Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

THE SIXT BOOKE, Of the Middle Region, called the Chest or the Thorax, which conteyneth the Vitall partes to to which also wee will referre the Necke with the VVeazon.

The Praeface.

HAuing thus absolued the Lower Region with the parts thereof as wel Nutritiue as Generatiue, togither with the history of the Infant; it fol∣loweth that we ascend by the staires of the ridge to the middle Bellie, wherein as in a curious Cabinet Nature hath locked vp the vitall In∣struments and wheeles whereby the Watch of our life is perpetuallie mooued from the first houre to the last minute by so iust a counter∣poise as no Art of man could euer attaine vnto, albeit some rare En∣giners haue gone very farre in imitation thereof. If we should enter into the causes of this perpetual motion, as it would be very hard to find them out, so would it spend much time to enquire after them. The highest cause is the hande of God, who hath prepared the Pullies, hung on the weights and gouernes and winds vp the Chime at his own good plea∣sure. For if the Philosopher were not able (though he were nere of councell to Nature) to discerne with the sharp edge of his incomparable capacity the reason of the reciprocal eb∣bing and flowing of the Sea: how shall we be able to yeelde a reason of the Dilatation and Contraction of the Heart. Notwithstanding it is commonly conceyued that the most im∣mediate cause is the auoiding of Vacuity that Arch-enemy of Nature. For the Faculty of pulsation although it be potientially in the heart of the infant in the Mothers wombe, yet it is not drawne into acte till the Chest distending it selfe doth draw in the aire wherof that Vitall spirit is made, about whose generation that Pulsatiue vertue is wholly occupyed. As for the motion of the Arteries, we conceiue that they follow the motion of the heart, like as a Lute lying by another that is played vpon, will represent or returne the distinct Tune thereof.

I might heere enter into a large discourse of the excellency of the Heart; how in this Li∣tle world, it is like the Sun in the Great world; how it continually supplieth the expence of Vitall spirits; how it quickneth and strengthneth the Naturall heate of the whole body; how it is an Embleme of an excellent Magistrate; how the Lungs as fresh Fannes do temper the flaming heate of the hearts furnace, and how as Bellowes they kindle the same againe. For albeit this Sun of the body can neuer be truly ecclipsed, this Genial fire neuer extinguished without the dissolution of the indiuiduum; yet we see in many cold diseases of the braine & malignant exhalations from the wombe, that to our sense this sparke of Sacred fire is dea∣ded and put out, which notwithstanding by the helpe of the Lungues is afterward blowne vp into a luculent flame.

Beside the Organs of life, there belongeth also to this Region another no lesse admira∣ble instrument of Nature, whereby the voice is so diuersified, that vpon the ground therof that Noble Science of Musicke hath beene from the beginning and still is infinitely pro∣pagated and yet the end or perfection thereof not attained vnto. But why do I go about in this place to exemplifie the administrations of Nature in this middle Region? conside∣ring that to say a little is derogatory from the woorth of the argument; to say much vvere heere in vaine, seeing the following Discourse is purposely addressed for the Readers sa∣tisfaction therein.

CHAP. I. Of the Thorax or Chest, and the Diuision of it.

THE middle belly is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of a word which signifieth to leap or dance, because in it the heart continually mooueth from the in∣gate to the outgate of life. It is comprehended by the ribs, or ra∣ther circumscribed by the Ribs and Patell bones, and is separated from the lower Belly by the Midriffe or Diaphragma, and it is the seate or conceptacle of the vitall Faculty which harboureth espe∣cially in the heart, for whose sake this Chest or Thorax was made; the habitation of the breathing partes, and the shop wherein the voice is framed; and for this cause it is called of Hippocrates 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 testudo, a Citterne or Crowd, because the sound of it maketh Musick. It is placed between the vpper and lower bellies, that the Natiue heate which resideth in the Heart may bee e∣qually communicated to all the parts.

The Figure of it is very capacious, being long & round like an Egge, whose magnitude may be guessed by the compasse it carrieth without. Before and behinde it is wider in man (saith Aristotle 2. Hist. Anim. 1.) then in other creatures; before, that there might be suffici∣ent space for the Heart and Lungs to mooue and spred themselues in, both for the voyce

[illustration]

Table I. sheweth the body when all the bowels are taken out of the Lower Belly, and reclined backeward, that the Scituati∣on of the Midriffe might better be discerned, it sheweth also the other part of the Chest as yet couered.

[illustration]

TABVLA I.

• a The Midriffe in his seate.
• e the hole of the great Artery cut open.
• h, i. Two fleshy originals of the Midriffe.
• k. The diuision of the Midriffe wher it trans∣mitteth the Artery.
• l. The leste perforation of the Midriffe gi∣uing way to the gullet.
• m. the hole of the Midriffe through vvhich the hollow veine ascendeth.
• n. The veine called Phrenica.
• o. the Artery called Phrenica.
• p p. the sixt paire of Muscles of the thigh called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• q q. the seauenth paire of Muscles of the thigh, which fil the cauity of the hanch∣bones.
• r The fift Muscle of the backe.
• s the Holy-bone, together with som nerues arising out of the marrow thereof.
• t The brest bone.
• u The brest-blade.
• xx the ribs.
• y y the intercostall Muscles.
• A B. the pectorall Muscle, or the first Mus∣cle of the arme in his proper seate at A, the same separated as farre as his implan∣tation at B.
• C C. the Muscle called Serratus maior, or the second Muscle of the Chest.
• D. Serratus minor, or the first Muscle of the Shoulder blade.
• E. the Muscle called Deltois or Epomis, the second Muscle of the arme his originall is at t.
• F. The Clauicula or Coller bone.

and for respiration saith Galen in the 6. chap. of his 13. Booke de vsu partium, that we might haue abundance of spirits; for that in it the sprightfull blood is laboured of blood and aer, and the voice also is to be formed of the aer. Behinde it is wide, that a man may ly at ease vpon his backe; in other creatures it is fashioned like the Keele of a Shippe; betwixt their fore feete in foure-footed Beasts for their better sootmanship; in Birdes for the nim∣bler motion of their wings when they flye. If it had beene otherwise framed in men (saith Galen in the 11. chapter of his 13. Booke de vsu partium) it would haue hindred the actions of their armes and in Beasts it would not haue suffered their fore-bowes to haue beene so close brought to their chest, which would haue hindred them much in their gate.

The substance of it is neyther altogether bony as the scull is, for then it could not haue beene mooued, nor altogether fleshy as the Lower belly, for then the Muscles would haue falne vpon the heart and the Lungs euen of their owne accord: wherefore that both there might be a space within for the motion, and also al the whole frame of the iustrument might be mooued together, the Muscles and the bones are set as it were by courses one beside an∣other. For because the heart, one of the principall bowels, was to be seated in this Chest, it needed a more safe and secure muniment or defence, and therefore it is walled about with bones: but because the exceeding great heate of the heart stoode in neede of much colde aer, by which as by a fan it might be ventilated and preserued, it was necessary that the chest should be moueable, that in the dilatation of it aer being drawn into the Lungs might re∣fresh the heart, and in the contraction the sooty vapors might bee expelled. Whereforeit was necessary that it should be composed of many bones, which because they should mu∣tually follow the motion one of another; it was requisite also that they should bee ioyned togither with some pliable substance such as is a Cartilage or gristle.

The Chest therfore is moued with Muscles & made vp and compacted with bones, & therefore is rightly called the Middle venter, not onely because of his scituation, but also by reason of his substance, neither wholy bony as the heade, nor wholy fleshy as the lower Venter.

The whole Thorax or Chest is diuided inro a fore part, which is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 per∣tus, commonly the brest; the side parts called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Latera the Sides; and the back partcal∣led 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, Dorsum the Backe, all which appeare in this precedent Table.

The parts of this Chest are some conteyning, some conteyned. The conteining parts are common or proper, the Common are the Skin-scarfe or Cuticle, the Skin, the Fat, the Fle∣shy pannicle, and the Membrane of the Muscles. The Proper are soft or hard, the soft are fleshy, as the Muscles (and the breasts, of which we haue spoken before as rather belonging to the lower Venter, though for ornament and commodious vse they haue their seat here) or Membranous, as the Pleura and the Mediastinum.

The hard parts are bones or gristles. And first of the Conteyning parts, after of those conteined, according to the order of Dissection.

CHAP. II. Of the Skin, the Fat, and the skinne vesselles of the Chest and the Necke.

BEcause we haue entreated at large in the former Book of the common con∣teyning parts, we will onely heere shew how farre in this place they differ from the same in other parts, and so passe on vnto the Proper Conteyning parts.

The Scarfe-skin and skin of the Chest, do heerein differ from the same in the Lower belly, because in the arme-pits it is hairy, which haires are called by Hadriaus Iunius, Grandebalae, I thinke coyned of a Greeke word which signifieth to send soorth, and a Latine which signifieth great (because in some men of all the haires of the body they com out the greatest and most brislie) imitating Plautus, who to serue his turne maketh the word Grandegro, to stalke on with wide steps of Grande and eo. But the vse of these haires is, that those parts which sweate soonest and most (for heere are the Emunctories of the heart, vnto which it sendeth his excrements as we see ordinarily in plague sores) might not bee galled or fretted with the often and strong motions of the armes. In many men also the fore-part of their Chest is more hairy then the Abdemen, and as in the Lower belly is the Na∣uell, so in this middle belly are the nipples of the brests perforated as we haue saide in both sexes.

The fat in this place is not so plentifull as in the belly (excepting the breastes) least with his waight it should hinder respiration.

Betwixt the fleshy membrane and the skinne runne certaine vessels called Skin-veines, some by the sides of the necke and the head from the two outward iugular veines, which with their surcles runne along the fore-part of the necke; others on the backe-side from a braunch which the shoulder veine called humeraria sendeth vpward, others are dispersed through the foreparts of the Chest, to wit, two comming from the Axillary veines, one of which is a branch of the Axillary veine the other of the humeraria, like as through the back are disseminated certaine small branches from the same veines. The Arteries which come hither are exceeding small and capillary: Finally, there are certaine nerues sent from the nerues that lye lower vnder the muskles and the skinne, but two more notable then the rest which meete about the teates, which are the cause of their so exquisite sence.

CHAP. III. Of the muscles of the middle belly and of the parts of the necke.

THE Muscles of the middle venter are double, for either they lye vppon the ribbes or are scituated betweene them, yet all of them are not made onely for the motion of the Chest; for albeit they arise from the Chest, yet they moue either the armes or the shoulder blades or the backe or else the Chest it selfe, and such are called the proper muscles of the Chest, & these muscles are placed without or within: those that are seated without are on the forepart or on the back∣part.

On the forepart there are three on either side.

1 Pectoralis, the pectorall, and it is the first muscle of the arme, which is broade and large and seated vnder the Pappes.

2 Serratus maior, the greater saw, the second muscle of the Chest which lyeth vppon the ribbs, and to them is inserted as it were with fingers, whence it hath the name of the saw, and occupieth especially the side.

3 Serratus minor, the lesser saw, or the first muscle of the shoulder-blade, it is triangular, and lieth vnder the pectorall muscle.

On the back part there are ten on either side.

1 Cucullaris or the Munks-hood the greater part of the second muscle of the scapula or shoul∣der blade.

2 A part of the third muscle of the arme called Latissimus or the broadest muscle, because it taketh vp almost all the back-part of the lower belly.

3 Rhomboydes, the third muscle of the shoulder-blade scituate vnder the Munks-hoode.

4 Serratus Posticus superier, the vpper hinder saw, or the fourth muscle of the Chestlying vnder the Rhomboides.

5 Serratus posticus interior, the lower hinder saw, or the fift muscle of the Chest, scituated vnder the muscle called Latissimus.

6. Sacrolumbus, or the sixt of the chest.

7. Longissimus, the long muscle, the 2. of the backe.

8. Semi-spinatus, the fourth muscle of the backe.

9. Splenij pars inferior, the lower part of the spleniū or of the first muscle of the head placed vnder the vpper hinder saw.

10. Complexi pars inferior, the lower part of the Complexus, or the 2. muscle of the head.

On the inside there is one triangular, the sixt of the Chest; lying vnder the lower part of the brest-bone, of which in the 19. Chapter of this Book. Those muscles that are between the ribs called intercostales we shall intreat of by and by, when wee haue numbred vnto you the parts of the necke.

I do in this place describe the necke, because the chiefe parts therein contayned belong vnto the vitall parts, as the muscles of the voyce, the weazon, the larynx and such like.

It is therefore called Colum a colendo, because we vse to adorne this part with chaines & itwelles. Galen called it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 because of the sharpnesse of the bones of it. It is a mid∣dle part betweene the Chest and the head made for the vse of the Chest and the Lungs; long that in the length of it the voice might bee better modulated or tuned, and therefore birds haue the most variety of tunes of any vnreasonable creatures, but fishes because they

haue no Lungs and so are mute, haue no necks, but all creatures that haue Lungs haue al∣so necks. It is round because of the bodies which are seated in it. The parts contayned in it are the iugular veines externall and internall: the Arteries called Catotides, nerues of the sixt paire and the recurrent nerues: all which are placed on the sides, but before, the weazon called aspera arteria or the sharpe artery and the gullet called oesophagus of which we haue spoken before. The muscles which are in the necke are many, some mooue the necke it selfe, some the larynx or throttle, some the bone Hyots, some the tongue, some the head, the lower Iaw and the shoulder blades. Of these some are scituated before some behinde. Be∣hinde those that follow which we will name as they lie each vpon other.

• 1 Cucullaris pars superior, the vpper part of the Munks-hoode or the second muscle of the shoulder blade, descending from the occipitium or nowle of the head.
• 2 Leuator. The fourth of the shoulder blade seated more toward the sides.
• 3. Splenius, The first muscle of the head.
• 4. Complexus, The second of the head.
• 5. Recti maiores, The third paire of the head.
• 6. Obliqui superiores, the fift paire of the head
• 7. Obliqui inferiores, The sixt paire of the head
• 8. Recti minores, The fourth paire of the head which lye vnder the second muscle of the backe.
• 9. Transuersalis, The third of the necke.
• 10. Scalenus, The second of the neck, it lieth on the side from the first rib into the neck.
• 11. Spinatus, The fourth of the necke.

Before; these, beside those which grow to the iaw and are vnder the Chin.

• 1. Quadratus seu Platysma myodes, The first muscle common to the cheeks and the lips.
• 2. Mastoydes, The seauenth of the head, from the pattell bone to the sides of the head.
• 3. Sternohyoidei, The first paire of the bone Hyois, which lye vpon the wezon.
• 4. Coracohyoidei, The fourth paire of the bone Hyois seated at the sides.
• 5. Oesophagiaei, The third paire of the common muscles of the Larynx or throttle.
• 6. Longi duo, The first muscles of the neck.

But we returne vnto the Chest, and first to the Intercostall muscles as being proper only to the Chest, & therefore we will here follow their discription more accuratly in this place.

CHAP. IIII. Of the Muscles betweene the Ribbes called Intercostales.

THe Muscles which are wouen between the ribbes and do fill vp the distances between them are called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Intercostales. Gal in his Book de vsu respi∣rationis, accounts them according to the eleauen ribs 22. other where thrice so many and two ouer, that is 68. as sayeth Archangelus, but hee himselfe rec∣kons them 34. wee will account them 44. For because there are on either side eleuen distances and in euery distance there are two muscles, there are on either side 22. Of which some are externall [Table 1. ^yy] which are eleauen, and so many internall or within. These are fleshy and narrow but long, according to the proportion of the distan∣ces; their fibres are carried obliquely from one ribbe to another in a contrary position, so that those of the inward and outward muscles lying one vpon another doe mutually inter∣sect themselues in the manner of a Saint Andrewes crosse, or this letter X. The outward of these muscles or the superior are carried from the lower partes of the vpper end of the ribbes to the vpper parts of the lower end of the ribbes: for they beginne in the backe part from the transuerse processes of the rack-bones to which the ribbes are annexed and passe with their fibres obliquely forward all along the bought of the ribbes to the beginning of the cartilages; (where the bony parts of the ribbes doe end) and are ioyned to the breast∣bone; they want tendons because of the narrownes of the place, neither do they reach tho∣rough the distances of the gristles.

The interior or inward muscles quite contrary are carried from the vpper part of the lower ends of the ribbes to the lower part of the vpper end of the ribs, but do not beginne from the processes of the rack-bones, but from that part in which the ribs are bent, and run forward with their oblique ascendent fibres, and fall vpon the distances of the ribbes as well where they are bony as where they are gristly, and keeping alwayes the same series or course

of Fibres passe on to the very bones of the brest, yet so, that in the distances of the gristles they are lifted vp alittle to the outward face of the Distance, and so supply the places of the exterior where they are defectiue or wanting. And this is the cause why the Fibres in the distances of the gristles do appeare diuerse from those in the distances of the ribbes them∣selues. And if you take off these Fibres betweene the gristles, you shal finde also others vn∣der them of another position, which are the Fibres of the sixt Muscle of the Chest which is called the triangular Muscle.

From the vndue distinction of these Fibres, some haue made 68. intercostall-Muscles, when indeede they are but 44. reckoning those differing Muscles which are betwixt the bony parts of the ribs [Tab. 2. fig 1, ^CC] from those that are betweene their gristly parts. [tab. 2. fig. 1. ^DD] And whereas the distances of the ribs are eleuen, six of the true ribs and fiue of the bastard ribs; they think, that there are four in euery distance of the two ribs, two where they are bony, and two where they are gristly, and those internall and externall but in eue∣ry distance of the bastard ribbes they will haue but two, one externall and another inter∣nall.

But we must further obserue, that the outwarde Muscles, by how much they arise neerer to the rack-bones, by so much the sooner do they determine in the fore-parts of the ribs; so againe the inward, by how much the later they arise from the bent of the rib, by so much do they come short of the brest-bone.

Why they are obliquely placed and intersect themselues Varolius hath elegantly shewd; prouing that it was so necessary for the dilatation and constriction of the chest. For because the distance which is betweene one rib and another, was not aunswerable to the length of the Muscles required necessarily for the dilatation and constriction of the Chest, therefore they are disposed betweene the ribs not with right Fibre; (& euen Galen intimated so much in the 23. chapter of his Booke De Dissectione Musculorum, but was not vnderstood, at least not obserued by the Ancients) but with oblique; and that this helpeth dilatation we may e∣uidently see, because euery thing retcheth more being drawn obliquely, then if it be drawn right out, as Cloth, Leather and such like, which we call drawing Biace. For constriction also it is as fit, because the Muscle is contracted more or lesse according as it is greater or lesser. Wherefore, if they had had right Fibres, they must needs haue beene short and so their contraction much straightned, neither coulde they haue sufficiently bound in the Chest.

Moreouer, because euery Muscle drawes according to the course of his Fibres, there∣fore least the ribs in their oblique motion should ioyn close together, the intercostal Mus∣cles are framed double (a thing vnknowne to the Ancients) that with their contrary fibres they might intersect themselues. For when two opposite bodies do together drawe ob∣liquely, there resulteth by their opposition one straight and direct motion.

The Vse of these Muscles (as most Anatomists haue recorded) is to constringe & dilate the Chest. Of the exterior in expiration to beare down the ribs together, and so to streigh∣ten the Chest; of the interiour to distend and separate the ribs, and so to enlarge the caui∣ty of the Chest for inspiration. But when Galen saith in the 15. chapter of the fift Booke de¦vsu partium. That the intercostall Muscles helpe the Midriffe, that they might draw the Chest inward, it is to be vnderstood not that they further the proper motion of the Midriffe, but that they mooue the ribs inward; which is their proper function. But what kinde of motion is this? For either they bring one ribbe to another or seuer one rib from another, or they lift vp the ribs or presse them downe. The two former motions they performe not; for there is no vse of any such motions, neither can any of them of it selfe as a voluntary instru∣ment dilate the place wherein it is, or separate one rib from another; neither can they lifte vp the ribs, for the Muscles which lift them vp are placed without the chest and haue their originall from elsewhere, and are called the proper Muscles of the Chest.

It remaineth therefore that they do presse the ribs onely, and that but lightly, that the con∣traction of the chest may so becom equall, being drawn down together with their contrac∣tion and the contraction of the Midriffe: and so that is made good which Galen saith, that they helpe the Midriffe. We may also say they help the sixt Muscle of the chest which is vn∣der the brest-bone. Yet we will not deny but that they confer also to dilatation, but that by accident as Fallopius and Pleterus haue obserued, to wit, as they supply the place of a Liga∣ment, and ioyne the ribs one to another. For when the lower ribs are drawne downeward and dilated by the proper Muscles of the chest; or when the vpper ribs are eleuated by their

proper muscles, it is of necessity that the middle ribbes should follow the draught, and so the middle distances in deep Inspirations are dilated by the helpe of the intercostall whe∣ther as they be muscles or as they bee ligaments; which yet they could not performe if the proper muscles of the Chest were wanting: and therefore we may more properly say that in this case the intercostall muscles are moued by the proper muscles of the chest, then wee can say they moue of themselues, though their motion is not meerely constrayned but be∣gunne and as it were led the way by other muscles; and haply such a kinde of motion there is also betwixt the Serratus maior and the oblique externall muscles of the Abdomen. There is another way also how the middle distances of the ribbes may bee dilated by the interco∣stall muscles; for if on either side the first muscle of the chest (which is called subclauius sci∣tuated betwixt the first rib and the patell bone or clauicle and hath oblique fibres like the intercostals) do draw vp the first ribbe, then by conseqution the other distances vnder shall also in some sort be dilated.

CHAP. V. Of the midriffe called Diaphragma.

THe Midriffe called in Greeke by Plato 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of a word which signifieth to distinguish, because it distinguisheth or separateth the instruments of noa¦rishment from the instruments of life and respiration; and in Latine septum transuersum or the ouerthwart partition, because running ouerthwart the bulke of the body it parteth it into two venters [as is manifest in the first Ta∣ble.] This the Antients as Hippoc. in his Book de principiis called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. i. the minde, not that it hath any intelligible faculty, but because of his notable sympathy with the Brayne: for when this is affected, instantly the minde and all the sences are out of order, and vpon the inflamation of it, followeth a kind of phrenitis or rather a continual aberratiō of the mind, and in maydens sometimes madnesse it selfe, as Hippocrates sayeth in his Booke de iis qu••d virgines.

It is the 65. muscle seruing for respiration, and differs from all the muscles of the body in excellency, scituation, figure and action. It is one, very great and strong, common to both sides, and as large as the capacity of the lower part of the Chest; as Table 1. declareth.

His scituation in the cauity of the body is ouerthwart & oblique [looke Table 1.^a] and declining somewhat downward ouer all that vtmost compasse of the Chest which is limi∣ted by the gristles of the bastard ribbes and the lower part of the breast-bone: This mus∣cle whilest it is at quiet remayneth lifted vp as we see in dead carcasses, and maketh a great cauity, but when it worketh and is contracted it beareth downeward.

The midriffe riseth with two long and fleshy productions [table 1. and table 2. figure 2. ^hi] from the bare rack-bones of the loynes to which it adhereth very strongly, & a great way together, for euery muscle must haue something to rest his head vpon, and most com∣monly it both ariseth from and is implanted into an immoueable part. The two producti∣ons at the sides of the great Artery doe cleaue to the muscles of the loynes [table 1. ^pp] and becomming broader by degrees doe meete at the eleuenth rack-bone of the Chest, and so make the muscle circular or round, and it is tyed in his fleshy circumference to the inside of the Chest and the ends of the bastard ribbes all along the twelfth ribbe at the lower part of the breast-bone and at the breast-blade [table 1. ^u] which was made for his defence; but in the middest it endeth into a strong membranous and neruous tendon [tab. 2. figure 2. ^bcd] framed of very firme sinewes and membranes. Now it was very necessary that it should bee neruous in the middest, partly for the more security, that it might endure diuers moti∣ons without hurt, & not be endangered with payn because of their violence: partly that the hollow veine [table 1. and table 2. figure 2. ^m] and the aesophagus or gullet [table 1. and table 2. fig. 2. ^l] which passe through it, might not be streightned, and so the course of meate and bloud hindered. Wherefore howsoeuer this muscle worketh, seeing onely his fleshy fibres [table 2. figure 2. ^{f g}] are contracted or drawne together, the neruous part about those ves∣sels is neuer constringed: but rather when the fibres are contracted the neruous part from the center to the circumference is distended, and the holes through which those vessels go wider opened. Moreouer, it is vnited to two of the muscles of the Abdomen, the oblique ascendent and the transuerse, and aboue it is so straightly ioyned to the purse of the heart or pericardium, that without tearing it cannot be separated from it.

The figure of it is almost [table 2. fig. 2. sheweth it] circular, round like a Plaice or Thorn∣backe, or likest a racket which we vse in the Tennis-court, especially if the racket be straight streatched, and the processes are very like to the handle of the racket.

His substance is partly [table 2. figure 2. ^{f g}] fleshy partly neruous [table 2. figure 2. ^{ab cd}] as if it were compounded of two broade circles, but ending in one part in an acute an∣gle [table 2. fig. 2. ^d] of which the fleshy circle is on euery side annexed to the chest [see the first table] and compasseth the other neruous circle which is in the center, to which as vn∣to a center many fibres like lines do runne from the circumference and as it were from the beginning or originall of the muscle, which that you may rightly discerne you must sepa∣rate the Peritonaeum or rimme from the midriffe, which in Hogs may be done easily, but in a man and a dog not without difficulty.

It hath a double membrane one lower from the Peritonaeum, another vpper arising from the pleura with which it is compassed for more strength; although it haue another coat of his owne but a very thinne one, that it might bee distinguished from all other parts by pro∣per circumscription. Veines it hath arising from the trunke of the hollow [table 1. ^m table 6. ^A] veine called Phrenicae (sometimes also it receiueth branches from the fatty veine called Adiposa) which are accōpanied with arteries from the great artery [tab. 1. ^c] called also Phre∣nica; [the veines table 1. ⁿ. table 6. ^c the arteries table 1. ^co table 13. ^KK] the veines carry vn∣to it bloud for his nourishment; the arteries vitall spirits together with the vitall faculty, & beside by ventilation with their motion they preserue his naturall heat.

It hath two nerues [table 2. figure 1. ^{P P}] proceeding out of the lower rackebones or ver∣tebrae of the necke made of three surcles on each side (and this is peculiar to this muscle, for other parts vnder the patell bones or clauicles receiue none from the marrow of the necke) which nerues being carried through the cauity of the Chest are contorted or wound about the Mediastinum, & by it fastned and stayed aloft least they should be hurt. And it was ne∣cessary that these nerues should come from an vpper place, that they might more equally extēd their action into euery part of it: wherfore they are disseminated through his whole substance, that they might affoorde vnto it all sence and motion whence it is of very exqui∣site sence, and when it is iniured for the most part death followeth.

It hath two passages or holes, one on the right hand [table 1. and table 2. figure 2. ^m] in the middle neruous part for the ascent of the hollow veine out of the vpper and gibbous part of the Liuer vnto the Heart; another on the left hand [table 1. and table 2. figure 2. ^l] a little backwarder & greater, through which passeth the Oesophagus or gullet and 2. nerues vnto the stomacke, vnto which not withstanding his membranes do grow and encompasse streightly and very strongly.

