The arte of logick Plainely taught in the English tongue, according to the best approued authors. Very necessary for all students in any profession, how to defend any argument against all subtill sophisters, and cauelling schismatikes, and how to confute their false syllogismes, and captious arguments. By M. Blundevile.

Of Diuision.

WHat is Diuision?

Diuision is the parting or diuiding of a word or thing that is more generall, vnto other words or things lesse generall: for Diuision is twofold, that is, of a name, and of a thing.

When is it said to be the diuision of a name?

When some Equinoke or doubtfull word is diuided into his manifold significations, as this word Wolfe, into a man hauing that name▪ into a foure-footed beast, into an vlcerous sore, and into a certaine fish, each one called by the name of Wolfe: which kinde of distinction or diuision is very necessar•…•…e, to auoid ambi∣guitie of speech, which ambiguitie causeth many times great er∣rour.

How manifold is the diuision of a thing?

It is threefold, that is, substantiall, partible, and accidentall.

When is it properly said to be substantiall?

When any generall kinde is diuided by his speciall differences into his proper speciall kindes: as thus; of sensible bodies, one is reasonable, as man, and another is vnreasonable, as a bruit beast.

When is this kinde of diuision to be vsed?

When the speciall kindes lacke proper names, as most com∣monly the speciall kindes subalternate doe, which may be diui∣ded againe as generall kindes into more speciall kindes: as for example, of vnreasonable beasts some be terrestriall, some bee aquaticall, and some aierie: againe, euery one of these may bee diuided into their speciall kindes, euen vntill ye come to the low∣est of all, and vnto the Indiuiduums comprehended vnder the same; and that not only of things contained in the predicament of substance, but also in any other predicaments of accidents, as of magnitudes, one is long, as a line; another is broad, as a super∣ficies, and another is thicke as a body. This diuision, though it

•…•…e of accidents contained in the predicament of quantitie, yet it is called a substantiall diuision, because the generall kinde here is diuided by his speciall difference into his proper speciall kindes.

What call you a partible diuision?

I call that a partible diuision, which diuideth some whole thing into his par•…•…s, which is called of the Latines, partitio; as if yee would diuide the Romane Common-wealth into Senators, Knights, and Commons. You may also diuide a house into his principall parts, as into the foundation, walles, and roofe thereof. But the better to vnderstand this kinde of diuision, it shall not be amisse to shew you here what kindes of whole, and what kindes of parts there be: for there is whole substantiall, and whole inte∣grall: againe, of parts, some are called substantiall, and some in∣tegrall; and of parts integrall, some are called similar or like, and some dissimilar or vnlike: againe, of the dissimilar, some are cal∣led principall, and some not principall: of all which things I minde here briefly to speake.

First, I pray you tell what you meane by whole substantiall, and whole integrall.

Whole substantiall, is that which consisteth of substantiall parts cleauing wholly together, and not seuerally distinct in number, as whole man, consisting of soule and body: but whole integrall is that which consisteth of integrall parts, which though they cleaue together, yet they are distinct and seuerall in num∣ber, as mans body, consisting of head, brest, bellie, legs, &c.

How define you substantiall parts?

Substantiall parts are the first and chiefe parts whereof any thing is compounded, of which parts if any bee wanting, the whole must needs perish, and loseth his name, as the matter and forme of any compound thing, be it naturall or artificiall, as the body and soule are the first and chiefe parts of man; the metall and fashion of a siluer cup are the first and chiefe parts of the cup, whereof neither can be wanting: for the soule without the bodie is a spirit, and not man; and the body without the soule is but a dead carcase: againe, the cup without matter or shape, is no cup at all.

Which be called integrall parts?

Certaine secondarie parts, which being all gathered together, do make the whole perfect, as the head, brest, bellie, armes, hands, thighes, legges, and feet, are the integrall parts of mans bodie: and of these integrall parts, some are called similar, and some dis∣similar, that is to say, like and vnlike.

Which are similar, and which dissimilar?

Similar, or like, are these that be of one kinde, and of one selfe name; and being diuided into parts, euery such part, be it neuer so small, beareth also the name of the whole, as flesh, bone, sinew, skin, and such like: for euery little part of the flesh is called flesh, and euery part of bone is called bone; and so of all the rest. Hi∣therto also may be referred water, fire, gold, iron, or any other simple metall, wine, wood, stone, and such like: for euery drop of water is called water, and so of the rest.

Which call you dissimilar or vnlike?

Those parts that differ both in kinde and name, as the head, brest▪ bellie, armes, and legges, are the parts dissimilar of a mans body: likewise a house, a ship, and many other things, haue also such parts, of any one of which parts the whole cannot be spo∣ken: for you cannot say, Because here is the head of a man, Ergo here is a man. Againe, of these dissimilar parts, some are called principall, whereof if any be wanting, the whole must needs pe∣rish; as without the head, bellie, heart, liuer, or guts, mans body cannot be. The not principall, are those parts without the which the body may be: for though those parts be wanting, yet the bo∣dy is counted a whole thing, though not perfect in euery point, as without arm•…•…s, hands, legges, or feet, the body may liue: that building also that hath a foundation, walles, and roofe, is coun∣ted to be a whole house, though it hath neither doores nor win∣dowes, yet not perfect in euery respect.

Wherein doth partition and diuision differ?

In diuers points: for in diuision any generall kinde may bee rightly spoken of euery speciall kinde contained vnder the same; as this word, sensible body, which is spoken both of man and beast. But in partition, the whole cannot be spoken of euery part: for you cannot say that the soule or body of man is whole man, nor that the head or foot is his whole body. Againe, diuision diuideth

vniuersall things into their particulars, and partition diuideth particulars into their parts, and most commonly followeth diui∣sion, helping to make subdiuisions: as for example, when diuision hath diuided a sensible body into man and beast, then followeth partition, and diuideth man into soule and body, and the body into his integrall parts, as head, brest, bellie, legs, and such like.

How manifold is diuision accident all?

Threefold: for by that wee either diuide some subiect into his accidents, or some accident into his subiect, or some accident in∣to his accidents.

Giue examples of all these three waies.

Of the first let this be your example: Of men, some be free, and some be bond; some be vertuous, and some be vicious: and after this sort you may diuide the predicament of substance into as many accidents as you will, running thorowout all the nine predicaments of accidents. Of the second way thus: Of goods, some are said to be of the minde, some of the body, and some of fortune. Of the third thus: Of good things, some are said to bee honest, some profitable, and some pleasant or del•…•…ctable: which kinde of diuision is much vsed of the Orators. To this also may be referred the common order of diuiding any speech or oration in∣to his parts, which the Orators call partition or distribution, whereby is set downe in what order euery thing shall be vttered and declared, which first, and which last, and so forth.