The consent of time disciphering the errors of the Grecians in their Olympiads, the vncertaine computation of the Romanes in their penteterydes and building of Rome, of the Persians in their accompt of Cyrus, and of the vanities of the Gentiles in fables of antiquities, disagreeing with the Hebrewes, and with the sacred histories in consent of time. VVherein is also set downe the beginning, continuance, succession, and ouerthrowes of kings, kingdomes, states, and gouernments. By Lodovvik Lloid Esquire.

OF THE FIRST AFFRICAN warres betweene the Carthagineans and the Romanes, which continued 24. yeeres: and of the victories of the Romanes ouer them.

HAuing something entreated of the kings of A∣sia & Syria, and yet nothing so largely as the hi∣storie required, howe be it the kings of Asia and Syria are spoken of both in sacred & prophane histories, & haue also an intercourse betweene the kings of Assyria and of Egypt: I will therefore passe to the kings of Affrike and Libya, and speake of their warres with the Romanes. This Countrie (as Pomponius Mela describeth) is on the East part bounded with the riuer Nilus, & inclosed North with the sea Libicke, on the South with the Ethiopian sea, and on the West with the Antlantike sea.

Affrike is shorter then Europe, and farre lesser then Asia: it is more in length then in breadth: the breadth of Affrike is thirteene thousand furlōgs, which is a thousand sixe hūdred miles and more: the length (as Strabo writeth) is as much a∣gaine, which is 3200 miles, and all that part of Affrike which is beyond the Mores, called the Nigrites & Pharusians, doe ex∣tend into Ethiope. The Ethiopians possesse thence vnto the bor∣ders of Asia: also the white Ethiopiās & Libyaegyptiās dwelling a∣boue those places before recited: then the Numidians and the Mores, of whō the Mores extend to the Antlantike sea. I thinke it a worke needles to describe Affrike more amplie then it is by Iulius Solinus, & Pōponius Mela, written in Latine: the rest is set forth by Strabo, of whom for that hee writes more large, I note him chiefely for mine authour.

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dearth hapened amongst the Affricanes, that the Romans could no longer remaine there: but they returned to Rome with their victorious nauies in great pompe and glorie, hauing 484. ships sailing in braue sort towards Rome, with infinite wealth and treasure.

Beholde in the midst of this great pompe, the euents of for∣tune: a very great tempest rose, so that they suffred such ship∣wracke about the coast of Sicile, that scant were saued 80. ships of the 484. yet the inuincible and stoute courage of the Ro∣manes were such, that their minds were nothing dismayd with these missehaps, though it was the very greatest shipwracke that euer the Romanes had, or any other nation in the world. New supplies and other captaines were straight appointed, with 260. ships to take voyage to Affrike, who likewise when they had wonne certaine cities and townes in Affrike, retur∣ned to Rome with great spoile, but sustained the like ship∣wracke againe. The Senate finding these continual dangers of sailing and seafight, thought good to forsake the sea, and to fight vpon the land: for hauing wonne the victories of foure battels vpon the sea with infinit treasures ouer the Affricanes, they lost by three shipwracks, more then they wanne by the foure victories.

In the fift yeere after Regulus was taken by the Affricanes, Metellus was sent from Rome to Sicilia, where the Carthagineans came with 130. elephants: of the which nomber Metellus got 26: he slew 2000. Affricanes as Eutropius saith, but Melancthon in his chronicles saith, that Metellus slew 36. elephants, and tooke aliue 146. elephants, which Metellus in great triumph brought with him to Rome. The Affricanes after these great mischances, required Regulus a Romane captaine, whom the Affricanes tooke captiue and kept in prison vntill this time: him they sent vnto the Senate to entreate for peace, who when he came to Rome, perswaded the Romanes that peace by no meanes should be granted to the Affricanes, alledging that they were voyde of all hope to recouer their former estate: they were quite quailed and dismayed, and readie to yeeld all

Affrike vp to the Romanes: hee refused to tarie in Rome, though the Senate sought him, but returned to Carthage according to his othe & promise, with a denial of peace, where he was with most cruel torments put to death. Thus Regulus that might haue saued his life in Rome, lost it in Carthage, and that most willingly.

