Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

THE SECOND EXERCISE. Wherein the new demonstration of the vse of these Communions divulged by Si∣mon Petreus a Physitian of Paris is confuted.

BVT that the truth of this demonstration of Galen may bee more apparent, let vs a little examine some opinions of the late Writers concerning the vse of the Inoculations. Petreus is of opinion, that they were ordayned rather for the vse of the heart and the whole body, then for the Nourishment and life of the Lungs. And this is the summe of his demonstration, and these for the most part his owne words.

The first intent of Nature is to make all things perfect, but the absolute perfection of her worke she doth not alwayes attaine by reason of the crosse or auerse disposition of the sub∣iect matter, which Aristotle calleth the Hypotheticall or materiall necessitie? But what Necessity constrained Nature to produce these inoculations of the vessels? Surely the Ne∣cessity was very great, which if a man be ignorant of, he shal neuer vnderstand their histo∣ry. The Vse and the Action is the end of Nature when she worketh & the scope or aime of the Physitian who searcheth into the workes of Nature, which scope if he neglect all A∣natomy will be vncertaine, and all his inspection of the partes will but double theyr ob∣scurity.

Aristotle often admonisheth, that the Organs are made for the Vse, not the vse applyed to the Instruments; whence it is that Galen first propoundeth the Vse and thereto recalleth the composition & Conformation of euery part: I will therefore first shew the vse and ne∣cessity of these inoculations of the vessels of the heart.

The ymbilicall Arteries do transmit from the Mother to the Infant Arteriall and Vitall blood, for they are inserted into his Iliacall Arteries. From these the blood ascendeth into the trunke of the great Artery, yea euen to his gate in the Basis of the heart, where it is con∣strained to make stay, because Nature hath set at that gate of the great Artery three Values whereby the passage is bolted from without inward, albeit from within outward any thing may passe. For this inconueniency and obstacle Nature deuised a present remedy. For con∣sidering that the blood laboured in the left side of the Mothers heart, and further prepared in the length of his way from the mother vnto the infant, was fit for the nourishment of his Lungs; she prouided that it should bee powred into the Arteriall Veine which is destined for the nourishment of the Lungs. And for that purpose she prepared in the infant a pas∣sage common to the great Artery and the arteriall Veine which is conspicuous aboue the Basis of his heart which we call Anastomosis. For the other Anastomosis I thus demonstrate the vse thereof.

Wee before determined that the arteriall bloode which the infant receyueth from his Mother by the vmbilical Arteries, is spent in the nourishment of the Lungs. Now it wil be worth our labour to learne how vitall bloode sufficient to bee diffused thoroughout the whol body is in the infant generated; for ther is no aer led by the Venal arterie into the left ventricle of the hart wherof the spirits should be made, because the infant breatheth not in the womb, neither getteth any thing into the hart by the great Artery, for the values which open outward and shut inward will admit nothing to enter. The lefte ventricle therefore of the heart had beene vnprofitable thorough want of matter and the discommodity of the place, vnlesse Nature had learned of her selfe to frame wayes for her owne behoofe more easie and expedite, which is the other Anastomosis, wherein shee hath wrought a worke be∣yond all admiration.

This Anastomosis is out of the Hollow veine into the venall artery, by which the bloode which is too much for the nourishment of the Lungs, is commodiously transported into the left ventricle of the heart, where it is laboured, confected and receyueth an impressi∣on of the vitall Faculty, and so turneth aside into the great artery which is neere neighbour and toucheth it, that by it it might be distributed into the whole body.

This demonstration I take to be most true, that the worke of this Anastomosis which is a very miracle in Nature might rather be referred to the vse of the whole body then vnto an vnprofitable commodity onely of the Lungs. Neyther doe I see by what reason it may

be sayd that the Lungs of the Infant which doe not moue at all whilest it is in the wombe, should yet then require and dispend a greater quantity of Aliment and Bloud then they doe after the childe is borne, when for the generall behoofe of the body they are perpetu∣ally moued. For if those inoculations had beene made onely for the Lungs, they being greedy would haue drawne all the bloud by those patent passages which in growne men they drawe onely out of the Areriall Veine. Furthermore this absurditie would follow, that the vitall faculty of the Heart in the Infant must bee idle all the time of his gesta∣tion.