At the originall or beginning of this muscle or midriffe betweene his productions [tab. 1. and table 2. figure ^{h i}] at the racke-bones, there is a diuision [table 1. and table 2. figure 2. ^k] resembling a semicircle or halfe Moone for the descent of the great Artery & the vein without a peere or non parill; and for nerues of the sixt payre fixed to the ribbes which are carried vnder the pleura; and this diuision imbraceth the racke-bones vpon which the great artery leaneth.

The chiefe vse of the Midriffe, which Galen found out, as appeareth in the 15. and 7. Chapters of his 5. Booke de vsu partium, and which dependeth especially vpon her scitu∣ation, is that it might be the organ or instrument of free, gentle, and voluntary respira∣tion or breathing, euen as the instruments of violent or deepe breathings are the 64. mus∣cles which are about the Chest exactly dilating or contracting it. For his fibres being e∣qually retracted or drawne together, all the bastard ribs are drawne toward the centre of the Chest, and so they draw the vtmost parts of the Chest vnto the rack-bones, and con∣stringe or contract the lower part whereupon the Midriffe is lift vp, streached and serueth for expiration. Hence it is that in a dead body it alwayes appeareth contracted and streat∣ched for the life endeth with expiration; and if the Chest be perforated within the ribs or Midriffe, it falleth straight loose downeward, and suffereth the Liuer & the stomack which before were somewhat suspended, to fall. But when the fibres are loosened the Midriffe falleth; for the bastard ribs are loosened, & the lower parts of the Chest, and consequent∣ly the Lungs are dilated & so we draw in breath: wherfore when the Midriffe is hindred or affected, then must needs follow difficulty of respiration as Galen saith in the 8. Chapter of his 4. Booke de locis affectis. This motion according to some authors, Archangelus among the rest, is mixed of a voluntary & a naturall motion, voluntary it is but not simply, because there is a necessity which vrgeth and exacteth this motion: as in respiration a necessity of cooling the hart vrgeth euen as in vnburdening the belly & making water the excrements do vrge and prouoke the sphincter muscles of the Fundament and of the Bladder.

[illustration]

The first Figure sheweth the middle Belly, the Skinne and the Muscles being cut away, the Breast-bone also is remooued and the ribbes broken, that the capacity of the Chest, the Mem∣branes thereof and the Lungs might better be discerned.

[illustration]

TABVLA. II.

[illustration]

FIG. I

• A. The gristles of the ribs retracted or drawn backe.
• BB. The bony part of the rib diuided from the gristle.
• CCDD. The Intercostall muscles filling vp the distances of the bones at CC. and the distances of the gristles at DD.
• E. The clauicle or coller bone discouered in his seate,
• E e. The course of the vessels running to the arme-hole.
• G. The outward Iugular veine which shewes it selfe as soone as the skin is cut.
• HH. The Mediastinum.
• II. The surface of the midriffe.
• K. The connexion of the Mediastinum with the midriffe.
• L. A place somewhat būching to receiue the heart.
• M N. The Mammarie veine and artery de∣scending vnder the breast-bone.
• OO. Braunches of the vessels before named which go to the mediastinum.
• PP. The nerues of the midriffe supported by the mediastinum.
• Q. A veine which together with the nerue descendeth to the midriffe.
• RSTV. A part of the Lungs in the left side of the cauity. R and T shew the vpper lobe, S and V the lower.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

[illustration]

Figure II. sheweth the midriffe taken out of the body.

• a. The midriffe.
• b c d e. The sinewy part thereof.
• f g. The fleshy part thereof.
• h i. Two fleshy originals.
• k. A diuision or perforation of the midriffe where through the great artery is trans∣mitted.
• l. The perforation on the left side, which gi∣ueth way to the gullet.
• m. The right perforation through which the hollow veine ascendeth.

Another vse of the midriffe is to ventilate or fanne the Hypochondria, especially the Li∣uer, because in his conuex or vpper part it wanteth Arteries to doe that office; as also the moyst vapours contayned in the capacity of the lower belly, least being at rest they should putrifie and corrupt; for which cause Hippocrates in his first Booke de morbis mulierum cal∣leth it the breather or bellowes of the lower belly

Another vse of it is, as Galen aduiseth vs in the 9. Chapter of his second Book de mot•• musculorum to helpe forward the expulsion of the excrements and the Infant in trauell by helping the muscles of the Abdomen as wee haue shewed in the former Booke; for which it is the more conuenient because of his oblique scituation. For aboue it presseth the guttes as it were with hands, and so driueth the excrements downward, which otherwise might as well be excluded vpward as downward if this helpe were not.

The last vse is, that according to Plato, it might deuide the Irascible or Angry part and faculty of the Soule from the Concupiscible & lustfull; or according to Aristotle, it might distinguish the naturall parts from the vitall, the ignoble from the noble, that the vapours which arise from the lower parts as from the sinke of the body, might not offend the heart the seate of life and sence as he thought. Pliny ascribed to it the subtility or nicenesse of the wit, and esteemed it the seate of mirth which appeareth by tickling: for if the skinne about the Hypochondria be gentlely touched we are tickled and laugh presently; but more

rare was that of a young man in my knowledge, who had the cause of an Epilepsie in his foot, which at certaine times would rise vp and might be stayed by binding the legge and thigh, but when the vapor or breath came vp about the place of the Midriffe, then would he laugh extreamly and presently after fall in his Epilepticall fit. But the Philosophers rea∣son was, because the motion commeth presently to that place; for that the skin is thin and warmeth the part, though lightly yet enough to open it, & so moueth the minde euen a∣gainst the will of him that is mooued. For in the single Combats of Sword-Fencers (cal∣led Gladiatores) at sharpe vsuall in those times, some haue bin seene to dye laughing when they haue bin thrust through about that part.

And the reason why onely men of all creatures are ticklish, is partly the thinnesse of the skin, partly because a man onely of all creatures can laugh; for titillation is the cause of Laughter, when such a part is mooued as from which the affection may rise vp and fil the wings of the nose.

CHAP. VI. Of the Membrane called Pleura.

THE Pleura is a Membrane taking his name from the Ribbes which they call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because it is stretched vnder them all, excepting the twelfe, and truely it is called a Membrane because of his substance, and a coate because of his Vse.

It is a Membrane enclosing the whole cauity of the Chest, wherefore his Figure and magnitude is answerable to that cauity, which is Semiouall or like half an egge. It ariseth and is bred of spermaticall filaments or threds of the seed and the mothers blood powred betweene them after the manner of a Parenchyma or as the flesh of the Liuer or other of the bowels; or it is produced from the Membranes of the Braine which inuest the Marrow of the backe, which being brought together with some Nerues into the Chest do on both sides frame it; wherefore there it is thicker and cleaueth strongly to the rack bones or Vertebrae of the backe, from which vnlesse it be broken it cannot be separated, because from thence it hath his beginning of place or production.

It is tyed backward to the racke bones of the backe, which is the reason that some haue said it ariseth from their Ligaments, or from the Ligaments of the Vertebrae of the Chest as Pallopius; before, it is tyed to the brest-brone; on the sides to the Membranes of the inter∣costall Muscles, and to the Membranes which immediately compasse the rib bones; aboue to the Clauicles or Patel-bones; below in his Basis as Galen calleth it, 5. Administ. Anat. 8. or bottome, to the Midriffe, and in the middest vnto the Lunges and heart-purse or Peri∣cardium.

His substance is like that of the Peritonaeum or rim of the belly, but in strength & thicke∣nesse somewhat exceeding it; for because it was to passe betweene the bonie hardnesse of the ribs and the soft bodies of the Lungs, it was ordained neither too soft nor too hard, yet somewhat hard the better to defend the Vital parts; thight & close wrought yet light, that the weight of it might not hinder the motion of the Chest, but strong and neruous, harde to be diuided, and sometimes in some diseases of the Chest it hath beene obserued by Plate∣rus to grow ten fold thicker then vsually it is.

It is all ouer double, partly because of the hardnesse of the bones, that the inner side which is very sensible might not be hurt by the continuall motion of the Lunges, partlie that betwixt both the Membranes the intercostall vessels might more safely passe.

The one of these is thicker, especially about the backe where it may bee cleane seuered from the ribs, and it is harder because of the continuall motion of the Lungs and his inner face is smooth and smeared ouer with moysture, the vtter superficies or face of it is vne∣quall and rugged. The other is thinner, and of some is called the Membrane compassing the ribs. Betweene these two is the matter of the Pleurifie oftentimes collected (because there are vessels which run betweene them) and not onely betweene the Pleura and the in∣tercostall Muscles. From this Membrane sometimes on one side sometime on another, (as Vesa'ius and Valuerda haue well obserued) but especially on the left side, doe certaine sinnowy Fibres come, by whose interposition the Lungs are strongly tyed to this Pleura in men when they be in health, and among them is seene some small portions of fat neere the rack-bones of the back where the vessels are greater, as it is in the Peritonaeū; but this is but rare. And as the intercostall Muscles like other Muscles haue their proper Membrane, so the ribbes like other bones are compassed with their Periostion or proper and immediate

Membrane, which Vesalius that oculate Anatomist tooke to be one of these Membranes which we haue described.

It is perforated where it sendeth vessels into the Chest or out of it. It sendeth out aboue the iugular and Axillary Veines, and the Carotides or Axillarie Arteries; but it letteth in the Gullet, the Weazon, and a Nerue of the sixt paire belonging to the Midriffe; below, it is perforated at the Diaphragma or Midriffe; for the ascent of the Hollow veine, and the descent of the Gullet as was saide in the former chapter; at the sides for the intercostall vessels. The vessels which are tied vnto it as they passe vnto the Neighbour partes doe lend it small braunches which come most plentifully from the Mammary and intercostall vessels. Hence it is that it is often inflamed with great tension and a pricking or goading paine.

His vse is much like the vse of the Peritonaeum or Rimme in the Lower belly; for as the Peritonaeum is stretched about all the partes of the Lower belly, and affordeth vnto euerie one of them a common coate; so the Pleura is stretched vnder all the cauitie of the Chest, and giueth a common coate saith Galen to all the instruments of breathing, as also to the midriffe and the intercostall muscles and the vessels, and defendeth and knitteth them alto∣gether. It giueth also to the vessels a safe waftage and a kinde of stability, and where it is stretched vnder the ribs, it serueth the Lunges for a defence, that they light not vppon the bare bones when they d••••ateth themselues in the gathering in of breth, and so be hurt vvith their hardnesse, and beside that the Lunges in their motion do not entangle themselues in the distances of the ribs.

CHAP. VII. Of the Mediastinum.

THE Mediastinum so called, because it mediateth or diuideth the Chest in the middest. Collumbus calleth it Intersepimentum and Dissepimentum, a, a hedge that diuideth two Pastures. It is double: The right [Tab. 3. ^GG the right, ^HH the left] and the lefte, which Galen calleth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because they diuide the cauitie of the Chest, which the Pleura encompasseth into two partes. For the cauitie of the Chest is not one open and continuall, but is diuided by these membranes. Wherefore in the middle of the chest there is one on either side which passe from aboue downeward according to his Longitude euen vnto the Midriffe, and backeward from the Breast-bone vnto the Racke-bones, so that the chest is by this meanes diuided into two cir∣cles, or if you had rather, they frame a certaine Triangle of vnequall and oblique sides, for they haue space enough to resemble this Figure: because of the deapth and length of the Breast.

These Membranes do arise from the pleura, which where it climbeth from his originall on either side to the sides of the breast bone, creepeth so backe againe towardes the ridge where his beginning was, that it attaineth from the middest of the breast to the very spine of the backe. These are thinner then the pleura, and softer that they may more easilie fol∣low the motion of the heart; on the outside as they looke to the Lungs (to which they som∣times grow) they are smooth, and oftentimes about the vesselles they appeare interlaced with much fat, so as they may bee compared to the Kall or Ome tum; on the inside rough, because of the Fibres with which the Membranes are ioyned, as also to the Pericardium; and in the hollow of the throate the Thymus so called (of which we shall heare afterwards) groweth vnto them. Heere, according to the length of the racke-bones of the backe vnto which they are ioyned by the mediation of the pleura, they euen touch together, and make but a very narrow cauity, but are after by degrees seuered and at the Breast-bone stand as wide asunder as the Breast-bone is broade, to which they cleane euen from one end of it to the other; and this distance [Tab. 3. ^LL] is intertexed or wouen between with diuers thred∣dy Fibres and Membranes; but they are widest asunder and make the largest distance at the Diaphragma or Midriffe, to which they are ioyned as far [Tab. 2. fig. 1; ^A] as his neruous part reacheth, insomuch that this cauity which is smooth and moist, before containeth the heart knit vp in his purse and the hollow-veine ascending vpward, and behinde the gullet with the stomacke Nerues.

In the fore-part of this Cauity there is oftentimes a matter conteyned, which causeth a disease resembling a Pleurisie, which matter if the breast-bone (saieth Columbus) bee verie cunning he perforated may bee safely drawne out. In Dogges this Cauitie is more large but hath no such webbe of Fibres as in a man. The Veynes and Arteries that it hath are

[illustration]

Table 3. sheweth the middle belly before and at the sides, bared from the skinne to the Muscles, wher∣in also the brest-bone with the gristles of the ribs are separated from the Mediastinum and reflec∣ted backewarde, that those thinges vvhich are conteyned in the Chest may better bee percey∣ued.

[illustration]

TABVLA III.

• A A A. The middle A. is the inside of the brest-bone; the other two shew the inside of the gristles and the ribs ioyned together.
• B, C. The Mammary veines descending vnder the brest-bone vnto the right Muscles.
• D, E. the Mammary arteries descending
• F. Certaine glandules or kernels about the Coller bone, apointed to secure the distribution of the vessels.
• G G, H H. The right and the left place of the Mediastinum, which before the diuision of it did grow vnto the brest-bone.
• I, K. The right & left superficies of the same Mediastinū, which is next to the lungs.
• L L. The distance betwixt the Mem∣branes of the Mediastinum.
• M M. This swelling place sheweth the scite of the left part of the heart.
• N. The vpper part of the right Lobe of the Lungs.
• O. The lower part of the right Lobe of the Lungs.
• P. The vpper part of the lefte Lobe of the Lungs.
• Q. The lower part of the lefte Lobe of the Lungs.
• R R. The Midriffe separated from the brest-bone, and from the tops of the gristles which cleaue vnto it.
• S. The Gristle called the brest-blade.
• T, V. The skin drawn downward from the foreside of the Chest.

very small from the Mammary [Tab. 3. ^BCDE] which passe from the hole of the throat down∣ward vnder the brest-bone, from which in their passage as also from the vein Non-paril they borrow a surcle. [Tab. 2. fig. 1. ^OO, from the Mammary vessels.] Moreouer in a man it recei∣ueth a good large veine out of the hollow of the throate, which descendeth accompanyed with a Nerue [Tab. 2. fig. 1, ^Q] by the whol length of both the Membranes to the Midriffe, but groweth onely to their outside; sometimes also it receiueth small branches from those Vessels which we haue before named Phrenicae that is the vessels of the Midriffe.

The vse of this Mediastinū or bound hedge is first to hold the hart vp suspended (for being tyed to the purse of the heart it must needs do that office) lest if it had no such tye, but hung downe at liberty, in the diuerse position of the body it might fal to the sides, to the brest, to the spine, or else downward. Secondly, this serues to strengthen and secure the passage of the vessels. Moreouer, it incompasseth the parts conteyned in the Chest that they should not hurt the Lunges in his motion. And finally, it diuideth the Chest into two partes or cauities which is their chiefe profit saith Galen in the 3. chapter of his 6. Booke de vsu part. so that if one part be hurt, yet the other may be safe: as wee haue knowne a theefe Anato∣mized who was a strong and stout fellon, but had one side, that is, the right side of his lungs withered almost all away and dryed vp into a very small quantity, but the other remained faire and fresh as any other mans. So in wounds, if one part bee very sorely wounded, so

that because of the entrance of the outward aer the motion of the Lungs do cease; yet the other part will not be wanting to susteine life by performing his part of the worke. For, if both parts of the Lungs be wounded any thing wide through, the voice and respiration to must needs perish: although I saw when I was a Boy a Knight wounded quite thorough the backe on both sides the bone, and so deepe that on both sides in his dressing his breath would at the mouth of the wound blow out a Candle, and yet the Patient hath perfectlye recouered. And this shall suffice to haue spoken of the Conteyning parts of the Chest, e∣specially of those that are soft, for the hard parts which are the bones and the gristles, will fall out better to be handled afterward. Now wee will pursue our Historie vnto the partes conteyned.

CHAP. VIII. Of the Thymus and Purse of the Heart called Pericardium, and the water conteyned therein.

THE conteined parts of the Chest are double, Bowels and Vessells. The Bowels are two, the heart couered with his purse and the Lungs. The ves∣sels are branches of the great Veine and the great Artery, borne vppe in the hollow or lower part of the throate with a glandulous body called Thymus, double Nerues from the marrowe of the racke bones of the Chest, from which the intercostall nerues do come; and also from the marrow or substance of the brain conteined within the scull, from which the sixt paire or coniugation proceedeth, & from it the Costalis or the sinew of the ribs, the Stomachial and Recurrent both the right and the left; and finally, the Weazon called Aspera Arteria, and a part of the oesophagus or Gullet. But first of the Thymus.

The Thymus which Galen in the fourth Chapter of his sixt Booke De vsu partium, calleth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, his Interpreter, the lowest of the Glandules, is of a glandulous body, soft and spongie. (Galen Administ. Anat. 7, 9. cals it the great and softest Glandule) which in the vpper part of the Chest neere the hole of the throate lyeth vnder the brest-bone, and serueth for a pillow or boulster to secure all the diuisions of the Hollowe veine and the great Artery, and all the sproughts that come from them, which are in this place very many and diuerse, going to the armes and the shoulder-blades; as also the Hollow-veine it selfe, that it be not hurt by the hardnesse of the brest-bone, from whome in lieu it receiueth certaine small vessels. For this is an ordinary and perpetuall worke of Nature, that wheresoeuer shee diuideth a great vessell, there she interponeth a Glandule to fill vp the diuision. This is that part in Calues, which is accounted among the delicates of the Table, and is called Lactes or the sweete bread.

The Purse of the Heart, called of the Grecians Pericardium; of the Latines Cordis inv••∣lucrum and Capsula, Camera, or Aula Cordis, Hippocrates in his Booke de Corde, calleth Cu∣leus. It is a large Membrane, couering and incompassing all the hart; and carrieth his Py∣ramidall Figure [Tab. 4. fig. 1. ^DEF] or rather is like a pine Kernell, hauing a broad Basis a∣boue, and ending by degrees in an obtuse angle. [Tab. 4. fig. 1, ^F] This is placed in the midst of the double Mediastinum, and is embraced by it on either side, to which it groweth round about by the mediation of many Fibres. It is also tied before, to the Pleura, where the Gri∣stles of the sixt and seauenth ribs on the lefte side are ioyned to the Membranes of the Me∣diastinum, where they part or gape from the brest-bone; behinde to the spine of the backe; below to the sinewy circle [Table. 4. fig. 1. from ^E to ^G] or Tendon of the Midriffe his point [Tab. 4. fig. 1. ^F] doth so strongly adhere especially on the left, as also on the right [Tab. 4. fig 1, ^Q] side that it cannot be separated without tearing it asunder, and this Connexion is pe∣culiar onely to man. For in other creatures as Dogges & Apes, it standeth off from the Mi∣driffe and is not tyed to it.

The Originall [Table. 4. fig. 1, ^B Fig. 2. ^A] of this Membrane at his Basis is large, produced from the coats which the Pleura affoordeth vnto the foure vessels which yssue out of the heart; for these vesselles in all that distance which is betweene the Basis or broad end of the heart and this Pericardium, haue not the common coate from the Pleura, because it is em∣ployed in the frame of the Pericardium.

His substance both for thicknesse and strength (as Galen saieth in the first chapter of his sixt Book de vsu partium) is very proportionate; if it had been harder then it is, it would haue offended the Lungs by pressing them; if softer, itself might haue bin pained by the bones: for as his position is betweene two contraries, so is his substance middle betweene two ex∣tremes

For it is so much softer then a bone, as it is harder then the Lungs; but indeede the Peri∣cardium toucheth not the Lungues but by the interposition of the Mediastinum, least they should hinder another in their motion, alwayes I except the forepart of the brest-bone, where the Membranes of the Mediastinum stand of one from another.

This purse is hard, because of the continuall motion of the heart; on the outside fibrous, within smooth and slippery, that the heart might mooue more freely in it, but on neyther side hath it any fat, although Aristotle saith otherwise, whom Vesalius imagined to bee de∣ceyued by taking for it the Membranes of the Mediastinum, which are indeede sometimes fat as we haue saide.

It is tied at the Basis of the heart, which is at the fift rackbone of the Chest, to the vessels which come thence [Tab. 4. fig. 1, ^B fig. 2 ^A] which also it boulstereth; but to the body of the heart it is not tied but is as farre from it at the Basis, the point and the sides [Tab. 4. fig. 2, ^BB sheweth the Pericardium bent backe to the sides] as is sufficient for the dilatation of the heart, and for the serous humor heerein conteined. Wherefore it is on euery side a little distant from it; which distance if it had been larger it would haue taken vp too much of the cauity of the chest, and so haue bin a hinderance to Respiration.

It is continuall or whole round about except in the basis, where it hath at the least siue perforations for the entrance of the hollow veine [Tab. 4. fig. 1 ^A Fig. 2. ^F] & for his egresse, as also to let out the arteriall veine, [Tab. 4. fig. 2 ^G] the Venall Artery, and the great Ar∣tery. [Tab. 4, fig. 2 ^H]

[illustration]

Table 4. figure 1. sheweth the heart inclu∣ded within his purse or Pericardium, together with the Lungs, and a part of the Midriffe.

[illustration]

Figure second, sheweth the Pericardium opened, and so the scituation of the hart and particularly the fore-parte there∣of.

[illustration]

TABVLA. IIII.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

• A. A portion of the ascending trunke of the hol∣low Veine.
• a. A portion of the Great Artery.
• B. The beginning of the Pericardium, cleuing ve∣ry close to the hollow veine, vnto the Arteriall veine and to the Great Artery.
• C. The small Veines of the Pericardium or Purse of the heart.
• D E. The foreside of the Pericardium bearing the Figure of the Basis of the heart.
• F. The sharpe end of the Pericardium.
• From F to G. the connexion of the Pericardium with the Midriffe.
• H. A part of the Septum transuersū or the midriff
• I I. His Nerues.
• L M N O. The foure Lobes of the Lunges.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

[illustration]

The second Figure.

• A. The place where the Pericardium is continued with the vesselles of the heart.
• B B. The pericardium reflected to the sides.
• C D. The Basis of the fore-part of the hart.
• E The point of the fore-part of the heart called Mucro.
• F. The Hollow Veine.
• G. The Arteriall veyne.
• H. The great Artery and the Venal artery, which cannot be seene vnlesse the heart be leaned to the left side.
• I. The right eare of the heart.
• K. The top of the left eare.
• l. The coronary or crown-veine and artery of the heart.
• L L. Certaine branches proceeding from these vessels.
• M N O P. The foure Lobes of the Lungs.
• Q. A part of the Midriffe.

It receiueth very small veines [table 4. figure 1. C] and threddy, partly from those that are sent to the mediastinum, partly from the veins called Phrenicae where they are ioyned to the midriffe; some say it hath a small braunch from the Axillary veine which they call the Capsulary or purse-braunch; though Laurentius will haue it to come from the subelauian veine. It hath no arteries vnlesse they be exceeding smal, because being so neare vnto the heart it may receiue vitall spirits at hand from it. His nerues are very small and sometimes scarcely sensible, but from the left branch of the Recurrent sinew to giue him sence.

His vse is to be as a habitation and shelter for the heart or as a mantle to couer it, and being of all membranes (except the dura mater of the Braine) the strongest, it keepeth it al∣so from pressure that his motion bee not impeached, and that it touch not the hard bone. Moreouer it conteyneth a serous humour whereof wee will speake in the next place, and serueth in stead of a ligament together with the helpe of the membranes of the Mediasti∣num to reteyne the heart in his right seate. Galen in the 13. Chapter of his 7. Book de A∣natomieis Admin. telleth a strange story of a childe whose breast-bone was cut out, and this Pericardium rotted part of it off, and yet the child recouered.

In this purse there is contayned a watery humour as Galen calleth it, carrying the forme of vrine: wherefore the diuine senior Hippocrates who in his Booke de Corde calleth it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, sayeth that the heart dwels in a Bladder, yet this water hath no acrimony or saltnesse in it. It springeth partly from a humour which sypeth out of the vessels (I meane the veines and arteries of the heart) which the heart as Hippocrates speaketh drinketh in, licking vp withall the drinke of the Lungs and pisseth it out againe (for the watery humor is by the high fer∣uour of the heart driuen forth, as we see in greene wood when it is burnt) partly of a porti∣on of the drinke which soaketh in the passage through the sides of the weazon, as it were a deaw and falleth downe hither, and from hence some of it into the venall arteries. The first is proued by the cure of the palpitation of the heart which is caused of the aboundance or ouerplus of this humour, which is turned sayeth Galen in the second Chapter of his fift Booke de locis affectis by bloud letting; when together with the bloud the serous humour is let out which before fel into the Pericardium.

The latter is euicted by an example propounded by Hippocrates, for sayth he, if you giue a Pigge that is very dry water mingled with minium or vermilion and presently stick it, you shall finde all his winde-pipes along dyed with this coloured drink; some would haue it to be generated from moyst vapours and exhalations raysed from the humours of the heart, and driuen forth by his perpetuall motion and high heate vnto the Pericardium, by whose density they are turned into water: and of that opinion are Falopius, Laurentius & Archan∣gelus; who remembreth sixe opinions concerning the matter of it, which we shall hereaf∣ter make mention of.

This humour is found not onely in dead bodies as some would, but also in liuing, but more plentifull after death (except in those that die of consumptions in whome it is little and yellowish) because the many spirits which are about the heart, the body being cold are turned into water euen as those vapors which are raysed from the earth are by the coldnes of the middle region of the ayre conuerted into water: wee also affirme that it must of ne∣cessity be in liuing bodies, and not onely in those that are diseased, as they that are trou∣bled with palpitation of the heart, but also in all sound bodies; yet in some more plentifull in others more sparing, but in all moderate; because if it bee consumed there followeth a consumption, if it be aboundant palpitation of the heart, and if it bee so much that it hin∣der the dilatation of the heart then followeth suffocation and death it selfe. That it is in li∣uing bodies may be proued by the testimony of Hippocrates in his Book of the heart, where he sayeth there is a little humour like vnto vrine, as also by the example of our Sauiour out of whose precious side issued water and bloud. It appeareth also by the dissection of li∣uing creatures which euery yeare is performed for further aduertisemēt, especially a sheep or such like great with young, Vesalius addeth an example of a man whose heart was taken out of his body whilest he liued at Padua in Italy. Finally the vse and necessity of it doth euict the same.

