw with that motion whereby they are made most fit to receiue; but the vesselles by how much they are more enlarged, by so much are they more capeable: now they are enlarged by dilatation; therefore, when they are dilated they draw and are filled: so that Archigines is no way to be hearkned vnto, * 1.82 who was of opinion that in the Systole the arteries do draw and are filled, and in the Dia∣stole do expell and are emptied; whose argument for this was, because in inspiration the lippes are streightned, and the Nosthrils contracted: but whether this Diastole of the Ar∣teries * 1.83 be at once and together with the dilatation of the heart, that is indeede a great con∣trouersie. Erasistratus was the first that thought their motions contrary, that is, that when the heart is dilated, the Arteries are contracted; and when the heart is contracted, the Ar∣teries are dilated.

Amongst the new writers, these haue sided with him: Fernelius, Columbus, Cardane, & Sealiger: and truely his opinion may be confirmed by authorities and reasons. Galen in his * 1.84 Booke De Puls. ad Tyrenes saith, that the Vitall Faculty dooth mooue diuers bodies at the same time with diuers motions, which can be vnderstood of nothing else but the mo∣tions of the heart and of the arteries. Auicen Fen. 1. cap. 4. doctrin. 6. affirmeth, that the vi∣tall * 1.85 Faculty doth together dilate and constringe. The reasons beside these authorities are: In the Diastole the heart draweth blood by the hollow veine into his right Ventricle, and aer by the venall artery into the left. Therefore at that time the heart is filled, and the vessels are emptied. Contrariwise, in the Systole the heart expelleth the Vitall spirit into the arteries; therefore at that time the heart is emptied and the arteries are filled; but when the arteries are filled they are distended, and when they are emptied they fall: wherefore when the heart is distended, the arteries are contracted, and when it is contracted they are distended. Beside, there is the same proportion betweene the arteries and the heart, which * 1.86 there is betweene the heart and the deafe eare: but it is most certaine, which our eie-sight teacheth vs, that the motion of the heart, and of the eares of the heart are diuers; for when the heart is dilated, then those eares doe fall; and when the heart is contracted, then they are distended and filled: wherefore the heart and the arteries are mooued with a diuers motion.

Thirdly, as attractions and expulsations are in other parts, so it is likely they are in the heart; * 1.87

but when the stomack driueth out the Chylus, the messentery veines do draw it, and therefore when the heart driueth out blood and the vitall spirit, then the arteries draw it; and so their motions are contrary.

Fourthly, when the heart is dilated then becommeth it shorter, and draweth vnto it * 1.88 selfe the arteries that are continual with it and therefore maketh them narrower, but when the heart is contracted the arteries are dilated and become longer.

Lastly, if one hand be placed vpon the brest & another vpon the wrest, the same stroke will at the same time be perceiued; but the stroke and percussion of the brest is done by the * 1.89 contraction of the heart, for when it is contracted it commeth to the brest and striketh it: but when it is distended it becommeth shorter and recedeth from the Chest. Now the stroke of the Artery is not from the contraction, but from the dilatation. Wherefore the heart and the Arteries are moued with a diuers motion. But notwithstanding all these * 1.90 reasons, yet are we perswaded with Galen in his booke de vsu puls. & 3. depraesag. expuls. & 6. de vsu partium, that the heart and the Arteries are moued with the same motion. And this we are taught first by experience, then by strong & inuincible force of argument. The experience is instanced by Galen, which euery man may make tryall of in himselfe. If one * 1.91 hand be laide vpon the brest and another vpon the wrest, the same stroke will be percei∣ued at the same time; and beside in diffections of liuing creatures we haue often obserued the very same. But beside, these reasons doe euince it. We haue already proued that the ar∣teries are not moued by the impulsion of the bloud, not by the boyling or heate of it, but * 1.92 by a faculty and that not of the Arteries but yssuing from the heart; therefore they are contracted by the faculty which contracteth the heart and distended by the same force and power by which it is distended. But if they were moued with diuers motions, it would fol∣low that the dilating faculty must flow from the heart in the same moment wherein it is contracted, which no Philosopher will dare to admit. Beside, that motion is the same which hath the same efficient and finall causes: but the pulsatiue power is the same which * 1.93 moueth the heart and the Arteries; and the end also is the same, to wit, nutrition, tempe∣ration or qualification, and expurgation.

Thirdly, the motion of the part and of the whole is all one; and a part of that beeing * 1.94 moued which is continuall with the whole, the whole is moued: as is seene in the strings of Instruments: but the Arteries and heart are continuall together; wherefore if they bee * 1.95 moued by the heart as is most euident, then will it follow necessarily that they shall both be moued together by the same motion.

Fourthly, vnlesse the heart and the Arteries were together distended and together * 1.96 contracted, the hart should not be refrigerated in his dilatations, because the Arteries be∣ing contracted there would follow an exclusion of the smoky excrments into the left ventricle, and so the hart and the artery should mutually striue, & their motion be in vaine.

Fiftly, it would follow that in the contraction the heart should draw ayre from * 1.97 the dilated and distended arteries. For sometimes the vse of respiration being taken away, as in passions of the mother; the hart doth not draw ayre from the Lungs and the venall ar∣tery, because then no ayre is drawne in by the mouth and the nostrils, yet the hart moueth and the arteries beate. Now it is moued for the generation of vitall spirits, but this gene∣ration is not without the admistion of ayre: it draweth therfore ayre from the arteries not contracted because then are the excrements expelled, but from the arteries distended. But if when the arteries are distended the heart be contracted, then the contracted heart shall draw from the distended arteries, and so shall the motions of the heart become con∣trary.

Sixtly, this faculty is incorporeall, communicating it selfe in a moment: wherefore at * 1.98 what time the hart beginneth to dilate, it distendeth all the arteries, and so on the contrary.

Finally, the pulses which are in anger, sorrow and other passions doe sufficiently shew that the heart and arteries are moued with the same motion. For, if when the hart * 1.99 is dilated the arteries should be contracted, then in anger the pulses should bee small, in griefe great; because in anger the heart is somewhat contracted and therefore the arteries should be but a little dilated. Contrariwise, in griefe the arteries should be very much di∣lated because the heart is strongly contracted: but how false this is, common experience will witnesse. Let vs therefore settle our selues in Galens opinion and determine, That the * 1.100 arteries are dilated and contracted when the heart is dilated and contracted.

The structure of the vesselles of the heart, deceiued those learned men which hold the

contrary opinion, together with the obscure maner of the hearts motion. For there being in the Basis of the heart foure notable vessels: the hollow veine, the arteriall veine, the ve∣nall artery, and the great artery: they imagined that the heart in his Dyactole did draw som∣thing from these foure vesselles, and in his Systole driue something into them all; and that therefore in the Dyastole of the heart they were all emptied that the heart might bee filled, and in the Systole of the heart they were all filled because the heart is emptied.

Beside, they seeme to haue been ignorant of the Efficient cause of the motion of the heart and the arteries. For they would haue the heart and the arteries to bee dilated be∣cause they are filled with ayre or bloud. But the trueth is, that the arteries are not dilated because they are filled; but because they are dilated therefore are they filled: onely the po∣wer * 1.101 & pulsatiue faculty which floweth from the heart distendeth the arteries, not the bloud contayned in them. For whether they be distended or contracted they remayne alwayes full of bloud: but if you shall thinke that they are distended because they are filled, then * 1.102 will it follow that at the same time they cannot be all distended; for how can that corpore∣all bloud bee carried in a moment from the heart to the arteries of the foote? I will giue you for illustration of this matter an elegant example. The Smithes bellowes because * 1.103 they are dilated are therefore filled with ayre; and the chest because it is distended by the animall faculty is presently filled; but purses bagges and the hogges bladder with which boyes often play themselues, are distended because they are filled.

But we must carefully marke, that whereas there are foure vesselles of the heart, onely * 1.104 the arteries is filled because it is dilated: the other three are distended because they are filled and doe fall because they are emptyed; because onely the arteries haue the moti∣on of Systole and Dyastole from the faculty of the heart, the other vesselles are immouable. And this is the reason why when the heart is contracted the left eare is dilated, because * 1.105 the eare is a kinde of store-house of ayre and bloud which suddenly rush into it; from the which when the heart draweth bloud or ayre, it is of necessity that it should contract it selfe.

These things being determined, it will bee easie to make satisfaction to whatsoeuer is obiected on the contrary part. The authorities of Galen and Auicen are not contrary to our determination, for they call the heart and the arteries diuers moouable bodies, which * 1.106 at the same time are mooued with diuers motions; for they are dilated and concracted at once and together by the same vitall faculty. And I imagine that Galen and Auicen spake this against the antients, who sayde that onely the dilatation was from the faculty, but the contraction from the Elementary forme and from the waight of their bodies. The rea∣sons * 1.107 are thus to bee answered. The arteries are not distended because they are filled but are filled because they are distended; neither doe the arteries fall altogether when they are contracted but retayne still their cauity; and the plenty of the matter is more which issu∣eth from them then that which is receiued into them: the arteries therefore are not dila∣ted by the influence of the matter which goeth out of the heart.

The second argument is of no moment: for there is not the same reason of the heart * 1.108 and the eares thereof; for the eares expell nothing, but the arteries expell more at that time then they receiue; beside, the eares are dilated because they are filled, but the heart & * 1.109 arteries are therefore filled because they are dilated: and this did Hippocrates silently insi∣nuate where he sayth, The heart is mooued by his whole Nature, that is, by his proper fa∣culty: but the cares doe priuatly swell and fall againe; that is, as they are filled or emptied of ayre and bloud.

To the third reason we thus make satisfaction; in other parts the attractiue and expelling * 1.110 vertues are in-bred, but contraction and dilatation the arteries haue by influence.

The fourth reason instanceth but in a light contraction, which is into length not into * 1.111 bredth.

Last of all, the last reason is against experience, for we haue before proued that the brest is beaten in the dilatation, the left ventricle being largely displayed. * 1.112

QVEST. VI. Of the generation of the vitall spirit, and by what wayes the bloud goeth out of the right into the left ventricle of the Heart.

WEE haue hitherto prooued that the motion of the Heart and the Arteries is * 1.113 one and that a perpetuall motion, consisting of a Systole a Dyastole and a double rest, arising from a naturall pulsatiue faculty of the Soule residing in the heart, there assisted by the structure of the fibres and thence deduced by influence or irradiation into all the arteries at one instant, not through the cauity but along their coates. Now because all this curious and maister-peece is wrought by Nature, onely for the generation of vitall spirits; it is more then requisite that we vnder∣stand what this spirit is, & how generated. We will not trouble you with many things here∣about, but those we will insist vpon shall not be triuiall and ordinary but hewen out of the deepe quarries, vnueyled from amongst the most secret mysteries of Nature. That there is a vitall spirit in perfect creatures no man euer denyed. Hippocrates in his Booke de Gene∣rat. & de principiis first put vs in minde of it, Galen hath a thousand times inculcated the same.

The prince of the Arabian tribe Auicen hath set his seale vnto it; and all the multitude * 1.114 of Greek and Arabian Physicians haue added their suffrages. And amongst the later wa∣ters, though some haue doubted concerning the Naturall and the Animall spirites, yet all with a ioynt consent allow of the vitall. There is therefore a vitall spirit which is prima∣rily seated in the Left caue or denne of the heart as it were in a shoppe or work-house; and from hence it is diffused by the arteries as by conduits or pipes into the whole body. This spirit cherisheth the in-bred heat of euery part, quickens it when it becommeth drowsie, bringeth it forth when it lyes hid, and being spent or wasted restoreth it againe.

This spirit whilest it shineth in his brightnes and spredeth it selfe through all the Thea∣ter of the body as the Sunne ouer the earth, it blesseth all partes with ioy and iolitie and * 1.115 dies them with a Rosie colour; but on the contrary when it is retracted intercepted or es∣tinguished, all things become horred wanne and pale and finally doe vtterly perish. So wonderfull and almost so heauenly are the powers of the heat and spirit, that the diuine Se∣nior Hippocrates applying himselfe to the rude capacity of the people (as Galen witnesseth, * 1.116 hee sticketh not often to doe) calleth it the Soule, that is, the chiefe instrument of the Soule.

