Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

CHAP. XXI. Of the bones of the Chest.

THE bones which make the Chest or middle Venter are these. On the fore-part the brest-bone, and on the top of it the two coller bones, on the sides foure and twenty ribbes, of all which we haue entreated in the chapter go∣ing before.

On the backe-part of the Chest are the spondels or racke-bones, and the shoulder-blades, of which we will speake in this place, and so put an end to our Discourse * 1.1 of the Middle Venter.

The Spondels therefore of the Thorax in a man are for the most part twelue [Table 20 Fig. 1. at ^D] iust so many as there are ribbes, for euery racke hath two ribs articulated with * 1.2 it, [Tab. 18 fig. 5. ^{D p}] wherefore also they haue two cauities, [Tab. 18. fig. 1 from ^C to ^D] one at their sides, another at their transuerse processe. It is seldome seen that any of the racks are wanting, but much more rare that there should be too many.

There son of their multitude is the better flexion or bending of the backe, for they are * 1.3 put together with ioynts knit and tyed with strong Ligaments [Table. 18. fig. 6. character 5. Tab. 20. fig. 1, ^RR] betwixt euerie one of which there runneth a Cartilage to make the moti∣on more nimble and glad. [Tab. 18. fig. 6. char. 1, & 3]

These Spondels haue bodies bunching out in the middest round, embowed aboue [tab 18. fig. 1] and below [Tab. 18. fig. 1, 2, 3, 4 ^A] plaine, thicker also then the rackes of the neck and lesse solid, thrilled also with small holes made for the passage of those vesselles that de∣riue * 1.4 nourishment vnto them and the marrow of the backe.

Their processes are some sharpe, cald Spinales [Tab. 18, fig. 1, & 2 ^MNP] which bend down∣ward: * 1.5 others transuerse [Tab. 18. fig. 1, 2, 3, 4 ^{H I}] which are thicker, solid and long ending in a round head for the firme articulation of the ribs: againe, others ascending which are two

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Tab. xviij. sheweth the backeward bones of the Chest.

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Figure 1. exhibiteth the fore-face of the middle Spondell vnto which the other ten are very like.

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Figure 2, The backe-part of the same Spondel.

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Figure 3. The backe-part of the eleuenth Spondel.

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Figure 4. the backe part of the twelfth spondel.

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Figure 5. The three middle Spondelles of the Chest, together with their articulation with the rib.

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Figure 6. sheweth the gristly Connexion of two spondels.

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Figure 7. sheweth the inward part of the right shoulder-blade.

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Figure 8. the outward, as the 9. Figure sheweth the side.

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TABVLA. XVIII.

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FIG 1

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II

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III

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IV

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V.

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VI.

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VII.

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IIX.

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IX.

• A 1, 2, 3, 4. The vpper-part of the Spondel, to which the lower part is answereable.
• Φ 3. The vpper Appendix of the head of the Vertebra, to which the lower Appendixe is like.
• B C 1. The bosome which receyueth the rib marked with B. another lesse bosom at C.
• D 3 5. The bosome of the eleauenth racke∣bone to which the eleauenth rib is arti∣culated, and in the fift Figure it is shew∣ed together with the rib.
• E 4. A Sinus or hollownesse in the twelfth Spondell.
• F 4. A roughnes or inequality in the bone bringing foorth the Ligament or tye of this ioynt.
• G 2, 3, 4. The holes that are in the backside of the bodies of the rack-bones.
• HI, 1, 2, 3, 4 The transuerse processes of the rack-bones of the Chest.
• KK, 1, 5. A Sinus in the top of the transuerse processes, to which the rib is articulated.
• L 1, 2. the gibbous or embowed part of the transuerse processe,
• M 1. the hollow part of the transuerse pro∣cesse.
• N O P, 1, 2. The spine distinguished in the three sides by three lines.
• Q 1. A sharpnesse in the inside of the spine.
• R 3. The spine of the eleuenth racke-bone.
• S 4. the spine of the twelfth racke bone.
• T V 1 the foreface of the ascending proces∣ses.
• XY 2, 3 the backface of these processes.
• ab, 2, 3. the outward face of the descending processes.
• c 1. Their foreface crusted ouer.
• e f 4 The ascending processes of the twelfth rack bone which goe vnder the eleuēth.
• g h 4. The descending processes of the xii. racke bone, which are articulated to the Cauities of the ascending processes of the first racke bone of the loines.
• i, l, l, 5. The three middle Vertebrae ioyned together.
• m n 5. the bosome which is in the body of the Vertebrae, and receiueth the heade of the rib.