For the vse of it is to keepe moyst the heart and his vessels; a hot part, it is so as the left ventricle will euen scald a mans finger if it be put into it, and so continually moued that vn∣lesse it were thus tempered it would gather a very torrifying heate, by cooling it also it kee∣peth it fresh and flourishing. It moystneth also the Pericardium wherein it is conteyned, which otherwise by the great heate of the heart would bee exiccated or dried vp. By it al∣so

the motion of the heart becommeth more facile and easie, and this motion spendeth it and resolueth it insensibly by the pores as it is bred; but if in the passage it bee stayed then saith Varolius are there many hairs found growing right against it on the brest. Finally, it ta∣keth away the sense or feeling of the waight of the heart, because the heart swimmeth as it were in it, euen as we see the infant swimmeth in sweate in the wombe, aswell to take a∣way the sense of the waight of so great a burthē from the Mother, as also that it might not fal hard to any part in her body; you may add to this if you please, that it helpeth forward the concretion of the fat about the heart.

In the cauity also of the Chest there is found such a like water mingled with blood with which the parts of the chest are continually moistned and cooled. And thus much of these circumstances of the heart. Now followe the Vesselles of the chest.

CHAP. IX. Of the ascending trunke of the Hollow veine.

THE trunke of the Hollow-veine hauing perforated the Diaphragma or Midriffe, [Tab 5. fig. 1. from ^A to ^D Table. 6. from ^B to ^H] runneth along the Chest as high as the Patell-bones

[illustration]

Tab, 5. Fig. 1. sheweth the diuision of the Hollow-vein in the Iugu∣lum or hollow vnder the Patel-bones. On the right side is shew∣ed how it is commonly beleeued to bee diuided into two trunkes, the one called the Sub-Clauius, the other Super-Clauius, from whence came that scrupulous choise of the Cephalica and Basi∣lica Veines in Phlebotomy or blood-letting. On the right side is shewed how the trunke is but one, out of which both the foresaid veines of the arme do proceede.

[illustration]

Fig. 2. sheweth a portion of the Hollow veine as much as ascendeth out of the right ventricle of the hart vnto the Iugulū, wherin is exhibited the nature of the Fibres which are in the bodies of the veines.

[illustration]

TABVLA. V.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

• AA. The trunke of the hollow vein from the heart to the Iugulum or Sticking∣place.
• B. The Coronary veine of the heart.
• C. The veine Azygos or sine-part. ddd The branches of the foresaide veine called Intercostales inferiores.
• D. The diuision of the hollow Veine in the Iugulum.
• EE. The Mammarie Veines.
• F. The vpper Intercostall veine.
• G The veine called Subclauia.
• HH The Cephalica or head veine yssuing there-from.
• II. the veine called Hepatica or the Liuer veine issuing also from the Subclauian trunke marked with G.
• KK The internall iugular veine.
• LL The externall iugular veine.
• M. The subclauian veine, out of which is∣sueth the right Liuer veine at Q.
• N. the superclauian veine out of which is∣sueth the right head veine at P.
• OO. the veines called Ceruicales or neck veines. Q the Hepatica or liuer-vein.
• P. the Cephalica or Head veine.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

[illustration]

The 2. Figure.

• AA The trunke of the Hollow-veine.
• B. the vein Azygos or the vnmated vein.
• C. the diuision of the hollow vein in the Iugulum, on either side into two bran∣ches as it is commonly receiued.
• DD. the subclauian branches.
• EE. the superclauian branches.
• FF. the externall iugular veines.
• GG. the internall iugular veines.

[illustration]

FIG. III.

[illustration]

Fig. 3. sheweth a rude delineation of the Fi∣bres in the bodies of the veines.

• A. the transuerse or ouerthwart Fibres.
• B, C. the oblique or flope fibres of each
• D. the right fibres. (kind
• E. the implication or texture of the 3. kinds of Fibres.

[illustration]

FIG. IV.

[illustration]

Fig. 4. sheweth the distribution of the Veine Azygos, which we shal shew more distinct∣ly in the 7. Table.

• A, A part of the trunk of the hollow vein
• B. the originall of the veine Azygos.
• CO. the diuision of the same vn-mated veine at the eighr rib.
• DDDD the right and left intercostall veines.

before it be diuided. It is greater then the descending trunke, because it is to conuay bloud to more parts; it hath also vnder it the Thymus or sweete-bread, that thereby being boulstered it might more safely be diuided.

Before the diuision it sendeth out foure branches.

The first is called Phrenica [Table 6. ^C] or the veine of the midriffe, one on each side, which diuersly are disseminated through the midriffe, & beside it transmitteth branches to the Pericardium and the Mediastinum: the right issueth out of the trunke sometimes in the chest, the left alwayes vnder the midriffe: then the trunke of the hollow veine perforateth the pericardium and inclining a little to the left hand [table 6. aboue ^B] degenerateth into the right eare of the heart [table 6. ^D] and is fastned into the right ventricle of the heart in∣to

[illustration]

Table 6. sheweth the trunk and branches of the hol∣low vein as they are disseminated through al the three Regions of the body.

[illustration]

TABVLA. VI.

• A The trunke of the hollow veine below the Liuer.
• αα The roots of the same hollow veine proceeding out of the Liuer, which make the trunke thereof.
• β Another roote arising out of the hollow side of the Liuer,
• B The seate of the hollow veine betwixt the Liuer and Midriffe.
• C The veine phrenica or the veine of the Mid∣riffe.
• D The orifice by which the hollow veine groweth to the heart.
• E The crown-veine of the heart.
• FF The trunk of the veine Azygos.
• GG The intercostall veines proceeding from the fore∣said trunke.
• H The by-partition of the trunke of the hollow veine at the Iugulum or sticking place.
• II the subclauian veine tending to the arme.
• K the vpper Intercostall veine.
• LL the Mammary veines descending.
• M r The coniunction of the descēding Mammary vein at M with the Epigastricall veine at r.
• NN the neck veine called Ceruicalis.
• O the veine called Muscula.
• PP the vpper chest veine.
• Q the double Scapularie or the veines of the shoulder∣blade.
• RR the lower chest veine.
• SS the internall Iugular veine.
• TT the externall iugular veines.
• V the external iugular vein diuided into two vnder the roote of the eare.
• X the inner branch thereof.
• Y the outer branch thereof.
• Z A braunch proceeding from the vtter veine next a∣boue named, to the face.
• α the fore-head veine.
• ae A branch creeping vp the temples.
• * A surcle reaching to the nowle or back-side of the head.
• aa the veine called Cephalica or the vtter veine of the arme.
• bb the veine called Muscula superior. dd A veine climbing to the top of the shoulder which is somtimes dou∣ble. mm the veine called Basilica. ζ the trunke of the hollow veine vnder the Liuer. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the right fatty veine or Adiposa dextra. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the left fatty veine or Adiposa sinistra. θ i the emulgent veines. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the right and lefte spermaticke veines. Y the beginning of the vessell called vas varicosum or the bodden vessell. ξ the veines called Lumbares or belonging to the loynes. o the bifurcation of the hollow veine into the Iliack branches, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the vpper veine called muscula. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 A diuision of the left Iliack branch into an interior marked with 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and an exterior marked 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. τ The veine called muscula media. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the veine called sacra. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The veine called Hypogastrica which is a branch of the inner bow marked with 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 descending to the bladder & the wombe. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 A veine procee∣ding out of the externall branch marked with 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 which is ioyned to the small branches of the inner vein not far from the perforation or hole of the share-bone. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The veine called Epigastrica which is an exterior shoote of the branch 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 rising vpward. Δ the veine called pudenda, an interior shoot of the braunch 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 going to the genitals. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the first skin-vein of the leg descending to the toes of the feete. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 a branch offered to the place of the groyn or lesk. ξ a branch creeping through the skin of the thigh. Ω the vein called muscula inferior, creeping through the place where the hip is articulated or ioyned with the thigh. 1 A vein distributed to the 7. and 9. muscles of the leg. 2 A veine conueyed to the sixe muscle of the thigh.

which as into a Cisterne it powreth his blood. The second is called Coronaria cordis [tab. 5. fig. 2 ^B. Tab. 6, ^E] the crowne veine of the heart, because like a Crowne it compasseth the Basis of the heart. This disperseth many branches through the outward surface of the heart euen to the Cone or point thereof especially on the left side, because the substaunce of it there is thickest and therefore needeth more Aliment.

Afterward the Hollow-veine perforateth the Pericardium againe, and againe groweth round but much lesse then before, and riseth vp where the right Lung is parted from the left, and so passeth to the Iugulum, but aboue the heart in the middest of the bodye it par∣teth with a notable trunke or branch to be distributed to the Spondels and the spaces be∣tweene the ribs.

And this is the third branch called Vena 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or sine pari, that is, the vn-mated Veyne which we haue before called Non-paril [Tab. 5. fig. 1. C. fig. 2 ^B Fig. 4 ^B] because common∣ly in a man it is but one, as also in Dogges, and hath not another on the other side like vn∣to it.

It ariseth out of the backward and lower side of the hollow veine [Tab. 5. fig. 4. ^A] aboue the hart, betweene the fourth and fift spondell of the Chest, but more toward the right side then toward the left. In those creatures that chew the cud it is double, as also in some men (happly in those that wee call Ambidexters, that can vse both hands alike) but verie rarely, yet Fallopius hath worthily obserued, that there is in men a left branch which doth the of∣fice of the Vena sine pari [Table 7, 1] arising from the left subclauian branch, and affoordeth branches to some of the distances betweene the ribbes. Sometimes it ariseth not out of the

• aa. The hollow vein from the Iugulum to the holy bone.
• bb the diuision of the hollow vein into the Iliack branches.
• cc The diuision of the hollow veine at the Iugulum on both sides into the Subcla∣uian branches.
• dd The trunke of the veine Azygos which insinuateth it selfe into a branch of the Hollow veine at *.
• ee, f A left branch from the veine Azygos, inserted into the emulgent veine at f.
• gg The Kidnies.
• hh the Vreters.
• i The left vpper intercostall veine.
• l the right descending Mammary veine.
• m the internall Iugular veine.
• n the externall iugular veine.
• o the veine Muscula going to the Muscles of the necke.
• p The diuision of the subclauian branch in∣to the Cephalica & Basilica veines:
• qqq the Cephalica vein cald also humeraria
• rrr The Basilica veine, which some also call Axillaris.
• s The vpper Chest-veine called Thoracica.
• tt the lower chest-veine going to the out∣ward Muscles of the Chest.
• u A branch of the Cephalica veine deriued vnto the Muscles that lift vp the arme & to the skin therabout before it passe vn∣der the shoulder.
• xxxx Certain veins in the Chest from the Azygos, which are vnited with the out∣ward branches yssuing from the exteri∣our Chest-veine, which is deriued out of the Basilica.

[illustration]

Although it shewe the Trunke of the hollowe verne disseminated thorough both the Bellies, notwithstanding it serueth especial∣ly to exhibit the distribution of the veine Azygos, and the con∣iunction of the branches thereof with the veynes of the Chest, which heere is onely shewed on the right side.

[illustration]

TABVLA VII.

yyyy The outwarde Veines of the Chest which are vnited with the inner braun∣ches of the Azygos. z A branch of the Basilica, which is ioyned with the Cephalica A. A branch of the Ce∣phalica, which is ioyned with the Basilica, z B The veine called Mediana or the middle veine.

Subclauian branch, but out of the trunke of the hollow veine neere the third Spondel of the Chest before the diuision thereof.

Commonly from the trunke of the veine 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 [Tab. 5. fig. 4.^B Tab. 6.^FF Tab. 7.^d] out of the backside of it as well on the left hand as on the right, but on the right especially bran∣ches are distributed to the distances, sometimes of all but most what of the ten lower ribs, [Tab. 5. fig. 4] which are called Intercostales rami [Tab. 6,^GG] braunches betweene the ribs. This Veine also without his mate, affoordeth many surcles to the Gullet, and sometimes nere the fourth Spondell of the Chest it sendeth a branch vpwarde [Tab. 7. at the vpper^d] from which are deriued surcles to the foure vpper ribs.

The Intercostall branches also yeelde small strings of vessels [Tab. 7,^xxx] which yssue out of the Chest, which are inoculated with surcles of the veine called Thoracica inferior, [Tab. 7.^yyy] whence it is that we with good successe in Pleurisies open the internall Veyne of the affected side.

The trunke of the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 at the 8. or 9. rib is aboue the spine diuided into a right branch and a left [Tab. 5. C, O] which both passe downward. The left which is the larger determi∣neth into the midd••e of the emulgent. The right is ioyned to the hollow veine about the e∣mulgent, to the emulgent more rarely, most commonly it is implanted into the last veyne of the Loines, [Tab. 7,*] and hence it is that in the beginning of the Pleurisie it is profitable to open the veine in the ham or in the foote.

The fourth is that Veine we call Intercostalis superior, or the vpper Intercostall vein [Tab. 5, fig. 1,^F. Tab. 6,^K] on each side one arising from the Subclauian braunch about the begin∣ning of the Iugular veines [Tab. 6.^ST] and reflected vnder the Artery of the arme, and is diuided into two branches especially on the right side, which are distributed to the distan∣ces of the two vppermost ribs, sometimes to the three vppermost, and are ioyned with the Mammarie branches which creepe along the gristles. [Tab. 6.^LL] But this Vein is somtimes wanting, that is, when the Veine 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 affoordeth branches to all the ribs, as we said euen now that sometimes it did. Also from all the Intercostall veynes there are small tendrilles which passe into the holes of the racke-bones for their nourishment, as also for the nourish∣ment of the spinall Marrow.

The trunke [Tab. 6^H] ascending is sustained by the Sweete-bread [Tab. 3,^P] and diuided into two notable branches [Tab. 6, II. Tab. 7, CC] one tending to the right hand, the o∣ther to the left, these as long as they are within the Chest, are called Rami subclauij, bee∣cause they are vnder the Patell-bones, which they call Claues. From each of these Subcla∣uian branches, some Veynes spring out of their vpperpart, some out of theyr neather part. From the lower part before the Subclauian braunch is diuided dooe yssue foure boughes.

The first is called Mammaria descendens [Tab. 5. fig: 1,^••. tab. 6,^LL. ta. 7,^l] the descending pap-veine.

The second Mediastina, [Tab. 2,^Q] because it is Disseminated especially through the Mediastinum.

The third Creuica'is or the Necke-veine [Tab. 5.^OO. Table 6,^NN] because it communica∣teth surcles to the Marrow conteined in the rack-bones of the necke.

The fourth Muscula inferior [Tab. 6, O] because it is distributed into the vpper Muscles of the brest, and the lower Muscles of the necke.

When the Subclauian veine attaineth out of the Chest [Tab. 7,^P] it is called no more sub∣clauia but Axillaris, because it is come to the arme-hole called Axilla. The Axillary veine therefore before it be diuided sendeth out two propagations.

The first is called Scapularis interna [Tab. 6,^Q] because it is dispersed to the, Muscles on the inside of the Scapula or shoulder-blade.

The second Scapularis externa [Tab. 6,^d] is diuided to the outside of the blade.

Afterward the Axillarie veine is diuided into two branches [Tab. 5,^uL. table 6.^am. table 8.^qr] the vpper of which is called Cephalica [Tab. 6.^a Table 7,^q] the lower Basilica. [Tab. 6^m Tab. 7,^r]

From the trunke of the Basilica yssue two veines. The first called Thoracica superior [Tab 6,^PP Tab. 7,^s] because it is distributed into the skin and Muscles which couer the chest.

The second Thoracica inferior [Tab. 6^RR. Ta. 7,^tt] because it runneth along the side of the Chest, and the branches of this Veine are inoculated [Table 7,^yy] with the surcles of the Veine 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Table 7^xx]

From the vpper part of the subclauian veine 3. veines doe arise.

The first is called muscula superior [table 7^o table 6.^bb] because it is distributed into the muscles and skin on the backside of the necke.

The second Iugularis externa [tab. 5. fig. 1.^LL tab. 6.^TT tab. 7ⁿ] is commonly on each side one, but sometimes double, and is againe diuided vnder the roote of the eare.

The third Iugularis interna [table 5. fig. 1^KK tab. 6.^TT tab. 7.^m] is greater in a man then it is proportionably in other creatures, because a mans brayne is greater; iust at the head it is diuided.

But because all these veines we must handle more acurately in our booke of the vessels, it shal be sufficient here only to haue named them and shewed them vnto you, we proceed to the Nerues.

CHAP. X. Of the Nerues in the Chest and the necke.

THE Nerues disseminated through the Chest and the necke are of two sorts, yet all proceeding from the marrow of the brayne; the first sort whilest the marrow is in the skull, the other after it is in the racke-bone, and is called spi∣nalis medulla.

Out of the marrow yet in the skull: the sixt paire come. [ta. 8. fig. 1:^ee] They seeme to be but one nerue, but indeed are two inuested with one membrane, and passe out at a hole betweene the nowle and the temporal bones. The anterior and lesser part of this nerue is disseminated into the muscles of the tongue and into the mouth. The posterior and greater sendeth branches to the muscles of the neck, [table 8. figure 1.^f] to the second moouing the shoulder blade, and descending more inward to the muscles that are in the cauity of the larynx or throttle [table 8. figure 1.^q] some slender ones also to the muscles of the bone Hyois.

Aboue the Iugulum or Region of the Coller-bone before it enter into the Chest, this branch is diuided into two [tab. 8, fig. 1.^h] boughes, the one outward and the greater, the other inner and the lesse.

The outward bough maketh the Recurrent nerues, found out first by Galen. They are al∣so called the Vocall nerues, because if they bee wounded, the creature looseth his voyce as we haue often tryed in the dissection of liuing Dogges, for if one be cut or tyed he looseth halfe his voyce, if both, he looseth it wholly.

The outward branch of the right nerue presently after the diuision [table 8. figure 1.^h] sendeth surcles on both sides [tab. 8. figure 1.^kk] to the muscles arising from the brest-bone and the clauicles or coller-bones; & presently when it commeth to the Axillary artery [tab. 8. fig. 2^P] it transmitteth as it were about an Axle-tree [tab. 8. fig. 2.^P] three braunches from the inner side [tab. 8. fig. 1.^l] which being reflected toward the head and vnited do make the right Recurrent; [tab. 8. fig. 2.^QQ and fig. 1.^m] and it is inserted with the left into the second gristle of the larynx [ta. 8. fig. 1.ⁿ] and implanted into the glottis & the muscles of the larynx.

The foresayd branch after it hath made the Recurrent nerue, descendeth obliquely vn∣der the coller-bone, and in the way outwardly affordeth surcles to the pleura [ta. 8. fig. 1.^qq] and to the coat of the lungs, inwardly to the pericardium or purse of the heart [tab. 8. fig. 1.^r] and to the heart it selfe, and then maketh the nerue called Stomachichus dexter or [tab. 8. fi∣gure 1.^st] the right stomacke nerue which reacheth ouer to the left side, as the left doth to the right side, and so at length is consumed into the left orifice of the stomacke, whence it hath his denomination.

The inward branch of the right nerue is called Costalis [table 8. figure 1.ⁱⁱⁱ] which affor∣deth braunches to all the bowels of the lower belly, and reacheth as far as the holy-bone, and is distributed into three branches.

The first [tab. 8. fig. 1.^y] creepeth to the lower membrane of the kell, & is subdiuided into three small branches, whereof one goeth to the Collick gut [table 8. fig. 1.^z] and this is the reason that after a long fit of the collicke men grow hoarse; another [table 8. fig. 1. α] to the beginning of the guts which is so small, that it can hardly be perceiued. The third affordeth surcles [tab. 8. fig. 1.^β] to the bottome of the stomacke: on the right side thereof, and to the vpper membrane of the kell, the rest of it is spent in the coat of the Liuer [tab. 8. fig. 1. γ] and the bladder of gall. The second and the lower [tab. 8. fig. 1. ♌] reacheth to the right kidney, and hence it is that men vomit in fits of the stone.

The third which is the greatest [ta. 8. fig. 1. ε] passeth to the Mesentery and the guts. The

[illustration]

Table 8. Figure 1. sheweth the Brayne and the after-Brayne or Cerebellum together with the nerues (as the common opinion is) proceeding out of them: and this Table we haue especially set in this place to shew the distribution of the nerues of the sixt coniugation through both the bellies.

[illustration]

TABVLA VIII.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

II

Figure 2. exhibiteth the Recurrent sinewes together with a portion of the great Artery and the Rough Artery called the weazon. A The orifice of the great Artery cut from the heart. aa The coronall arteries. BCD The diuision of the great artery into two trunke, the descending C, the ascending D. E The left Axillary artery. F The right Ax••llary artery. G The right Carotis or sleepy artery. H The left 〈◊〉〈◊〉. ••. •• the trunke of the rough artery. KL the diuision of the rough artery. M the head of the rough artery called the larynx or throttle. NN Certaine glandules or kernels at the root of it. OO the right and the left nerues. P a reuolution of small branches of the right nerue to the right axillary artery. QQ The right Recurrent nerue. R a reuolution of smal branches of the left nerue to the de∣scending trunk of the great artery. SS The left Recurrent sinew.

• A The Brayne.
• B The Cerebellum or after-brayne.
• C A processe of the braine, but not that which is called Mammillaris.
• DD The marrow of the backe as it is yet with∣in the skull.
• E The Mammillary processe or instrument of smelling.
• F the opticke nerue.
• G the coate of the eye into which the opticke nerue is spread.
• H the nerue that moueth the eye or the second payre.
• I the third coniugation, or the harder and lesser branch of the nerues of the third coniugation brought forward.
• K The fourth coniugation or the greater and thicker Nerue of the third payre bending downward.
• L A branch of the nerue marked with I, which goeth to the fore-head.
• M Another braunch of the nerue I, reaching to the vpper iaw.
• NN A nerue proceeding from the branch I, in∣texed or wouen with the coate of the nose.
• O the nerue of the tēporal muscle yssuing from the branch, I.
• P A nerue contorted of the nerues K and b.
• Q A nerue proceeding from the braunch K, to the soccets of the vpper teeth.
• R A nerue creeping from the nerue K, to the lo∣wer iaw.
• S A surcle of the branch R offered to the lower lip.
• TT other surcles from the branch R attayning to the lower teeth.
• V V A branch of the nerue K, diffused into the coate of the toung.
• XX the fourth paire of sinewes which goe into the coat of the pallat.
• Y the fift payre of sinewes which are the nerues of hearing.
• a The membrane of the eare, vnto which that fift nerue goeth.
• b c Two small branches of the fift coniugation vniting themselues with the nerue P. d The eight coniugation or a nerue of the fift payre attayning vnto the face. ee The sixt payre of nerues. f A branch from the nerue e, reaching to the muscles of the neck. g Sm••l branches deriued vnto the throttle or larynx. h the byfurcation of the nerue into two branches. iii An inner branch hanging to the rack-bones, and strengthning the intercostall nerues, and is therefore called Intercostalis. kk Surcles of the vtter braunch going to the heades of the muscles, to the breast-bone and to the coller-bones. l m branches of the right nerue l, making the right Recurrent nerue. mn the insertion of the Recurrent sinewes into the muscles of the larynx. o p branches of the left nerue o, making the left Recurrent sinew p. qq branches from the sixt coniugation going to the coat of the lungs. r Small nerues of the heart and of the purse thereof called the Pericardium, as also some approaching to the coate of the lungs. s nerues on either side sent to the stomack. t the right stomacke nerue going to the left orifice of the stomack. u u the left stomack nerue going to the right orifice of the stomack. x A nerue from the branch u, passing into the hollownes of the liuer. γ the nerue belonging to the right side of the kell. z the nerue belonging to the collick gut. α A nerue creeping to the gut called duodenum and the beginning of the ieiunum or empty gut. β A nerue implanted in the right side of the bottom of the stomack. γ A nerue belonging to the Liuer and bladder of gall. ♌ A nerue reaching vnto the right kidney. ζ A branch reaching the Mesenterium and the guts. ζ A braunch sprinkled to the right part of the bladder. n A branch going through the left part of the kell. θ•• Surcles deriued to the collick gut & the kell. x Smal branches inserted into the spleen. ΛΛ A nerue approaching to the left side of the bottom of the stomack. M a branch belonging to the left side of the mesentery and the guts. r A branch which attayneth to the left kid∣ney. ξ Small nerues creeping through the left side of the bladder. •• The 7. payre of sinewes. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 A branch deriued from the sixt coniugation to the muscles which arise from the processe called Styloides. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 A branch of the 7. con¦iugation which goeth to the muscles of the toung, of the bone Hyois, and of the throttle or larynx. σ A coniūc∣tion or coition of the sixt and 7 paire into one nerue.

rest descendeth directly to the bladder. [Tab. 8, fig. 1, ζ]

The left Nerue of the sixt coniugation [Tab. 8. figu. 1, ^e Fig. 2 ^o] is diuersified after the same manner with the right, and when it attaineth to the coller, is diuided into an outward and an inward branch. The outward communicateth it selfe to the pleura [Tab. 8. fig, 1 ^q] & the coate of the Lungs, and descending to the trunke of the great artery [Tab. 8, fig. 1, C] transmitteth commonly three small surcles, which being reflected and vnited [Tab. 8, Fig. 1 ^R] make the left recurrent Nerue. [Tab. 8, fig. 1, ^SS] The remainder of this outward bough enclining to the right hand maketh the Nerue, which they call Stomachicum sinistrum, the left Stomacke Nerue [Tab. 8, fig. 1, ^uu] which vnder the gullet is ioyned with the right Sto∣macke Nerue. [Tab. 8, fig. 1, ^s]

The inward bough of the left Nerue passeth through the chest where it maketh Sinistrum costalem, the left Rib-nerue, and vnder the Midriffe it is diuided into three branches. The first and vppermost [Tab. 8. fig. 1 n] goeth to the Kell, from which doe proceede two small surcles, one to the collicke gut [Tab. 8. fig. 1, θ] and the lower Membrane of the Kel; [Tab. 8, fig. 1, ••] the other to the bottome of the stomacke [Tab. 8, fig. 1, ΛΛ] and the vpper Mem∣brane of the Kell; that branch which remaineth is inserted into the Spleene [Table 8. Fig. 1, x]

2 The second [Tab. 8. fig. 1, μ] runneth to the left side of the Mesentery, and vnto the guts thereabout, and sometimes some surcles there-from accompany the Semmary Ves∣sels euen to the Testicles.

3 The third [Tab. 8, fig. 1, ν] attaineth to the left Kidney: the remainder of the whole branch is consumed in the left side of the bladder. [Tab. 8, fig. 1 ξ]

And thus much of the diuarication or distribution of the Nerues from the sixt coniuga∣tion which yssue from the marrow of the braine contained within the scull.

The Nerues that yssue out of the marrow of the Braine after it is conteined in the spon∣dels of the backe, and is commonly called Spinalis medulla are of two sortes, some of the Necke, others of the chest.

Of the Nerues of the Necke there are seauen pairs, and from the three last proceedeth one branch called the Midriffe-Nerue, made of three surcles al dispersed into the Diaphrag∣ma or Midriffe.

Of the Nerues of the chest there are twelue paire called Intercostales Nerui, because they pertaine to euery distinction betweene the Ribs, and runne close to the bone on the the lower side thereof all along the length of it; for in the bottome of the Rib there is a ca∣uity where the Artery veine and Nerue doe meete; and therefore when you shall open a mans side diseased of the Empyema, you must make your incision at the vpper part of the Ribbe.

And this shall suffice to haue spoken of the Nerues belonging to the chest at this time and in this place, the more accurate Discourse you must looke for in our Booke of the Ves∣selles.

CHAP. XI. Of the Heart.