The Soule of a man (sayth hee) is seated in the left ventricle and is nourished not by meates or drinkes from the lower belly, but by a most pure and bright substance out of the separation of the bloud; as if he should say, it is creamed as it were off from the bloud, and by the heat of the heart rarified into an aetherial consistence. For the Soule it selfe being a denison of heauen (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, for wee are also of his generation) how could it be * 1.117 tyed to this house of clay vnlesse it were by the mediation of some middle Nature, parti∣cipating as neere as mortality will suffer of the puritie of the Soule and yet hauing his o∣riginall from the body, that the Soule might haue a nimble and agile instrument to follow her sudden designes.

By the Soule therefore in this place, Hippocrates meaneth the vitall spirite, which is nourished with pure and attenuated bloud, that is, Restored; for therein lyeth a myste∣ry: that the nourishment of the spirit is not, in all things, like the nourishment of the partes, but rather is an illumination, vnition and establishment of them, as wee shall heare after∣ward.

The vses of this vitall spirite are according to his nature deuine also, both within and * 1.118 without the heart. In the heart to bee the principall instrument of the functions of the heart; without the heart his vse is double: one to bee the subiect of the heat of the heart which wee call Calor influens the influent heate, which it may receiue as the ayre doeth the light and so exhibite it to the whole body; and the other to bee the marter of the Animall spirit.

This vitall spirit hath a double matter aery and sanguine, for it is made as Galen saith in * 1.119 his seuenth Booke de placitis Hipp. & Platonis) of aer and blood mingled together. That it is made of aer Hippocrates taught in Epidemijs when he saith; Such as is the aer such are * 1.120 the spirits; a foggie and cloudy aer engendreth a grosse and duskish spirit: and againe Hip∣pocrates; The Southwinds dull the hearing, are misty and breed a dissolution of the spirits.

This aery substance alone cānot contein within the body the vital heat; It is necessarie ther∣fore that there should be an admistion of thin and subtle blood which should restraine the * 1.121 impetuous force of the aire. And both these matters before they come vnto the left ventri∣cle of the heart stand in neede of preparation. The aire drawne in by the mouth and the * 1.122 nose is prepared in the Lungs his vessels and his whole soft rare and spongie substance, & by a long delay doth acquire a qualitie familiar to the in-bred spirite. This aire thus pre∣pared, is conueyed by the venall Artery into the left ventricle. And this is the preparation of the aer, these the passages by which it is conducted to the heart.

Concerning the preparation of the blood, in what place it is made and accomplished * 1.123 and by what waies it is deriued into the left Ventricle, the Anatomists do striue with im∣placable contention. I haue read and turned ouer many of the Monuments both of the Ancients and also of later Writers and I finde foure opinions euerie one repugnant to another.

The first and the most ancient is that of Galen. He thinketh, that the blood is carried * 1.124 through the Hollow veine which with an open mouth gapeth into the right ventricle of the Heart as into a Cisterne, and is there boyled attenuated and subacted, and then a part of it is sent by the arteriall veine into the Lungs & distributed into thē for their no∣rishment, the remainder is carried through the middle partition, which like a wall seue∣reth the two Ventricles asunder, into the left, where it is by the in-bred vertue of the heart mingled with the aer and doth there acquire the forme of a vitall spirit, assisted partlie by the inbred spirit of the heart, partly by an exceeding heate & flame whereby it is wrought as in a Furnace into a more pure Elementary forme. This opinion of Galen which of all the rest is most true, some of later times haue condemned. For they do not thinke it possi∣ble that in so short a time so great a quantity of blood as is sufficient for the generation of * 1.125 vitall spirits for the vse of the whole body can sweate thorough the wall of the heart into the left ventricle, there being no apparant and sensible passages, and the wall also beeing very thicke and solid.

Moreouer they obiect, that if it should be so, then the labour of the heart were vaine and idle; for why shold not the blood and aire being thus attenuated repasse again out of the left into the right, seeing the same way is open for them, the same passages & no values or gates to hinder it? But these Obiections are of lesse weight then that they shold weaken * 1.126 the authority of so great an author of our Art: and Galen himselfe foresaw (in the 15. cha. of his 3. Booke De Facultatibus Naturalibus) that there would be some which would make these childish Obiections. Wherefore in another place he thus elegantly explaineth him selfe. Out of the right Ventricle that which is the thinnest is drawne through the pores or passages of the partition, whose vtmost ends can hardly be perceyued, because after death all such yea all other passages that are not distended by the matter conteined in them, doe fall together. But that it is this way transmitted hence it is manifest, because Nature neuer endeuoureth any thing rashly or in vaine; but there are certaine dens in the fence or par∣tition, deep bosomes very many which grow narrower to their outlet, by which the blood may freely and with a large streame yssue out of one ventricle into another. But the cause why this blood doth not returne againe out of the left into the right side, may be well re∣ferred to the peculiar force and vertue of the heart.

The left Ventricle drawes this bloode and retaineth it by an inbred propriety and for a while enioyeth it, and then thrusteth it foorth into the Tunnels of the arteries. So the blood which either hath sweate through the coates of the veines, or is powred foorth at their mouths into the substance of each part, returneth not into the veines againe because it is reteyned and receyued into the substance of the part. The truth of this opinion, albe∣it it be most cleare of it selfe, yet it will bee better manifested vnto vs after wee haue taken knowledge of other mens conceites and discussed them to the full.

The second opinion therefore is that of Columbus. That the bloode indeede is attenua∣ted and prepared in the right Ventricle of the heart, but is carried into the left ventricle by * 1.127 other passages and not through the pores of the Fence or partition. And what neede we seeke for so small and secret pores, when it hath an open channell, the arteriall veine, which (sayth he) carryeth all the bloud out of the right ventricle into the Lungs, where a part of it is distributed for their nourishment, the rest is returned into the venall artery, and from it together with the ayre into the left ventricle; and this opinion of his he strengthneth with two reasons. The arteriall veine (sayth he) is greater then was necessary for the nourish∣ment

of the Lungs, it is therefore like that it was destinated also for the conueiance of the bloud for the generation of the vitall spirits. His other reason is this: there is alwayes in the venall artery thinne and arteriall bloud; this bloud is receiued not from the left ven∣tricle, for the three-forked Membranes wil not suffer it; therfore frō the veine of the Lungs.

These things are very probable and cloked with the vaile of truth, yet not to be admit∣ted for currant. For whereas he saith the veine of the Lungs is larger then their small body * 1.128 stands in need of, we vtterly deny it. For the rare lax and spongy substance of the Lungs is easily dissipated, it is also continually moued, and by reason of the neighbourhood of the heart is easily inflamed; whence comes a huge expence of the threefold nourishment; but where there are great goings out, there also had need be great commings in: now the bloud could not come plentifully in but by a wide vessell, therefore the vessell of the Lungs was of necessity very ample and large. Besides saith Galen, Nature made this vessell large, that how much was abated in the nourishment of the Lungs by the vessels thicknesse, so * 1.129 much might be recompenced in his amplitude and largenes.

To the second reason we may answere thus: The bloud that is found in the venall artery * 1.130 is a portion of the vitall sprits and arteriall bloud which the heart poured foorth into the substance of the Lungs: for all life being from the heart and the vitall spirit, and no deriua∣tions of vessels from the great arterie vnto the Lungs; it is likely yea necessary that vitall spirits should bee conueyed to the Lungs by the venall artery, neither is there any reason they should obiect the opposition of the thre-forked Membranes; for there are but two in the orifice of this vessell, because it behoued not that it should bee perfectly closed vp. Happly they may obiect the contrary motions and the mixture of smoky vapor with the * 1.131 spirits, but they attribute very little to the wonderfull prouidence of Nature and are igno∣rant what the diuers appetites and attractions of particular parts can do. The veines of the messentery do together and at once distribute Chylus and bloud: Milke passeth some∣times out of the brests all along the trunke of the hollow veine yet is not mingled with the * 1.132 bloud, but passeth out by vrine pure and sincere; and as we shall by and by proue, the mat∣ter and quitture of those we call Empyici is purged by the left ventricle of the heart and so through the arteries into the kidnies and the bladder, yet is not the vitall spirit stained with this filthinesse if all things be in good order with the patient: and so much for Columbus.

The third opinion is that of Iohn Botallus, the french Kings Physition, who boast∣eth * 1.133 that he found a passage open which no man euer knew, out of the right deafe eare into the left, by which he imagineth that the bloud prepared in the right ventricle passeth into the left. This he saith is very euident in Calues and other young creatures, but in man & creatures that are growne, it is not so open.

This opinion of Botallus hauing no reasons to establish it, ouerthroweth it selfe; for if * 1.134 Nature made this passage for this vse, to transfuse the bloud from the right ventricle vnto the left; then should it be manifest in all creatures in all times of their life, yea the creature growing large and the naturall heat daily increasing the passage also should grow more manifest as whereof there is euery day greater vse. But Botallus confesseth it is not found in Oxen nor in creatures of any growth.

Beside, this passage is in the orifice of the hollow veine, how therefore should the attenu∣ated bloud flow backe from the right ventricle vnto the veine, seeing there are three values open without and shut within, which doe admit the bloud indeed into the right ventricle but will not suffer it to flow backe into the hollow veine? This good honest man was ig∣norant of the vse of his passage, which Galen acurately describeth first of al men in his gol∣den * 1.135 bookes of the vse of the parts.

My selfe haue seene this passage very often with the other arteriall pipe, but they serue onely for the Infant before it be borne, because his life and nourishment is much vnlike to that it is afterwards, and therefore after the birth the passage is altogether shut; & the pipe so dryed vp that a man would deny that euer any such thing was; the vse of this passage & pipe we haue at large described aboue, and thether do we transmit the Reader that is not satisfied concerning them.

The last opinion of the preparation of the bloud, is that of Vlmus a Physition of Poy••••••, * 1.136 who set out a very eligant booke of the spleene. He is of opinion that the arteriall bloud is concocted, attenuated and prepared in the spleene, and thence conueied into the great ar∣tery and so to the left ventricle of the heart, where, by an admirable and mysticall worke o•• Nature it is mixed with the ayre already prepared by the Lungs. I must needs confesse

that the opinion of Vlmus pleased me wondrous well, both for the nouelty of the conceite, as for that he handled the matter with great subtilty of argument, and deepe discourse; but because he leaneth vpon vnsound foundations to establish a new doctrine, which do shad∣dow * 1.137 the brightnes of the Art of Anatomy, it wil not be amisse to recal the principal points of it to the touch-stone in this place.

First of all, hee thinketh that the bloud cannot passe out of the right ventricle into the left by the fence or partition, because (sayth hee) if this way were not sufficient in a tender Infant in whome the vesselles are more laxe and the substance of the wall more rare and thinne, and wherein there is lesse dissipation or wast of spirit; then surely it will much lesse suffice in an older man: but this way is not sufficient in the Infant, so that nature prouided another; to wit, two arteries, which are carried from the Nauel to his crural arteries. There∣fore in a growne man it is necessary there should be other more open passages.

An argument truely most subtile, but most false and stuffed with error: For in the Infant, * 1.138 the bloud doeth not sweate through from the right ventricle to the left, because there is no generation of vitall spirits in the ventricles of the heart; but the Infant draweth the mothers spirite by the vmbilicall arteries, which is diffused into all the streames of the great artery. The Lungs are not nourished with pure and thin bloud but with thicke, carried vnto them by the hollow veine; wherefore from that hollow vein to the venal arterie there is a cleare passage, and a conspicuous pipe from the great artery to the arteriall veine, by whose inter∣position the vessels of the heart in the Infant are vnited.

The opinion therefore of Vlmus is false, because in the Infant there is no shop of the spirits, neither doth the orifice of the hollow veine powre out bloud into the right ventri∣cle of the heart; for that, as Galen sayth in the 15. Chapter of his 6. Booke, de vsu partium, the Lungs in an Infant are redde, dense and immouable, and are nourished with thick and grosse bloud.