o 5 the articulation of the rib to the transuerse processe. p 5 the circular bowing of the ribbes from D to p. backward, from thence to s forward. qr 5. the ioyning of the rib with his Cartilage. s 5. the blunt heade of the Cartilage. Char. 1, 2, fig. 6 A Cartilage ioyning the Appendices of eyther rackbone to their Bodies. Char. 3: 4 Fig, 6 the appendices of eyther rackbone. Char. 5. Figure. 6 A gristly Ligament ioyning both the rack bones. Heere followeth a threefold delineation of the Scapula or Shoulder-blade. A B, 7, 8. The bo∣some or cauity of the blade which is called Acetabulū, into which the bone of the shoulder entreth. α 8, A gristle which enlargeth that cauity, which is also by it selfe described and noted in K. CD 7, 8. the neck of the shoulder-blade. E 7, 8, the lesser processe of the shoulder-blade. F 7, 8, the knub of the same, vnto which the Clauicle is connected. f 7, the roughnesse thereof which bringeth foorth a Ligament. G H, 8, 9 The Spine of the shoulder-blade. 1, 8, 9. the thicker part of the spine which hath an Appendix. K, 7, 8, 9 Acromion consisting of an Appendixe. L 7. the sinus of that Acromion sustaining the Coller-bone.

MMMM. Certaine small dens made by the contaction of the ribs. N O P 7, the inward hollow part of the roote of the spine at N O. the inward extuberation of the lower side at P. p 7, the sharpenesse of the shoul∣der-blade in the vpper side. Q 7. the sinus of the lower side from whence ariseth the first Muscle extending the Cubite. S 8 the outward protuberation or swelling of the Lower side. T 8, An impression of the lo∣wer side from which ariseth the fourth Muscle of the arme called Rotundus maior. V, V 8 the cauitie of the outside of the Scapula. X 7, 8, 9 An Appendix of the Basis of the shoulder blade. Y 7, 8, 9, Another Appen∣dixe of the lower angle. Z 7, 8, 9 The vpper angle of the basis of the shoulder blade. Φ 7, the inner protube∣ration or swelling of this angle. a 7, 9 the bosome of the vpper side of the shoulder blade. b 9, The thin∣nest part of the shoulder blade. c 9, Heere sometime is sound a small hole through which the veins do creep for the nourishment of the bone.

[Table 18. figure 1. ^TV] and two descending [tab. 18. figure 2, and 3. ^ab] notwithstanding the transuerse processe of the 11. and 12. spondels [tab. 18. fig. 4. ^efhg] doe differ from the pro∣cesses of the rest.

The haue also fiue Appendices, two at their bodies aboue and [tab. 18. fig. 3. Φ] beneath; * 1.6 two at the transuerse processes, and one at the end of euery spine.

The holes or perforations of these rack-bones are bored according to the thicknesse of * 1.7 the marrow that must issue out of them [table 18. figure 2, 3, 4. ^G] for as the marrow in dis∣cending is attenuated, so are the holes of the lower spondels straightned.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The spondels.
• * 1.2

  Their number
• * 1.3

  The reason of their num∣ber.
• * 1.4

  Their Forme or Figure.
• * 1.5

  Their proces∣ses.
• * 1.6

  Appendices 5.
• * 1.7

  Their perfora¦tions.