THE heart is a principall part; not as Aristotle called it principall, who pla∣ced in it all the actions of life and sense; but as being the fountaine of the Vitall Faculty and spirit, the place and nourishment of naturall heat, wher∣by the naturall heate of all the parts is preserued, and by his influence re∣paired; the seate of the Irascible or angry parts of the soule, the root of the Arteries and Author of the Pulse.

It is called Coracurrendo, because it seemeth continually to run, for that it is continually mooued. The Greekes call it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, either of a worde which signifieth to beate or pante, which is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 proper word for the beating of the heart; or from a word which signifieth a Bakers moulding-boord, because in it the Alimentary blood is as it were kneded, wrought, moulded, and driuen out into thinnesse, till it turne into a vitall spirite; or finally from a word which signifieth principality, because it is a principall part as well as the braine; yet so that as the Braine is of greater dignity, so the heart is of greater necessity; for the least hurt of this most what causeth death; and Galen saith, that death neuer happeneth but when the heart is immoderately distempered. Whereupon also Aristotle saith, There was neuer any creature seene without a heart, because without it there can bee no Originall at all of heate.

It is scituated in the midst of the cauity of the chest in a Noble place as it were a Prince; and after the manner of those which being but one do occupie the middest as well for se∣curity, as that the body may be equally ballanced. At the fift rib it is embraced by the lobes of the Lungs as it were with fingers [Tab: 3^{N O P Q}. Tab. 9. fig. 1 and 2. Table. 10, fig. 1, and 2] round about, that equally out of all the Lungs, it might draw breath by the venall arterie, and might againe deliuer ouer and diffuse blood by the arteriall veine, and life and heat by the great Artery to all the outward parts, & it is locked vp in his owne Capcase [Tab. 9. fig 1, ^{D E F}. Fig. 2 ^{B D}] but so that the Basis resteth exactly in the middest, whether we regard the right hand or the left, the fore-part or the back, the vpper or the lower; but the point [tab. 9. fig. 2 ^E] reacheth to the left hand, yet forward as farre as the left Nipple, so that in a liuing man it looketh directly forwarde (with a kinde of strutting position) to the Gristles of the sixt and seuenth ribs of the left side, where they are ioyned to the brestbone, that it may the better warme the forepart against which we moue. And truly it behooued that it should encline to one side that it might giue way to the Midriffe, and so neither of their motions (which are both perpetuall) should be hindred; but not vnto the right side, for that the hol∣low veine takes vp as he ascendeth thorough the chest; happely also Nature was heere of Aristotles minde in the fourth chapter of his third Booke de partibus Animalium (for he was often of hers) that the lefte side was the colder and therefore she placed this hot part in it; for on the right are the hollow veine and the Non-paril, which heate it sufficiently; and so both sides are prouided of heate and strength alike. Notwithstanding the common people are deceyued, who thinke it lyeth wholy on the left side because the motion and pulsation is most felt on that side, when indeede it lyeth in the very middest, as in the more Noble place; but the left ventricle which is the Store-house of spirites and the great arterie vvere the cause of their error, as Galen saith in the second chapter of his sixt Book de vsu partium. Add heereto, that in dead carkasses it is drawn somewhat to the left side, partly by his own waight, partly by the waight of the great artery which is fastned vnto it.

It is tied by the mediation of the Pericardium or purse to the Mediastinum [Tab. 9. fig. 1. from ^F to ^G] and to the Midriffe, as also by his vessels to other parts. For Galen saith, that principals in som••things are to be tied together, and communicate one with another: other∣wise it is loose, that it may mooue the more freely.

The Figure of it as Hippocrates saith in his Booke de Corde is Pyramidal, [expressed so in the Tab. 9. fig. 2] or rather turbinated and somewhat answering to the proportion of a Pine Kernell, because a man is broad and short chested. For the Basis aboue [Tab. 9. fig: 2, ^{C D}] is large and circular but not exactly round, and after it by degrees endeth [Tab. 9, figu: 2, ^I] in a cone or dull and blunt round point; for such a figure was fittest for his function, bee∣cause length maketh much for traction or drawing, & roundnes for amplitude & strength: so in great dilatations it is sphericall that it might hold more; and in his contractions long and as it were Pyramidall, especially in bruite beasts.

His superiour part which is called the Basis, the head, and the roote [Tab. 9. fig: 2 ^{C D}] is broader because of the vessels which in that place haue ingate and outgate, haply also bee∣cause of his motion, that in this broad Basis the excauations or cauities might be the larger that when it is contracted both kindes of Blood arteriall and venall might haue place and room to retire to, and not be too vehemently wrought or pent vp in too straight a room, lest it should violate the continuity of his substance or of the fibres therein.

His lower part is called the vertex or top, Mucro or point, the Cone, the heighth of the heart. Hippocrates calleth it the taile [Tab. 4. figure. 2 ^E] which Galen saith in the seauenth chapter of his 6. Booke de vsu partium is the basest part, as the Basis is the noblest. Before the heart is gibbous or bunching, behinde hollow and in the sides prominent. The Su∣perficies or surface of it is smooth and pollished all ouer, vvere it not that in some places the Fat, in other the Coronarie vesselles strutting with bloode, did make it vn••••••all.

His quantity or magnitude is not alike in all, & in a man proportionably, as also the brain and the Liuer greater then in other creatures being as long as the bredth of sixe Fingers & four broad, and so many high. But in fearfull creatures as the hare, Hinde, asse, and such like it is proportionably very great, for the heat when it hath too much scope or roomth (sayth Aristotle) is easily dissipated and vanisheth.

The parts of the heart are some externall, others internall. The externall are the Purse, of which we haue already spoken, the coate, the fat, the vessels which are of two sorts, some which encompasse the hart, others which reach vnto the entrances into his Ventricles and

[illustration]

Table 9: figure 1. sheweth the heart inclu∣ded within his purse or Pericardium, together with the Lungs, and a part of the Medriffe.

[illustration]

Figure second, sheweth the Pericardium opened, and so the scituation of the hart and particularly the fore-parte there∣of.

[illustration]

TABVLA. IX.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

• A. A portion of the ascending trunke of the hol∣low Veine.
• a. A portion of the Great Artery.
• B. The beginning of the Pericardium, cleuing ve∣ry close to the hollow veine, vnto the Arteriall veine and to the Great Artery.
• C. The small Veines of the Pericardium or Purse of the heart.
• D E. The foreside of the Pericardium bearing the Figure of the Basis of the heart.
• F. The sharpe end of the Pericardium.
• From F to G. the connexion of the Pericardium with the Midriffe.
• H. A part of the Septum transuersū or the midriff
• II. His Nerues.
• L M N O. The foure Lobes of the Lunges.

[illustration]

The second Figure.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

• A. The place where the Pericardium is continued with the vesselles of the heart.
• B B. The pericardium reflected to the sides.
• C D. The Basis of the fore-part of the hart.
• E The point of the fore-part of the heart called Mucro.
• F. The Hollow Veine.
• G. The Arteriall veyne.
• H. The great Artery and the Venal artery, which cannot be seene vnlesse the heart be leaned to the left side.
• I. The right eare of the heart.
• K. The top of the left eare.
• l. The coronary or crown-veine and artery of the heart.
• L L. Certaine branches proceeding from these vessels.
• M N O P. The foure Lobes of the Lungs.
• Q. A part of the Midriffe.

the eares. The inward parts are the fleshy substance and the Fibres, the Ventricles and the Values or Flood-gates.

The coate is proper to the heart, very thin and fine. Vesalius likens it to the Membrane that compasseth the Muscles, this inuesteth it as that of the Muscles, and so strengthneth his substance from which it cannot be seuered. The fat called pinguedo with Columbus, or Adeps with Galen and Aristotle or both with Archangelus, is very plentifully gathered about it like Glue, especially at the Basis where the greater vessels are placed, because there is the concoction celebrated of those things that are conteined in it, & not in the Cone or point. This fat is harder then it is in any other part; and therefore it should seeme rather to be A∣deps then Pinguedo, and that is Galens and Aristotles reason; for if it were Pinguedo it would melt with ••••e extreame heate of the heart to great disaduantage. Howsoeuer the vse of this fat ••••to moisten the hart, least being ouer-heated with his continuall motion it should grow dry and exiccated, but this kinde of fatty humidity is hardly consumed, but remain∣eth to cherish it, and to annoint and supple the vessels that they cleaue not with too great heate and drought.

Moreouer, the heart being the fountaine of heate which continually flameth, it serueth for a sufficient and necessary Nutriment whereby it is cherished and refreshed, & in great affamishment, nourished and sustained, least otherwise the heart should too soone depo∣pulate and consume the radicall moysture. Wherefore Galen ascribeth this vse to fat, that in great heates, famines, & violent exercises, it should stand at the stake to supply the want

of Nature at a pinch. So sayeth Auicen, Fats of all kindes are increased or diminished in the body according to the increase or diminution of heate, wherefore heate feedeth vppon them. We haue often obserued in opening of the ventricles of the heart, in the very caui∣ties of them a certaine gobbet or morsell if not of fat yet of a substance very like it, so that we haue more wondred how that should in such a furnace congeale, then the other in the outside. The cone is alwayes moystned by the humor contayned in the Pericardium.

The vesselles of the heart are of all kinds, which doe compasse the heart round about. [table 9. figure 2. ^l and branches from these ^LL table 10. figure 2.^D] The veine is called Coro∣naria or the Crowne veine arising from the trunke of the hollow veine [table 6.^E] before it bee inserted into the right ventricle, and sometimes it is double: this engirteth round like a crowne the basis of the heart, and hath a value set to it, least the bloud should recoyle in∣to the hollow veine.

From this crowne veine are sprinkled branches downward along the face of the heart, which on the left side are more and larger, because it is thicker & more solid then the right side. This bringeth good and thicke bloud, laboured onely in the Liuer to nourish this thicke and solid part, that the Aliment might be proportionable to that it should nourish. By this vessell also it may be beleeued that the Naturall Soule residing in the Naturall spi∣rite is brought into the heart with all his faculties.

It hath also two Arteries called Coronorias [table 12. figure 1.^BB] proceeding from the descending trunk of the great Artery, which together with the vein are distributed through his substance to cherish his in-bred heate, and supplying vitall spirites doe preserue his life: for if the heart did liue by the spirits perfected in his left ventricle and carried vnto his sub∣stance without Arteries, then also might the same spirit passe through the pores of the hart and so be lost.

It hath also Nerues but very small ones, from the sixt coniugation [table 10. figure 1.^K] or from the nerues which are sent vnto the Pericardium which are distributed into his ba∣sis [table 10. figure 2.^h] close by the arteriall veine, but not very perspicuously; and as some thinke for sence onely and not for motion; because his motion is Natural and not Animal. But saith Archangelus if there must be but one and not two principles of motion in vs, then shall the Brayne be also the originall of all motions, because it is the seate of the sensible Soule; (for that opinion of Aristotles who attributeth vnto the heart onely all the powers and faculties of the foule, Galen and the later writers do with one consent disauow) and so this nerue shall minister vnto the heart not onely sence but also motion and both their fa∣culties, and also the faculty of pulsation or the motion of dilatation and constriction. And this nerue sometimes though seldome is suddenly stopped, whence commeth hasty and vn∣expected death, which wee call sudden death, the faculties of life and pulsation being re∣strayned so that they cannot flow into the heart. But we with Gal. in the 8. Chap. of his sea∣uenth Booke de Anatom. Administ. will determine for our partes, that the faculty of pulsati∣on ariseth out of the body of the heart not from the nerues; for then when these are cut a∣way, the pulse should cease; and the hart taken out of the chest could not be moued, which we find otherwise by dissection of liuing creatures.

CHAP. XII. Of the substance, ventricles and eares of the heart.

THE substance of the heart is a thicke [table 10. figure 3. sheweth this] and red flesh, being made of the thicker part of the bloud; it is lesse redd then the flesh of muscles but harder, more solide and dense, that the spirits and inbred heare which are contayned in the heart and from thence powred into al parts of the body should not exhale; and that it might not bee broken or rent in his strong motions and continuall dilatation and constriction. And it is more compact, spisse and so∣lid in the cone then in the basis, because there the right fibres meeting together 〈◊〉〈◊〉 more compact, right as it is obserued in the heads or tendons of the muscles. This flesh is the seat of the vitall Faculty and the primary and chiefe cause of the functions of the heart, which consiste especially in the making of vitall bloud and spirites. For it hath all manner of fi∣bres right, oblique and transuerse, most strong and most compact and mingled one with a∣nother (and therefore not conspicuous as in a muscle) as well for the better performance of his motion, as for a defence against iniuries; wherefore according to the opinion of Ga∣len in the 6. Chapter of his third book de motu musculorum, and in the 7. Chapter of his 8. Booke de vsu partium (who sometime calleth it after the common name of the bowels a

parenchyma; sometime the fleshy bowell) it is not a muscle, because it hath all kinde of fi∣bres and is not moued with a voluntary motion, for after Gal. determination a muscle is the instrument of voluntary motion: but the motion of the heart which dependeth vppon his substance and flesh is not Voluntary but Naturall, neither can cease so long as the creature liueth; but the action of the muscles resteth sometimes and is againe set on woorke accor∣ding to the determinate purpose of the Creature to which it is obedient. Notwithstan∣ding Hippocrates in his Booke de Corde calleth it a very strong muscle and not vnwoorthily, for he defineth a muscle to bee flesh rowled into a globe, and such is the flesh of the heart: wherefore both of them resting vpon their own definitions haue deliuered the trueth. And therefore Picholomenie answered for Hippocra. that there is in vs one motion Naturall whose muscle is the heart; another motion voluntary to which all the other muscles of the bodye are obedient; and he maketh a generall definition of a muscle, that it is a fleshy instrument working motion in a creature: vnder which the heart also may be contayned.

The perpetuall motion of the heart because of the continuall generation of spirites (be∣cause euery part standeth in neede of them) is double consisting of a Dyastole or dilatation, and a Systole or contraction, which is accomplished by the fibres: for as long as the Crea∣ture liueth it is dilated and contracted, and betwixt either of these motions commeth a rest or cessation: for contrary motions, saith the Philosopher, cannot be without a rest between them.

It is dilated when the cone or end is drawne to the basis with right fibres, and then it be∣commeth short indeed, but his sides are so distended that it appeareth sphericall or round. The vse of this motion is to drawe bloud into the right ventricle by the hollow veine, and ayre into the left by the venall artery, the values falling downe and giuing way to their en∣trance: but it is contracted when the cone or poynt departeth from the basis, and then the heart becommeth longer indeed but narrower, the right fibres being loosed to their length and the transuerse which encompasse the heart round being strongly gathered together & straightned, the values of the hollow veine and the venall arterie partly shutte, but those of the great artery & the arteriall veine are opened, yeelding out-gate to the bloud out of the right ventricle by the arteriall veine into the Lungs, and to the vitall spirite out of the lefte ventricle into the great artery, and to a portion of the vitall bloud together with the soote through the venall artery. This motion of the heart is called Systole or contraction and de∣pression.

This contraction is not a little helped, if not altogether performed, by certayne strong ligaments [table 10. figure 6. ^L figure 7. ^HH] which are streatched in the inmost parts of the ventricles of the heart; for when these being contracted doe fall, they also drawe together with them the coats of the heart inward.

Finally the oblique fibres which lye obliquely along the length of the hart, are the cause of the small rest that is betweene these contrary motions; and those things whether bloud or spirits, which are drawne into the heart by their helpe are a little while reteyned in the ventricles, the heart being on euery side straightned about those things it contayneth: but if in the dissection of a liuing creature you carefully obserue the motion of the heart, you shall discerne foure motions distinguished by their seuerall times and places, whereof two are proper to the eares of the heart, and two to the ventricles. The cauities of the heart which we call ventricles, Hippocrates called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Bellies, so doth Galen in the 11. Chap∣ter of his 6. Booke de vsu partium, but by a diuerse name 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. They are two very notable differing in largenes and in form.

The right [tab. 10. figure 3. ^GG] is not exactly round, and hath a proper superficiall cir∣cumscription of his own, semicircular and crescent like a halfe Moone, for the belly of the partition which is like a semiorbe stands out into it. This sayeth Hippocrates compasseth Candam 〈◊〉〈◊〉, that is the taile, he meaneth the poynt or cone of the heart, but reacheth not to the very extremity, yet lower sayeth Vesalius then the left ventricle doth. It is broader also and larger much then the other, because it is to containe a farre greater quantity of bloud, therefore Galen in the 7. and 12. Chapters of his sixt Booke de vsu partium and an antient Greeke Physitian of Ephesus called ••uffus, call it the bloudy ventricle and venosus, that is the veiny ventricle. His flesh is more laxe and soft and his partition thinner [tab. 10. figure 5 ^QR] in compensation of the waight of that it contayneth, that the heart might not be ouer-ballanced. Into this the ascending hollow veine whilest the heart is dilated pow∣reth bloud, that in the dennes which are among the fibres of it, it might by the heate of the

• ...

• A. The right side of the heart, and a great part of the backe-side. B. The right eare of the heart.
• C The Hollow veine opening into the heart, from which place Aristotle thought it tooke his originall.
• D. sheweth the place where the Hollow-veine passeth throuph the Diaphragma or Midriffe.
• E. A part of the Diaphragma or Midriffe.
• F. The hollow-veine tending to the Iugulum.
• G. The beginning of the veine Azyges
• H. The trunk of the great Artery. I wher it descendeth
• K. A part of the Nerue of the sixt coniugation, from which the heart getteth a Nerue.
• L M N O. the soure Lobes of the Lungs.
• P. The way of the Vessels which attaine to the Lungs.

[illustration]

Figure II.

• A B, C The left side of the heart, and a great part of his back side.
• D the vessels of the heart which compasse his Basis.
• E The branches of the same vessels.
• F The left eare of the heart.
• G, H The venal artery, his distribution into the lefte Lung. I The Arteriall veine.
• K His branch going to the left Lung,
• L His branch going to the right Lung.
• M the top of the right eare of the heart.
• N N the hollow vein. O the trunk of the great artery
• P His descending trunk. R S His ascending trunke
• Q the left Axillary artery. T the right axilarie artery
• V X The Carolides or sleepy arteries cal•• also Soporariae
• Y The trunke of the Weazon or rough artery.
• a The right nerue of the sixt paire.
• bf Certaine branches making the right Recurrent sin∣new f. c the left Nerue of the sixt paire.
• d Certaine branches making the Recurrent Nerue.
• c A surcle of the same offered to the left Lung.
• g The left Recurrent Nerue.
• h A small Nerue attaining to the Basis of the Heart.
• i, k l, m. The Lobes of the Lungs.
• n, o. The Midriffe or Diaphragma.

[illustration]

Figure III.

• A C D Portions of the vessels of the heart.
• B. The right eare of the heart.
• E The lefte eare of the heart with a part of the Venall artery. F the point of the hart cald the Cone & Muero
• GG the right ventricle of the heart.
• HH. The left Ventricle of the heart
• II, The partition called Septum which distinguisheth the Ventricles.

[illustration]

Figure 4. and 5.

• A B, A part of the Hollow∣veine from the Midriffe to the Iugulum.
• CCC. The orifice of the hollow veine opening into the right Ventricle.
• D E The orificies of the descending and ascending hollow veine.
• F The rugous or vnequal inside of the right ear of the heart, which is placed in the lefte side, because the heart is dissecied through the middest.
• G. the beginning of the Crown-veine of the heart.
• HHH. A circle bunching out in the orifice of the hol∣low veine. K L M the 3 Values of the hollow veine
• NN The Filaments or Fibres of the Values.
• OO Certaine fleshy excrescencies to which these Fi∣laments do grow.
• P. A cauity regarding the orifice of the arterial veine.
• QR. A part of the hart compassing the right ventricle

[illustration]

Fig VI.

• A, B A portion of the hollow veine and the great Artery
• C D. the orifice of the arteriall veine, the mouths also of his two branches.
• E F G. the three Values or Flood gates.
• HH The wal betweene the Ventricles of the heart.
• I One of the Values of the Hollow veine.
• K the Filaments of the same
• L the fleshy portion to which those Filaments are im∣planted.
• M the right eare of the hart inuerted & hanging down.

[illustration]

Fig. 7.

A the trunke of the great Artery. DA portion of the arteriall veine. CC the orifice of the venal Artery. DD A bun∣ching circle in the same orisice. EF the two Values of the venal artery. GG Filaments drawne downward from the Values. HH the fleshy portions to which they are fastned. I the left eare of the heart turned inward K the wall or partition betwixt the ven∣tricles. L A bosom or canity reaching the orifice of the great Artery. M M. A portion of the heart compassing the left Ventricle.

[illustration]

Fig 8.

A the orifice of the great artery. B C D, the Values that are set belore that Orifice. E F the beginning of the Coronall Arte∣ries, G Portions of the same arteries shutting foorth H the Orifice of the Venal artery. I K h•••• two Values. L the Filaments of the same. M the fleshy portions to which they grow. N. The left eare of the heart inuerted. O. A portion of the arterial Veyne. P Q. the substance of the heart compassing the left Ventricle. R. the wall betwixt the ventricles of the heart called Septum. SS. A certaine substance at the roote of the great Artery which sometimes in Beasts is bony.

[illustration]

FIG I.

[illustration]

Table 10. Fig. 1. sheweth the right side of the heart freed from the Pericardium or purse, which together with the Lungs is reflected to the left side, that the continuity of the Hollowe veine with the heart at his basis might better bee discerned, together with the vessels and a part of the Midriffe.

[illustration]

FIG. II

[illustration]

Fig. 2. sheweth the heart turned vpon the right side, that so the left side & the venall Artery with his Nerue might better be discerned.

[illustration]

III.

[illustration]

Fig. 3. sheweth the heart cut ouerthwart that the thicknesse of the ventricles might better appeare.

[illustration]

IV

[illustration]

Fig. 4. sheweth the bones of the heart as some expresse them.

[illustration]

V

[illustration]

Fig. 5. sheweth the heart freed frō the Lungs & the midriffe, the right ventricle & the orifice of the hollow-veine dissected.

[illustration]

VI.

[illustration]

Fig. 6. sheweth the heart cut thorough the right ventricle and the orifice of the Arteriaell veine.

[illustration]

VII.

[illustration]

Fig, 7. sheweth the heart cut through the left ventricle, as also the orifice of the venall Artery cut open.

[illustration]

VIII.

[illustration]

Fig. 8. sheweth the heart cut through the left ventricle & the orifice of the great artery.

[illustration]

Tabula X.

heart be reboyled, attenuated and purified, both for the generation of vitall spirits, as also for the nourishment of the Lungs: for the greater part of that bloud in the Systole or con∣striction of the heart is powred out into the Lungs by the Arteriall veine, but the thinner part sweateth through the partition into the left vētricle; for this right vētricle was created especially for the Lungs sake, as being found onely in those creatures which haue Lungs, but in those creatures which doe not respire but onely transpire as Fishes, this right ventri∣cle is not found. And so the heart maketh recompence vnto the Lungs sayeth Galen in the 10. chap. of his 6. book de vsu partium, which drew in ayre for his behoolfe, by making and sending them nourishment fit for them.

The left ventricle [table 10. figure 3. ^HH] is made iust in the middest of the heart; if you take away that part which made the right you shall better perceiue it. It is narrower then the former, because it is made to contayne a lesse quantity of matter, and his cauity is roun∣der, and goeth sayth Galen in the first chapter of his 7. booke de Anatom. Administ. (though Vesalius be of another minde as we haue sayed) vnto the verie end of the cone. His flesh or wall is thrice so thicke [table 10. fig. 8. ^RQ] as that of the other as well because of the smal∣nesse of his cauity which must needs leaue the sides thicker, as also for that it preserueth the in-bred heate: it is also harder and more solide to keepe in the vitall spirits that they do not exhale or vapour out, and to poyse the body; the thicknes of this and subtilitie of the con∣tents answering to the largenes of the other, and thicknes of his contents, that so the hart might not incline too much on either side. In this the vitall spirites are laboured and con∣tayned together with the arteriall bloud, wherefore Galen in the 7. and 11. chapters of his sixt booke de vsu partium, and Russus call it the spirituall, others the spongie, ayry and arte∣riall ventricle.

For in the cauity of this ventricle the vitall spirits are laboured, and from hence by the arteries are distributed through the whole body to cherish the in-bred heat of the parts, to reuiue it when it growes dull or drowsie, and to restore it when it is consumed.

The matter of this spirite sayeth Galen is double, ayrie and bloudy mingled together. The ayre drawn in by the mouth and the nose & prepared in the Lungs, is carried through the venall artery into the left ventricle whilest the heart is dilated. And the bloud attenua∣ted and concocted in the right ventricle, is partly distributed into the Lungs by the arterial veine for their nourishment, partly is drawne by the left ventricle through his wall and re∣tayned by an in-bred propriety which being mingled with the ayre is absolued and perfec∣ted by the proper vertue of the heart, his in-bred spirit, heate and perpetuall motion, and so putteth on the forme of a spirit, which is continually nourished by the arteriall bloud. This bloud thus fraught with spirits in the contraction of the heart is powred out into the great artery to sustayne the life of the whole body; for all life is from the heart and the vitall spi∣rite.

The inward face of both the ventricles is vnequall and rugged, that the substances which come into the heart should not slippe out before they are perfected, for which purpose also the values doe stand in great stead.

That inequality commeth partly by reason of many small dennes which are more no∣table in the left ventricle, (wherefore Hippocrates in his booke de Corde, sayeth it is more broken and abrupt then the right, because here Nature hid the diuine fire which the Po∣ets feyne Prometheus stole from heauen to giue life vnto man: and Hippocrates because of the great heat of this place thought it to be the seate of the Soule) partly because there are certaine small fleshy particles [table 10. figure 5. ^OO figure 6. ^L figure ^HH figure 8. ^M table 12. fig. 2. ^s•] which about the cone of the heart appeare small & slender, to which the neruous fibres of the values [table 10. figure 7. ^GG figure 8. ^L] called by Galen in the 8. Chapter of his ••. Booke de vsu partium, and by Archangelus the ligaments of the heart, do grow.

These ventricles are diuided by a wall or partition [table 10. figure 3. ^H figure 6. ^HH figure 7. ^• figure X. ^R] least the contents should bee mingled and shufled together, which on the right side beareth out as we sayed and is gibbous; on the left concaue and hollow, and is of the same thicknesse with the left side of the left ventricle, as if the heart were only made for the left ventricles sake.

This wall is also full of holes and small trenches (it may be Aristotle therefore called it •• third ventricle) that in them the bloud might be wrought into a further thinnesse; porous also it is especially on the right side, that the bloud might more freely passe out of the right ••nto the left side for the generation of vital spirits, which Galen insinuateth in these words, in

the 15. Chapter of his third booke de Naturalibus facultatibus. Out of the right ciuity that which is thinnest is drawne by the pores of the wall, whose vtmost ends a man can scarce dis∣cerne, because in dead bodies all such passages fall together. That the bloud is carried by these passages it appeareth because nature neuer endeuoured any thing rashly or in veine; but there are many trenches as it were and deep caues in the partition which haue narrow determinations. Thus far Galen.

These breathing passages are most conspicuous in an Oxe heart after it is long sod∣den. But there are some as Varolius, Columbus and Vlmus, who deny that there is any such passage, and wil that the bloud should be carried by the arteriall veine out of the right ven∣tricle into the Lungs, part of which to remayne for their nourishment, and the remayd•••••• to be conuayed after some alteration in the Lungs mingled with the ayre which is drawne by the breath through the venall artery into the left ventricle of the heart for the nourish∣ment and generation of the vitall bloud and spirits.