Secondly, the membranes placed in the orifice of the great artery (which hee calleth not well three-forked, for the values of the hollow veine and the venall artery one are three forked, the rest are semicircular) he doth not imagine are made to that end that they should prohibit bloud for going out of the great artery into the hart; because while the Infant was in the wombe, they hindered not the arteriall bloud from entring into the left ventricle of the heart. But here Vlmus offendeth at the stone at which he stumbled before, for nothing * 1.139 floweth into the ventricles of the Infants heart by his foure orifices. Not bloud by the hol∣low veine, for what need is there of his attenuation, when the Infants Lungs are nourished with thick bloud? Not ayre by the venall artery, for the Infant breatheth not in the womb. Not arteriall bloud by the Aorta or great artery, for this labor were vaine, because in a mo∣ment it should bee thrust backe into the same Aorta againe: adde to this that there should haue beene no neede of that arteriall canale or pipe going from the great artery to the ar∣teriall veine, vnknowne to thee Vlmus as I see, and almost to all Anatomists.

Thirdly, whilest Vlmus assenteth to Botallus, and fashioneth to himselfe a peculiar vse of that hole or passage, he walloweth in the same puddle with him and deserueth the same reproofe Botallus had. In confuting of Columbus he is most subtile, at length he bringeth * 1.140 to the birth his witty conceite which he trauelled with, and after many sharpe throws and pinches is deliuered of it. To wit, that in the spleene the arteriall bloud is prepared, because the spleene is made as it were of a woofe and web of veines and arteries inexplicably wo∣uen * 1.141 together: that when it is so prepared it is sucked away by the arteries and carried into the trunk of the great artery, and so into the left ventricle of the heart: but there be indeed many obstacles which will hinder this ready passage if wee will but stay a while and follow the streame a little.

First of all, in the orifice of the great artery there are three membranes shut without against it, so that by them the arteriall bloud cannot passe: This our very eies teach vs, and beside our great Dictator, in his Booke de Corde, hath in direct wordes deliuered the same. Vlmus I know also will deny this vse of the values, and yet I know also hee will not say that Nature formed them in vaine. I say then, that if they doe not altogether inter∣clude or hinder the egresse and regresse of the bloud; yet as he himselfe is constrayned to confesse, they break and stay the aboundant and violent influence of the same; which if they doe, then cannot the whole matter of the vitall spirits bee brought from the spleene by the great artery vnto the left ventricle of the heart; because seeing the generation of the spirits must bee sudden and aboundant, their matter also had neede to bee ministred with a full

streame, and not drop or sipe by degrees into the heart. Furthermore, in the structure of the heart there is one point of Natures excellent worke-manship, that draweth by one vessell, and expelleth by another. It draweth blood by the Hollow-veine, the same it ex∣pelleth by the Arteriall veine; it draweth aire hy the venall artery which it mingleth with the blood, and expelleth the vitall spirit into the great artery; but if by the great arterie it should draw the matter of the spirites, and almost in the same moment shoulde expell the spirit into the same great artery againe, there would be a mixture of those iuices, and in the arteries would there also be perpetually two contrary motions, one of the bloode, ascending from the spleene to the heart, another of the arteriall bloode descending from the heart to the spleene, which as we admit may be sometimes in criticall euacuations & in notable Maister-prises of Nature, so we deny it to be perpetuall, but the generation of spirits is perpetuall.

Vlmus will obiect, that the venall Arterie leadeth aire vnto the heart, and shutteth also out into the Lungs smokie vapours, together with some portion of bloode: but we will an¦swere * 1.142 that there is not the like reason of aire and of blood. Aire by reason of his subtilitie * 1.143 and finenesse can passe through the blood and the coats, which blood cannot do.

Moreouer, if the Arteriall blood be prepared in the Spleene, and not in the right ven∣tricle of the heart as Galen thought, why doth the Hollow veine open into the heart with so wide a mouth? Was it onely for nourishment of the Lungs? No verily, for the orifice * 1.144 of the Hollow veine is much larger then the orifice of the arteriall veine, as Galen saith (in his 3. booke and 15. chapter De facultate Natural.) was it for the nourishment of the heart? Nothing lesse. For the heart hath a peculiar veine, called the Crowne veine by which it is nourished; therefore that patent orifice of the Hollow veine at the right ventricle of the heart, was ordained to cast in the seede of the spirites into the wombe of the heart, where they are forced and sent out into the little world of the bodye. Finally, from hence I ga∣ther, that the Spleene was not ordained for the preparation of the Vitall spirites, because * 1.145 the Spleene is very subiect to obstructions, not by reason of his vessels which are very am∣ple and large, nor by reason of his Parenchyma or flesh which is rare and spongie, and there∣fore by reason of the foeculent and muddie humour conteined in it: but how shall it serue for the expurgation of the drosse and the bloode and for the preparation also of the same blood. Wee therefore conclude, that the bloode is prepared in the right Ventricle of * 1.146 the Heart and thence is deriued into the left by the holes and nooks of the partition wal.

QVEST. VII. Whether the Matter and Quitture of those that are called Empyici maybe purged by the left Ventricle of the Heart and the Arteries, and how it is pur∣ged by the Vrine, by the Seidge and by Apostemation.

THis Question hath wrung the wittes of many Schollers a long time, not∣withstanding according to the meane modele of our wit, we will heere, if * 1.147 it may be vntie that knot. Wee call those Empyici with Hippocrates, who haue an impostume (as we call it) or a bladder broken in the side or the Lungs, the matter of which is powred out into the cauity of the Chest, & there is kept and floweth vp and downe, so that with the impurity of it the Lungs are as it were laid in steepe.

This purulent matter, according to the doctrine of Hiypocrates may be purged 4. waies, * 1.148 Vpward by the mouth, by the Vrine, by the Seidge and by Apostemation. The vpward excretion is by a proper motion of the Chest, casting that which is noisome with a strong contention out at the mouth. This is familiar to Nature, and the way which we alwayes * 1.149 desire Nature should take, for it is by places naturally commodious, & witnesseth a strong force and power of all the Faculties. And this is the proper Crisis of the Empyici, of those that haue plurisies and inflamations of the Lunges: and this is the best and the safest way. But if Nature be insufficient to mooue this way, either by reason of the thicknesse of the matter that yeeldeth not to the concussion of the Chest, or because of the Muscles. Then * 1.150 Nature is so wise and prouident that she openeth another passage, findeth out some other way by which she may ease her selfe both of the disease, and of the cause of it. Therefore, oftentimes she purgeth this purulent matter by the Vrine, sometimes by Apostemation, sometimes but rarely she emptieth it by the seidge.

* 1.151 That it passeth away by the Vrine is prooued by daily experience, and euen now whilst * 1.152 I am writing these things, Nature hath found this very way in an olde Gentleman a Law∣yer, who hauing had a Pleurisie, and no meanes of blood letting or almost any other of

any moment, is beholding to Nature, who daily in great and notable abundance venteth this noisome humor by the Vrme. But beside experience, it may also be confirmed by the authority of very many as well of ancients as of later writers. Hippocrates and Galen are ve∣ry plentifull witnesses of it: we will onely quote the places in them, and thither referre the Readers for his better satisfaction. Hippocrates lib. 1. Epidem. sectione secunda, twice in that section. Lib. 2. Epidem. sect. 3. Galen lib. 6. de locis affectis. Cap. 4. Comment. ad Aphoris. 75. sec. 4. We may add to these if it were needfull, Auicen, Paulus, Mesues, and many others.

Thirdly, this matter is purged by the Seidge, but Hippocrates saith, It is very daungerous, * 1.153 yea mortall. Galen in his Booke de Coacis, It is no wonder (saith he) that Quitture or purulent matter shhuld flow downe from the parts aboue the Midriffe into the belly; that is, into the guts. * 1.154 Fourthly, this matter is purged by Apostemation (Physitians call that per abcessum) either of the lower or vpper parts. Hippocrates saieth in Porrhet, From a Peripneumonia or infla∣mation of the Lungs Apostumations do breede vnder the eares, or in the lower parts, and do there suppurate, and those men are deliuered from the disease. And againe in Coacis, Those Aposte∣mations that descend vnto the Thighes in such as are troubled with the Peripneumonia; are al of them profitable.

Thus many wayes therefore are numbred by Hippocrates, by which the purulent mat∣ter * 1.155 of the Chest is by Nature euacuated, first by the mouth, secondly by the kidnies, third∣ly by the gut and lastly by Apostemation or abcesse. The first is safest, and therfore chiefe∣ly to be desired, next that which is by the Vrine, for it bringeth least labour or trauel to the frame of Nature, that is, to the due disposition of the bodie: onely it is troublesome, be∣cause it is painefull, as being accompanied with a Strangurie, yet not that continuall, but catching as it were and by turnes. That which is by the guts is the worst of all, for it brea∣keth or dissolueth the Faculties of the stomack, as well of Appetite as of Concoction, and of the guts also with his noysome stenche, and beside by this acrimony and ill-quality of the matter, causeth an incureable bloody Flix. But that euacuation which is by apostema∣tion is profitable, if so be it fall into the lower parts, both because it is far remoued from the * 1.156 first diseased part, and also because that kinde of excretion is as the Physitians sayes, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, a conuenient kind of euacuation, and proportionable both to nature & to the disease. For a lawfull Apostemation ought neither to be 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 nor 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, ney∣ther ought part of the matter flow to the place of Apostemation, but all; nor al take way vpward but downward, onely for to ascend is against the nature of the humor, and argueth * 1.157 alwaies a gadding quality therein. Ariteus in his booke de Morbis Chronicis addeth, that in women sometimes this purulent matter of the Chest commeth away by the womb. Thus we haue declared all the manners of Natures worke in the euacuation of noisome humors * 1.158 out of the cauity of the Chest, but by what wayes and passages Nature deriueth them as it belongeth to a higher contemplation, so will it be harder to know, and when it is knowne more profitable. The vpward expurgatiō by the sharp artery or wezon is manifest enough, for when the Chest is dilated the Lungs are blowne vp, & like a spunge sucketh vp the mat∣ter wherein they lie soked as it were in suds, & when the Chest is contracted the Lungs fall down and so thrust out the purulent matter togither with the smoaky excrements of the heart into the sharpe arteries, and they by continuity of passage into the wezon, and so it passeth to the mouth, and by coughing is excluded. But by what waies it goeth to the kid∣nies * 1.159 & so to the bladder is greatly controuerted. Erasistratus would haue it go by the right ventricle of the hart, & so into the hollow vein, & thence by the emulgent into the kidnies. It is sucked (saith he) first by the rare & spongie flesh of the lungs, then by the arterial vein, which is appointed for the norishment of the Lunges, & thence is deriued into the right ventricle of the heart; out of it into the hollow veine, from thence into the emulgents, thence into the vreters, & so into the bladder. But this opinion of Erasistratus cannot be true, because nothing passeth out of the arterial vein into the right ventricle by reason of the membranes which are shut * 1.160 outward, & nothing goeth out of the heart by the hollow vein because of the three-forked membranes which shut inward. Mesues was of opinion, that this expurgation of purulent matter is by the veines, somtimes to the concauous part of the Liuer, & so by the seidge a∣way, * 1.161 sometimes to the gibbous or conuex and so by the kidnies. Fallopius that oculate A∣natomist, thinkes he found a neerer and more ready way, & for it describeth a small branch which runneth from the Non-paril, or vena sine pari, along by the ribs, and so pierceth the midriffe, & ioyneth it selfe with the fatty veine called Adiposa and the emulgent. This ex∣cretion of the pus or matter by the veines I do not altogither gainsay, yet I think it to bee a very vneouth way because their mouths opē not into the chest, neither are the veins stirred

any motion whereby they might sucke so thicke and foeculent a matter, and that it should sweate through their coates is a very difficult matter and hard to be beleeued. Some there are which dreame of certaine secret meatus or pores for this expurgation, because when men are aliue all passages yea euen substances are open, and the body perspicable both * 1.162 within and without.