After this, the Senate sent Publius Claudius and Caius Iunius with an armie of Romanes, but not with such good successe as Metellus had: for in this iourney the Affricanes ouercame the Romans, so that of two hundreth and twentie sailes they saued but thirtie, 89. were taken, and all the men which fought in them: the residue were sunke: besides, the Affricanes tooke 20. thousande of the Romanes prisoners. Thus sometime the Car∣thagineans, and sometime the Romanes preuailed, and so still continued with mortal malice. Caius Luctatius was sent pre∣sently with 300. sailes frō Rome, after this great losse that they had by the Affricanes, in the 9. yeere after the victories of Me∣tellus. This Luctatius with great courage perceiuing the Affri∣canes to be puft vp with pride of their last victorie, and now a∣gaine that they sent Hamo frō Carthage with an armie by land, and an other to Amilcar Hanibals father by sea, Luctatius before these armies came together, gaue to the Affricanes a sore bat∣tell, which was fought ouer against Lylibium a citie of Sicilia, with such passing valiantnes of the Romanes, that they toke 73. ships of the Affricans, they sunke 125. they tooke 32. thousand men prisoners, and slew 13. thousand, with an infinite deale of gold and siluer, which Luctatius broght with him to Rome.

After this great ouerthrow of Hanno, Luctatius hasted to the citie of Erix, where Amilcar stayed with his power, whom hee forced to forsake the towne to his great losse: the resi∣due of the Affricanes were by Luctatius solde for eighteeene pence a piece. The Affricanes being thus spoiled and ouer∣throwen by Luctatius, entreated for peace, which was to them by the Senate graunted, which peace continued betwene the Affricanes and the Romanes 26. yeeres. Thus ended the first warres of the Affricanes, which endured 24. yeeres. During

which time Ptolomey Euergetes raigned in Egypt, and Seleucus Gallinicus raigned in Syria.

The Parthians began to set vp a kingdome this time, and An∣tigonus sirnamed Doson raigned then in Macedonia. About this time Aratus an excellent Greeke, the gouernor ouer the Ache∣tans, exempted al kinde of tyrannie out of the citie of Corinth, and brought the Megereans in societie with the Corinthians. About the latter end of this first warre betwene the Affricanes and the Romans, came Hiero the mightie and puisant king of Si∣cilia to behold the enterludes at Rome, where he distributed a∣mongst the Romans two hundred thousand bushels of wheat.

During this first warre of Carthage, M. Claudius gaue a great ouerthrow to the Frenchmen, and slew their king called Viri∣domarus with his owne had, as Eutropius saith. The greatnes of the Romanes was such then, that they had warres with Illyri∣ans, with the Istrians, with the Frenchmen, with the Affricanes, and with diuers others, ouer whom the Romanes triumphed: at which time they concluded a peace with al nations, which neuer happened to the Romanes since the first building of Rome, but onely in Numa Pompilius time.

CHAP. II.

Of the second Affricane warres betweene the Carthagineans and the Romanes, which endured 17. yeeres. During which time Ha∣nibal held terrible warres with the Romanes, which brought the Empire of Rome wellnigh to Carthage: but at last by Scipio Af∣fricanus the warres were ended, Carthage ouerthrowen, Affrica wonne, and Hanibal forced to flee.

NOw after that Hamilcar died in Spaine, a man of great skil, to whom the Affricans in the first Punicke warre committed the whole gouernment of Affrike: this Hamilcar made warres with the Romanes in Sicilia a longer time then it was loo∣ked for. After that, he kept them play in Affrike, and from thence he was sent go∣uernour and generall for the Affricanes into Spaine.

This Hamilcar was sirnamed Barcha, after whome succeeded Asdrubal his sonne in lawe, for that Hanibal Hamilcar his owne sonne was but yong & tender: notwithstanding he was hard∣ned now against the second warres of Affrike, where he farre excelled his fathers doings in his first warres.

After the first warre ended, Hamilcar Hanibals father died: hee continued three yeeres in the seruice of the warres vnder the conduct of Asdrubal his brother: for at what time his fa∣ther had him first to Spaine, he was but nine yeeres olde, and after that to Asdrubals death (as Polibius affirmeth) seuenteene yeeres: so as Plutarch and Polibius agree, he was 26. yeere olde whē he was chosen lieutenant general against the Romans: but Eutropius saith he was but twentie: but he was no sooner cho∣sen generall, but he bent himselfe fully against the Romanes, to whom he bare a secret malice for the losse of Sardinia and Si∣cilia, but specially for his fathers Hamilcars sake, who hated so the Romanes, that he compelled Hanibal his sonne being but a boy, to sweare at a sacrifice which Hamilcar made, that hee would be a mortall enemie to the Romanes.