This is Petreus his demonstration, wherein that I may speak in one word, he establisheth two things: the first that the Arteriall Canale or pipe was made for this purpose to poure out into the Lungs alone the arteriall and vitall bloud which the Infant draweth by the vm∣bilicall Arteries; so that he vnderstandeth that the vmbilicall Arteries weere not made for the vse of the whole body but onely of the Lungs.

The second thing he would establish is, that the Lungs are not nourished by the bloud brought thorough the hole of the hollowe Veyne into the venall Arterie, but that all that blood is transmitted into the lefte ventricle of the Heart for the Generation of the vitall spirits.

Which two things how absurde they are and dissonant for true and right reason, I will endeuour to shew both by reason and sence, which are the two most certaine Iudges of all things.

In his vse of that Communion which is by an arteriall Canale or pipe from the great Artery into the arteriall Veine; I find some things contradictorie, and very many false and absurd.

For sometimes he willes, that both the inoculations were made for the vse of the whole body, not for the commodity onely of the Lungs; afterward as if hee had forgotten him∣selfe, he writeth in his whole discourse that that Canale which is frō the great artery to the arteriall Veine serueth onely for the Lungs: VVhereas to make good his demonstration, he should haue sayed that the inoculation which is from the hollow Veine to the venal ar∣terie is to be referred to the vse of the whole body; but that which is from the great artery into the arteriall Veine, onely to the nourishment of the Lungs. There is therefore in the first place a manifest contradiction; I forbeare to say howe improperly hee calleth the arteriall pipe an Anastomosis: because I am taught by Aristotle not to take too much care of words or to stand too much vpon them.

Galen indeed sayth that there are many Anastomoses or inoculations of veines & arteries, and that an Anastomosis is nothing else but an opening of the mouth of one veine or vessell into another, and those medicaments are called Anastomotica which haue a faculty to open. VVee also may vnderstand by Anastomosis the confluence of humours made when the ves∣selles doe open one into another. Aristotle in his Booke de mundo (if that Booke were A∣ristotles) vseth the word in another sence, when he calleth the ocean 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which Bu∣deus interpreteth in fauces se comprimentem: but to call a Pipe, a Tunnell, a Vessell an Ana∣stomosis, is a monster in Grammer, in Philosophy and in Physicke. Now Petreus words are these. And for that purpose Nature prepared in the Infant a passage common to the great Ar∣tery and the arteriall Veine, which is conspicuous aboue the basis of his Heart which wee call Ana∣stomosis. Let any man now iudge, yea let himselfe see how farre this nouell speculation of his hath transported him: but this is but to play with him, let vs now set vppon him with keener weapons. He writeth that the arteriall bloud which the Infant draweth by the vm∣bilicall arteries, is wholly consumed in the nourishment of the Lungs, and that those nota∣ble arteries were onely made for their vse: then which what could he haue sayd or faigned more absurd?

Let him turne ouer all the writings of the Grecians the Arabians and the Latines, and hee shall see that they all accord in this, that the vmbilical Arteries were made for the vse of the whole body not of the Lungs alone. By these Arteries the whole Embryo doeth transpire and draweth the mothers spirits, not the Lungs alone. The vse therefore of the Arteries is common to the whole body of the infant. And this Hippocrates teacheth in his Bookes de Natura pueri, and de Octimestripartu, in these words, In the middle of the flesh is the Nauell separated, by which the whole Infant doth transpire and attaineth his encrease. Do not the arte∣ry in their Diastole or dilation draw aer and expel the sooty vapors in their Systole or con∣traction? There are made manie inoculations from the arteries into the veynes, therefore

the aer is transported out of the arteries into the veines, not out of the veynes into the ar∣teries.