True it is, that the body is so open; for we know (as saith Hippocrates in his 2. Booke de Epidemijs, and the 55. Aphoris. sect. 7.) That nature maketh way for Apostumations, euen through the bones; the dropsie water passeth out of the capacity of the abdomen into the guts and sometimes into the wayes of the vrine, the vrine is transcolated through the flesh of the kidneis, the seed through the substance of the testicles, the flegmatick humors of the ioynts sometimes are drawne into the guts, sometimes in a slimy spittle they are auoided out of the mouth by vnctions of quick-siluer. All these things I say we admit, but why * 1.163 should we seek such insensible passages for this expurgation of purulent matter, when ther be many very patent and easie to be perceiued? But what are they? Let vs heare Galen chalking them out vnto vs, in his 4. chap. and 6. Book de locis affect is. This question (saith he) doth not a little trouble Erasistratus followers, who thinke that there is nothing contained in the * 1.164 arteries but onely spirits; but to vs it is of no difficulty, because we vnderstand that the venall ar∣tery of the Lungs can leade so much of the purulent matter of an impostumation as it receiueth into the left ventricle of the heart, to be thence conueyed into the kidneyes by the great Artery. His meaning therefore is, that the substance of the Lungs doth sucke vp the pus or matter and deliuer it vnto the venall artery, that, vnto the left ventricle of the heart, the heart vnto the trunke of the great artery, and that, vnto the kidneyes and so to the bladder by the ••••e∣ters. And before Galens time Diocles acknowledged the same way of expurgation.

But let vs heare now the exclamations of some new Writers against Galen. How may * 1.165 it be (say they) that so noysome purulent and mattery a humour can be purged through the left ventricle of the heart, the shop and worke-house of the vitall spirits, and through the ar∣teries the store-houses of the same spirits, without great danger vnto the patient? Shal not the spirits which of their owne nature are most pure, be infected and tainted in that med∣ley? For if but a malignant vapor or poysonous ayre do breathe from a bone, or any vessell vp vnto the heart, straight we are ouertaken with a fainting or swounding. Why therfore shall not an vnsauory and noysome quitture or pus gotten into the very heart it selfe do at least so much? But we know nature to be so wise and prouident that shee vseth not to moue her excretions but by wayes that are safe and of auaile: now who will call the heart and the arteries places safe or conducible to lead away such foeculencies? These and such like obiections they make who do not allow of the passages assigned by Galen. But they do not remember that it is one thing for a thing to be done critically, and another thing * 1.166 to be done symptomatically; one thing to be done by force & contention of Nature, ano∣ther by the force and contumacy of the malady; one thing to be done by a faculty, another thing by a disease: and finally, one thing by a strong and vigorous, another thing by a weake and feeble faculty.

If this transfusion of the purulent matter be criticall and the spirits strong, then is this passage by the heart without any damage to the patient; for nature retaineth and pre∣serueth the spirits and auoydeth onely that which is hurtfull. But if the strength be fee∣ble, then doth the patient dye in the very expurgation; and if you cut him vp when hee is dead, you shall finde the left ventricle of the heart ful of purulent matter; which deceiueth * 1.167 many vnskilfull people, who cry out that his heart was apostumated.

Finally, beside the authority of Galen, in his Commentary In Coacas praenotiones, and A∣natomicall demonstration, I will adde for confirmation of this poynt two Histories. The * 1.168 first Hollerius reporteth where hee treateth of the heate of the vrine. A certeine woman (sayth he) with intolerable torment did make a purulent water, after the fourth month she dyed and was opened: there were found in her heart two stones, with many small Apostu∣mations, the Kidneyes and all the wayes of the vrine being sound. Wherefore this puru∣lent matter was purged by the great artery.

Of the other History Laurentius, one of our trusty guides in this trauell, is a witnesse. * 1.169 An honest Citizen of Mompelier in France was sicke or indisposed with a hypochondriake melancholy for 3. yeares, and the disease was sharpe: at length an acute Ague ouertooke him and he dyed, but a whole month before his death twice in a day lightly hee was trou∣bled with a light swounding or fainting with some little heate of his vrine, and an incre∣dible

desire of making water, but after he had auoyded a thin, red and stinking vrine, hee came presently againe to himselfe.

After he was dead and opened, we found the whole cauity almost of his chest filled with that thinne, red and abhominably sented humour, and the like wee found also the left ven∣tricle of his heart to be full of, which, sayth Laurentius, when I saw and wondred at, present∣ly the place in Galen before quoted came into my minde, and in the presence of some mai∣sters in Chirurgery and many young studients in phisicke, I opened, that the cause of his frequent defections and vnconstant strangury was to bee referred to the transfusion of the virulent matter through the left ventricle of the heart and the arteries; which my opinion they all applauded; because the humour contayned in the chest and the vrine that hee a∣uoyded in his defections or swounds were both of a colour, substance and sauour. And thus much to redeeme Galen from the vniust impuration layd vppon him by some, other∣wise not vnlearned, but in this not so considerate as I thinke they ought to haue been.

QVEST. VIII. Of the Temperament, nourishment, Substance and Flesh of the Heart.

COncerning the Temperament of the heart, the Physicians are at great strife a∣mong * 1.170 themselues. Auerrhoes was of opinion, that the heart of his owne na∣ture was cold, because his greatest part consisteth of such things as are natu∣rally cold, as immoouable fibres, foure great vesselles which are spermaticall parts and without bloud and cold; and that it is hot by accident onely, by rea∣son of the hot bloud and spirits contained in it and his perpetuall motion.

This opinion of Auerrohes his followers strengthen with these reasons. First, because * 1.171 the flesh of the heart is thight and solide, and nourished with solide, thicke and cold bloud. Secondly, because at the Basis of the heart which is his noblest part, there groweth a great * 1.172 quantity of fat, whose efficient cause (saith Galen) is cold. Lastly, because it is the store∣house of bloud; now bloud (saith Hippocrates in his Booke de Corde,) is naturally cold, for as soone as it is out of the veines it caketh. But to the first argument we answere, that the fi∣bres * 1.173 and the vessels are not the chiefe parts of the heart, but the flesh: and therefore Ari∣stotle and Galen call it a fleshy viscus or bowell. To the second, that the fat groweth not in the ventricles, nor about the flesh of the heart, but onely about his Membrane which in * 1.174 respect of his flesh is but a cold part: beside Natures finallcause, that was to keepe the heart from torrifying, ouercame all the rest, which thing in nature is not vnusuall. To the * 1.175 third we answere, that there are two sorts of blood, one venall and another arteriall; the veniall indeed is lesse hot but the arteriall bloud is exceeding hot. Now the hart is the shop or worke-house of arteriall not of venall bloud.

We conclude therefore that the heart is not onely hot, but of all the bowels the hot∣test, * 1.176 which we are able to prooue by authorities, reasons, and experience. Hippocrates de principijs saith, There is much heate in the heart, as being of all members the hottest. Galen in the last chapter of his first booke de temperamentis. The bloud receiueth his heate from the heart, for that of al the bowels is by nature the hottest. The reason is, The hart is the fountaine * 1.177 of heat & of the Nectar of life: it ingendereth the arteriall blood, the venall it attenuateth for the Lungs; heere the vitall spirits the hottest of all others are made. Finally, heere is the hearth & the fire wherby the natural heate of al the parts is refreshed. Experience also. For if you put your finger into the hart of a beast suddenly opened, the heat of it wil euen burn * 1.178 as Galen saith in his first booke de semine, and experience proueth. Againe, the flesh of the heart is the most solid of all flesh, because it is ingendered of most hot bloud, made dense and thicke by the parching power of an exceeding great heate. But some will say that the * 1.179 spirits are hotter then the heart: I answere, it is true that in the spirits there is a greater heat, but in the heart there is more heate, more sharped and which heateth more, because of the density of his substance; so fire in straw or stubble though it be a flame burneth but light∣ly, for you may draw your hand through it without any great offence; but hot glowing y∣ron although it haue not the same degree of heate that the flame hath, yet it burneth more strongly and cannot be touched without danger. But it may be demanded, if the spirits be * 1.180 hotter then the heart and are bred in the heart, whence haue they that greater heat? I an∣swere, The heart consisteth of three parts as it were or substances; a spiritual, a moyst and a solid. The spirits are ingendered of the spirituall and hottest part of the heart, and are hotter indeed then the whole heart, but not hotter then that part that ingendereth the spi∣rits. * 1.181

That this may be, Galen giueth an instance in milke: milke in his whole substance is ei∣ther cold or temperate, but his fatty and buttery part is hotter then the whole body of the milke; so the heart is hot in his whole substance, but the spirituall part of the heart is hot∣ter then the whole heart, and from that part haue the spirits their intense heat: & thus much of the actiue qualities of the heart. Now for the passiue there is as great dissention. Aui∣cen de Temperamentis, and Galen in his second Booke de Temper. Cap. 3. and 12. and in his 3. Booke de Aliment. facultatibus say it is dry, and his flesh hard and solid; now it is a sure rule * 1.182 That whatsoeuer is hard to feele too in a liuing body, that also is dry. On the other side Auer∣rhoes will haue it moyst, because life consisteth in heate and moysture, but the heart is the beginning of life and the shop of moysture. Galen in the last Chapter of his first Booke de Temperamentis, calleth it a Bloudy Bowel, therefore moyst; and in the same Chapter, It is a little lesse dry then the skinne, therefore moyster then the skinne. I answere, it is true that the heart is moyster to feele too then the skinne. But Galen when hee sayeth it is drie, * 1.183 compareth it not to the skinne but to the other parts, for so his words are. The flesh of the heart is so much dryer then the flesh of the spleen or kidneyes, as it is harder: And so much of the Temperament of the heart.

Concerning his nourishment, Galen in his first Booke de vsu partium, and the 7. de Ad∣minist. * 1.184 Anatomicis, sayeth it is nourished with venall and thicke bloud; many of the later writers say it is nourished with the thin bloud contayned in his ventricles. On Galens side, that is on the trueths, are these reasons. It is a Catholicke principle, Euery thing is preser∣ued * 1.185 and refreshed with his like. The flesh of the heart is hard, thicke and solid, such therfore must be his nourishment: beside there is a notable veine called Coronaria or the Crowne∣veine, which compasseth a round the Basis of the heart and sendeth foorth branches into all his substance; but Nature vseth not to doe any thing rashly or in vaine, it serueth there∣fore * 1.186 for his nourishment: beside occular inspection prooueth it which no reason can con∣uince.

The braunches of the coronarie veine are more and more conspicuous on the left side of the heart then on the right, because the thicker part wanteth the more nourishment. But the aduersaries say that the outward part is onely nourished with this veine, the inward with the bloud contayned in the ventricles: for say they, this veine is too little to nourish * 1.187 the whole heart being a very hot member and in perpetuall motion; beside the veine loo∣seth it selfe in the superficies of the heart and passeth not into the ventricles. But for the nar∣rownes of the veine I cannot perceiue it is so small as they talke of it; and for this motion it is true, yet there are many things that temper it, on the outside it is couered almost with fat and compassed with a watery humour, and within it hath aboundant moysture where∣by * 1.188 though it be not nourished yet is it watered and kept from drying and flaming; as boy∣ling hot water-keeps a vessell on the fire from burning. And whereas they say the branches of the coronary veine passe not into the ventricles; I answere, that neither are the vesselles dispersed into the inner substance of the muscles and the bones. Hippocrates sayeth That flesh draweth from the next vessels. If you would faine reconcile the newe writers to Galen, * 1.189 you may say. That haply the inward parts of the heart are nourished with the bloud con∣tayned in the ventricles but not yet attenuated, for why should the inward parts be nouri∣shed with rarified bloud and the outward with crasse and thicke; seeing the nature of the inward flesh and outward is all one? and somuch of the nourishment of the heart. Nowe * 1.190 for the substance and flesh of it, some say it is musculous, but that we haue answered before in the description; briefly thus. Hippocrates in his Booke de Corde calleth it a strong muscle: againe it is moued by a locall motion and so are none of the other bowels, as the Liuer, the Spleene, the Kidneyes, &c. but all muscles are so moued. Moreouer, the flesh of the bo∣wels is simple and similar, but the flesh of the heart not so but wouen with threds and fi∣bres * 1.191 like that of the muscles, therefore it is a muscle. Galen on the contrary will haue it no muscle, for that muscles haue simple fibres but the heart manifold, the muscles haue but * 1.192 one and that a simple motion, for they bow or streatch forth, lift vp or pull downe; but the heart hath diuers yea contrary motions: and this is a very powerfull argument which yet some seeke to ouerthow: because say they there be many muscles which haue diuers kinds of fibres, and also diuers yea and contrary motions; as the Pectorall muscle which hath di∣uers * 1.193 fibres: and moueth the arme not vpward and downward onely but forward: also and the muscle called Trapesius which moueth the shoulder blade not only vpward and down∣ward but backward also; and therefore the variety of his fibres and the diuersity of his mo∣tions

do not exempt him from the number of muscles.