The remembrance of which things enticed Hanibal to at∣tempt warres against the Romanes, at what time Hanibal sware vpon his fathers graue, that he would be an enemie to the Ro∣mans, and performe the othe which he sware to his father Ha∣milcar. This inheritable hatred made Hanibal to practise in∣nouations, and to finde occasion to begin this second warre. There was a towne named Saguntum, the people hereof con∣fined indifferently betweene the Romanes and the Carthagine∣ans: this towne Hanibal assaulted, to whom the Romanes sent ambassadours, to will him to cease from battell: for the Ro∣manes were alwayes lothe to vse force, if either intreatie or courtesie might take place: but Hanibal refused to speake with them. The Senate sent to Carthage, willing that com∣maundement might be giuen to Hanibal to spare the Sagun∣tines, which were in league with the Romans: but they had the like answere in Carthage, as they had of Hanibal. Then Fabius who in his ambassage offered to the Carthagineans the choise

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It was doubtfull a long time, whether there were a sea be∣yond Afrike, or whether the land might be coasted about, or whether Afrike being barren & waste, ful of desertes & moū∣taines, might extend so farre as that there were no ende of it, vntill the voyage of Hanno a captaine of Carthage, who tooke vpon him to searche the coastes: and when he had traueiled much, hee returned home with this answere, that he wanted not sea roome but victuall. After Hanno, another called En∣doxus passed out of the gulfe of Arabia: hee traueiled so long, that he brought notice with him of countries & other things vnknowen in Affrike and Libya: you must thinke that Affrike and Libya is all one generally.

In this countrie of Affrike is Mauritania, a large and a wide countrie: the end of this coast is the riuer Mulucha, and the beginning thereof is from the Promontorie which the Greekes call Ampelisia: from Mulucha Molochathi, (as Strabo writeth) to the riuer Ampsaga, lieth Numidia, a countrie not so large as Mauritania, but wealthier and better peopled: Cirta is the greatest citie therein, the pallace of king Iuba and king Siphax, and after Massinissa and Mycipsa, and of a long time their suc∣cessours. To describe Affrike perticularly, it is infinite, for that the most part of it is wast ground, vnmanured, and void wildernesse, where strange and diuers kindes of beastes doe breede, and also many fabulous things of Solinus and Strabo written, as Satyrs, Blenias, & such wilde people, that rather are like beasts then men: reade Solinus and Strabo of all the sundry sortes of serpēts, strange beastes, & of the mōstrous kindes of creatures, which breede in Affrike and Libya. I will declare briefely the report of al Carthage & Numidia, two of the chie∣fest cities of Affrike: of these townes mēcion is made of diuers writers. This Carthage was builded at such time as Hiarbas reigned in Libya, by a lady named Elissa, otherwayes named Dido, king Pigmaliōs sister of Tyre, borne in Phoenicia, after whō Tirians long inhabited: a hundred thirtie fiue yeeres before the building of Rome was Carthage builded: some say that Car∣thage was builded before Didos time by people of Tyre, of whō Carthage was first named Byrsa.

Ioseph setteth downe the names of those kings that reigned in Tyre, before Dido came to Affrika.

• 1 Abibalus.
• 2 His sonne Hiramus. 34.
• 3 Abdemonius.
• 4 Hyramus. 2.
• 5 Baleastartus. 43.
• 6 Abdastartus. 9.
• 7 Astartus the sonne of Ba∣leastartus.
• 8 Astarimus which was slaine
• 9 by his brother Phelles that succeeded him.
• 10 Ithobalus.
• 11 Badezorus the sonne of I▪
• 12 thabolus, after whome suc∣ceeded his sonne Mettinus.
• 13 And last reigned Pygmali∣on, which was brother vnto Dido. These were the kings that reigned in Tyre, before the building of Carthage.

Strabo sayth, that there were 300. cities in that part of Af∣frika before the building of Carthage, which were destroyed by the Pharusians and Nigretes. Next vnto Carthage in autho∣ritie and power was the Citie of Vtica, famous for the name of Cato: these two Cities were the onely hauens to the Ro∣manes to enter into Libya. Not farre from Vtica was Appollonia and Hermea, two populous Townes well inhabited.

In this lesser Asia where Carthage and Vtica were both builded by the Phoenicians, are diuers others Townes, as Hippo, Rheguis, and Tabraca: this part of Affrike florished, and be∣came so famous, that the Romanes who in those dayes waxed strong, had an eye to Affrike, and (as their maners and custome were neuer to be satisfied vntill they were lords of the whole world) they beganne to be enemies to the kings of Libya and Affrike, held them warres the first time for the space of twen∣tie foure yeres, with equal conquest to the Romanes. It is writ∣ten, that in this first yeeres warre which the Romanes had with the Carthagineans, that the Romanes susteined great losse and much harme, specially by shipwracke. The Romanes neuer waged any battell out of Italie before this time, and therefore to know what power they were ableto make within the citie of Rome, they mustred & numbred them by the poles, & they found within the citie of Rome 300. thousand able souldiers to serue, sauing 500. When Appius Claudius & Q. Fuluius were