Galen in his fourth and sixt Booke de Locis affectis, in his Booke De vsu pulsum, in his Commentarie vpon the sixt sect. lib. Epidem. teacheth vs that transpiration is through the arteries not through the veines; and in his first Booke de semine, he sayeth. The hole or pas∣sage of the membranes about the Nauel is alwayes open for the transmission of bloud and spirits, for bloud floweth out of the Veines, but out of the Arteries spirits with a little thin and hot bloud: VVhat could he say more playnely, what more perspicuously? This also auoucheth Auicen the Prince of the Arabians, and finally it is the vniform consent of the Schoole of the Greci∣ans and Arabians: and with vs this common consent of so great learned men shall euer stand for a law. But Petraeus one man, of his owne head taxeth and challengeth all anti∣quity of error. VVell, wee will therefore no more contend with him with authorities, but by waight of argument.

It is an axiome in Aristotle, that all liuing creatures doe breath. For as a flame pent vp in a straight roome and not ventilated or breathed with aer groweth dimme and at length is extinguished, so our naturall heate is also extinguished vnlesse it be ventilated and waf∣ted with aer as it were with a fanne. This spiration which the Grecians call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is double; the one insensible called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, or Transpiration, which is made by the arteries and other blinde breathing holes of the body; the other may be seene with the eyes, and is made by conspicuous passages, as the mouth & the nosethrils which Galen calleth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Respiration. That the Infant in the wombe doth not Respire it is most manifest, because he neither ought nor can, as well shall proue in our next question. It is necessary therefore that he must haue Transpiration, which is not by the vmbilicall veine, nor by the vrachus, & therefore by the two vmbilicall arteries; for there are no more but these foure vesselles in the Nauell. VVherefore this vse of the vmbilicall arteries is common to the whole Infant not proper onely to his Lungs.

Now that in the arteries not only aer as Erasistratus thought, but also a vitall spirit and arteriall bloud is conteined, we are taught by 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or inspection. The arteriall bloud then which the Infant draweth by the vmbilicall arteries is it not prepared for the life of the whole Embryo and the conseruation of the naturall heate? Doth the redde and thick Paren∣chyma of the Lungs, not at all as yet moued, stand in need of so great a quantity of thinne and arteriall bloud? If one veine which they call the Nurse of the Embryo, sufficeth for the nourishment of the whole Infant, why should not one small artery haue been sufficient for the nourishing and cherishing of the Lungs, which are a little part of the Infant? But Na∣ture made two vmbilicall arteries and those notable ones, which are branched through the Chorion with infinite surcles.

Moreouer, if all that bloud that the Infant draweth by the vmbilicall arteries were con∣sumed in the nourishing of the Lungs, then these absurdities would follow. First, that the Lungs are not nourished with bloud like vnto their substance, nor with pure bloud. For the vmbilicall arteries doe returne the bloud into the Iliacke branches, and from them into the trunk of the Aorta or great arterie; wherefore the arteriall bloud of the mother shall bee mingled with the arteriall bloud of the Infant, which hee sayth is generated in the left ven∣tricle of the Heart and thence diffused into the pipes of the great artery: and so it will come to passe that one of them shall offend another; for in the same vessel there shall be at one & the same time perpetually two contrary motions: one of the bloud ascending from the Ili∣acke braunches to the Lungs; and another of the arteriall bloud descending from the lefte ventricle of the Heart to the same Iliacke branches: which thing albeit we confesse, it som∣times hapneth in Critical euacuations and notable indeuours of Nature: so, that it should be perpetuall we cannot be perswaded. Let vs then wipe away this myst from our eyes, and let vs beleeue that the two vmbilicall arteries were made for the vse not of the Lungs alone, but also for the whole body. Now let vs come vnto the vse of the other Inocula∣tion.

Petreus conceit is, that the hollow Veine is perforated into the venall Artery, that the bloud might be powred into the left ventricle of the Heart for the generation of vitall spi∣rits, neither doth he acknowledge any other vse thereof. But wee with Galen thinke that it was formed for the generation and nourishment of the Lungs. For if there be a new ge∣neration of vitall spirits in the left ventricle of the Heart, made of the bloud vvhich is con∣uayed in the hollovv Veine as Petreus vvould haue it; then vvhat neede vvas there of that

hole or perforation? Doth not the hollow Veine gape into the heart with a wide mouth to poure abundance of blood into his right ventricle? Why is not the blood there boiled & attenuated, and after sweateth through the partition into the left ventricle, and there re∣ceiue the stampe or impression of the vital spirit; The blood so attenuated in the right ven∣tricle would be purer and more defaecated, then if it should be transfused out of the hol∣low Veine into the left ventricle by that Anastomosis; there would haue therefore beene no necessity of vitall spirits, but for the nourishment of the Lunges there is absolute necessity thereof.