I answere for Galen. Those two Muscles aboue named haue indeed diuers motions but * 1.194 not from the same part; but from diuers parts of the muscles; for they haue diuers origi∣nals or beginnings. The Trapesius ariseth from the back-part or nowle of the head & from the rack-bones of the backe; by the former part it moueth vpward, and downeward by the latter. The pectorall also hath diuers beginnings, for it ariseth from the Throte and from the whole breast-bone; wherefore these muscles doe not pull downe with the same part wherewith they lift vp, but the heart is dilated and contracted in the same part; there is not therefore a like reason of their motions. The like may be said of their fibres; for the fibres of those aboue-named muscles though they be of more kinds thē one yet are they distinct; the fibres of the heart are wouen together and confounded that no art or industry wil part them. The fibres of the muscles are diuers in their diuers parts, but those of the heart are all in euery small part of the heart.

Moreouer, the taste of the heart and of the muscles is not one saith Galen in the 8. chapter of his 7. booke de Administrat Anatom. Auicen saith the muscles are weary the * 1.195 heart neuer: yet this seemeth to be no sound reason, because the midriffe which is a very strong muscle mooueth perpetually: but Auicen hath another reason for Galens opinion of more force which is this. The heart is no muscle because his motion is not voluntary, for * 1.196 we can neither forslow nor hasten, neither stay nor stirre vp his motion as we may the mo∣tion of the midriffe and of all the other muscles. We conclude therefore with Galen that * 1.197 the heart is no muscle, but either an affusion of bloud which Erasistratus called parenchy∣ma; or some peculiar flesh. How Hippocrates is to be vnderstood wee haue said before, to * 1.198 wit, abusiuely; it is musculous because it is red & fibrous, but not a muscle. But it will be ob∣iected it is moued with locall motions, therefore it is a muscle.

I answere, that by the same reason should the wombe be a muscle, for we haue shewed * 1.199 how that is moued euen locally sometimes, as when it closeth in conception, or is dilated in the birth: and the guts haue a locall motion called motus peristalticus which no man will say is a voluntary motion or that therefore they are muscles.

To the other argument we say, that the flesh of the heart though it bee fibrous yet it is simple, because the fibres are of the same substance with the flesh of it as the fibres of the * 1.200 stomacke, the wombe and the guts; but the fibres of the muscles are particles of Nerues and Tendons much vnlike their flesh: and this indeed is Galens answere in his 2. booke de temperamentis; yet we affirme that the fibres of the heart are stronger and harder then the rest of his flesh, which maketh it stronge and better able to indure his perpetuall labour.

But why is the flesh of the heart more fibrous then that of the Liuer or kidneyes. Galen answeres, The fibres of the heart are made for necessary vses of traction retention and expulsion, * 1.201 by the right it draweth in the Diastole or dilatation, by the oblique it retaineth, and by the trans∣uerse it expelleth in the Systole or Contraction.

QVEST. IX. Whether the heart will beare an apostumd∣tion, solution of continuity or any grieuous disease.

THE last quaestion concerning the heart shalbe whether it will beare any no∣table disease or no. Hippocrates saith, (in his booke de morbis.) The heart is * 1.202 so so••d and dense that it is not offended with any humour, and therefore it can∣not be tainted with any disease. Aristotle. The heart can beare no heauy or grceuous discase because it is the originall of life. Aphrodisaeus. In the heart can no discase consist, for the patient will dye before the disease appeare. Paulus. Any disease of the heart bringeth death head-long vpon a man. Pliny. Onely this of all the bowels is not wearied with discases, neyther indureth it the greeuous punishments of this life; and if it chance to bee offended present death insueth. Yet how repugnant this is to experience many Histories doe beare witnesse. Galen (in his 2. Booke de placitis) reporteth that a sacrificed Beast * 1.203 did walke after his heart was out, and in his 7. Booke de Administra. Anatom. he maketh mention of one Marullus the sonne of a maker of Enterludes, who liued after his heart was laide bare euen from the pursse or pericardium, and (in his 4. booke de locis affectus) if a man be wounded in the heart and the wound pierce not into the ventricles but stay in the flesh, he may liue a day and a night. Beneuenius writeth that he hath seene many Aposte∣mations in the heart. We told you a story euen now out of Hollerius of a woman who had two stones and many Apostemations found in her heart.

Mathias Cornax Physitian to the Emperor Maximilian saith, that he dissected a Booksel∣ler, and found his heart more then halfe rotted away. Thomas a Vetga writeth, that there was a red Deere found, in whose heart was sticking an olde peece of an Arrow wherewith he had beene long before wounded in hunting. But you shall reconcile these together, * 1.204 if you say the heart will beare all afflictions, but not long; or that it is subiect to all kinds of diseases, but will beare none greeuous. For example, the heart will suffer all kindes of di∣stemper, but if any distemper be immoderate or notable the party presently dies, so sayeth Galen in his fift Booke de locis affectis, Death followes the immoderate distemper of the Heart, When Galen saith, in the fifte Chapter of his first Booke De Locis Affectis. That * 1.205 the heart will beare no Apostemations, hee vnderstandeth such an Apostemation as comes by the permutation of an inflamation. For the Creature will die before the in∣flamation * 1.206 will suppurate or grow to quitture. Say that the Apostemations found by Beni∣uenius, Hollerius and Mathew Cornace were Flegmaticke; or say, that rare things do not be∣long to Art; or with Auerrhoes; as in Nature so in diseases wee oftentimes finde Monsters. That a creature can walke and cry when his heart is out I beleeue well so long as the spi∣rits last in his body which it receiued from the heart, when they faile hee presently dieth. * 1.207 Andreas Laurentius maketh mention of a strange accident which happened in the Court of France. Guichardine a Noble Knight and Ambassador for the Duke of Florence beeing in good health and walking with other Noble-men, and talking not seriously but at ran∣don, presently fell stone dead neuer breathing and his pulse neuer moouing. Manie tolde the King, some saide he was dead, some that hee was but falne into an Apoplexie or a Fal∣ling sicknesse and that there was hope of his recouery; The King (saith Laurentius) com∣manded me to take care of him; when I came, I found the man starke dead, and auouched that the fault was not in his braine but in his heart. The next day his bodye was opened, and we found his heart so swelled that it tooke vp almost all his Chest; when wee opened the Ventricles, there yssued out three or foure pound of blood, and the orifice of the great Veine was broken, and all the forked Membranes torne, but the Orifice of the great Artery was so dilated that a man might haue thrust in his arme So that I imagine, that all the Flood-gates being loosened, so great a quantity of bloode yssued into the ventricles that there was no roome for the dilatation or contraction, whereupon hee fell suddenlie dead; yet is it a great wonder how without any outward cause of a stroke, or fall, or voci∣feration, or anger, so great a vessell should be broken. It may be he was poisoned, for the Italians they say are wondrous cunning in that Art, & in the Contention of Nature that dilaceration hapned.

QVEST. X. Of the nature of Respiration, and what are the Causes of it.

AND thus much of the proper motion of the Heart, what causes it hath, what manner motion it is, what power or faculty mooueth the Arte∣ries, when and as the heart is mooued; or after and otherwise: Howe * 1.208 and where the vitall spirites are generated and their immediate matter prepared, what is the temperament of the heart, how it is nourished, what his structure is & how many the parts are of his substāce with their vse and functions: Finally, howe able to beare and endure affectes and diseases. There∣solution of which questions, though they do not properly pertaine vnto Anatomy all of them, yet do they so depend one vpon another as it seemeth necessary that he that would know one should also know all; notwithstanding in our treating of them we haue verie of∣ten restrained our Discourse and conteyned it within such limites as are not farre distant from Dissection it selfe.

It remaineth now, that we should a little stand vpon another motion in our bodies and * 1.209 the Instrument thereof which Nature hath ordained to be seruiceable to this motion of the heart, and that is Spiration or breathing. For the Heart being exceeding hot and therfore a part of great expence needed a continuall supply of nourishment for the spirites, and of ventilation for himselfe. For Hippocrates saith in his Booke De Naturapueri, Calidū omne * 1.210 frigido moderato Nutritur & fouet us? That which is hot is nourished and cherished by that which is moderately colde: which sentence Galen in his Book de vsu Respiration is thus ele∣gantly expoundeth; Euen as (saith he) a flame shut vp in a straite roome and not ventilated with the aer burnes dimmer and dimmer till it be extinguished, so our naturall heate if it want cold to temper it growes saint and wasteth away to vtter confusion. For it is like a flame mooued both waies vpward downward, inward and outward; vpper and outward,

because it is light as being of a fiery and aery nature; downward and inward in respect of his nourishment; either of these motions if they he hindred, the heate either decayeth or is extinguished; it decayeth for want of nourishment because it cannot be mooued down ward and inward. It is strangled and extinguished when it cannot be mooued vpward and outward and so refrigerated.

Wherefore, the spiration or breathing of colde is verie necessary for the preser∣uation of naturall heate; but what shall this cold be? Surely either aer or water: aer is more * 1.211 necessary in perfect and bloody creatures, first because it sooner followeth the distention of the brest and so the dilatation of the Lunges, and filleth all that is dilated to keepe out vacuity; secondly it cooleth sooner, as better distributing his partes into euery secret cor∣ner of the heart: finally, it is better expirated or breathed out then water, though it be not more easily drawne in. Aer then is the best cooler for the heart, and that must be brought vnto it by breathing: now this spiration or breathing is double, insensible and sensible; In∣sensible spiration Hippocrates and Galen cal properly 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and the Latins Perspiration & Transpiration. The other and sensible breathing is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, Respiration. Trans∣piration * 1.212 is by the secret pores of the skin, Respiration by the mouth and the nose. Those creatures whose heate is weake and faint do liue onely by Respiration, so all that are with∣out blood or which we cal Insecta of certaine diuisions they haue about their necks or bel∣lies; so the infant in the womb transpireth onely but doth not respire; and many women in fits of the Mother (the naturall heate of their hearts being dissolued by a poisonous breth * 1.213 arising from putrified seede) do liue a while in trances onely by Transpiration. But those creatures whose heate is neerer to the nature of flame, by transpiration onely cannot bee tempered. Wherefore such heate needeth a farther helpe to wafte more aer vnto it, and that is done onely by respiration.

This Respiration therefore hath two parts, Inspiration and Expiration; Inspiration is * 1.214 the drawing in of the aer, Expiration the breathing it out. Inspiration is like the Dyastole of the heart, Expiration like the Systole.

This Respiration whether it be Naturall or Animal hath troubled the heads of Schollers a great while, and would also now trouble ours if we shold muster together all the Reasons * 1.215 which are brought on both sides; yet because the question is worthy the decision wee will breefely as we can resolue it with your patience. The arguments to prooue it not to bee Animall or voluntary are. First because voiuntary actions are from election: but men a∣sleepe * 1.216 (when yet there is respiration) haue no election, no will, because sleepe is a rest or * 1.217 cessation of all Animall actions. Hence it is that Galen calleth the Caros a sleepie disease Puiuationem Animalitatis, a priuation of al the animal Faculties; yet in that disease the Re∣spiration is free: as likewise in the Apoplexic which is a resolution or palsie of the whole body. Now where is no sense remaining, can there then remaine any voluntary motion? yet we see Respiration remaineth.