But wee will leaue this subtle question to Philosophers, for vs it shall bee sufficient to haue made this mention of both waies by which it may passe, leauing the Controuersie to farther disquisition.

At the Basis of the heart on either side hangeth an appendixe [Table 9. figure 2. ^•• •••• 10. figure 3.^BE] which is called the Eare, not from any profite, action or vse it hath sayeth Galen in the fifteenth Chapter of his sixt Booke de vsu partium, and therefore wee in Eng∣lish call it commonly the deafe-eare, but for the similitude; for it hath a long Basis and en∣deth in an obtuse or blunt cone or poynt.

These are placed about the ventricles before the orifices or entrances of the vessels which carry matter into the heart. The right [Table 9. figure 2. ¹table 10. figure 1^B fig. 3. ²] which is placed neare [table 10. figure 3.^A] the hollow veine is the larger, and maketh as it weere a common body together with the veine, and his cone or poynt looketh vpward. But the left [Table 10. figure 2 ^F figure 3.^E] placed at the arteriall veine [Table 10. figure 3. ^D] is much lesse, because the orifice of this vessell is much lesse then that of the hollow vein, and beside ayre followeth more freely at a narrow passage then bloud. It is also shape: and runs more on the side of the heart and is more rugged and vneuen on the outside then the right, harder also and more fleshy and thicker, for the eares haue a correspondency with the ventricles, as seeming to bee by Nature framed to bee assistant in some preparation of the matters which belong to the heart. They are hollow as making way vnto the heart.

Their substance is peculiar and such as is found in no other parte; much like the scarffe-skinne, and membranous that they might endure the force of attraction with out breaking, and also that they might better follow the motion of the hart; for they are like values stre∣ched and contracted; when they are full and extended then are they gibbous and smooth, but when they are contracted then they appeare outwardly rugous and wrinkled, and with in they resemble the vnequall superficies [Tab. 10. figure 5. the right inuerted ¹ rugous fig. 7. the left inuerted 1. fig. 8.^N] of the ventricles.

They are thin that they might more easily be contracted, soft, and neruous for strength for that is strongest which is most sinewy.

The vse of these eares is that whereas the bloud and ayre rush violently toward the heart these should take them vp by the way, and keepe them as in a safe and let them into the heart by degrees, otherwise the creature should bee in danger of suffocation and the heart of violence in their sudden affluence. Moreouer they defend the vesselles to which they are set in the motions of the heart which haue a soft and thinne coate, and therefore other wise when they are streatched in sudden repletion might be subiect to cracke or burst. Hip∣pocrates sayd they serued the heart as fannes to coole it, or as bellowes to smithes forges to gather in the spirits as they gather in wind.

CHAP. XIII. Of the vessels of the Heart and their values.

THere are seene about the Basis of the heart in the outward sides of the ventri∣cles foure vesselles and so many orificies, whose originall some woulde deriue from the heart, as Vesalius and Varolius, and they are in each ventricle two. Hip∣pocrates in his Booke de Corde calleth them the fountayns of humane Nature. In the right the hollow veine [Table 9. figure 2. ^F Table 10. figure 1. C figure 2.^NN] and the arteriall veine. [table 9. fig. 2.^G] In the left the venall artery [table 10. fig. 2^•]

and the great artery. [Table 9. figure 2. ^H Table 10. figure 1. ^H figure 2.^OP] Within these vesselles are certaine values or leafe-gates placed, which Hippocrates called the secret filmes of the heart, and Galen membranes and the Epiphysis of membranes eleuen in number, all a∣rising from the orificies of the vesselles. Some of these are three-forcked, some like halfe Moones: some againe are carried from without inward into the ventricles of the heart, to which they are tyed with strong membranes, especially to the partition toward the cone or poynt, that in the dilatation of the heart the ligaments might draw the values vnto them¦selues, and as it were turne them vp to the body of the heart: others are carried from an in∣ward position outward, as soone as the two vesselles do peepe out of the heart. In those vesselles which receiue matter into the heart they are strong, because they are not onely to hinder the regresse but also are to drawe; but in those that send out matter out of the heart, they are weaker.

In the dilatation of the heart they are all extended, the forked values making certain ga∣ping fissures betweene their forkes, by which the matters are let in; those like the halfe-Moone or the semicircular values doe shut close the endes of their vesselles and so hinder those matters that are gone out for returning in againe.

In the contraction of the heart they are all likewise contracted, & then the forked ones do close vp those yawning fissures which they made in their dilatation and so hinder those matters that are gone out for returning in againe. These circular values flagging to the sides of the vessels doe leaue open way for the bloud and spirits to issue out. Of these values Hippocrates made first mention, and extolleth their structure as a wonderfull secret of Na∣ture, and they are sayeth Galen in the 11. Chapter of his sixt Booke de vsupartium. framed with such exquisite Art that if they bee all at once streatched and stand vpright, then they stop the whole orifice of the vessell.

They haue all one common vse which is to hinder that which is gotten into the heart for passing out againe. They haue also proper vses, the vse of those that are set within and goe outward, is to leade out matters out of the heart and not suffer them to come back: the vse of those that are set without and goe inward, is to keepe the matters gotten in, that they get not out againe, and both these that the labour of the heart should not be in vaine.

But because the constitution of these vessels is one in the heart of an Infant whilest it is in the wombe, and another in the heart after the birth, wee will intreat of them seuerally. And first as they are in a man after he is borne into the world.

The hollow veine hauing perforated [Table 10. figure 1. ^D figure 2. ^NN sheweth the pas∣sage of the veine] the midriffe, and being come vnto the hearte first sending out a short braunch from his lefte side, is receiued by the right deafe-eare with his ample and patent orifice [Table 10. figure 1. from ^C to ^B] thrice as large as the orifice of the great artery, and is presently inserted into the right [Table 10. figure 5. CC sheweth his orifice] ventricle; to which it adhereth so firmely that vnneth it can be separated from it. Whence came the occasion of Aristotles error and his followers, who thinke that there the hollow veine [tab. 10. figure 1. C] as also all the rest haue their originall. And for the strengthening of the heart, this great braunch becomes like a ligament, and his vse is to bring the bloud which is sent vpward from the Liuer vnto the right ventricle and there to powre it into the heart whilest it is dilated, to bee farther attenuated therein, as well for the nourishment of the Lungs which require a thinner bloud, as especially for matter to make the arteriall bloud and spirites afterward to bee perfected in the left ventricle. The greater part of which is afterward sent out in the contraction of the heart by the arteriall veine [Table 10. figure 5. P.]

To this orifice groweth a membranous [Table 10. figure ••. HH] circle, which addeth strength to the heart, it passeth inward and not farre from the beginning is diuided or slitte into three small but strong portall membranes [Table 10. figure 5. ^KLM] or values whose Ba∣sis is large, and they end in an obtuse or dull poynt, and when they are shutte and doe as it were wincke together, they are like broade headed Iaulins or broade arrowe heades trian∣gular, and euery angle forked; all which forks consist and growe together of small threds of fibres [Table 10. figure 5.^NN] (which Aristotle mistooke for nerues) ioyned together with fleshy breaches, [Table 10. figure 5.^OO] which by those fibres as by ligaments are stretched in the contraction of the heart, and those being streatched the orifice is almost cleane shut vp. But when this circle is open together with his fibres it resembleth a Crowne such as Princes in old time wore.

But these Values, as also those of the venall Artery doe encline from without inwarde, that the bloode in the contraction of the heart should not regurgitate into the Hollowe∣veine: how then is it possible that blood should bee laboured in the heart for the nourish∣ment of the whole body when as no blood can passe out of this Ventricle into the hollow veine but onely into the Lungs? Wherfore it was necessary that Nature should prouide a¦way out of the Lungs into the hollow vein, from whence branches might be dispersed tho∣roughout the whole body.

The other Vessell of the right Ventricle is the Arteriall Veine [Tab. 9. figure 2 ^o. Tab. 10, figure 6 ^{C D} Tab. 11, figure 1 C] or the arteriall vessell. A veine it is, because of the office it hath to transport blood, an artery because his frame and substance is like that of an arterie. It is fastned to the ventricle with a lesse orifice [Tab. 10, figure 6, ^{C D}] then the hollow vein, [Tab. 10, figure 5, CCC] and from thence some say it hath his originall, yet it may better be imagined to be a branch and off-spring of the great arterie, because (as saith Archange∣lus) it is most likely that a veine should come from a veine, and an artery from an arterie; therefore the Venall artery, which though it haue the vse of an Artery, yet hauing the sin∣gle coate but of a veine hath his Originall from the Hollow-veine made also of one single coat. And so the arteriall veine hauing the vse of a veine but the double coat of an arterie, most likely proceedeth from the great arterie which hath a double coate. Of which opini∣on also are Varolius and Laurentius, & it is further confirmed by their Connexion which in the Infant vnborne is more conspicuous.

But the verie trueth as I conceiue is, that it ariseth as other spermaticall parts do from the seede. His coate is not simple as that of a veine, but double [Tab. 11, fig. 3. ^{B C}] as an ar∣terie, and that for the vse as well of the Infant in the wombe as of the man afterward; of the Infant, that the Mothers arteriall blood and vitall spirit which it carrieth into the Lunges, dooing therein the office of an arterie, should not breath out as it would if it were as thin as a veine: of the man afterward (and in him it dooth onely the dutie of a veine, not of an arterie) partly because in respirations it was not fit it should bee easily dilated and contra∣cted, as it would haue beene if it had had the single coate of a veine, for then there woulde not haue beene capacitie sufficient in the Chest for the instruments of breathing, and beside the blood should haue had too free and full accesse to the heart; partly, because the Lungs which are of a spongy and light substance required to be nourished with a thinne and vapo∣rous not with a thicke and crasse bloode (for euery thing is nourished with aliment likest vnto it selfe) which could not haue beene either so prepared or so conteined in a vessell with a single coate, as in one with a double.

Wee will add also that cause whereof Hippocrates maketh mention, that is, that the right ventricle which is not so hot as the left, might not be as much cooled as the lefte, and so at length his heate extinguished. For seeing that the branches of the Weazon which drawe in the cold aer are diuided betweene the branches of the arteriall veine and venall arterie, [Tab. 11, figure 1, ^BCD] if the coate of the arteriall veine were but one, it would receyue as much aer as the venall artery whose coate likewise is but one, and so both ventricles should be alike refrigerated; whence it must needes follow, that the lefte hauing more heate then the right, the heat of the right must of necessity be in time extinguished, the heat of the left remaining inviolate; wherefore Nature made this vessell thicker and so narrower, to carry aer not so much for refrigeration as for refection.

This is a verie notabl•• vessell, that so much as it becommeth lesse by the thickenesse of his coates, might be recompenced in the largenesse of the Vessell, and so the Lunges haue sufficient nourishment.

It leaneth vpon the great Arterie, and turning his bulke vnto the left side, is diuided into two [Table 10, figure 6, ^{C D}. Tab. 11, figure 3 ^FF] trunkes which are carried to the lefte and the right Lungs, and there distributed quite through into inumerable [Tab. 11, Fig. 3, ^GG] branches.

The vse of this vessell is in the contraction of the heart, to receyue the greater part of the blood out of the right Ventricle (in which it is made thinner and lighter, that it might passe out more forcibly) and to carry it into the Lunges for their nourishment. For the heart seemeth to make retribution to the Lunges, yeelding them bloode for their nourish∣ment, because they sent aer vnto him for his refection.

But although this Veine was made thicke and hard, that it might not too easilie be ei∣ther contracted or dilated, yet it is not so hard, but that his branches are contracted & di∣lated

[illustration]

Table 11. Figure 1. sheweth the fore-side of the Lungs taken out out of the Chest, from which the Heart vvith his Membranes are cut.

[illustration]

Fig. 2. sheweth the backe and gibbous side of the Lunges, as it ly∣eth vpon the backe.

[illustration]

Figure 3. Sheweth the Arteriall Veine.

[illustration]

Figure 4. Sheweth the Venall Arterie separated from the sub∣stance of the Lungs.

[illustration]

TABVLA XI.

[illustration]

FIG. I

[illustration]

FIG. II

[illustration]

FIG. III

[illustration]

FIG. IV.

• A A, 1, 2. The Gullet called oesophagus vnder the we∣zon or Rough arterie.
• B 1, 2. The rough artery.
• C 1, The arteriall veine.
• D 1. The venall artery.
• E F G H, 1, 2. The foure Lobes of the Lungs.
• K, 1 The Midriffe.
• I, 2. The Canale or pipe of the Lungs.
• A 3. The Orifice of the ar∣teriall veine.
• abc, 3. His three Values.
• B 3. The inner Coate.
• C 3. The vtter coate
• D 3. The diuision of the arteriall veine.
• E F. 3. The two Trunkes whereinto it is diuided.
• GGGG 3. The distributi∣on of the same through the substaunce of the Lungs.
• A, BB, CC 4. The orifice of the venall Arterie, marked with A. where it groweth to the heart, then diuided into foure trunkes.
• E E E E 4 Their distribu∣tion through the Lunges
• F 4. The simple or single coate of this artery.

by the chest; and so in the next dilatation of the heart the blood must needes returne into the heart by the same way it came out; but against this inconuenience prouision is made by three Values [Tab. 10, figure 6, ^KFG] which are set to the Orifice of this trunk where it swelleth a little.

These Values haue their Originall from the very coate of the Veine, and beeing placed inward do looke outwarde, and each of them is like a semi-circle or halfe-moone, or the Latine Letter ••. If all these three be together stretched and set vpright, they seeme to bee but one great Value stopping vp the whole Orifice, & whilst they are stretched carry their Figure of the halfe-Moone; but when they sinke or flagge then they become rugous and resemble the Moone in the first quarter.

Their outward Couering or Circūference, as also is that of the great Artery, is more solid then the rest of their body; for where in both Orificies they touch themselues or ioyn some way together, they become so indurated, that they appeare to bee like a long and rounde tilage.

The Venall artery [Tab. 10, fig. 2 ^{G H} not rightly expressed Table 11, fig. 1, ^D] is a ves∣sell of the left Ventricle. An artery because of his vse, for it containeth and bringeth aer, as also because it beateth as other Pulses doe; not so indeede that it can bee discerned

by the eye; but so it must of necessity bee, because it is continuated with the left ven∣tricle where is the originall of pulsation. A veine it is as being of the substance that veines are of.

It proceedeth out of the left ventricle of the heart at his Basis with a spacious & round & open orifice [table 10. figure 7. ^CC] greater then that of the great artery. It is supposed to haue his beginning out of the softer part of the ventricle; but it may better be beleeued to haue sprong out of the hollow veine if wee marke the connexion that is found in Infants vnborne.

It hath but one thinne and simple coate in growne bodies, that the Lungs might bee nourished with defaecated thinne and vaporous bloud brought by it but sent by the heart, and that in a greater quantity then a thick stiffe vessell would carry: because the Lungs are parts of great expence as well because of their continuall motion, as also for the rarenesse and loosenesse of their substance which suffereth the thinner part of the bloud to exhale from them: againe it was needfull that this vessell should be capacious, becaue the heat of the left ventricle required great store of ayre for the tempering of it, beside that it needed for the reparation of spirits: for in growne men it hath the vse of an artery to carry ayre, & not of a veine as it had whilest the Infant was in the mothers wombe: and againe, the lar∣ger it is and more spacious the better may the smoake and soote passe through it into the braunches of the weazon without infecting the ayre it brinketh into the heart, which in a narrower passage would necessarily haue beene mingled: and in the Infant it had no vse of a double coate because it onely carried the Aliment of the Lungs vnto them from the hol∣low veine.

It is a notable vessell, and as soone as it is gotten out of the heart is diuided into two trunks [table 11. figure 4. ^BBCD] so that it seemeth to be a double orifice of the same vessell. The right of these is sent vnder the Basis of the heart into the right Lung, [table 11. figure 1. ^D] The left into the left like the arteriall vein, and so they are both disseminated through the Lungs, and make the representation of rootes [tab. 11. figure 4. ^••••] and may be com∣pared to the rootes of the gate-veine: for as it doth sucke the nourishment with his ends or extremities, so the venall artery is deriued into the Lungs to draw ayre out of the bran∣ches of the weazon. But at the originall of this vessell and the great artery, they both meete and are ioyned together, by the interposition of a good thicke and large particle which in the Infant was perforated and made a passage as we shall declare hereafter. The vse of this venal artery is in the dilatation of the heart to draw ayre out of the Lungs for the generation of spirits, and in his contraction to expell or drawe out into the Lungs a porti∣on of the vitall bloud for their nourishment and life, as also the soote and smoake that ari∣seth from the flame of the heart: but least all the ayre should returne again out of the hart into the Lungs, there groweth to the orifice of this vessell a membranous circle [table 10. figure 7. ^DD] out of the substance of the heart, which is ledde inward and deuided into two values [table 10. figure 7. ^FF table 12. fig. 2. ^r] bending from without inward; which as they exceede in largenes the values of the hollow veine, so also they are stronger, hauing longer thredy strings [Table 10. figure 7. ^GG] to which more fleshy [Table 10. figure 7. ^HH table 12. figure 2 ss] explantations or risings do accrew; one of these values looketh to the right side another to the left, which when they are ioyned do resemble a Bishops myter.

They are but two because this vessell was not to be ouer closely shut and that for two causes: first, seeing that all parts need vitall spirits and bloud to be sent vnto them for their life the Lungs also must neede them; wherefore as they receiued Alimentary and nouri∣shing bloud by the arteriall veine, so were they to receiue vitall by the venall artery; there∣fore in the venall artery there is alwayes contayned subtile and arterial bloud, which that it may be, it hath onely two values set to it, that in the contraction of the heart the way might not be altogether stopped vp, but so much space lefte as was necessary for the transvection of vitall bloud.

But if the values were wanting then would the arteriall bloud in contraction flow forth in greater quantity and with more violence, and so the great artery and consequently the whole body should be defrauded. Againe, that if there should bee any smouldry excre∣ments ingendred betweene the ayre attracted and the natiue heate which is conteyned in this ventricle, they might haue free egresse this way into the Lungs and so goe out by the weazon; which otherwise if they were retayned might endanger the suffocation and ex∣tinction of the creatures naturall heate.

The second vessell of the left ventricle is the great artery, of which though wee doe en∣treat at large in his proper place, yet it will be necessary to discourse of it here so far as shall make for out present purpose.

CHAP. XIIII. Of the great Artery and his values and vse about the Heart.

THis great Artery called Aorta was made before the heart, hauing as the heart a beginning of generation from the seed, out of which it is immediately made at the same time that the other parts are. Albeit his originall of dispensation and radication be from the left ventricle of the heart, from whence it issueth with an open mouth and patent orifice to receiue from the same when it is contracted bloud and vitall spirit laboured in it to be distributed together with the heat in∣to the whole body. Which bloud and spirits that they should not returne into the heart againe when it is dilated there are set in his orifice [Table 10. figure 8. ^A] three [Table 10. figure 8. ^BCD. Table 13. character 1. 2. 3] values like halfe Moones bending from within out∣ward as it is in the arteriall veine, but greater and stronger because the body of the great ar∣tery is harder then that of the arteriall veine: these values are also a hinderance that the nourishment or Chylus drawne by the mesaraicke arteries out of the guttes should not be presently conuayed into the heart.

There is also placed at his orifice to establish him the better, a hard substance sometimes gristlely, [Table 10. figure 8. SS] which in some Creatures are red Deere is a very gristle, sometimes in greater creatures it is a bony gristle for it seldome growes into a very bone, as Galen sayeth in the 10. Chapter of his 7. Booke de Administ. Anatom it doth in an Ele∣phant: but in a man it is not so to bee found. And these are the particles of the heart in a perfect Creature after it is brought into the world: nowe it followeth that we speake of the vessels in the heart of an Infant before the birth.

CHAP. XV. Of the vnion of the vesselles of the heart in the Infant vnborne which is abolished after they come into the world.

THE structure and connexion of the vessels of the heart in an Infant vnborne or any other creature yet in the Dammes belly differeth much from that it appeareth to be afterward when the burthen is brought into the world. This Galen most perfectly and manifestly explayned in the 10. Chapter of his sixt Booke de vsu partium. And albeit most Anatomists after him haue lightly passed it ouer, yet will we stand somewhat more vppon it.

We sayed before that there were foure vessels of the heart, two in the right ventricle, to wit, the hollow veine [Table 12. figure 1, 2, 3. ^ab] and the arteriall veine [Table 12. fig. 1.^m] and two in the left, the great Arterie [Table 12. fig. 12, and 3. ^df] and the venal artery: [Table 12. figure 12, and 3. which in the second figure is manifest] which vessels in the In∣fant are so vnited and coupled two & two together. The hollow veine a vessell of the right ventricle, with the venall artery a vessell of the left ventricle: and the great Artery a vessell of the left ventricle with the arteriall veine a vessell of the right ventricle: which ves∣sels in men after they are borne are disioyned asunder.

But these vnitings are not alwayes after one manner: for the former, partly because of the neighbour-hood of the vessels, partly because of the likenesse of substances they being both veines, is accomplished by the coniunction of their mouthes called Anastomosis, wee call it inoculation from the similitude it hath with that poynt of husbandry where a sci∣ence or but a leafe is so fitted to another kinde as that the sap may runne equally through them both.

The latter vnion because of the distance of the vessels to be vnited is accomplished by a Canale or Pipe. The first vnion which is by Anastomosis or inoculation or apertion and opening of two vessels one into another, is of the hollow veine with the venall artery [tab. 12. fig. 1, & 2. ^ag] which is to be obserued vnder the right eare of the hart before the hollow veine open it selfe into the right ventricle [Table 12. figure 2. appeareth at ^h] and near that region where the coronall veine ariseth.

For touching one another so that you may easily thinke them to be but one vessell, Na∣ture bored them with one hole common to them both [Table 12. ^agh] which is large and patent and of an ouall figure by which the bloud passeth out of the hollow veine into the venall artery and so is carried to the Lungs. But least the bloud should flowe backe into

the hollow vein there is set to the regiō of this bore or hole which looketh toward the venal artery, a membrane like a couering or lid [Table 12. figure 2. and 3, 1.] thin, hard and trans∣parent, larger then the hole or passage which is fastned onely at the roote; but the rest of the body of it hangeth loose in the cauity of the vessell, that falling loosely and flagging in∣to it selfe it might the more easily bee turned vp to the vessell of the Lungs. i. the venall ar∣tery and giue way to the bloud flowing forcibly out of the hollow veine; but hindering it from returning thither againe. Wherefore the venall artery in the Infant doeth the office of a veine to the Lungs, but after the birth the office of an artery; for in these whilest the heart is dilated the bloud is powred out of the hollow veine into the right ventricle, and from thence when the heart is contracted thrust out by the arteriall veine into the Lungs. But in the Infant the heart being not moued and yet the Lungs requiring nourishment & encrease, Nature deuised the former way by which the bloud brought vppe by the hollow veine is not powred into the ventricle of the heart, seeing neither the Lungs stood in need of attenuated bloud, neither was there any generation of vitall spirites, but runneth straight into the venall artery and thence into the Lungs.

These are admirable workes of Nature, but the conglutination or ioyning together of the foresayd hole presently after, passeth all admiration; for as soone as euer the creature is borne into the world, breatheth and the heart is mooued, it hath no further neede of this hole or passage, wherefore by degrees the membrane is dryed vp and the bore closeth and groweth together, so that if you looke for it a few weekes after either in the heart of an In∣fant or of a Calfe, you would deny that euer it was perforated, but in dryer creatures it soo∣ner groweth vp, in moyster creatures later.

The other vnion is of the great artery with the arterial veine [Tab. 12. figure 1, 2 and 3^fg] by a canale or pipe [Table 12. figure 1^l] for seeing the venall artery performed the of∣fice of a veine to the Lungs, it was necessary that the arteriall veine should chaunge his vse into that of an artery: wherefore Nature also made a perforation into the great artery. But because these two vesselles were a little distant one from the other [Table 12. figure 1.^d•] she made another third vessell but very small by which they might bee ioyned, so that they are ioyned not by inoculation but by a pipe or canale.

This canall or pipe beginneth [Table 12. figure 1. ^l] not from the trunke or stocke of the great artery, but from that region of the trunke carried downward [Table 12. figure 1, 2, & 3. ^f] where the left nerue of the sixt payre or coniugation making the Recurrent is circum∣volued or rowled about, & the pipe passeth not ouerthwart but obliquely or sidelong from the great artery [Table 12. figure 1. from^d to^m] to the arteriall veine, where it is deuided into two trunkes and appeareth as if the arteriall veine were deuided into three trunkes, of which the first passed vnto the left Lung, the second vnto the right, and the third (which is a little lesse then the other two) should obliquely reach vnto the great artery, and is from the Basis of the heart in an Infant distant about the breadth of two fingers, in a grown child after birth the breadth of foure: and the longitude of it is so notable that you may put vp your finger betweene the two vesselles, but in Oxen you may easily put vp two fingers or more.

This canale or pipe or vessell call it which you please, hath no membrane ioyned to it which might hinder the regresse of the bloud out of the great artery into the arterial veine, because the length and obliquity of the pipe it selfe is sufficient for that purpose. This ca∣nale or pipe is not encreased as other parts of the creature are, but as Nature drieth vp the vmbilicall or nauel-veine & arteries which are at the spine when shee hath no further vse of them and maketh of them small tyes; after the same manner the forenamed coniuncti∣ons of the vessels which reach vnto the heart when the creatures is brought forth are abo∣lished, & this pipe is by degrees attenuated so that in a short time it is quite dryed vp. But in children of three or foure yeares of age it may be found, because of the thicknesse of his roote, but not perforated or hollow.

These vnions or coniunctions are made for the behoofe of the lungs that they might be formed, growe and encrease; and therefore the pure bloud of the mother is carried out of the hollow veine directly by the venall artery into the Lungs by inoculation for their gene∣ration: for they are formed at the same time with the heart, & being generated and formed they are nourished by the same matter, and encreased as long as the burthen is carried in the wombe: but the vitall spirit is ministred to the great artery together with the mothers arteriall bloud from the vmbilicall arteries, and from thence are carried into the Lungs to

[illustration]

Table 12. in 3. Figures, sheweth the vnion of the vessels of the heart, as it is found in the Infant, but abolished soon after it is brought into the world.

[illustration]

TABVLA. XII

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

[illustration]

FIG. III.

• a 1, 2, 3. The ascending Trunke of the hollow-veine.
• b 1, 2, 3. The descending trunke of the hollow-veine.
• c 1, 3. The eare of the right Ventricle.
• d 1, 2, 3. The ascending Trunke of the great artery.
• e 1, 2, 3. The left axillarie artery.
• f 1, 2, 3. The descending Trunke of the great artery.
• g 1, 2, 3. The Venal artery which in the second figure is open.
• h 2. The Anastomosis or inoculation, as it appeareth in the venall artery.
• i 2, 3. A small Membrane like a Value, closing vp the hole of the inoculation.
• k 3. The inoculation as it appeareth in the Hollow-veine.
• l 1. A Canall reaching into the arterial veine, from the descending Trunke of the great artery.
• m 1. The arteriall veine lifted vpward, from the right ventricle to the Lungs
• n 1. Veines and arteries dispersed tho∣rough the coate of the heart.
• o 2. the left ventricle of the hart opened
• p 1. The fore-part of the heart vvhich regardeth the Lungs.
• q 3. The backe-part of the heart, regar∣ding the Spondels or rack-bones.
• r 2. the values of the venall Arterie, with his Filaments.
• s 2. The fleshye implantations of the same.

preserue their life through the Canale or pipe by the arteriall veine. Wherefore the vse of the coniunction is, that whilst the Naturall and vitall blood is transported vnto the Lungs, it might not fall into the ventricles of the heart; for because the heart is not moued it would remaine there, and so should the Lungs be defrauded; but when the creature is come into the world, it vseth no more of the mothers blood but his owne, where it cannot holde the same course; but it must fall into the heart, and there as afore is shewed must bee changed. But it shall not be amisse to relate the order of Anatomicall administration for the finding of these vnions.