Againe, it is an axiome in Physicke and Philosophy which Galen often beateth vppon, that there is neuer made any perfect elaboration vnlesse a preparation go before. So the Animall spirits are prepared in the webs of the braine; the seed is delineated in the writhen complications of the seede vessels; the blood attaineth a rudiment in the veines of the Me∣sentery; and the preparation to the third concoction is made in the small veins of each par∣ticle. But if according to Petreus Hypothesis, the blood should be transfused from the hol∣low Veine into the venal Artery which toucheth it, and from that into the left ventricle of the heart, where I pray you shall that blood be prepared or attenuated? If that newe con∣ceite of the Generation of vital spirits in the infant were to be admitted at all, it were more probable to say, that the blood were powred out of the hollow Veine into the right Ventri∣cle and there prepared, because the Membranes do not hinder the ingate heereof, and be∣side the partition is bored with so many passages to conuey it into the lefte. For it is the o∣pinion of all learned men, that the right ventricle was ordained for the preparation of the vitall spirit.

Moreouer, it is most certaine that there is a double matter of the vitall spirite, Aer and Blood; Now Petreus doth not thinke that aer is carried into the heart, for the infant in the wombe doth not respire, how then shall that vitall spirit be generated and preserued? Out of doubt it will decay and bee extinguished beeing defrauded of conuenient Aliment. Hippocrates in his Booke de Natura pueri saith, Euery thing that is hot is nourished vvith that which is moderately colde. Indeed Transpiration is sufficient to preserue a little heat; but for the perpetuall generation of vitall spirits in bloody Creatures there is required great abun∣dance of aer, which onely can be supplied by Respiration. But let vs pursue these Detra∣ctors a little farther.

If we shall admit this new and onely vse of the hole or inoculation, that is, that all the blood should be conueyed from the Hollow Veine through the venall Artery into the lefte ventricle of the heart, with what blood shal then the Lungs be nourished? Open the waies? shew me the veine of the Lungs? For now al the venall Arterie is taken vp, forsooth, to lead blood vnto the heart, and the Arteriall Veine only leadeth vitall spirits and arteriall blood which it receyueth from the Great Artery by the Canale or arteriall pipe. Shall the Lungs be without aliment? He wil answere, that it is nourished with arteriall blood which com∣meth from the Mother, and that for that purpose the two vmbilicall arteries were ordai∣ned. But hath he forgotten that all parts want two sorts of blood, one Venall, another Ar∣teriall? The venall blood by true assimulation turneth into the substance of the part. The arteriall is appointed to conserue, refresh and cherish the naturall heate of the particular parts which is but fugitiue.

I will not deny but some part of the Mothers arteriall blood is conueyed into the Lungs by the arteriall pipe to preserue their life and to defende their naturall heate, but that the Lungs are therewith nourished, I altogether deny. For the Lungs of the Embryo are thick∣er, faster and heauier then they are after the birth, and therefore must be nourished with thicker blood, for it is a constant truth, that we are norished with that which is like vnto vs; euen euery particular part is nourished with that which is most like vnto it.

This Law and Constitution of Nature, Petreus by this new demonstration doth quite abrogate and annihilate, because he appointeth thinner blood for the Lunges of the infant which are red, heauy, sad and thicke, then for the Mothers which he must confesse are whi∣ter and thinner. For the Mothers Lungs are nourished with blood attenuated in the right ventricle of the heart, and deriued vnto them by the arteriall Veine: hee stiffely maintaines that the Lungs of the Embryo are nourished with no other then arteriall bloode laboured and heated in the left ventricle of the Mothers heart and brought vnto them by the vmbili∣call arteries, forsooth, to make recompence for their want of motion. Heere also we haue a manifest contradiction. He confesseth that the Lunges are thinner after birth, thicker in

the Embr••••, and yet he saith that the first are nourished with thicker blood, the latter with pure 〈◊〉〈◊〉 all blood ••••ll of spirits.