Againe, to be voluntary and perpetual are contraries; for voluntarie actions do albreed wearinesse, but Respiration breeds not wearinesse in the motion, but if the motion be any whit checked or stayed, that stay or checke breeds wearinesse: Finally when the Respirati∣on is vitiated we apply remedies vnto the region of the heart not vnto the braine, which is the originall of voluntary motion. On the contrary, the great argument to prooue it to * 1.218 be voluntary is, that we can breath when we will, and when we will we can stay our breath: so as many haue thus voluntarily ended their dayes, I meane by staying their owne breath. Galen in his second Booke de Motu Musculorum telleth of a Barbarian seruant, who beeing throughly angred purposed to lay violent hands vpon himselfe, hee threw himselfe there∣fore * 1.219 vpon the ground, and held his breath a long time remaining vnmooued, at length tur∣ning himselfe a little he breathed out his life.

C. Licinius Macer a Pretorian Citizen of Rome, being accused for oppression by exa∣ctions, whilst the Iudges were giuing sentence shut vp his owne mouth, and couering it with his Handkerchiefe reteyned his breath till he fell downe dead.

Coma the brother of one Maximus a Captaine of Out-lawes, when hee was asked con∣cerning the strength and enterprises of the Fugitiues, gathered his strength together, co∣uered his head, and falling vpon his knees held his breath till he dyed euen in the handes of those that guarded him and before the face of the Iudges.

Cato Vticensis, when his sonne had taken away his sword, he perswaded his Seruants to giue it him againe, saying he would keepe it for his defence, not to murther himselfe with,

For sayeth hee, If I listed to die, I could easily hold my breath to serue that turne: Besides Hippo∣crates sayth in his third Section of the second Booke Epidemiωn, that the cure of continuall yawning which Physitions cal oscitation, is long breathing: & Aristophanes in Plato his Sym∣posio, being troubled with a hiccock, intreated Eriximachus the Physition to tell out his tale * 1.220 for him, That wil I saith he, & in the meane time hold your breath some good while & your hic∣cock wil cease, and then you shall take my turne as I haue taken yours. We may then reteyne our breath when and how long we will and therfore it is a voluntary action. For the instru∣ments whereby wee breath are all Animall, as the intercostall muscles, the midriffe which is also a muscle, and the nerues. Finally, if the braine bee offended as in a phrensie, then is the Respiration offended.

Wee see here two opposite opinions, both which wee cannot maintaine vnlesse they will either of them remit somewhat and yeeld a little either to other, and then it will not be * 1.221 hard to reconcile them after this manner. Some actions are purely and simply Naturall, as Concoction, Nutrition &c. Some partly voluntary, as speech and walking. Some mixt, that is partly Naturall partly Animall, as the auoyding of water and excrements, as Galen sayth in the fourth Chapter of his 6. Booke de locis affect; and in the sixt Chapter of his se∣cond Booke de motu musculorum he likeneth Respiration to these. Respiration therefore is a mixt action, partly Natural and that in respect of the final cause and of necessity, part∣ly * 1.222 Animall in respect of the instruments of it, the muscles.

Those that are strangled do not breath because they cannot Animally; the nerues and * 1.223 muscles being intercepted with the rope. Hystericall woemen that are troubled with the mother do not breath, because they cannot Naturally: for there is no vse of respiration, nor no necessity vrging it although the instruments bee at liberty; and Nature hath here very wisely ordayned that although this action were absolutely necessary and so naturall for the * 1.224 preseruation of life; yet there should also be in it some commaund of the will, because it is often very profitable to stay the breath and often to thrust it out with extraordinarie vio∣lence.

If wee be to giue very diligent eare to any thing, if to passe through any vnsauoury or noysome places, if we fall or be throwne into the water, it is very necessary that we should bee able to conteyne our breath: on the contrary, to blow vp any thing, to winde a home or sound a trūpet, to blow the fire or such like; it is very profitable that we should be able to breath with extraordinary violence. Now in a word we will satisfie the arguments on both sides; and to the first in the first place.

They say that men Respire when they sleep, but in sleepe there is no vse of election or will. I answere there is a double will, as Scaliger sayeth, One from election proper to men and men awake, the other from instinct and this is in men a sleepe and in bruite beasts. The mo∣tion * 1.225 of respiration when we sleepe is by instinct, neither are all the Animall faculties idle in sleepe, or extinguished in those diseases before named; but in sleep they are remitted as Ga∣len sayth not intermitted; for euen the muscles haue a motion which we call Tonieum me∣tum Arigid motion, especially the two sphincter muscles, and in the diseases they are de∣praued. * 1.226

The reason why we are not wearied with continuall respiration, is because there is con∣tinual vse and necessity of it, although it cannot be denied that euen respiration being con∣strayned wearieth the creature much.

On the contrary, they that affirme this respiration to bee meerely voluntary, alleadge that we are able to stay it when we will and to moue it when wee will; to which I answere. That is properly and absolutely a voluntary action which may bee stayed at our pleasure when it is doing, and againe done when it is stayed; but respiration is no such action: for if the Respiration be altogether stayed, as in those whose histories are aboue mentioned, then is the creatures life extinguished and the respiration cannot againe bee mooued. And for the two other arguments that respiration is by Animall instruments, & that in a phren∣sie which is a disease of the brayne, the respiration is vitiated. I answere, that they proue indeed that in respiration there is somewhat voluntary, but they doe not proue that there is nothing naturall. We therefore do determine that Respiration is a mixt action, and to it do concurre both principles ioyned together the Brayn and the Heart, the Animall and * 1.227 the Naturall faculties.

To conclude this Chapter and discourse of Respiration: The pulse and respiration we see are two distinct motions, yet so neare of kinne as men doe not ordinarily obserue the

differences betweene them: wee will therefore in a word tell you wherein they differ and wherein they agree.

They agree in that that they both serue one faculty that is the Vitall; for they were both ordained onely for the heart which is the seate of the vitall faculty. Moreouer, they haue both one finall cause a threefould necessity; of nutrition, temperation and expurgation: nourishment of the spirits, tempering of the heate and purging of smoky vapours. Third∣ly, they agree in the condition of their motions, for both of them consist of a Systole and a Dyastole, and a double rest betweene them: but in these things they differ. That the pulse is a Naturall motion, continuall not interrupted, and without all power of the will. Respi∣ration is free, and ceaseth some whiles at our pleasure; the efficient cause of the pulse is on∣ly Nature, of Respiration Nature and the Soule together; the instruments of the pulse are the heart and the arteries, of Respiration the muscles: the pulse is from the heart, Respira∣tion not from the heart but for the heart. Finally, the heart beateth fiue times for one mo∣tion of Respiration.

Lastly, whether is the pulse or Respiration more necessary or more noble? More noble * 1.228 surely is the pulse, because his instrument the heart is more noble, his effect the vitall spirit is more noble then the ayre; and the end is better then that which serueth for the end: but Respiration was made for the preseruation of the pulse: but nowe for their necessity there needeth a distinction. There is one pulse of the heart and another of the arteries; the pulse of the heart is more necessary for life then Respirution, but the particular pulsation of the arteries is lesse necessary then Respiration; for though the arteries bee bound or inter∣cepted the creature dyeth not presently, but if the Respiration be stopped hee is presently extinguished.

QVEST. XI. Of the Temperament and motion of the Lungs.

COncerning the Temperament of the Lungs, there is question among the Ma∣sters of our Art. Some hold them in the actiue qualities to bee cold, others * 1.229 to be hot. Those that would haue them cold giue these reasons for their asser∣tion.

First, because their whole frame and structure consisteth of spermaticall that is cold parts: these are, the gristly artery, the arteriall veine, and the venall artery.

Secondly, because they are made to refrigerate the heart, wherefore they are called the Fanne of the heart.

Thirdly, because they are subiect to colde diseases, as obstructions, shortnes of winde, difficulty of breathing, and knottines called Tubercula.

Fourthly, because they abound with flegmaticke and cold humors, which is discerned by that we cough vp.

Lastly, they alleadge an authoritie and a reason out of Hippocrates, the authority, for * 1.230 that he sayth, The Lungs are of their owne nature cold, and are farther cooled by inspiration. Hip∣pocrates ground out of which they draw this argument is where hee sayeth in his Booke de Alimentis, The Lungs do draw a nourishment contrary to their body, whereas al other parts draw * 1.231 that which is like to them. From whence they reason thus. The Lungs draw vnto them∣selues blood attenuated in the right ventricle of the heart and are therewith nourished. That bloud being very hot, their substance (if Hippocrates sayd true, who is sayde neuer to haue deceiued any man, nor neuer to haue beene deceiued himselfe) must needes bee cold. But these arguments may thus bee answered. * 1.232

To the first, the vessels are not the substance of the Lungs but the flesh; which is made of a hot and frothy bloud.

To the second, that they refrigerate and coole the heart not by their owne Tempera∣ment, but because they drawe and containe outward ayre, which is alwaies colder then the heart though it he neuer so soultry hot.

To the 3. that their vessels because they are many and diuersly implicated are subiect to ob∣structiōs, but their flesh which is their true substāce is subiect to inflamations & hot affects.

To the fourth, that the aboundance of flegme which we cough vp, is not generated by * 1.233 the natiue temper of the Lungs but falleth continually from the head which is the recep∣ticle of cold excrements into the Lungs, so saith Hippocrates, Many Catarrhes or Rheumes fall into the vpper venter, that is the Chest. The lower part also as the stomack and the hypo∣chondria do send vp plentiful vapors which the Lungs with this continuall motion do mixe with the foresaid humor & thence commeth the whitnes. And as for Hippocrates authority

it may bee answered that hee compareth the temper of the Lungs with the remper of the heart and then indeed they are cold, as also the aer of a hot-house is cold in respect of the heart.

In the other place we say that Hippocrates speaketh of the aer inspirated or breathed in, * 1.234 not of bloud; and so that place proueth that the Lungs are hot rather then cold, because they draw aer which is cold and contrary to their body which is hot. But the truthis, that the contrariety he speaketh of in that place is rather a contrariety of motion; as if hee should say, other parts draw a nourishment like vnto themselues frō an inward store. house which is the Liuer into the very vtmost parts of the body; but contrariwise the Lungs draw the nourishment of the spirits, that is, the aer by the outward parts, that is, the nose and the mouth into the inward, that is, the heart. Although I am not ignorant that Galen in∣terpreteth those words otherwise which shall not be necessary to make mention of in this place.

It seemeth therefore that the Lungs are not cold; which yet will better appeare if wee * 1.235 can proue them to be hot. Three arguments we will be contented with; one from their substance, another from their nourishment, and a third from their vse. Their substance is fleshy soft & spongy, made as it were of the froth that ariseth of the hot bloud in the boy∣ling; therefore not cold. Againe, they are nourished with thin bloud heated and attenu∣ated in the right ventricle of the heart, which seemeth to haue beene made especially for the Lungs sake. Lastly, their vse is to prepare aer for the generation of the vitall, that is, the hottest spirit; they must therefore be hot. Thus Physitions reason on either side. I * 1.236 will onely heere put a doubt, reseruing the determination to another place.

The Rheume falleth out of the head, part into the Lungs and part into the stomacke; Nature in both places worketh vpon it. The stomacke boyleth it againe, attenuateth it if it be thick, and of some part of it maketh good bloud; the rest it auoydeth into the guttes where another vse is made of it; and if the heate of the stomacke be languide and weake so that it cannot sufficiently mitigate it, we then helpe Nature.

The Lungs quite contrary do thicken that part which falleth into them and that neces∣sarily, for else it could neuer he auoyded; for it must be a solid body that the aer must lift * 1.237 vp before it in our coughing, because there is no passage for it downward appointed by Na∣ture; and therefore it is, that thinne and subtle Rheume maketh a dry cough because the aer is not able to intercept it, but it trickleth downe the sides of the weazon still prouoking vs to cough, but in vaine because it hath not a compacted body which the aer might intercept till by time it be ripened, that is, grow thicke and then it is brought vp; or if of it selfe it do not thicken we thicken it by Art. Wee may therefore iustly wonder at this contrary worke of Nature; surely coldnesse in the Lungs can not thicken it, it being so neere to the foun∣taine of heate nor the ayer which is the moistest of al Elements cannot dry it: besides that, the Lungs are of themselues very moist as we shall prooue by and by. Againe, if heate in the Lungs do thicken it, why should it not thicken it also in the stomacke; but we see that cold stomack; doe onely make thicke and viscid flegme.