The first vnion which is by inoculation, doth elegantly appeare, if the Trunk of the Hol∣low-veine carried through the Chest from the Midriffe vnto the right eare of the heart bee diuided in the middest, for then will appeare two holes ••r passages; the greater which is that of the inoculation into the venall artery, and the lesser which is the hole or passage of the the coronary veine of the heart. But the second vnion which is by the Canale or pipe is demonstrated, if the descending trunke of the great Arterie be diuided thorough the mid∣dest euen vnto his outgate out of the lest ventricle of the heart, for then withinwarde will appeare the small and narrow passage of the pipe into the arteriall veine.

CHAP. XVI. Of the Branches of the great Artery disseminated through the Chest and the Necke.

THE great Artery is the largest [Tab. 13, figure 1 ^A] at the left ventricle of the heart whence it ariseth, and before it fall from the Pericardium or purse it bringeth foorth aboue his Values or Membranes [Tab. 13, fig. 3, charac∣ter 1, 2, 3] sometimes one, sometimes two Arteries, which we call Corona∣rias, [Tab. 13, fig. 1, ^BB] because like a crowne they compasse the Basis of the

[illustration]

Table 13. Fig. 1, sheweth the trunke of the great Artery, to∣gether with his branches as they are disseminated through the three bellies or Regions of the body.

[illustration]

The second Figure sheweth a portion of the Arterie as it is on the backeside, from whence it sendeth branches to the di∣stances betwixt the Lower ribbes.

[illustration]

The thirde Figure, sheweth a portion of the great Artery, where it yssueth out of the Heart is heere shewed open: & by that meanes wee may better perceyue his Coates and Fibres.

[illustration]

TABVLA. XIII.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

II

[illustration]

III

• A. The orifice of the great Arterie, where it is continued with the heart.
• BB The Coronary arteries.
• C the diuision thereof.
• D the descending trunke.
• E the ascending trunke.
• F the right Subclauian artery, whose originall at a is higher then the lefte.
• G The left subclauian Artery, whose originall is at b.
• H, I. The vpper Intercostall Artery at I. reaching to eight distances of the ribbes at H.
• K the Phrenicke Arteries on either side.
• * The trunke of the great Artery, where it passeth through the Fissure of the Midriffe.
• L L the Mammary artery. ccc Growing to the Muscles that are betwixte the gristles, and to the paps.
• M M. The artery called Ceruicalis.
• NN the ingate thereof into the bone of the Oc∣cipitium.
• O O the artery called Muscula.
• P P. the right and the left Axillarie Arteries.
• Q Q. the vpper chest Artery, called Thoracica superior.
• R R. The lower called Thoracica inferior.
• S S the artery called Scapularis.
• T T. the Artery called Humeraria.
• V V. the remainder of the Axillarie artery rea∣ching to the armes.
• X Y the right and left Carotis or the sleepie Arteries.
• ee The coniunction of the Mammary with the Epigastricke Arteries.
• ff the diuision of the sleepy arteries at the chops
• g the externall branch.
• h the internall branch which is deriued to the throtle, the Chops, and the tongue.
• i This at the basis of the scull is distributed into two branches.
• l the distribution of the braunch g, vnto the Cheeks, and the Muscles of the face.
• m the distribution of the braunch g, vnder the roote of the eare.
• n the same branch creeping vp the temples.
• o And the backeside of the eare.
• p the stomacke artery called Coeliaca.
• q the vpper Mesentericall artery.
• r s the emulgent arteries,
• tt, vv the spermaticall arteries
• x the lower Mesentericall artery.
• yyyy the arteries of the Loines called Lumbaris α the vmbilicall arteries. β the Artery called Muscula superior. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the byfurcation of the great artery into the Iliack branches, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the artery called Sacra. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the inner bow of the left trunke. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the vtter bowe which descen∣deth to the thigh. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the artery called Muscula inferior. λλ the artery called Hypogastrica. μ the remainder of the same bow, which being encreased by a branch from the exteriour passeth by the share-bone. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the arterie called Epigastrica to which the Mammarie arteries marked with 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 are ioyned. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the artery called Pudenda. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the Crurall artery. Figure 2 & 3. AAA, A coate like a Spiders web. B B the inner coate of the artery. C, the vtter coate of the artery. D E the original of the Coronary arteries. 1, 2, 3 Three Values set to the ori∣fice of the Artery in the heart.

heart: afterward it yssueth out of the Pericardium and is vnequally diuided into two parts, one ascending vpward to the head [Tab. 13, fig. 1 ^E] which also is the lesse, the other and larger by farre tendeth downward [Tab. 13, fig. 1 ^D] because the parts below the Heart, are many more then those aboue.

Out of the greater descending trunke [Tab. 13. fig. 1 ^D] which in the Chest is large and thicke, these branches following do yssue.

The lower Intercostall Arteries [Tab. 13, fig. 1 ^HHH] which are sent vnto the distances of the eight low ribs.

The Artery called Phrenica, that is, of the Midriffe, on each side one [Table. 13 fig 1, ^KK] which are disseminated through the Midriffe and the Pericardium.

The remainder of the trunke pierceth through the Fissure or perforation of the midriffe [Tab. 13. fig. 1, *] and cleauing to the bodies of the Spondels or rack-bones, doth diuerselie communicate it selfe through the lower belly.

The lesser and ascending [Tab. 13. fig. 1 ^F] trunke being fastned to the Weazon is com∣municated to all the parts of the body aboue the heart; and first of all it is forked into two notable branches, which vnder the Pattell or coller-bones bendeth to the first ribbe of his owne side, and therefore it is called Arteria subclauia, for the Latines call the coller Bones Clauiculae, [Tab. 13, fig. 1, ^FG] then the trunke is diuided into the two arteries called Carotides or the sleepy Arteries.

The right Subclauiae [Tab. 13, fig. 1 ^F his originall is at ²] issueth out of the great artery, e∣uen where it is parted into the sleepie arteries, it is higher, larger and runneth more ouer∣thwart then the left, whose course to the arme is rather oblique then transuerse.

From these Subclauiae before they fall out of the Chest (for after they are out of the chest they are no more called Subclauiae but Axillares) [Tab. 13. fig. 1 ^P•] as soon as they touch the first rib do passe certaine propagations.

From their Lower part, that which is called Intercostalis superior. [Tab. 13. fig. 1 II]

From their Vpper part yssue, first the Mammaria [Tab. 13. fig. 1 ^LI] which vnder the brest∣bone being reflected together with a Veine, descendeth vnto the Paps and the Muscles, [Tab. 13. fig. 1 ^CLC] betwixt the gristles of the true ribbes, and so descendeth vnder the right Muscles of the Lower belly vnto the Nauell, where it is diuided into many surcles [Table 13, figure 1 ^dd] and so meeteth with the Epigastricall Arterie ascending vpward. [Table 13 fig. 1, ^cc]

Secondly the Ceruicalis, [Tab. 13, fig. 1, ^MM] which yssueth more backeward toward the bodies of the rack-bones, and at the 7. spondell of the necke entreth in at the holes of the transuerse processes of those spondels, and so is communicated to the Muscles, the marrow of the necke, and the Spondels themselues. Betwixt the first spondell and the nowl-bone these Arteries on either side [Tab. 13, fig. 1 ^NN] enter into the scull, and at the Basis of the braine they are vnited.

Thirdly, the Muscula [Tab. 13, fig. 1 ^OO] because it watereth the Muscles of the necke.

From the Axillary artery, [Tab. 13, fig. 1 ^PP] so called because it passeth by the Axilla or Arme-hole before it reach vnto the arme, do yssue from the lower part Thoracica su∣perior [Tab. 13, fig. 1 ^QQ[ which deriueth his branches to the Muscles lying vpon the breast. Thoracica inferior [Tab. 13, fig 1 ^RR] which creepeth downe the whole side of the chest. Sca∣pularis [Tab. 1, fig. 13, S] disseminated to the Muscles in the hollowe part of the Shoulder∣blade. From the vpper part Humeraria [Tab. 13, fig. 1, ^TT] which climbeth to the toppe of the shoulder, and is distributed into the Muscles there••bout. That which remayneth of the Axillary artery [Tab. 13, fig. 1, ^QQ] being accompanied with the Axillary veine passeth vnto the arme.

That which remaineth of the ascendent trunke [Tab. 13, fig. 1, ^•] lying vpon the sharpe Artery and supported by the Sweere bread, whilst it is yet in the cauity of the chest is diui∣ded into two vnequall branches which they cal Carotides, [Table 13, fig. 1 ^XY] or the sleepie Arteries, which rising directly vpward are by the mediation of a Membrane tied to the we∣zon and the internall iugular veines, and so attaine vnto the head. But of these wee shall speake more in the eight Booke.

CHAP. XVII. Of the Lungs.

THE Lungs which are the instruments both of the voice and also of respira∣tion, the Grecians cal Pneumones, because of the reception of the ayre which they call pneuma, or from a word which signifieth to breath, for by breathing inward they drawe ayre, and by breathing outward doe put it foorth againe. These Lungs are allowed by Nature to all breathing creatures, and placed in the cauity of the Chest [tab. 3.^NOP] because they were to be a little distant from the mouth least by the affluence of the ayre they should haue beene presently cooled. In liuing cre∣atures whilest they breath inward they fill the whole cauity of the Chest, excepting the re∣gion which wee haue already sayed the membranes of the Mediastinum [Table 3.^L] and the heart couered with his purse doe occupy: but when the creature breatheth out then they fall, but not so as they doe in dead bodies flat and flaccid, because they are still full of ayre and bloud: and although they may bee puffed vp in a dead body by putting a payre of bel∣lowes into the weazon, yet hardly can you rayse them to such a height as that they will oc∣cupy so much place as they doe in a liuing body. For being to contayne so much ayre as should suffice the diuerse motions of the heart, that we might not be constrayned to be al∣wayes fetching breath to speake, sing, or cry out, it behoued well that their quantity should be very great.

And although for the most part they hang loose and at liberty that they might more freely mooue, yet by the mediation of the vesselles of the weazon they are suspended and hung to the neck and the back least they should fall downward, and by the interposition of the Mediastinum [tab. 3.^GH to^A] they are tyed forward to the breast-bone, backward to the rack-bones; also in some places at the sides of the chest they grow to the pleura with fibrous tyes produced from their owne membrane, which is peculiarly obserued in men as in the wisest creature: by which meanes the Lungs which of themselues are deuoyd of all moti∣on more easily follow the motion of the Chest do otherwise then for the auoyding of va∣cuum or emptinesse.

Galen verily thought that the Lungs followed the motion of the chest for the auoiding of that vacuum or emptinesse which is so irreconcileable an enimy of Nature, because the chest being distended they are dilated as they are filled with ayre drawne in; and the same chest being contracted and the Lungs euacuated by expiration, they fall into themselues: which he sheweth by an instance of a wound of the chest. For if the Chest be wounded so that the ayre can get into it, the Lungs sayth he become immouable and do not follow the dilatation of the chest, because there is ayre which filleth the vacuity or emptinesse of the chest; but when the chest is sound and distended, the Lungs are necessarily dilated least there should bee vacuum or emptines, and the same Lungs, not for the auoyding of empti∣nes, but either being compressed by the chest, or because of the ayre breathed out or both together, they fall necessarily.

But we adde, that Nature taking knowledge of the necessity of the motion of the lungs, that the chest being perforated the ayre going in by the wound might not hinder the dila∣tation of the Lungs which is caused for the auoyding of emptinesse, hath knit them in men onely as we said before to the pleura, that so by the necessity of this connexion they should follow the dilatation of the chest though it were perforated. They also adhere to the heart by the arteriall veine [tab. 9. fig. 2.^c] and the venall artery.

They haue their figure (which is shewed in the 3. and 4. Tables) according to the pro∣portion of the parts vpon which they rest: wherefore on the outside that they might be fit∣ted to the cauity of the chest, they are gibbous and swelling; on their inside hollow [table 9. figure 1. and 2. table 14. figure 1.] to giue way to the heart couered with his purse, which with their lobes or diuisions they encompasse round about. When both parts the right and the lefte are ioyned, they represent the shape of a clouen foote of an Oxe or such like, [Table 14. figure 1. and 2.] for as the hoofes before are diuided asunder by a line as it were; so the Lungs backward [Tab. 13. fig. 2.] (because of the bodies of the vertebrae or spondels) haue an oblique impression or diuision, and forward they cleaue in the very middest. They are diuided by the Mediastinum [table 3. GG HH] into a right Lung and a lefte, that one part being hurt the other might serue the vse of the Creature (for oftentimes as wee see in the cutting vp of such as dye of Consumptions of the Lungs, the one Lung on the one side beeing vlcerated yea and consumed, yet the man may liue long with the vse of the other)

They are onely ioyned together by the mediation of vessels [Table. 14, fig. 1] which are disseminated into them from the Weazon & the heart. Againe, each Lung is diuided into two Lobes or Finnes if you draw a line from the place of the fourth rackbone or ver∣tebra of the Chest: obliquely ouerthwart [Tab. 14, fig. 2] to wit, the vpper Lobe or Fin & the lower, yet so, that in a man they adhere together by Membranous Fibres, so that there is rather a note or footstep of diuision then any true diuision indeede, (though it bee other∣wise in Dogges) and the lower is longer then the vpper. And it is so diuided, as well that the whole Lungs might more safely and swiftly be dilated and contracted (the act breathed in more easily penetrating into their narrowest passages) as also that they might the more firmely embrace the heart, and not be compressed when we bow downward. And althogh they be found to be distinguished (though not with any true diuision) somtimes into three, sometimes into more, sometimes into two, yet rarely shall we find in a man, because of the shortnes of his brest, fiue Lobes; in a dogge and an Ape often: and if it happen to be so, then saith Galen in the 2. and 10. Chapters of his 7. Booke de vsu part, they ly very high into the throat vnder the hollow-vein. Their substance [Tab. 14, fig 2.] is fleshy (wherupon it is cal∣led Parenchyma & a fleshy bowell) wouen with three sorts of vessels [Tab. 14, fig. 2^BCD] and couered with a thin Membrane, which varieth in softnes and colour, according to the age of the party. In yonger men it is faster, in the prime of our age rare caue and hollow. For the Lunges being not mooued in the wombe of the Mother as neither the heart, are then thicke and firme as is the substance of the Liuer; red also from the colour of their nourish∣ment, for nourished they are in the Mothers wombe with that wherewith they were gene∣rated, that is, blood brought out of the Hollow veine to the venall artery by inoculation, and spirits sent from the great artery to the arteriall veine by the pipe or canale before mē∣tioned: but the infant being borne when the heart beginneth to mooue, his motion and heate softneth and puffeth vp their flesh by little and little, and so being mooued with the motion of the Chest, they also become pliable to the motions thereof, and are lifted vp and fall againe with ease; they lye also bedded as it were betweene the diuisions of the vessels filling vp the empty places, and by that meanes are a defence and strengthning vnto them that they be not broken in their continuall motions. And this is the reason that Plato calleth their motion 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, saltus mollis a soft motion, which is furthered in that their substance is full of a slimy and viscid moysture, insomuch that Varolius saith that after death if they be cut, yet will they glue together againe by this viscidity.

Their substance also is laxe, spongy and rare, made as it were of the froth of the blood, that it may better admit the aer drawne in like a paire of Bellowes, and be freely filled ther∣with. Their colour is yellowish, oftentimes ashie, spotted with certaine dull and blackish speckes or cloudye streames; and in those that dye of any long and lingering disease they grow yet blacker.

They haue a Membrane bred out of the Pleura, for where the vessels passe into the lungs [Tab. 14, fig. 1, ^CD] ther their common coate sprung from the Pleura departeth from them, and is finely stretched ouer the superficies or vpper face of the Lungs, to forme & containe their soft substance, which otherwise being shaken with continuall motions would quick∣ly breake off by peece meale.

This Membrane is thin, that it should not be burthensome, and soft that it might better stretch with the motion of the Lungs, full also of pores though after death insensible, that if any quitture or matter should be gathered in the chest in a pleurisy or inflamation of the Lungs called Peripneumonia, it might by these pores haue yssue, & so be spit out by Cough; albeit we are not ignorant that in both these diseases the Lungs themselues are affected; which we are taught by the dissection of Pleuriticall bodies; and also by them which haue recouered of Pleurisies, in whom doth remaine difficulty of breathing, and some payne in the weakned side as long as they liue.

This porosite also makes their vpper face smooth, and bedewed with a kind of slimy moi∣sture. Into this Membrane, because it needed but a little sense, there are smal Nerues dis∣seminated from the sixt coniugation, on the right side [Tab. 8. fig. 1^t] after the right Recur∣rent is framed, but on the left side [Tab. 8, fig. 1^q] before the framing of the recurrent, these Nerues do not reach vnto the substance of the Lungs, least they should be pained or wea∣ried in their continuall motion; and hence also it is, that all the vlcers of the Lunges are without paine.

They haue disseminated through them three vessels [Tab. 14. fig. 1, ^BCD] whose diuerse

[illustration]

Table 14. Figure 1. sheweth the fore-side of the Lungs taken out out of the Chest, from which the Heart vvith his Membranes are cut.

[illustration]

Fig. 2. sheweth the backe and gibbous side of the Lunges, as it ly∣eth vpon the backe.

[illustration]

Figure 3. Sheweth the Arteriall Veine.

[illustration]

Figure 4. Sheweth the Venall Arterie separated from the sub∣stance of the Lungs.

[illustration]

TABVLA XIIII.

[illustration]

FIG. I

[illustration]

FIG. II

[illustration]

FIG. III

[illustration]

FIG. IV.

• AA, 1, 2. The Gullet called asophogus vnder the we∣zon or Rough arterie.
• B 1, 2. The rough artery.
• C 1, The arteriall veine.
• D 1. The venall artery.
• EFGH, 1, 2. The foure Lobes of the Lungs.
• K, 1 The Midriffe.
• I, 2. The Canale or pipe of the Lungs.
• A 3. The Orifice of the ar∣teriall veine.
• abc, 3. His three Values.
• B 3. The inner Coate.
• C 3. The vtter coate
• D 3. The diuision of the arteriall veine.
• E F. 3. The two Trunkes whereinto it is diuided.
• GGGG 3. The distributi∣on of the same through the substaunce of the Lungs.
• A, BB, CC 4. The orifice of the venall Arterie, marked with A. where it groweth to the heart, then diuided into foure trunkes.
• EEEE 4 Their distribu∣tion through the Lunges
• F 4. The simple or single coate of this artery.

branches ride ouer and mingle one with another. These are diuided first into two, as the Lungs themselues are, and presently after into other parts, euery one keeping his course til at length they end in threddy branches at the very superficies of the Lungs, between which vessels their substance is circumfused as it is in the Liuer. One of these vessels proper vnto the Lungs is called the rough Artery, or Aspera Arteria, we commonly call it the wezon or winde-pipe. [Tab. 14, fig. 1 ^B and Tab. 15] The branches of this pipe are very great, and dis∣seminated through the middest of the others, and bringeth aer drawne by the mouth and the nose to the Lungs, of which we wil speake in the next chapter.

Two vessels it receyueth from the heart, of which wee haue spoken before, one called the arteriall veine [tab. 14. fig. 1, ^C Fig. 13. the whole arteriall veine] which out of the right ventricle ministreth to the Lungs Alimentarie blood therein attenuated for their nourish∣ment, and with this blood the naturall spirit and the naturall soule therein residing with all her powers and faculties are communicated to the Lungs.

The other called the venall artery [tab. 14, fig. 1 ^D figure. 4 the venall arterie separated] which is an instrument onely of the spirits, but conteyneth also pure, thinne and vaporous blood; wherefore the aer which was attracted by the winde-pipe, and prepared in the lungs it leadeth to the heart, and from the lefte ventricle bringeth foorth vitall bloode with the

vitall spirit and faculty to the Lungs, partly that therewith they may bee nourished, partly for their life that the in-bred heate may be cherished, (for life is from the vitall spirite and the arteriall bloud perfected in the left ventricle of the hearte) partly that by it the smoake and soot may be carried out of the heart.

These two vessels are farre greater then the magnitude of the Lungs may seeme to re∣quire if the proportion be compared to that of other parts, & that because the Lungs with their perpetuall motion do consume and dissipate much moysture; and moreouer because they serue not onely to carry out naturall bloud and vitall bloud with vitall spirits; but also by their extremities doe receiue from the ends of the winde-pipe ayre which they lead into the ventricles of the heart; and if any small braunch of these vesselles be broken the Lungs become purulent and yeeld matter vp in coughing, as Hippocrates sayeth in his first Booke de morbis, and in the same place addeth, that the Lungs with their heat do draw vnto them selues phlegme out of the whole body, especially out of the head.

And as the substance of the Lungs is differing from the substance of the whole body, so is their manner of nourishing; for there is no part either so rare, light and spirituous, or which is nourished with so pure, thinne and vaporous bloud; wherefore the Lungs haue vesselles contrary to those which are in other parts: for in other parts the veins haue a rare and thin coat, that the thick bloud might be freely and speedily distributed to the parts about them; for bodies are nourished with bloud drawne through the verie coate of the vessels, but the arteries are thicke and dense or thight that the neighbour parts may for their life draw on∣ly subtile and spirituous bloud and but a little of it; because no particle of the body though neuer so small can bee preserued without it: but in the Lungs all is farre otherwise. The coates of the veines [Tab. 14. figure 3. ^BC] are thicke and thight, that nothing but that which is very thinne may sweate out, because euery thing is nourished with Aliment of his owne Nature, and the bodie of the Lungs being light and rare doe therefore stand in neede of a pure vaporous and thin bloud.

But because the Lungs as well in respect of their perpetual motion, as for their store of heate which they haue partly by the vicinity or neighbour-hood of the heart, partly by the assiduity of their motion; doe neede more plentifull nourishment then other parts: there∣fore Nature hath giuen to their arteries the coate of a veine [Table 14. figure 4. ^•] that they might yeelde vnto the Lungs thinne and spirituous bloud plentifully and in aboundance: that because the veines in regard of their thicknesse or density yeelded them lesse store of nourishment, aboundant recompence might be made by the arteries which because of their thinnes and rarity cannot containe it from them.

These three vessels some will haue to be moued according to the motion of the Lungs; others according to the heart; onely the weazon or asper arterie is dilated when the lungs are dilated. But the venall artery is moued truely after the motion of the heart, but not with the same motion nor with the same power or vertue that the arteries or pulses are mo¦ued with. For the heart in his dilatation drawes ayre from the venall artery; in his con∣traction he thrusteth foorth a part of the yitall bloud together with the sooty excrements: wherefore this venall artery is emptied in the dialtation of the heart and filled in his con∣traction.

The vses of the Lungs is, first to be the instruments of respiration and of the voyce, (for all those creatures that want Lungs vse not to breath and are mute beside) for beeing dilated, like a paire of bellowes they receiue in ayre from the braunches of the windepipe, which they prepare as being the shoppe of the spirites, and by degrees change it for the vse of the heart, which otherwise should receiue it impure and rushing suddenly and at once in to him; and by this delay and preparation it becommeth a conuenient nourishment for the in-bred spirite. For some quality of the aire is familiar and agreeing with that inbred spirit, another is full of enmity and wil corrupt it; and hence it is that we see those that dwel in houses newly limed get diseases, and especially the fume or smoother of coales and such like will presently kill a man.

This ayre the heart in his dilatation draweth vnto it selfe by the branches of the venall artery out of the rootes of the winde-pipe whose mouthes doe meet, whereby hee is coo∣led; for euery thing that is hot is nourished, cherished and conserued by that which is mo∣derately cold, as Hippocrates saith in his Booke de naturapueri: For as a flame being strait∣ned in a narrow place and not ventilated with the ayre is consumed; so our Naturall heate when it wants cooling growes weaker (as they know well which sit in hot houses) and faint

and is at length extinguished; for as a flame it is continually mooued; wherefore the Phi∣losophers called the Lungs the Fan or flabell of the heart; and Plato thought that the heart when it was heated with anger was tempered againe by the Lungs.

Againe, when they are constringed and contracted in expiration (for in inspiration and expiration life doth consist saith the Philosopher in the 21. chapter of his Booke Derespi∣ratione) they driue out the aer that remaineth by the same way, that it may giue place vnto that which is fresh, and make also matter for the voice: this aer when it comes in is colde, when it goeth out hot, because it hath met with the heate that is conteyned in the Heart. Another vse of them is in expiration to auoide the fuliginous and smoaky sootinesse of the heart and spirits, and the thin and thicke excrements of the Lungs gathered in the braun∣ches of the sharpe Artery or Weazon by coughing into the winde-pipe, which are carried vp as in a Reede and spit out of the mouth, yea sometimes cast out with a cough.

CHAP. XVIII. Of the Weazon or winde-pipe called the sharpe Ar∣tery, or Aspera Arteria.

THE third proper vessell of the Lungs the Ancients called simply the Artery, because it containeth aer; the later Writers with Galen call it the sharpe ar∣tery, because of the inequality of his substaunce, and to distinguish it from the smooth Arteries; we call it commonly the weazon or winde-pipe.

It is one and a great pipe [Tab. 15, fig. 1 and 2] giuen to all creatures which haue Lungs, it looketh toward the holes of the nose which open into the mouth, and is pla∣ced before the Gullet or oesophagus [Tab. 14, fig. 1 ^AA] vpon which it lyeth in the bottome of the throate, and is carried directly downward from the mouth along the necke (which see∣meth to be framed especially for this cause) into the Lungs, into which it alwayes gapeth very wide, and in his lower part is diuided into many smaller Pipes, called by Hippocrates in his Booke de locis in homine, syringas and Aortas, which determine in the Lungs with ma∣nifold branches. [Tab. 15, fig. 1, ^bb, ^cc]

The vpper part of it which is the head, is called Larynx, we call it the throttle: [Tab. 15 fig. 1 and 2 ^{g h}] of it we will speake in our History of the mouth: the rest [Tab. 15, fig. 1 ^aa] is called Branchus, because it is moystened with drinke.

The head of it or the Throttle is tyed to the throate by his inwarde coate, then by his outward coate it groweth forward, and at the sides to the Muscles and Vessels that neigh∣bour about it, but behinde to the oesophagus or Gullet by certaine Fibrous tyes that it may descend downward the safer.

The substance of this part is partly Membranous, [Tab. 15, fig. 2 ^f] partly gristly, [Tab. 15, fig. 2 ^dd] and is invested with two coates, one outward arising from the Pleura which is thinne and groweth exceeding fast to the Membranous bandes of the Cartilages or Gri∣stles, and is as it were a couering to the pipe, which by this coates interposition is tyed to the parts neere hand, and ioyneth the Recurrent sinnewes neerer to this arterie, and beside leadeth them more safely along.