And whereas he buildeth vpon Galens foundation that the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 are made of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the blood, and therefore do require for their nourishment th•••• and after all blood. Hee see••h not that that place is to be vnderstood of the Lungs after the birth; for in the Infant the Lungs are no••••••••athy nor whi••sh, but red, heauy and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 yea euen a while after the birth doe the Lungs remaine heauy and red; whence it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to passe that many In∣fants shortly after their birth are strangled, because the Lungs cannot play themselues, ey∣the•• when the childe lyeth vpon his back, or by some compression of his Ch••••••; and there∣fore it is best to lay Childeren with their heades somewhat eleunted or raysed vp, that the Lungs which are heauy may more easily followe the contraction and distention of the Chest.

Those Children which dye so suffoc••ted if they bee opened will bee found to haue their Lungs full of thicke bloud, and very red. But let vs heare Galen accurately describing the Lungs of a ••ender Infant in the sixt Chapter of the ••••. Booke de vsu partium, in which place he of set purpose expresseth the History of the Infant. Why are the Lungs of an Infant redd•• and not whitish as afterbirth? Because they are nourished with bloud brought vnto them by ves∣sels which haue but a single coate. And then he addeth, When the creature beginnieth to respire the Lungs are moued perpetually: whence it is that the bloud being diuided by the double motion of the b••••ath is made thinner then before and as it were frothy, and so the flesh of the Lungs which before was redde, heauy and thight, becommeth white light and rare or spo••gy. How pregnant and plaine a place this is who seeth not? The flesh of the Lungs of the Infant is red, heauy and last, and afterward becommeth thinner and frothy: wherefore the Lungs of the E••∣bryo stood neede of red and thicke bloud, which kinde is onely conueyed by the ••••llets of the hollow veine, not through the thicke pipes of the great Artery. But there are no pas∣sages from the hollow veine to the Lungs, and therefore Nature made that admirable A∣nast omosis for the nourishment of the Lungs. And thus Petreus ought to haue playd the Philosoph••r, and not to haue abused that which Galen intendeth concerning the nourish∣ment of the Lungs after birth, to the nourishment of the Lungs of the Embryo, in the mo∣thers womb. But if he wil not yeeld to these reasons which are cleare demonstrations, then wee cite him to the tribunall of trueth to 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, to ocular inspection. Cutte the Lungs of the Embryo and you shall see all the branches of the venall Arterie full of red and thicke bloud. From whence, good Petreus, is that bloud, is it not from that hole of the hol∣low veine?

We conclude therefore that that admirable Anastomosis or inoculation was framed by Nature, not for the elaboration of the vitall spirit, but for the generation, nourishment & increment of the Lungs. Thus much we thinke our selues bound to haue sayd, not onely to redeeme the credite of our maister Galen, but especially to vindicate and redeeme the trueth, albeit it be with the losse of a learned man, such as we willingly acknowledge Petre∣us to be; but he must be content to suffer himselfe to be gaynsayed if he gaynsay the truth; and if any thing fal from vs in discourse which may found somwhat more harsh in his eares or those that follow him, that also must be attributed to the heate of disputation, for much may be forgiuen a Souldeir when he is heated in the medley which might bee imputed to him for cruelty in cold bloud.

Notes

• Petreus opiniō
• The summe of Petreus opi∣nion.
• Petreus impug¦ned.
• A contradicti∣on in his de∣monstration.
• He vseth the word Anasto∣mosis very im∣properly.
• He thinketh amisse that the vmbilicall arteries serue only for the Lungs.
• Spiration double. Transpiratiō and respira∣tion.
• The infant doth not re∣spire.
• That all the arterial blood is not spent in the nourish∣ment of the lungs.
• His vse of the other in ocu∣lation impug∣ned.
• 2. Reason.
• 3. Reason.
• 4. Reason.
• He abrogates the Lawes of Nature.
• Another con∣tradiction in Petreus demō∣stration.
• Galen expoun¦ded.
• How children are often strang••••••••. How to reme∣dy it.
• A pregnant place in Galen against Pe••reus
• Arguments from Au••opsia.