Truely heereunder lyeth a great mystery worthy of another place to be discussed in, to which therefore we will referre it and proceede to the second qualities of the Lungs, and * 1.238 enquire whether they be moist or dry. It may seeme they are dry, because their passages doe alwayes remaine open and neuer fall together, which is an argument of their hardnes * 1.239 and drynesse. Againe, Galen saith (in his 4. booke de vsu partium) they are nourished with chollericke bloud, but chollericke bloud is dry. Lastly, Hippocrates saith the Lungs are the seare of drought; for he appointeth two places of drought, the stomack & the Lungs. Concerning which, is that notable edict of Hippocrates (in Epidemijs.) The way to appease and satisfie thirst is to drinke cold water and to breathe in cold aer. These arguments we will first answere before we determine the contrary.

To the first we answere, that if the opennes of their passages argue their drinesse, then * 1.240 should the braine also be dry whose ventricles are alwayes open and do not fall together in the strongest concussions or motions of the head, as in sneezing and fits of the Epilepsie or falling sicknesse. As therefore the braine is harder in the ends of the ventricles thereof (in which respect Anatomists cal that part the Callous body as we shall heare heereafter): So the Lunge where it compasseth the vessell is somewhat harder: or say rather, that the stif∣nesse and hardnesse of the branches of the Sharpe and Rough Artery do hold it out & keep the passages in a kinde of distention.

To the second we answere, that Galen by bilious or Cholericke blood meaneth thin and * 1.241 attenuated blood laboured in the right ventricle of the heart, which no man will say is drie but rather abundantly moist, as being mingled with aer the moistest as we saide of all Ele∣ments. To the last we answere, that the Lungs indeede if they be torrified are the state of drought, because they dry vp the moisture of the heart and the partes adioyning; but if they be naturally disposed they are no cause of drought. It remaineth therefore that the Lungs are not dry, and then they must needs be moist; which yet further to prooue wee want not arguments beyond all exception. First, because they are soft; for as hardnesse is * 1.242 a sure note of drinesse so is softnesse of moisture, but the substance of the Lungs is soft and lax, of which the very touch is a sufficient witnesse. Besides Galens authority is plainely for it, where he saith in his 4. Booke de vsu partium, The flesh of the Spleene is soft indeed & laxe, but nothing to the substance of the Lungs which is the softest, the loosest and the lightest.

Auicen interposeth saying, That the flesh of the Lungs is not soft of his owne nature but by ac∣cident * 1.243 or euent, because they lie steeped & drunken as it were in the moisture which faileth from the head, therefore he saith they are not soft but maddid; which if it were so, then wold they be drier in those bodies that haue dry braines, and more ouer would in al other bodies * 1.244 become drier, as the moisture which falleth from the head is exhausted and dried vp, both which are contrary to all experience. We therefore conclude that the Lungs are naturally moist, and by so much moister then the liuer by how much they are softer. And thus much * 1.245 of the temperament of the Lungs, now followeth their motion. Concerning which I find three opinions; one of Aristotles, another of Auerrhoes; the third of Galen and the Physiti∣ans. Aristotle in the 6. chap. of his third booke De Partiammalium thinketh, that they haue the original of their motion from the heart on this manner.

The heate of the heart being encreased, with a kinde of violence lifteth vp the Lungs & then aer entreth for the auoiding of vacuity and empcinesse that infest enemy of nature; the colder aer setleth the boyling of the heate, as we see cold water beeing powred to boyling watersetleth it; as therefore in the diffusion of the heate the Lungs are dilated, so the heat residing or setling they are contracted and the aer expressed or driuen out. Auerrhoes ioy∣neth * 1.246 so far with Aristot'e that he thinketh the heare to be the author of Respiration, but he saith that the Lungs follow not the motion of the Chest, but are mooued by a proper and peculiar power of their owne, because else there should be a violent motion which shoulde be perpetuall, that which is vtterly against the rules of nature. True it is (saith he) that there is a wonderfull consent betweene the Chest and the Lungs, which is the cause that one of them cannot moone or rest but when the other mooueth or resteth, yet neither of them is cause or originall of the others motion. The third opinion is of Galen and the Physitians * 1.247 to which also we encline, who thinke the Lunges are not mooued by an inbred or proper power of their owne, for where are their Fibres and the strength of Filaments or strings for that purpose? Neither by the faculty of Pulsation which ariseth from the heart by which the arteries are mooued, & that because the motion of the Lungs somtimes doth intermit, sometimes is quicker and slower as we list: neither by the animall faculty because there be no Muscles: but we conceiue that the Lungs are mooued by an accidentary motion, as fol∣lowing * 1.248 the motion of the Chest to auoid vacuity. For when the Chest is distended the Lungs are filled with aer and enlarged, and when that is contracted they are emptied and fall. Galen establisheth this his opinion with this reason, because there is no disposition of the body found wherein the Lungs are mooued when the Chest remaineth immoouable: * 1.249 which thing Experience also confirmeth. For if the Chest be opened so as the aer may get in by the wound, the Lungs become immooueable; because the aer being gotten into the * 1.250 void and empty space taketh away the necessity of the motion of the Lungs which is to a∣uoid vacuity as we haue saide: but if the Chest be sound, it is of necessity that it beeing di∣stended the Lungs also should be dilated for auoyding of that vacuity. And whereas Auer∣rhoes obiecteth that there is no violent motion perpetual, and yet the motion of the lungs * 1.251 should be violent if it should follow the motion of the Chest. I answer, that the inference is very absurd, for euery motion is not violent which is mooued after anothers motion, for * 1.252 by that reason the bones also should be mooued with a violent motion. But why are not the Lungs wearied with their perpetuall motion? I aunswere, because they are almost in∣sensible.

QVEST. XII. What kinde of motion the Cough is, and whether any part of the drinke fall into the Lungs.

THat the Cough proceedeth from the affection of almost all the partes of the Chest, as the Pleura, the Mediastinum, the Lungs with their vessels, the mid∣riffe, * 1.253 and sometimes of the Intereostall muscles also, it is more then manifest; For in both the kindes of Pleurisies, the true and the bastard, the Peripneu∣monia or inflamation of the Lungs; the Asthma or difficulty of breathing, the vlcer of the Lungs called 'Pthoe, the Dropsie wherein the Midriffe is pressed vpward: in all these I say the Patient is troubled with a continuall Cough. But now to what faculty wee should referre this coughing that is a great controuersie. It may be thought it is Animall * 1.254 and voluntary, because the Cough is nothing else but a strong efflation or breathing forth. Now this efflation is done by the helpe of all the muscles which contract the chest.

Galen also in his second Booke de causis symptomatum speaking of sneezing coughing and vomiting, concludeth that vomiting is a symptome of the naturall faculty and cough∣ing of the Animall. Others there be which thinke it to bee an action of the naturall faculty, because it is a concussiue motion and is done by the endeuour of Nature, to exclude that which is offensiue vnto her; now all Concussiue motions are Naturall. For all the partes of * 1.255 the body of their owne naturall constitution haue euery one their owne 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Concussions when they are shaken for the auoyding of any thing which offends them: such is the con∣cussion of the brain in sternutation or sneezing; of the stomacke in the hiccock, of the blad∣der in auoyding the stone, of the whole habite of the body and the fleshy membrane in a rigor or shaking fit, and finally of the chest in coughing. Moreouer sometimes we cough against our will, neither can we alwaies when we will forbeare it. Both these opinions may * 1.256 be reconciled, if as we saide earst in respiration, so here in coughing, that it is a mixt action of an Animall and a Naturall.

The motion is Animall because it is done by the helpe of muscles, but the cause moo∣uing the motion is Naturall; for a cough is not raised without the endeuor of the expelling faculty. But another question may be asked here, whether the cough be a disease or an or∣dinary * 1.257 worke of Nature. Galen in his second Booke de symptomatum causis, and in his fift de locis affectis seemeth to determine diuersly; sometimes that it is a worke of Nature, and sometimes againe as in his Booke of Trembling and Palpitation that is against Nature: but we may well reconcile Galen with himselfe if wee say, that in respect of the faculty whereby we cough it is a Naturall affection; for the beginning of the motion is from nature, that is * 1.258 from the expelling faculty; but in respect of the cause which mooueth the faculty as the rheume, the bearing vp of the midriffe or such like, it is against Nature and a very disease; but ouer this cause the Naturall faculty hath a kind of power or command which it shew∣eth in laboring thus to auoide it.

To conclude both this Chapter and all our discourse of the vitall parts, it is a question whether the drinke we drinke goe into the Lungs or no. Hippocrates sayeth in his Booke de Corde * 1.259 some part of it goeth that way, because if you giue a Swine a drinke coloured with vermiliō or any such like thing & presently cut the throat, you shal perceiue the wezon co∣lored with the drink, which is a certaine argument & demonstratiue; also in the same place hee thinketh that the water which is found in the heart purse is a portion of our drinke: a∣gaine Physitians in the fretting or exulceration of the weazon, and diseases of the chest do appoynt the Patient to lie long vpon his backe and leasurely to lick down their medicines, that so some of them may fall downe into the Lungs.

Another demonstration may be that the arteries haue more whey or vrine in them then the veines; whence should this whay come? but that a part of the drinke and more liquid nourishment doth slip downe by the weazon into the Lungs and so into the arteries, and from them by the emulgent arteries into the kidneyes to bee auoided by the bladder: for I see no reason why the emulgent arteries should haue beene made so large, vnlesse it were * 1.260 for the expulsion of this excrement, Aristotle amongst al the Philosophers is against this. Hippocrates in his fourth Booke de morbis laboureth might and maine against it, yeelding diuers reasons why it cannot bee: but wee must vnderstand that Hippocrates laboureth to prooue that all the drinke goeth not into the Lungs, hee confesseth that some slippeth by. And thus Galen in his eight Booke de placitis Hippoc. & Platonis reconcileth Hippocrates to himselfe; namely, that some of the drinke falleth insensibly downe along the weazon, the

rest passeth ouer the Epiglottis into the stomack: but if neuer so little a crum of solid meate get into the weazon, it bringeth danger of suffocation. So Anacreon the Poet was suffo∣cated * 1.261 with a Grape-stone. And Fabius the Senator is said to haue beene strangled with a haire which got into his weazon in supping of a draught of Milke. Alexander Benidictus writeth that a mother at Brussels thrust a pill downe her childes throate with her finger, vp∣on which it presently dyed.

And thus much shall be sufficient to haue beene saide concerning the vitall parts be∣longing * 1.262 to the middle Region called the Chest, with all the Controuersies and subtleties of Nature therto appertaining. It followeth now that we should ascend vnto the Throne of the soule, the Tower of the body, which is the Head.