The other coate is inwarde, arising from the coate that inuesteth the Palate of the mouth: this encompasseth the whole pipe, whereby the gristles are more firmelie ioyned together; it is thight and solide and much thicker then the outward, by which his thicke∣nesse and solidity the artery is warranted from the iniuries which might come by any sharp Rheume or other matter that should fall from the head or bee hawked vp, as sometimes salt Flegme and putrid, sometimes bilious or cholericke, sometimet ill qualited and sharpe quitture which is coughed out of the Lungs, or by any sharpe things that should fall or bee swallowed downe, as fumes or vapors and meats or drinkes of a tart or sharpe quality; yet is this coate in the branches dispersed into the Lungs farre thinner then in the throtle, least it should hinder the attraction of the aer, or the expulsion of the smoake or foote, but in the middle of the pipe it is of a middle consistence.

This coate wouen with right Fibres which runne through his length, is soft & smooth and smeared ouer with a fatty and vnctious humor that the artery might not bee dryed ey∣ther when hot aer is drawne in, or when sharpe fumes yssue out in great outcries or cla∣morous motions, for that such drinesse would be very offensiue to the voice and the trans∣mission of aer: for when the parts which appertaine to the throate and to this vveazon are vehemently dryed, as it happeneth in burning agues, then follow those sounds of the voice which Hippocrates in many places, calleth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Clangosas, which beginne base and end

[illustration]

Tab. 15. Fig. 1. sheweth the foreside of the throttle and the weazon, and the branches of the same disseminated through the substance of the Lungs. Fig. 2. sheweth the backeside of the Throttle, and of the trunke of the weazon.

[illustration]

TABVLA. XV.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

II.

• aa 1. The pipe of the Rough Arterie or weazon.
• bb 2. The diuision of the same.
• ccc 1. The distribution of those branches through the Lungs.
• dd 2. The semi-circular gristles of the weazon.
• ee 1, 2. The Membranous Ligaments.
• f 2. The Membranous part of the wea∣zon-pipe.
• g 1. The forepart of the Throttle or La∣rynx.
• h 2. The back-part of the same.
• ii 1. the two Glandules.
• kk 1. The Gristle called Sentalis.
• l, 1, 2. The Epiglottis.
• mm 2. The gristle called Arythenoides.
• nn 2. The gristle called Crycoides.
• o 2. the slit which we call the Glottis.

sharpe, as if the voice failed in the end as it doth in drunken men; and this kinde of voyce is of euil presage in such Agues; but when the parts are abundantly moistned as in destilla∣tions & poases, then the sound is raucous or hoarse, but beside such destillations it is moi∣stened by a humor conteined in certaine Glandules [Tab. 15, fig: 1. 11] set at the root of the throttle or Larynx, and others that lye vpon them (for it is rare to finde small Glandules in the pipe it selfe though sometimes it be so) as also by a part of the drinke which insensiblie descendeth by the sides of the pipe [Tab. 15, fig. 1 ^aa] as we shall say when we come vnto the History of the Larynx.

This coate is also verie sensible, that it might quickly finde fault with that that troubles it and solicit the Lungs to cough it vp. Betweene these two coates are placed the gristles, and their proper Membranous Ligaments. [Ta. 15, fig 2 ^ee] For this winde-pipe is made of many gristles like rings, but not fally round [Tab. 15, fig: 2 ^dd] wanting a fourth part on the backe-side, which are called Sigmoides, resembling the old Greeke Sigma, and our •• thus turned backward, the Physitians in Galens time called them Bronchia. These all along are equally distant one from another, and the vpper are greater then the lower, and thicker in their bredth, especially in the middest, because their middest standeth formost, that the ar∣tery might not easily be hurt by outward iniuries.

These by little and little are attenuated and grow thinner, and so go as it were into a mē∣brane, and are knit to the proper membrane of euery gristle [tab: 15, fig: 1 ^{e e}] by the inter∣position as it were of a Periostion Ligament-wise: but this ligament if it may be so called, is in brute beasts more Membranous, and in men more fleshy: or shal we cal these ligaments [tab: 15, fig: 2 ^ee] small muscles, because they intersect themselues like the intercostall Mus∣cles, and fill vp the distances of the gristles.

And because the gristles do not make a perfect circle or rundle on the backpart, they are so ioyned by the help of membranous productions brought from the ends of the gristles, that the gristles with these membranes [tab. 15, fig: 2 ^f] doe make a perfect and full though not a round circle. And this their substance and structure was more meet for their vse then any other. For if either the weazon had beene made of one gristle, or of many altogether round, it would haue bin alwayes alike open, which would haue bred a difficulty in inspira∣tion and expiration, because it is necessary that it should arise and fal with the lungs. It could not haue bin made onely of a membrane, for then the membrane being soft would fal, and so the cauity not alwaies be kept open; beside that, or any other such soft substance had bin vnmeete for the generation of the voice, as wee may perceiue in instruments when the strings are moist.

But because this pipe was to be the instrument not onely of respiration, but also of the voyce, it behooued that this substance should be gristly and rigid, or stiffe and harde like a pipe, not onely for the freer egresse and regresse of the aer, but also for the necessity of the voice, because the sound could not be made without the collision or beating of the aer as it goeth out against a hard body. For that which soundeth must be smooth and solid, that there may bee asymetrie or proportion, and yet are sistance betweene the aer and the sub∣stance against which the aer smiteth at which it may a little rest, wherfore in respect of the sound it might haue consisted onely of one gristly substance, but because the voice coulde not be formed without inspiration and expiration and these stood in neede of dilatation & constriction, it was necessary it should be compounded of many gristles and Membranous Ligaments, by which it might performe the foresaide motions. Wherefore when we draw in our breath, the ligaments which tye the Gristles together are stretched, and do separate the gristles so much assunder as themselues are stretched. Contrarywise when wee breath out, those ligaments are loosed and doubled and fall into themselues so that the Gristles touch one another, which may bee perceiued in a dead bodie if you blowe winde into his weazon: and therefore the Gristles and the instruments of the voice and the membranous ligaments which ioyne them together, are instruments of respiration. For the artery itselfe prepareth the voice for the throttle or Larynx, for that is the first and most principal instru∣instrument of the voice, as we shall declare afterwards.

Add to this, that if the gristly rings had been perfectly round, not onely the gullet which is soft would haue beene hurt by their hardnesse, but it would haue beene also a hindrance to the swallowing of the meate, by restraining the iust dilatation of the gullet, especially in the swallowing of solid meates, which they haue proofe of who rauenously deuoure their meate before it be chewed: wherefore, that the Larynx which is altogether gristlie, should be no impediment to the Gullet, the Gullet in swallowing is drawne downeward, and the throttle ascendeth vpward.

When this pipe commeth [Tab. 15, fig. 1, ^aa] into the capacity or hollownes of the chest to his fourth rack-bone, it is diuided into two trunkes [Tab. 15, fig. 1 and 2 ^bb] the right go∣ing to the right side, the left to the left side of the lungs, into which when they are passed, they are againe subdiuided on eyther side into two other branches to each Lobe, and these into many others, [Tab. 15, fig. 1, ^cccc] whose gristles are sometimes triangular, sometimes square, sometimes otherwise formed, and passe on disseminated euen to the extreamities of the Lungs, that they might better fit themselues to their dilatation and constriction, nei∣ther be obstructed but bee free for inspiration and expiration, and alwayes open for the a∣uoyding of any matter Rhenmaticke, Bloody or Purulent by Cough or otherwise. The branches of these diuisions are placed betweene the branches of the venall arterie and the arteriall veine [Tab. 14, fig. 1 ^BCD] in the middest, and are greater then either of the other, but so that the Veine is on the backside of it, and the artery on the right, which presently as it comes out of the heart entreth the Lungs, for that it was not safe that his thinne coat should runne along without some Firmament, hauing so actiue and flippant matter in it. Necessary it was that these branches of the Weazon should be neere vnto both those ve∣sels and ioyne mouths with them; and first with the Venall artery, that so there might bee free passage out of the Rough Artery into the smooth for the aer to passe to the left ventri∣cle of the heart, and as free an outlet for the vapors and soote, but not for bloode & other humors, vnlesse it be by violent Coughing; wherefore, if at any time they become more open then they should be, eyther by breaking one of them, or by opening of their orifices, or if any of them should be gnawne asunder, then part of the bloode contained in the bran∣ches of the smooth Arteries is powred into these Rough, which hindreth the recourse of the breath taking vp the passages of it, and so suddenly followeth a cough, and the bloode comes vp into the mouth; but if that which insensibly slid downe the Weazon, & so pas∣sed vnto his lowest pipes do thicken in the outlets which are very smal, it breeds such a dif∣ficulty of breathing, as that his breath seemeth continually to faile, and he in great neces∣sity of perpetuall inspiration.

Secondly, it was necessary it should ioyne with the arteriall veine, and that by inocula∣tion, that from the veine it might receiue blood for his nourishment. And this is the man∣ner of the coniunction of the Weazon to the Heart by the mediation of the smooth arte∣ries, and how small propagations of the Veines are inserted into the strings of the winde∣pipe for their nourishment, because of themselues they are altogether without blood, but

the smooth or venall arteries haue no Veynes inserted into them, because they them-selues containe blood. Moreouer, the Rough arteries hath small vessels deriued vnto them from the neighbour vessels.

This Vses of this Weazon are, that the Lungs as a paire of bellowes might by it, as by a Conduite or pipe draw aer in respiration atracted by the nose and mouth (for the lungs being dilated, onely the rough artery is dilated) and send it to the heart, and by the same passage constringed, send out from the heart the hot aer which is vnprofitable for it, toge∣ther with smoaky vapors and sooty excrements, and deliuer them out of the mouth and nose. And againe, that it might be the instrument of the voice; for to the generation of the voyce which is formed in the Throttle, the aer which is breathed in, and is the proper matter of the voice is required, euen as wee may obserue that in the pipes of the bellowes when they are filled with aer, there is a sound engendred. Wherefore Hippocrates in his Booke De Morbs called it Organum vocale & spirabile, a breathing and vocall instrument. And finally, that with violent exsufflation either in coughing, of deepe hauking (for that which is lightly hawked vp comes but from the roots of the tongue) those things which sel from the head, or are gathered in the Lungs might by it bee cast forth.

CHAP. XIX. Of the Muscles and Nerues which are in the cauity of the Chest.

HAuing runne through all the parts conteyned in the Chest, and as it were remooued them out of the way, we meete with certaine Muscles, Nerues and Bones.

[illustration]

Table 16. sheweth the Cauitie of both Bellies without the bowels and the Midriffe, as also what Muscles & what bones remaine when the bowelles and brest-bone are re∣mooued.

[illustration]

TABVLAXVI.

• A B. The first Muscle moouing the Necke, or the long Muscle.
• C C. The second Muscle moouing the neck called Scalenus.
• DDDDD. the outward intercostal muscles
• EEEEE. The inward intercostall Muscles.
• FF. The Muscle called Serratus maior, or the second Muscle of the Chest.
• G. The Muscle called Serratus minor, or the first Muscle of the shoulder-blade freed from his Originall.
• H. The Muscle called Pectoralis or the first muscle of the arme separated frō his original I the Muscle Deltoides or the 2. of the arme.
• K The shoulder-bone without flesh.
• L the first muscle of the Cubite, cald Biceps.
• M the 2. Muscle of the Cubite cald Brachiaeus.
• N the Clauicle or coller bone bent outward
• O the first muscle of the Chest cald subclauius
• P The higher processe of the Shoulderblade
• Q The sixt muscle of the head or the Lower Oblique.
• R. The second Muscle of the head.
• S. The fourth Muscle of the Shoulder-blade or the Leuator.
• TV. The two bellies of the fourth Muscle of the bone Hyois.
• XX aa. The fift Muscle of the backe, whose beginning is at aa.
• YY bb, cc. The first Muscle of the thigh, cal∣led Psoa, whose Original is at cc. and his Tendon at bb.
• ZZ. The 7. Muscle of the Thigh.
• d The holy-bone or os sacrū, out of the holes whereof at o certaine Nerues do yssue.
• e A part of the fift Muscle of the thigh at the share-bone. f The share-bone bared.
• k The ninth Muscle of the Thigh, or the first Muscle whereby it is turned.

The Muscles are two, called Ceruicislongi [tab. 16. ^AB] the long muscles of the neck, which being scituated vnder the gullet are affixed to the rack-bones. The muscles which are sea∣ted on the sides and behind and doe extend the head and the necke, wee haue in some sort described before in the third Chapter of this Booke.

There are also two kinde of Nerues which passe thorough the chest; one from the sixt paire of the marrow in the brayne, exhibited in the first figure of the 8. table: another from the spinall marrow which is either in the racke bones of the necke or of the chest; of which also we haue spoken before in the 10. Chapter.

CHAP. XX. Of the Clauicles, Breast-bone and the Ribs.

THE Clauicles or Coller-bones are called in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 because they shut vp the whole Chest; they are two, on each side one, scituated ouerthwart in the bottome of the necke and top of the breast. Their figure is not straight but outwardly embowed at the tugulum [tab. 17. fig. 2. ^H] and on the inside hollow; contrariwise at the shoulder they are hollow on the outside and im∣bowed within, [tab. 17. fig. 1, 2, 3.] but in men they are not so crooked as in Apes, and doe neare resemble the letter s. Likewise in women they are lesse crooked then they areia men [table 17. fig. 4. ^R] which maketh them lesse nimble in the moouing of their armes, as wee may see when they offer to cast a stone: notwithstanding they haue a manifest protu∣beration or swelling, & also two lines [tab. 17. fig. 1, 3. ^• fig. 2, 3. ^FG] that from thence the sub∣clauian muscle and a part also of the Pectoral might arise. They are also on either side ex∣asperated [table 17. fig. 1. ^K fig. 3. ^P] toward their ends, from which exasperation or inequali∣ty doe proceed certaine ligaments; as also the seuenth muscle of the head called Mastoides.

These Clauicles on either side fasten the shoulder-blade to the brast-bone by Diarthre∣sis, a notable gristle being betweene them. [Table 17. figure 5. ^TS] Celsus called them Iugu∣la a iungendo, of ioyning or because they are like to the yoake wherein Oxen are ioyned which we call Iugum. Their vse is to hinder the shoulder-blade and armes from falling v∣pon the breast.

The breast-bone is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because it is disposed in the middest betwixt the ribs, [Table 17. figure 9 ^ghi] or the breast-bone, because it maketh the forepart of the Chest and secureth the parts vnder it. It is a little bowed, long and broad like the handle of a Dag∣ger as the antients vsed it [Table 17. fig. 6, 7.] and therefore it is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the sword∣like cartilage or the Breast blade.

The substance of it is not solide as other bones, but fungous or spongy redde and com∣pounded of bones and gristles. In a childe new borne it is altogether gristlely, excepting the vppermost which is a bone from the beginning. Then it is deuided into eight partes; seauen of them receiue the gristles of the seauen perfect ribbes; the eight receiueth the gri∣stle called ense-formts. After seauen yeares they growe better compacted and haue fewer partitions and at length are onely foure. The first [Table 17. figure 5. ^a] which is the broa∣dest; the second and the last, the rest betweene ioyne into one. The vppermost [tab. 17. figure 6. ^abc] is larger and thicker then the rest, and representeth the broad knubs or stay at the end of the Dagger handle. The second is like [tab. 17. fig. 6. ^pqr] the grasping place, & in the sides of it hath many cauities or bosomes [Table 17. fig. 6. ^klmn] not equally distant one from another, wherein the gristles of the third, fourth, fifth and sixt ribs are receiued. The third bone is lesse then the first [tab. 17. fig. 6, 7. ^s] but broader then the second, & these are all that appeare bony in a growne man.

The gristles of it beside those two which are betweene the coller-bone and it, are, one betwixt the first bone and the second, [Table 17. figure 6. ^h] another in the end of it long, immouable and triangular [Table 17. figure 6, 7. ^E] which is commonly sharpned at the end like the poynt of a sworde, whence it hath his denomination, for it is peculiarly called the Breast-blade. If this gristle be in children curued downeward it offendeth the Liuer and the stomacke and such children pine away and dye. Here also is that cauity which is com∣monly called Scrobiculus cordts, the Trench or Spoone of the heart. Note also that in woe∣men the breast bone is flatter then it is in men because their paps are larger.

The vse of this breast-bone is the same with the ribbes. The vse of the breast-blade is partly to defend the parts vnder it, partly to giue scope to the motion of the midriffe.

The ribs which the Greekes call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, are commonly as well in men as in women on either side twelue. [Table 17. figure 9. 10. character from one to 12.] They are

[illustration]

Table 17. hath twelue Figures, whereof foure shewe the Col∣ler-bone. The first the anterior part: the second the posterior: the third the lower part: the fourth the Coller-bone of a woman which is straighter then of a man.

[illustration]

The fift Figure sheweth two gristles placed on either side be∣twixt the ioynts of the Coller-bone.

[illustration]

The sixt Figure sheweth the foreside of the breast-bone. The seauenth the back-part thereof. The eight sheweth the foreside of the breast-bone of a woman, together with the hole therein after the fashion of a Heart.

[illustration]

Figure 9. sheweth the foreside of the bones of the Chest. The tenth the backeside. The eleauenth one of the true ribs broken. The twelfth sheweth the back part of the twelfth broken.

[illustration]

From the first Character to the twelfth, in the 9. and 10. Fi∣gures are exhibited the twelue ribs: the seauen vppermost true ribs: the fiue lowermost bastard ribs.

[illustration]

TABV LA. XVII.

[illustration]

FIG. I

[illustration]

I

[illustration]

II

[illustration]

III

[illustration]

IIII

[illustration]

V

[illustration]

VI

[illustration]

VII

[illustration]

VIII

[illustration]

IX

[illustration]

X

[illustration]

XI

[illustration]

XII

• A 1 2 3. The head of the clauicle which is ioyned to the breast-bone.
• B 1. The first angle or corner of this head.
• C D 1 2 3. The second and third an∣gles
• E 1 3, The eminent and forward line of the clauicle.
• FG 2 3. The lower line which neare G is rugged.
• H 1 2 3, The middest of the clauicle or coller-bone which is round.
• I 1 2, The exterior part which is broa∣der and crooked.
• K 1, A roughnes in that place.
• LMN 3, The lower side of the clauicle which is sinuated and rough, and a∣bout N ther riseth a ligament which is fixed into the inner processe of the shoulder blade.
• O 2 3, A swelling of the clauicle oppo¦site to the breast-bone.
• P 3, the lowes roughnesse of the inner side,
• Q 1 2 3, The playne or smooth heade wherewith it is ioyned to the shoul∣der blade.
• R 4, the coller-bone of a woman.
• S 5, That cartilage or gristle of the col¦ler-bone which is betwixt his ioynt with the shoulder blade.
• T 5, the other gristle which is betwixt his ioynt with the breast bone.
• a 6, The swelling or bunching promi∣nence of the first bone of the ster∣non or breast-bone.
• bc 6, An impression or doke on eyther hand at the sides of the sayed pro∣minence.
• d 7, The backeside of the breast-bone which is somewhat hollow.
• ef 6, The bosome or cauity which ad∣mitteth the coller-bones.
• g 6 7, The bosome or cauity to which the first rib is articulated.
• h 6 7, the articulation or ioyning of the first bone with the second.
• i 6 7, The sinus or hollownes to which the second rib is ioyned.
• k l m n o 6 7, Other sinus or bosomes to which the fiue following ribs are ar∣ticulated.
• p q r 6, the lines which remayne after the bones do grow into one.
• s 6 7, the third bone of the sternon.
• t 6 7, the gristle of that third bone.
• u 8, A hole made in the bottom of the brest bone carrying the represent ai∣on of a heart.

[illustration]

Fig. 9. 10. 11. & 12.

AB 9, The ioyning of the ribs with their gristles. CD 9, The articulation of the gristles of the ribs with the breast bone. E 9, The blunt heade of the gristle. FF 9, the gristles of the bastard ribs which are sharpe. ghi 9, the breast-bone in the midst of the ribs. GH 9, the distance betwixt the 11. ribbe where the gristle sometime is parted from the other gristles, but at 12, alwayes. II 9, An vnequall prominence of the gristles, K 9, the sword-like cartilage. K 11, A bosome running along in the inner side of the rib. LM 11, the head wherewith the rib is articulated or ioyned to the spondel or rack-bone L. and M sheweth the head wherby it is ioined to the transuerse processe. N 12, the blunt head of the 11, and 12••, ibs. O 11, 12, A knub into which the 11, muscle of the back is inserted. P 11, An asperity or roughnes betwixt the two heads which bringeth forth a ligament. Q 11. A roughnes with a light extuberation into which the muscle of the chest called Sacro¦lumbus is implanted. R 11, The fungous substance of the rib appearing when it is broken.

many that hauing many muskles, the chest might more easily be moued, yet seldome fewer or more then 12.

They are diuided into true or legitimate, & bastard or spurious ribs: the legitimate are the seauen vppermost, [Tab. 17. fig. 9. from char. 1 to 8] so called because they perfect their semi-circle. They are ioyned backward with strong Ligaments to the racke bones of the back [Tab. 17, fig: 10 ^{S T}] by Diarthrosis, & that with a double knot to make them the fasten The vpper knot is to the body of the Spondell, the lower to the latterall processe. Forward they are articulated to the brest-bone [Tab. 17, fig. 9 ^c] by certaine gristles growing vppon their heads. The two vppermost of these are called Retortae, the two next Solidae, the three last Pectorales. The bastard ribs are the fiue lower; softer as being almost gristly, at lest they end into a perfect gristle. These fiue are retorted or bent vpward, and so are glewed togi∣ther [Tab. 17, fig. 9 ^FF] excepting the last which is the twelfth.

These are also imperfect, because they are knit onely to the spondels but touch not the brest bone, that so the Lower belly especially the stomacke and the wombe might better bee dilated or enlarged. The eleuenth and the twelfth are sometimes tyed vnto the Mi∣driffe.

The substance of the ribs is not onely bony (though that bonynesse be but spongy) [tab. 17. fig. 11, ^•] but euery one hath his proper Cartilage both behinde where they are tyed to the Spondels, and also before where they are ioyned to the brest bone [Table. 17, fig. 9, ^{A B} shewes the coniunction of he ribbes with their Cartilages, and ^{C D} the coniunction of the cartilages of the brest-bone.]

Their figure is semi-circular or bent like a Bowe, that so the Chest might be the stronger and more capacious. The vpper and neather ribs are the shortest, the middle are the lon∣gest and the broadest excepting the first which is the shortest and the broadest of all the rest. On the outside especially where they are tyed to the spondils they are sharpe [Tab. 17, fig, 11 ^P] and vnequall, that from thence the Ligaments might proceede: but on the in∣side they are smooth least they shoulde hurt the Pleura, and yet in the lower part they are hollowed [Tab. 17, fig. 11 ^K] like a gutter quite through their length, into which hollownes they receiue three Vessels, a Veine, an Artery, and a Nerue.

The vse of the ribbes is to be a strength to the Chest, and a defence to the bowels vnder them, they receyue also the implantations of the Muscles seruing for respiration. Their Gristles also doe make them more plyable in the motions of Inspiration and Expiration e∣uen when we are asleepe.

CHAP. XXI. Of the bones of the Chest.

THE bones which make the Chest or middle Venter are these. On the fore-part the brest-bone, and on the top of it the two coller bones, on the sides foure and twenty ribbes, of all which we haue entreated in the chapter go∣ing before.

On the backe-part of the Chest are the spondels or racke-bones, and the shoulder-blades, of which we will speake in this place, and so put an end to our Discourse of the Middle Venter.

The Spondels therefore of the Thorax in a man are for the most part twelue [Table 20 Fig. 1. at ^D] iust so many as there are ribbes, for euery racke hath two ribs articulated with it, [Tab. 18 fig. 5. ^{D p}] wherefore also they haue two cauities, [Tab. 18. fig. 1 from ^C to ^D] one at their sides, another at their transuerse processe. It is seldome seen that any of the racks are wanting, but much more rare that there should be too many.

There son of their multitude is the better flexion or bending of the backe, for they are put together with ioynts knit and tyed with strong Ligaments [Table. 18. fig. 6. character 5. Tab. 20. fig. 1, ^RR] betwixt euerie one of which there runneth a Cartilage to make the moti∣on more nimble and glad. [Tab. 18. fig. 6. char. 1, & 3]

These Spondels haue bodies bunching out in the middest round, embowed aboue [tab 18. fig. 1] and below [Tab. 18. fig. 1, 2, 3, 4 ^A] plaine, thicker also then the rackes of the neck and lesse solid, thrilled also with small holes made for the passage of those vesselles that de∣riue nourishment vnto them and the marrow of the backe.

Their processes are some sharpe, cald Spinales [Tab. 18, fig. 1, & 2 ^MNP] which bend down∣ward: others transuerse [Tab. 18. fig. 1, 2, 3, 4 ^{H I}] which are thicker, solid and long ending in a round head for the firme articulation of the ribs: againe, others ascending which are two

[illustration]

Tab. xviij. sheweth the backeward bones of the Chest.

[illustration]

Figure 1. exhibiteth the fore-face of the middle Spondell vnto which the other ten are very like.

[illustration]

Figure 2, The backe-part of the same Spondel.

[illustration]

Figure 3. The backe-part of the eleuenth Spondel.

[illustration]

Figure 4. the backe part of the twelfth spondel.

[illustration]

Figure 5. The three middle Spondelles of the Chest, together with their articulation with the rib.

[illustration]

Figure 6. sheweth the gristly Connexion of two spondels.

[illustration]

Figure 7. sheweth the inward part of the right shoulder-blade.

[illustration]

Figure 8. the outward, as the 9. Figure sheweth the side.

[illustration]

TABVLA. XVIII.

[illustration]

FIG 1

[illustration]

II

[illustration]

III

[illustration]

IV

[illustration]

V.

[illustration]

VI.

[illustration]

VII.

[illustration]

IIX.

[illustration]

IX.

