The arte of logick Plainely taught in the English tongue, according to the best approued authors. Very necessary for all students in any profession, how to defend any argument against all subtill sophisters, and cauelling schismatikes, and how to confute their false syllogismes, and captious arguments. By M. Blundevile.

Of Places.

THough immediately after the Treatise of a Proposition, the old men are wont to deale with the order of reasoning, called Argu∣mentation, and with the formes thereof: yet sith by order of Nature it is meete to finde out matter, before wee goe about to forme, frame or order the same, and that the mat∣ter of prouing any Question is to be fetched from certaine common Places, I thought it best to treat first of those Places, and then to shew the order of reasoning.

What is a place?

A Place is a marke or token, shewing from whence any Argument apt to proue the Question propounded, is to bee taken.

What difference is betwixt Argument and Argumentation?

Argument is the bare proofe or meane terme which is in∣uented by him that disputeth, to proue the truth of the Questi∣on: but Argumentation is the whole reasoning it selfe, of what

forme so euer it be, comprehending both the Question, and al∣so the proofe thereof: whereof we shall speake hereafter in his proper place, and giue you examples of both.

How manifold is Place?

Two-fold, the one of persons, the other of things: the or∣der and distribution of both which, you may plainly see in the Table following.

To what end serueth this manifold diuision?

That the disputers may the more perfectly know the pow∣er and proper nature of euery Argument, according to the great or little force of the Place, from whence such Arguments are fetched.

How is Place diuided according to the Schoolemen?

Into two kindes, the one called Maxim, and the other diffe∣rence of Maxim.

What is Maxim?

It is a generall rule approued and receiued of all Logicians, in such sort as no man will deny the same, as of contrarie things there must needs bee contrarie consequents. Againe, Whatsoeuer agreeth with the thing defined, agreeth also with the Definition of the same: and such like.

What is the difference of Maxims?

It is the proper name of euery Place whereby one Maxim is known from another, and to what place euery Maxim belong∣eth, as from the Contrary, from the Definition, from the thing defined: for by these names and such like, wee know to what Place euery Maxim belongeth.

To what end serueth this diuision?

The Maxims serue as shoote-ankers, and as places of refuge, when the aduersarie shall deny our Conclusion: againe the differences being few in number, doe cause the multitude of Maxims to be the more easily kept in memory.

The Table of Places.

• Of Places, some be
• ...
  • Of Persons, as
  • ...
    • Name, stocke, birth, nation, sex, or kinde, age, education, habite of the body, affections of the mind, state, calling, or condition of life, diet, study, or exercise, acts done, death, wonders chancing before death, or after death, monu∣ments left of things done, or written, and kinde of Fune∣rals shewing how well or euill the person was beloued.
  • and some be of things, which be, either
  • ...
    • Artificiall Places are either
    • ...
      • Inward Places be either
      • ...
        • Of the substance it selfe, which be these.
        • ...
          • The Definition, and the things defined,
          • The Description, & the thing described.
          • The Interpretation, and the thing in∣terpreted.
          • The Matter, and the thing made.
          • The Forme, and the thing formed:
          • The general kind, & his speciall kinde.
          • The Difference and his propertie.
          • The whole, and his parts Integrall.
          • Principall, and not principall.
        • Or, of things accompanying Sub∣stance, as these
        • ...
          • Generation, and the thing ingendred.
          • Corruption, and the thing corrupted.
          • Vse, Abuse.
          • Subiects.
          • Adiacents, and actions.
          • Apposition.
          • Common Accidents.
          • Signes and circumstances, as time, place, and meane, &c.
        • The Cause Efficient, and his effect.
        • The End, and the thing ended▪
        • The foure Opposites, as
        • ...
          • Relatiues.
          • Contraries.
          • Priuatiues.
          • Contradictoric•…•….
        • Things diuers in kind, called in Latine, Disparata.
        • Comparison, as more or lesse▪
        • Like, or vnlike.
        • Example and Comparison.
        • Also to Comparison may be added these places.
        • Proportion.
        • Changed proportion.
        • Disproportion.
        • Changed Disproportion.
        • Translation or Figuratiue speech.
        • ...
          • From the Comparatiue to the Super∣latiue.
          • From the Positiue to the Cōparatiue.
          • From two Positiues to two Compara∣tiues.
          • From two Positiues to two Superla∣tiues, and contrariwise.
      • Outward Places bee these
      • Or meane places bee these three
      • ...
        • Coniugates.
        • Cases.
        • Diuision.
    • or Inartificiall places, which be these sixe
    • ...
      • Fore-iudgements.
      • Rumors.
      • •…•…ormentes.
      • Writings▪
      • Oath.
      • Witnesses.
    • ...All which six places are comprehended vnder the place of Authoritie, as you may see in the Table of Authoritie hereafter following, in which Table are set downe the said inartificiall places, together with the definitions and vses thereof.