The End of the Sixt Booke and the Con∣trouersies thereunto belonging.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Why the mid∣riffe is called phrenes.
• * 1.2

  What is a phrensie.
• * 1.3

  How the phrensie of the midriffe is distinguished from that of the Liuer, & other parts.
• * 1.4

  How from the phrensie of the braine.
• * 1.5

  How by the respiration.
• * 1.6

  How by the voice.
• * 1.7

  How by the retraction of the Hypochon∣dria.
• * 1.8

  The Anato∣mical demon∣stration.
• * 1.9

  The three de∣monstratiue signes of the plurisie from the midriffe Why when the midriffe is inflamed, there follow∣eth a phrensy
• * 1.10

  The true cause.
• * 1.11

  Euery man carries a per∣petuall moti∣on about him
• * 1.12

  The cause of Aristot. death.
• * 1.13

  The heart cō∣pared to a smal watch.
• * 1.14

  The motion of the heart double. The natural motion.
• * 1.15

  Aristotles con∣ceire of the cause.
• * 1.16

  A pregnant example.
• * 1.17

  Another in∣stance.
• * 1.18

  Wherein was the Philoso∣phers error.
• * 1.19

  Comparison.
• * 1.20

  Erosistratus. Hiracledus.
• * 1.21

  Auerrhoes.
• * 1.22

  Other opini∣ons.
• * 1.23

  The cause of the snaking palsie.
• * 1.24

  The kinds of motions.
• * 1.25

  Voluntary motions.
• * 1.26

  Natural moti∣ons manifold.
• * 1.27

  The resoluti∣on of the que∣stion.
• * 1.28

  Three imme∣diate causes of the pulse. The efficient.
• * 1.29

  The Final.
• * 1.30

  The instru∣ment.
• * 1.31

  That the nerue helpeth not the moti∣on of the hart
• * 1.32

  The first ob∣iection.
• * 1.33

  Answere.
• * 1.34

  The second. Answere.
• * 1.35

  The third.
• * 1.36

  Answere.
• * 1.37

  How the mo∣tion of the heart diffe∣reth from that of other parts.
• * 1.38

  The fourth. Answere.
• * 1.39

  The diuinity of the Soule.
• * 1.40

  Multiplicity
• * 1.41

  The conclusi∣on.
• * 1.42

  The maner of the motion of the heart.
• * 1.43

  The ••. moti∣ons of the heart. The double rest how ne∣cessary.
• * 1.44

  An instance in the tyde.
• * 1.45

  Dyastole what.
• * 1.46

  Systole what.
• * 1.47

  The vse of the fibres of the heart.
• * 1.48

  How the values are in the motions.
• * 1.49

  Greater vse of expiration then of inspi∣ration.
• * 1.50

  Whether the heart striketh the brest in the Dyastole or in the Systole.
• * 1.51

  Galens autho∣rity.
• * 1.52

  Reason to the authority.
• * 1.53

  The consent of anatomists.
• * 1.54

  What the trueth is.
• * 1.55

  The reasons to proue it.
• * 1.56

  Obiection.
• * 1.57

  Answere with reference.
• * 1.58

  Hippocrates first found the pulse and so named it.
• * 1.59

  The forme of the motion.
• * 1.60

  Aristotle.
• * 1.61

  The vse of pulsation double.
• * 1.62

  The nature of their motion obscure. Prapagoras.
• * 1.63

  Galens instāce
• * 1.64

  Erasistratus.
• * 1.65

  Aristotle.
• * 1.66

  The reasons.
• * 1.67

  Neither heat, nor spirits, nor bloud, are the immedi∣ate causes. Not heat.
• * 1.68

  Not bloud.
• * 1.69

  An instance.
• * 1.70

  There may be great, yet a faint pulse.
• * 1.71

  Asclepiades his opinion.
• * 1.72

  Herophylus his opinion.
• * 1.73

  How both were decei∣ued.
• * 1.74

  That the mo∣tion of the arteries is not from the braine.
• * 1.75

  The true cause where∣by the motion is moued.
• * 1.76

  Which waie the Faculty is led.
• * 1.77

  What may hinder the mo¦tion of the heart.
• * 1.78

  An instance for experiēce
• * 1.79

  Obiection. Solution.
• * 1.80

  A difficult question.
• * 1.81

  The Arteries are filled in their dilatatiō
• * 1.82

  Archigines.
• * 1.83

  The first opi∣nion. Erasistratus.
• * 1.84

  Authorities.
• * 1.85

  Reasons. The first
• * 1.86

  The second.
• * 1.87

  The third.
• * 1.88

  The fourth.
• * 1.89

  The fist.
• * 1.90

  The truth it selfe proued by
• * 1.91

  Experience.
• * 1.92

  Reason. First.
• * 1.93

  Second.
• * 1.94

  Third.
• * 1.95

  An instance.
• * 1.96

  Fourth.
• * 1.97

  Fift.
• * 1.98

  Sixt.
• * 1.99

  Seuenth.
• * 1.100

  What decei∣ued the for∣mer learned men.
• * 1.101

  What the trueth is.
• * 1.102

  The arteries in both moti∣ons are still lust of bloud.
• * 1.103

  A fit example
• * 1.104

  The former distinction concerneth only the arte∣ries.
• * 1.105

  Why the left eare is dilated when the hart is contracted.
• * 1.106

  satisfaction to the ••uthori∣ties alledged.
• * 1.107

  The reasons answered. The first.
• * 1.108

  The second.
• * 1.109

  Hippocrates de corde ex∣pounded.
• * 1.110

  The third.
• * 1.111

  The fourth.
• * 1.112

  The last.
• * 1.113

  Of the vitall spirit.
• * 1.114

  All physitians agree that there is a vi∣tall spirit.
• * 1.115

  The office of this spirit.
• * 1.116

  Hippocrates calleth the spirit the soule.
• * 1.117

  Paul. The spirit is the medium be∣tween the soule and the body.
• * 1.118

  The vses of the vitall spi∣rit within & without the heart. Calor influens.
• * 1.119

  His matter double.
• * 1.120

  Ayre.
• * 1.121

  Bloud.
• * 1.122

  How & wher the aer is pre∣pared.
• * 1.123

  How the blood is pre∣pared. 4. Opinions.
• * 1.124

  The first and truest of Galē.
• * 1.125

  Obiections.
• * 1.126

  Galens minde explained by himself.
• * 1.127

  The second opinion of Co∣lumbus.
• * 1.128

  The answere to Columbus his First reason.
• * 1.129

  Lib. 6. de vsu part. cap. 10.
• * 1.130

  To the secōd.
• * 1.131

  An obiection. Answere.
• * 1.132

  Pure milke a∣uoyded by vrine.
• * 1.133

  The third o∣pinion of Bo∣tallus.
• * 1.134

  Confuted.
• * 1.135

  Botallus igno∣rant of the vse of the passage he thinkes hee found.
• * 1.136

  The fourth opinion of Vlmus.
• * 1.137

  A subtile di∣sputation.
• * 1.138

  Answere to Vlmus.
• * 1.139

  Nothing go∣eth into the Infants heart out of any of the vessels.
• * 1.140

  Vlmus opiniō.
• * 1.141

  How it can∣not be true.
• * 1.142

  Obiection.
• * 1.143

  Answere.
• * 1.144

  An argument
• * 1.145

  why thesplene cannot pre∣pare the blood for the heart.
• * 1.146

  The conclusiō
• * 1.147

  Who be Em∣pyici.
• * 1.148

  This quitture may be pur¦ged 4. wayes.
• * 1.149

  The easiest way.
• * 1.150

  The other 3. wayes.
• * 1.151

  By Vrine.
• * 1.152

  Aninstance.
• * 1.153

  By Seidge.
• * 1.154

  By Aposte∣mation
• * 1.155

  Which way is best.
• * 1.156

  The way of apostumation when good
• * 1.157

  By the womb.
• * 1.158

  How the mat∣ter of the Em∣pyici is purged
• * 1.159

  How it com∣meth vnto the Kidneyes. Erasistratus his opinion.
• * 1.160

  Confuted.
• * 1.161

  Mesues opiniō
• * 1.162

  Strange passa∣ges which na∣ture findeth.
• * 1.163

  Answere to the obiections
• * 1.164

  What the passages are.
• * 1.165

  Obiections.
• * 1.166

  Answere to them.
• * 1.167

  A mistaking of an apostu∣mation of the heart.
• * 1.168

  Two Histories Hollerius.
• * 1.169

  Laurentius.
• * 1.170

  Of the tempe∣rament of the heart.
• * 1.171

  Auerrhoes that the heart is cold.
• * 1.172

  The 1. reason The second. The third.
• * 1.173

  Answere to the first.
• * 1.174

  To the second
• * 1.175

  To the third.
• * 1.176

  That the hart is hot. Authorities.
• * 1.177

  Reasons.
• * 1.178

  Experience.
• * 1.179

  How the spi∣rits are hot∣ter then the heart by which they are made. Comparison.
• * 1.180

  Whence the spirits haue their heate that is hotter then the hart is.
• * 1.181

  Three substā∣ces of the heart.
• * 1.182

  Whether the hart be moyst or dry. An axiome.
• * 1.183

  Resolution.
• * 1.184

  How the hart is nourished.
• * 1.185

  An axiome.
• * 1.186

  An argument from ocular inspection.
• * 1.187

  Arguments for the other side.
• * 1.188

  Answered.
• * 1.189

  A reconcilia∣tion.
• * 1.190

  Of the sub∣stance of the heart. Whether it be a muscle.
• * 1.191

  That it is.
• * 1.192

  That it is not.
• * 1.193

  Answere of some to Ga∣lens argu∣ment.
• * 1.194

  Answere for Galen.
• * 1.195

  Auicen for Galen one weake argu∣ment.
• * 1.196

  Another stronger.
• * 1.197

  The conclusi∣on with Galen.
• * 1.198

  Answere to Hippocrates authority.
• * 1.199

  To the first reason.
• * 1.200

  To the second.
• * 1.201

  Why the flesh of the hart is fibrous
• * 1.202

  Authorities that the heart will not beare a disease. Hippocrates. Aristotle. Aphrodisaeus. Paulus Aegine∣ta. Pliny.
• * 1.203

  Manifold Hi∣stories proo∣uing the con∣trary.
• * 1.204

  How these are to be recon∣ciled.
• * 1.205

  Galen inter∣preted.
• * 1.206

  Answeres to the examples
• * 1.207

  A strange sto¦ry of a Floren∣tine Ambassa∣dor in the Court of France.
• * 1.208

  A briefe enu∣meration of the difficul∣ties about the motion of the heart.
• * 1.209

  Of Spiration.
• * 1.210

  Why neces∣sary.
• * 1.211

  Whether aer or water is fittest to cool the heats.
• * 1.212

  Transpiration & Respiratiō.
• * 1.213

  Fittes of the Mother.
• * 1.214

  The partes of Respiration.
• * 1.215

  Whether Na∣turall or Ani∣mal.
• * 1.216

  Not Animall.
• * 1.217

  The Reasons.
• * 1.218

  That it is A∣nimall.
• * 1.219

  Histories.
• * 1.220

  How to cure yownings & the hiccock.
• * 1.221

  A reconcilia∣tion of 2. ad∣uorse opini∣ons.
• * 1.222

  Respiration a mixt action.
• * 1.223

  2. instances.
• * 1.224

  Why it was necessary that respiration should be partly volun∣tary.
• * 1.225

  Wil is double
• * 1.226

  Motus Tonic ••••
• * 1.227

  The determi∣nation.
• * 1.228

  Whether is more noble and necessary the pulse or respiration.
• * 1.229

  Of what tem∣per the lungs are. That they are cold. Reasons.
• * 1.230

  Authority.
• * 1.231

  A reason drawne from Hippocrates.
• * 1.232

  Answere to the argu∣ments.
• * 1.233

  Whence the phlegme com¦meth that we cough vp. How it be∣commeth white.
• * 1.234

  Hippocrates expounded & retorted.
• * 1.235

  That the lungs are hot. 3. arguments.
• * 1.236

  A notable doubt put.
• * 1.237

  Why the Rheume must be thickened before it bee coughed vp. Whence dry coughes cōe.
• * 1.238

  A mystery of Nature.
• * 1.239

  That the lungs are dry Arguments
• * 1.240

  Answered
• * 1.241

  Galen expoun∣ded.
• * 1.242

  Arguments to proue the Lungs moyst.
• * 1.243

  Auicens con∣ceite.
• * 1.244

  Confuted.
• * 1.245

  The determi∣nation.

  3. Opinions. Aristotles.
• * 1.246

  Auerrhoes.
• * 1.247

  Galens. The Lunges not mooued by any proper power of their owne. Not by the fa∣culty of Pul∣sation.
• * 1.248

  Not by the A∣nimal faculty. But by acci∣dent or Con∣sequence.
• * 1.249

  Galens reason.
• * 1.250

  Experience.
• * 1.251

  Answere to Auerrhoes.
• * 1.252

  Why the Lunges are neuer wearie.
• * 1.253

  What parts are causes of coughing.
• * 1.254

  That the cough is frō the Animal faculty.
• * 1.255

  That it is frō the Natural faculty.
• * 1.256

  The reconci∣liatiō of these two opinions.
• * 1.257

  Whether to cough be a disease or no.
• * 1.258

  Galen reconci∣led to him∣selfe.
• * 1.259

  Whether the drink go into the Lungs.
• * 1.260

  Why the e∣mulgent arte∣ries are so large.
• * 1.261

  Examples of such as haue beene choked with crums or such like.
• * 1.262

  Conclusion of the discourse of the vitall parts.