• A 1, 2, 3, 4. The vpper-part of the Spondel, to which the lower part is answereable.
• Φ 3. The vpper Appendix of the head of the Vertebra, to which the lower Appendixe is like.
• B C 1. The bosome which receyueth the rib marked with B. another lesse bosom at C.
• D 3 5. The bosome of the eleauenth racke∣bone to which the eleauenth rib is arti∣culated, and in the fift Figure it is shew∣ed together with the rib.
• E 4. A Sinus or hollownesse in the twelfth Spondell.
• F 4. A roughnes or inequality in the bone bringing foorth the Ligament or tye of this ioynt.
• G 2, 3, 4. The holes that are in the backside of the bodies of the rack-bones.
• HI, 1, 2, 3, 4 The transuerse processes of the rack-bones of the Chest.
• KK, 1, 5. A Sinus in the top of the transuerse processes, to which the rib is articulated.
• L 1, 2. the gibbous or embowed part of the transuerse processe,
• M 1. the hollow part of the transuerse pro∣cesse.
• N O P, 1, 2. The spine distinguished in the three sides by three lines.
• Q 1. A sharpnesse in the inside of the spine.
• R 3. The spine of the eleuenth racke-bone.
• S 4. the spine of the twelfth racke bone.
• T V 1 the foreface of the ascending proces∣ses.
• XY 2, 3 the backface of these processes.
• ab, 2, 3. the outward face of the descending processes.
• c 1. Their foreface crusted ouer.
• e f 4 The ascending processes of the twelfth rack bone which goe vnder the eleuēth.
• g h 4. The descending processes of the xii. racke bone, which are articulated to the Cauities of the ascending processes of the first racke bone of the loines.
• i, l, l, 5. The three middle Vertebrae ioyned together.
• m n 5. the bosome which is in the body of the Vertebrae, and receiueth the heade of the rib.

o 5 the articulation of the rib to the transuerse processe. p 5 the circular bowing of the ribbes from D to p. backward, from thence to s forward. qr 5. the ioyning of the rib with his Cartilage. s 5. the blunt heade of the Cartilage. Char. 1, 2, fig. 6 A Cartilage ioyning the Appendices of eyther rackbone to their Bodies. Char. 3: 4 Fig, 6 the appendices of eyther rackbone. Char. 5. Figure. 6 A gristly Ligament ioyning both the rack bones. Heere followeth a threefold delineation of the Scapula or Shoulder-blade. A B, 7, 8. The bo∣some or cauity of the blade which is called Acetabulū, into which the bone of the shoulder entreth. α 8, A gristle which enlargeth that cauity, which is also by it selfe described and noted in K. CD 7, 8. the neck of the shoulder-blade. E 7, 8, the lesser processe of the shoulder-blade. F 7, 8, the knub of the same, vnto which the Clauicle is connected. f 7, the roughnesse thereof which bringeth foorth a Ligament. G H, 8, 9 The Spine of the shoulder-blade. 1, 8, 9. the thicker part of the spine which hath an Appendix. K, 7, 8, 9 Acromion consisting of an Appendixe. L 7. the sinus of that Acromion sustaining the Coller-bone.

MMMM. Certaine small dens made by the contaction of the ribs. N O P 7, the inward hollow part of the roote of the spine at N O. the inward extuberation of the lower side at P. p 7, the sharpenesse of the shoul∣der-blade in the vpper side. Q 7. the sinus of the lower side from whence ariseth the first Muscle extending the Cubite. S 8 the outward protuberation or swelling of the Lower side. T 8, An impression of the lo∣wer side from which ariseth the fourth Muscle of the arme called Rotundus maior. V, V 8 the cauitie of the outside of the Scapula. X 7, 8, 9 An Appendix of the Basis of the shoulder blade. Y 7, 8, 9, Another Appen∣dixe of the lower angle. Z 7, 8, 9 The vpper angle of the basis of the shoulder blade. Φ 7, the inner protube∣ration or swelling of this angle. a 7, 9 the bosome of the vpper side of the shoulder blade. b 9, The thin∣nest part of the shoulder blade. c 9, Heere sometime is sound a small hole through which the veins do creep for the nourishment of the bone.

[Table 18. figure 1. ^TV] and two descending [tab. 18. figure 2, and 3. ^ab] notwithstanding the transuerse processe of the 11. and 12. spondels [tab. 18. fig. 4. ^efhg] doe differ from the pro∣cesses of the rest.

The haue also fiue Appendices, two at their bodies aboue and [tab. 18. fig. 3. Φ] beneath; two at the transuerse processes, and one at the end of euery spine.

The holes or perforations of these rack-bones are bored according to the thicknesse of the marrow that must issue out of them [table 18. figure 2, 3, 4. ^G] for as the marrow in dis∣cending is attenuated, so are the holes of the lower spondels straightned.

CHAP. XXII. Of the shoulder-blades and racks of the neck.

THe shoulder-blade called Os-scapulae is on each side one [Table 18. figure 7, 8, 9.] which hangeth vpon the ribs on the backeside like a buckler, and is articu∣lated with the shoulder or arme and the coller-bone, ioyned also to the ribs, the bone Hyois and the occipitium or nowle-bone by the mediation of the muscles.

The Figure is almost triangular, on the inside it is concauous or hollow [Table 18, fig. 7 ^M] on the outside [Table 18. figure 8. ^vv] it buncheth, and that bunch is called the Basis of the bone; it hath also an angle or corner, and a ribbe both aboue and below, from which is produced a spine tending vpward. [table 1. 8. fig. 9. ^GH] The vpper angle is shewed in the 18. table fig. 7, 8, 9.

The processes of this scapula aboue are three; the first is very short and determineth with a short necke [table 18. fig. 7, 8. ^CD] into a hollowed head [table 18. figure 7, 8. ^AB] such as the Anatomists cal Acctabulum wherin it receiueth the head of the shoulder-bone. And this hollowed head of the scapula is compassed with a thicke gristle [table 18. figure 8. α and ^•] whereby the cauity is enlarged, least that the head of the shoulder should easily fal there∣out.

The second processe is the very end of the spine and hangeth ouer the ioynt of the shoul∣der; and therefore it is called Humeri mucroor summus humerus, The top of the shoulder, [Table 18. figure 7, 8, 9. ^K] and by this processe the shoulder-blade is ioyned to the coller∣bone.

The third is inward and lesse [table 18. fig, 7, 8. ^E] called Sigmoides, and this contayneth the shoulder-bone in his seate.

The appendices, or if you will, appurtenances of the shoulder-blade are fiue, three are in the inside and at the Basis [table 18. figure 7, 8, 9. ^XY] affording a beginning to some muscles; and two other out of which issue the ligaments which ioyne the shoulder to that hollow head of the blade wee spake of and also the coller-bone to the second processe which we called the top of the shoulder.

It hath also a double cauity one aboue, the other beneath the spine with the Anatomists Inter scapulium.

The bone of the blade is very vnequall, for in the middest it is the thinnest, the proces∣ses thicke, medullous and spongy; it hath also certaine perforations by which veines and arteries are admitted for his nourishment.

The Neck which was framed to sustaine the head and to mooue the same, consisteth of many spondels called vertebrae or rack-bones which are commonly seauen [tab. 19. fig. 2, 3. 4.] differing one from another and from the rest of the vertebrae of the spine.

The first [Table 19. figure 2, 3. ^FF table 20. figure 2, 3, 4,] is called Atlas, and hath a thin∣ner yet thighter and faster body then the rest, and wanteth the vpper processe or the spine. The ascending and desending processes of this rack are hollowed on either side, [table 20. figure 2, 3. ^EF] aboue to receiue the two processes of the occipitium [table 19. figure 1. ^D•] for the better motion of the head, below to receiue the processes of the second vertebra: [table 20. figure 5. 6. ^MN] it hath also at the sides thereof two transuerse processes [table 19. fig. 2, 3. ^II table 20. fig. 2, 3, 4. ^GG] perforated [table 19. figure 2. ^K table 20. figure 2. ^M sheweth the perforation] for the ascent of a veine and an artery into the brayne.

It hath also a cauity or sinus [table 20. figure 2, 3. ^•] crusted ouer with a gristle [table 20. figure 2, 3. ^C] wherein it receiueth the tooth [table 20. figure 7. O] of the following verte∣bra, and at the processes where the racks are ioyned there is also a sinus on either hand: in the first [table 20. figure 4. ^z] and the second [table 20. figure 6. ^y] it is like a chinck or rift: in the rest it is orbicular as also it is long in the rackes of the chest. Through these cauities the

[illustration]

Table 19. sheweth the bones of the necke.

[illustration]

Figure 1. the bone of the occipitium or nowle separated from the skull.

[illustration]

Figure 2. sheweth the coniunction of the seuen vertebrae of the necke as it appeareth in the back-part.

[illustration]

Figure 3. sheweth the forepart.

[illustration]

Figure 4. the later all face.

[illustration]

Figure 5. sheweth the ligaments which ioyne the first and the second rack-bones.

[illustration]

Figure 6. sheweth the gristles which are sometimes found be∣twixt these vertebrae.

[illustration]

TABVLA. XIX.

[illustration]

FIG. I

[illustration]

II.

[illustration]

III

[illustration]

IV

[illustration]

V

[illustration]

VI

• A 1, The hole in the nowle-bone made for the outlet of the spinal marrow.
• BC 1, Two heades of the bone occiput or nowl-bone, which are articulated to the first rack-bone of the neck.
• D 1, The roughnes wherein the ligament is inserted.
• E 1, A Sinus or hollownes in the backepart of those heads, making a way for the first payre of sinewes.
• FF 2, 3, The first rackbone of the neck.
• GH 2, 3, 4, the cauity of the first rack-bone receiuing the two heades of the nowle-bone.
• H 2, 3, The transuerse processe of the first vertebra.
• K 2, the hole of this transuerse processe.
• L 2, A cauity which with the cauity of the nowle-bone marked with E maketh a common passage which is prepared for the nerues.
• M 2, 4, A rough place there where the first rackbone of the neck wanteth the spine.
• NN Λ 2, 3, the second vertebra of the necke whose body bunching in the middest & depressed on either side, Λ in the third fi∣gure exhibiteth.
• O 2, 3, 4, the appendix or processe of the se∣cond vertebra called the Tooth.
• P 2, A hole made of the cauity of that Tooth & of the first rack-bone, through which smal branches of nerues are trans∣mitted.
• Q 2, A roughnesse wherein the hole is not perceiued to be thrilled through.
• R 2, The descending processes of the se∣cond vertebra.
• S 2, 3, the third vertebra of the neck.
• T 2, The descending processe of the third vertebra.
• VV 2, 4, The processes of the racke-bones on the backeside diuided thorough the middest.
• X 2, 4, The backeward processe of the sea∣uenth rack-bone which is not clouen as the former ββ.
• Y 3, 4, The highest processe of the racke-bones.
• Z 3, 4, the two first extraordinary processes in the highest part of the vertebra.
• α α 2, The extraordinary part of the laterall processes.
• ββ 4, The processes deuided through the middest.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 3, the bodies of the racke-bones.
• aa 3, 4, the holes of the lateral processes.
• bb 4, The lower nodes or knots of the processe. Character 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Shew the seuen vertebrae or racks of the neck. Figure V.
• ABCD, The first vertebra of the necke. ABC, the second DD. EF, A membranous ligament knitting the first vertebra to the nowle bone at E. and the first to the second at F. G, the body of the second vertebra. H, The tooth of the second vertebra. I, the ligament tying the tooth to the nowle-bone. K, A ligament compassing the tooth of the firstracke-bone.
• Figure VI.The gristles which Vesalius saith are sometimes found betwixt the two first vertebrae.

coniugation of the nerues and the braunches of the veines and arteries do passe, which minister nourishment vnto the marrow and to the bones.

The second vertebra [table 19. fig. 2, 3. ^N table 20. figure 5, 6, 7.] besides his body, his

[illustration]

Table 20. Figure 1. sheweth all the racke-bones of the backe knit together.

[illustration]

Figure 2. sheweth the fore and vpper face of the first rack-bone of the necke.

[illustration]

Figure 3. sheweth the backward and vpper face of the same.

[illustration]

Figure 4. the lower and backward face thereof.

[illustration]

Figure 5. the forepart of the second rack-bones.

[illustration]

Figure 6. the back-part of the same.

[illustration]

Figure 7. the lower part of the sayd second rack-bone.

[illustration]

Figure 8. the foreward and vpper face of the third vertebrae.

[illustration]

Figure 9. the backer and vpper face thereof.

[illustration]

TABVLA. XX.

[illustration]

FIG. I

[illustration]

II

[illustration]

III

[illustration]

IV

[illustration]

V

[illustration]

VI

[illustration]

VII

[illustration]

VIII

[illustration]

IX

• From A to B, The seuen vertebres of the necke.
• From C to D, The twelue vertebres of the chest.
• From E to F, The fiue rack-bones of the Loynes.
• From G to H, The Os sacrum or Holy∣bone.
• From I to K, The bone Coccyx or the rump-bone according to the late wri∣ters.
• LL, the bodies of the vertebrae.
• M, the transuerse processes of the verte∣brae.
• N, the descendent processes.
• OO, the ascendent processes.
• PP, the backward processes.
• QQ The holes that are in the sides of the vertebrae through which the nerues are transmitted.
• RR, A gristly ligament betwixt the ver∣tebrae.
• A 2, 3, 4, The hole whereout the marrow of the backe issueth.
• B 2, 3, The cauity which admitteth the tooth of the second rack-bone.
• C 3, 4, A cauity or Sinus in the same place crusted ouer with a gristle.
• D 2, A prominence in the outward regi∣on of this Sinus.
• EF 2, 3, The Sinus or cauity of the first racke-bone which admitteth the two heads of the nowle-bone.
• GG 2, 3, 4, the transuerse processe of the first vertebra.
• H 1, the hole of this transuerse processe.
• I 3, The Sinus, which together with the cauity of the nowle-bone marked with E, maketh a common passage prepared for the nerues.
• K 3, 4, A rough place where the spine of the first rack is wanting.
• LL 4. two cauities of the first rack recei∣uing the two bunches of the second rack marked with MN.
• MN 5, 6, the two bunches of the second racke which fall into the cauities of the first.
• O 7, The appendix or tooth of the se∣cond rack.
• P 5, A knub of this appendix crusted o∣uer with a gristle. Q 6, the backside of the tooth. R 6, the Sinus or cauity of the same, about which a trans∣uerse ligament is rowled contayning the sayd tooth in the cauity of the first rack. ST 6, Certaine cauities at the sides of the tooth whence the roots issue of the fore-branch of the second payre of sinewes. V 5, the poynt of the tooth. X 3, An asperity or roughnes where there is a hole but not thrilled through. Y 6, A caui∣ty of the second rack which togither with the cauity marked with Z maketh a hole, through which the nerues do issue. Z 4, the Sinus of the first rack. a 5, 6, 7, the double spine of the second rack. b 5, 6, 7, the transuerse processe of the second rack. c 7, the hole of the said transuerse processe. d 6, 7, the descending processe of the second rack whose cauity is marked with d in the sixt figure. e 6, 7. the place where the body of the second rack descendeth downward. fgg 8, The lower side of the body of the third rack at f, the two eminent parts of the same at gg. hi 8, the ascending processes. lm 8, The two descending processes. nopq 8, The transuerse processes. r 8, 9, the spine or the backward processe. st 8, the two toppes of the spine. u 9, the de∣scending processe of the third rack. x 9, the ascending processe. y, the transuerse processe of the third rack, α 8: 9, the hole of this transuerse processe. β 9, the vpper hollowed part of the body of the third rack. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 9, the Sinus or cauity which maketh the lower part of a hole through which the coniugations of the nerues are led. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 7, the vpper part of the same hole.

laterall processes [table 20. figu. 5, 6, 7. ^b] which are short and obliquely perforated [table 2. figure 7. ^c] his backward processe bifurcated [table 20. figure 5, 6, 7. ^a] because of the mus∣cles, & beside his ascending processes lightly bunching out, and his descending [tab. 19. fig. 2. ^• tab. 20. fig. 6, 7. ^d] lightly hollowed; beside all these (I say) there ariseth out of the middle of his body an appendix commonly called a processe which is round and long [table 19. fig. 2. 3. 4. O table 20. fig. 6. ^Q fig. 7. O.] and is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 because it is like that tooth of a man which we call the Dog-tooth. The surface of this tooth is somewhat rough, to giue an originall to a ligament [table 19. fig. 5. ^•] whereby it is tyed to the occipitium: it is also compassed with a round and solide ligament [table 19. figure 5. ^K] lest the marrow should be compressed: it is also ioyned with the first by a broad ligament [table 20. fig. 5. ^F] com∣passing it about.

The third spondell of the necke [table 19. fig. 2, 3, ^SS Table 20. fig. 8, 9,] which is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 (and groweth together very firmely on the foreside with the other foure) as also the 3. following haue their laterall processes bifurcated or forked [Table 19. fig. 2. ^vv fig. 4. β] be∣cause of the implantation of the muscles. But the seauenth spondell [table 19. figure 2, 3, 4. character 7.] is like the rack-bones of the chest, and his backward processe is not alwayes forked [table 19. fig, 2. 4. ^x] but sometimes whole, the body below is playne that it may ful∣ly loyne with the following vertebra.

All of them (except the first) haue appendices betweene which doe run thicke and soft gristles to make them more nimble and free.

And thus much shall suffice for the bones of the chest in this place; where also we will put an end to the History of the middle belly, and proceede to the Controuersies concer∣ning the same.

Notes

• The Chest. How it is li∣mited.
• The chest was made for the heart. Compared to a Crowd.
• The Figure of it.
• The substāce and structure
• The Reasons of it.
• How rightly called the Middle belly.
• The Diuision of the Chest.
• The parts of it.
• How the com¦mō inuesting parts differ from the same in other parts
• The Haires of the arme pits.
• Their vse.
• The fat.
• The vessels.
• Veines.
• Muscles on the foreside of the chest.
• Muscles on the backside of the chest.
• On the inside.
• The necke.
• The figure. The parts contained.
• Concerning the muscles of it.
• The Intercostal muscles
• Their num∣ber.
• Diuers fibres one vnder an other.
• Auicen.
• How Auicen and Columbus wer deceiued.
• A note con∣cerning the original & end of these Mus∣cles,
• Why these Muscles are obliquely pla∣ced o' neces∣sity.
• How they help dilatatió.
• How they helpe constri∣ction.
• Why these Muscles are double.
• The Vse of Muscles.
• Galen How the inter cost all Mus∣cles helpe the Midriffe.
• They onelie depresse the ribs.
• How they cō∣ferre to dila∣tation.
• They are ra∣ther moued then moue.
• Another way how they di¦late the distā∣ces of the ribs
• The Midriffe The names and reasons of them.
• Madnesse in maides.
• It is a muscle.
• The frame of the Midriffe.
• The connexi∣on of it.
• Why it is ner∣uous in the midst
• More of the Cēnexion.
• The figure.
• The substance
• The fibres of it.
• The mem∣branes of it.
• His veines.
• Arteries.
• Sinewes.
• A propriety.
• Why his nerues come from aboue.
• The passages
• His diuision for the artery and the veine non parill.
• The vses of the midriffe. The chiefe vse
• Of what kind the motion of the midriffe is.
• Another vse.
• A third vse.
• The last vse of the mid∣riffe. Plato. Aristotle. Plin••es conceit
• Another. How tickling causeth laugh¦ter.
• The Pleura.
• His figure & magnitude.
• His Originall
• His cōnexion
• His substance and structure
• It is double & why.
• Where the matter of the pleurifylyeth
• His perforati∣ons. Aboue. Below.
• At the sides. His vesselles.
• His vse.
• The Media∣stinum. His Names.
• His scituation
• His originall.
• His substance
• Their distāce.
• Wher the di∣stāce is widest
• A disease re∣sembling a Pleurifie.
• The vses of this Mediasti∣num.
• Their cheefe vse.
• A strong and stout mā with one Lung.
• 〈…〉〈…〉 Euers.
• The parts con¦teyned in the Chest. Bowels and Vessels. veins, arteries Thymus. Nerues.
• The sixt con∣iugation.
• The Thymus.
• Why it is fra∣med.
• Note.
• The pericardin̄ or purse of the heart.
• His Figure.
• Connexions.
• His originall.
• His substance & the reasons 〈…〉〈…〉.
• His Connexi∣ons.
• His perforati∣ons.
• His vessels.
• His vses.
• A story.
• The humour contayned in this purse.
• What is the matter of it.
• That it sipeth out of the ves∣sels.
• That it is part of our drinke.
• That it is found in li∣uing bodies. But more in dead and why
• In sound bo¦dies as wel as in diseased.
• The example of our Sauior
• The vses of it.
• The cause of haue vpon the brest.
• Another wa∣ter and blood mingled in the Chest.
• 4 branches before the di∣uision. Phrenica. 1
• Coronaria.
• Vena 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Why some men are am∣bi-dexters. Fallopius.
• The branches of Vena sine pari.
• The Interco∣stal branches.
• The diuision of Vena 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Intercostalis Superior
• the ascending trunke
• Mammaria in∣ferior.
• Mediastina.
• Ceruicalis
• Muscula infer.
• The Axillarie veine. Scapularis in∣terna.
• Scapul externa Cephalica.
• Basilica. Thoracica sup. Thoracica infer
• Muscula supe∣rior.
• Iugularis exter∣na.
• Iugularis inter∣na.
• The sixt paire of sinewes.
• The Recur∣rent nerues.
• The right nerue of the 6. coniugatiō.
• Stomachicus dexter.
• Costalis hath 3, branches.
• the left nerue of the ••. con∣iugation
• The lefte Re∣current.
• His inwarde bough diui∣ded into three
• Two sorts of Nerues.
• Ceuicales pairs seuen.
• Thoracici pairs 12.
• A note how to make ••n••i∣sion in the Empyema.
• Na••••es
• The necessity of the Heart.
• Why it ought to encline to one side.
• Why to the left.
• The common error of the multitude.
• His connexiō.
• His Figure.
• The names of the Basis.
• The names of the Lower end.
• His quantitie or magnitude
• The parts of the heart. Externall.
• The Coate.
• The Fatte of what kind it is
• The vse of fat.
• A substance like fat obser∣ued in the ven¦tricles of the heart.
• The veine cal¦led Coronaria.
• What nourish¦ment the hart needed.
• The Arteries.
• By what spi∣rits the heart liueth.
• The nerues.
• Archangelus his conceit that the moti∣on of the hart commeth frō his nerues.
• A cause of sudden death.
• The substāce of the heart Why so thick.
• Where is the seat of the vi∣tal faculty.
• The heart hath all kinde of fibres.
• How Hippoc. is to be vnder¦stood when he calleth the heart a mus∣cle.
• The double motion of the heart. Contrary mo¦tions must haue a rest between thē.
• How the hart is dilated.
• How it is con∣tracted.
• Ligaments in the heart hel∣pers or au∣thors of con∣traction.
• The rest of the hart how wrought.
• 4. Motions in the heart distinguished by their times and places.
• The right ventricle.
• Respiration or transpiration.
• The left ven∣tricle.
• The reason of his thick∣nes.
• The poyse of the heart.
• What is con∣tained in it.
• The matter of the vital spirit.
• The inward superficies of the ventricles
• Whence the inequality is.
• Prometheus fire
• The wall of the ventricles
• How best dis∣cerned.
• The opinion of some lear∣ned men.
• The deafe∣eares.
• Their scitua∣tion.

  The right.
• The left.
• Why the ears haue corre∣spondency with the ven∣tricles.
• Their figure
• Substance.
• Their vse.
• 4. vess••ls.
• Their postiō.
• The values.
• 11. in number
• Their sorme.
• Foras intus. Intus ••••ras.
• Where stron∣ger and why.
• The work 〈…〉〈…〉 the values in dilatation.
• In contractiō.
• Hip. first men∣tioned them.
• Their vse¦common. Proper.
• Of the hollow veine in the heart.
• The circular membrane.
• Breaches.
• The Arteriall Veine. A veine by of∣fice. An artery by substance▪ his Originall.
• Archangelus his argument.
• The true ori∣ginal of the arterial veine
• The vse of the single coat of this Arterie.
• Hip. his good vse of this sin∣gle coate.
• his amplitude His diuision.
• His Vse
• Whence the Values are. Their figure.
• The Vtter coate of this Vessel.
• The venal ar∣teries.
• It hath pulsa∣tion though not visible.
• His coate but single.
• Why this ves∣sel is to be ca∣pacious, ma∣ny reasons.
• The right branch. The Lest.
• The vse of the venal ar∣tery.
• His values.
• Why but two
• The necessity of them.
• The great ar∣tery.
• His values.
• The cartilage
• Or bone.
• Galen the true obseruer of these vnions.
• How the vni∣ons are made
• The former.
• The satter.
• Their com∣mon bore or hole.
• The mem∣brane.
• The vse of the venal ar∣tery in the in∣fant.
• In the child alter-birth.
• The admira∣ble worke of God.
• The 2. vnion by a pipe.
• Where the pipe begin∣neth.
• Why it hath no membrane or couer as the former perforation hath.
• The vse of these con∣iunctions.
• How to finde out these vni∣ons in dissec∣tion.
• The descend∣ing trunke,
• Intercostalis.
• Phrenica.
• The ascend∣ing trunke.
• Subclauia
• The right.
• Intercostal. sup-Mammaria.
• Ceruicalis. 2.
• Muscula 3 From the Ax∣illary Artery. Thoracica super Thoracica infer Scapularis.
• Humeraria.
• Carotides.
• Why placed in the chest.
• How to puffe them vp in dead bodies.
• Why so great.
• Their connex¦ion.
• How they fol∣low the moti∣on of the chest.
• Galens opini¦on for the a∣uoyding of vacuum or emptines.
• His demon∣stration.
• How the lungs moue when the chest is wounded.
• Their figure.
• Like a clouen hoofe.
• How they are deuided.
• The Lobes or Finnes of the Lungs
• Their substāce
• How their substance and colour diffe∣reth before & after birth.
• Plato his Mol∣lis saltus. Why they ioyne after death, being cut or sliced.
• Their substāce
• Their colour.
• Their Mem∣brane.
• Why the mē∣brane is po¦rous.
• Why Vlcers of the Lunges are with paine
• The winde∣pipe or wea∣zon called Aspera Arteria.
• The Arteriall veine.
• Whence life it.
• Their diffe∣rence from o∣ther parts in substance & maner of nou∣rishment.
• How extraor∣dinary in the Lungs.
• How these 3. vessels are moued, & by what vertue.
• The vses of the Lungs.
• New limed houses are dangerous to dwel in.
• Gal de vsu re∣spir. expound∣eth this say∣ing of Hippoc.
• Of the wind-pipe.
• His position.
• The throttle or Larynx.
• His connexiō
• His substance
• His outwarde coate.
• The inwarde coate.
• The sound of the voyce in burning A∣gues.
• The Glan∣dules of the Throttle.
• The Gristles of the Weazō
• Their Forme
• Conexion & Scituation.
• How they are ioined behind
• Why this their stru∣cture is best.
• How sound is 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• The Gristles serue the voice and the Ligamentes the breathing
• The inconue∣niency of the rings it they had bin round
• The diuision of the winde∣pipe.
• Why the brā¦ches of the windpipe ioin mouths with the venal Ar∣tery.
• The causes of coughing of blood.
• The cause of shortneste of breath.
• Why they ioyn with the arterial veine
• The vses of the Weazon. First.
• Second.
• Third.
• Two muscles.
• Two kinds of nerues.
• ••ure of ••ler.
• Why not so crooked in women.
• Their inequa∣lity or rough¦nes.
• Why called Iugula.
• Their vse.
• The breast-bone.
• The substāce of it.
• The diuision of it.
• The quantity of the parts.
• The gristles of this bone.
• The vse of this breast∣bone.
• Their diuision
• Their Con∣nexion And Names.
• The substance of the Ribbes.
• Their Figure Magnitude.
• Their cauity.
• Their vse.
• The spondels.
• Their number
• The reason of their num∣ber.
• Their Forme or Figure.
• Their proces∣ses.
• Appendices 5.
• Their perfora¦tions.
• The shoulder blade.
• His connexi∣on.
• His figure.
• The proces∣ses.
• Acctabulum.
• The appendi∣ces.
• The substance
• The spondels of the neck.
• The first rack bone.
• The processes of it.
• The cauity of it.
• The vse of the cauities.
• His tooth.
• The 3. spon∣dell.
• The seuenth.
• Their appen∣dices.