Consuls in Rome, the first battell was fought in Sicilia, where the Romanes gate the victorie, & Appius triūphed ouer Hieron king of Sicilia & ouer the Affrikanes. The second and the third battel the Romanes wrought very great enterprises, & gate the victories against two nations of Affrica. This time againe the Romanes triūphed ouer the Affricanes, & Hieron king of Sicilia intreated for peace, and in consideration thereof gaue to the Romanes 200. talents of siluer: but this peace endured not long: for within fiue yeeres after the warres began, the Romanes vn∣derstanding that the Affricanes came in heapes from Libya in∣to Sicilia, prepared an armie vnder the conduct of Cneus Cor∣nelius and Caius Duillius then Consuls of Rome: this battel was fought on the sea, where Cornelius the Consul was deceiued by traine: but Eutropius saith that the other Consul fought out the battel, and ouercame the Affricanes: he tooke 31. shippes and sunke 18. he slewe 3000. and tooke seuen thousand men prisoners.

This victory vpon the Sea happened better to the Romanes then they looked for. Although the Carthagenians were often discomfited and ouerthrowen by the Romanes, yet they esca∣ped not free, and specially vpon the sea, where the Romanes sustained diuers losses, and such losses, as were equall to the victories which they wanne vpon the land. When Lucius Sci∣pio had wonne Corsica and Sardinia, being then Consul at Rome, and ledde from them with him to Rome many thou∣sand prisoners, ouer whom he triumphed by these diuers vi∣ctories and triumphes which the Romanes had ouer the Liby∣ans, the Carthagenians were forced to forsake Sicilia, and to re∣turne to Affrica, where the Romanes within a while transposed their warres against Hamilcar captaine of the Carthagineans, to whome battell was giuen vpon the sea, where Hamilcar was discomfited and constrayned to retire backe, after he had lost 64. shippes. This was the second victorie which the Ro∣manes had vpō the sea ouer the Affricanes, yet this time the Ro∣manes lost two and twentie ships: this battell was wonne by M. Attilius Regulus & Lu. Manlius then both Consuls at Rome.

These captaines after they ariued farther into Affrike, Cli∣pea the chiefest city of Affrike yeelded thēselues to the Romans: nowe Manlius returned to Rome with great pompe, brought with him twentie seuen thousand prisoners. Regulus remai∣ned still in Affrike, whose worthy actes and famous victorie a∣gainst the Carthagineans in the absence of his fellowe were such, as hee ioyned battell with three of the best captaines of all Affrike at that time, which was Asdrubal and Hamilcar, Ha∣nibals father. In this victorie Regulus slue eighteene thousand of his enemies: hee tooke prisoners fiue thousand and eight Elephants, and at that victorie (as Eutropius sayth) hee recei∣ued vnder obeysance threescore and thirteene cities.

The losse was such to the Affricans, that they desired peace of the Romanes: which was denied by Regulus contrary to a Romanes nature, which alwayes vsed al nations with great cle∣mencie: but Regulus gained nothing by this, but shame and losse: for the Carth•…•…ineans desired the ayde of the Lacedemo∣nians, which with all diligence sent a band of men with one Xantippus, through whose meanes Regulus was ouercome in the next battell, where the Romanes had a great ouerthrowe, by the onely seueritie and too much insolencie of Regulus. The Affricanes slue thirtie thousand Romanes, and tooke priso∣ners fifteene thousand, and Regulus himselfe was taken, and cast into prison.

Thus hee that triumphed ouer Affrike with great fame and commendations, lyeth nowe a captiue in a dungeon, at the disposition of the Affricanes. The Romanes hearing of these newes, they presently sent M. Aemilius Paulus, which passed ouer into Affrike with a nauie of three hundred sailes: the battell was renued, and fought vpon the sea with such courage of the Romanes, that they sunke a hundred and foure shippes of their enemies, tooke thirtie shippes and all the men within them, slue and tooke prisoners besides fif∣teene thousand: with the spoyle of Affricanes Aemilius en∣riched his souldiers.

All Affrike had beene conquered this time, had not such

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either of warre or of peace, gremio togae excusso, pronounced openly publike warres to the Affricanes. In the meane time the Saguntines famished: yet some writers report, that Sagun∣tum endured 8. moneths siege, as Plutarch and Liuie affirme. The taking of this citie was a great furtherance to Hanibals enterprises.

The Romanes hearing of these newes, deuided the prouin∣ces betweene the two Consuls, Publius Cornelius to Spaine, and Titus Sempronius to Affrike and Sicilia: and then the Romanes sent certaine of the noblest men of Rome to Carthage, to pro∣nounce open warre to the Carthagineans, which was as braue∣ly receiued, as it was lustily offered. Hanibal hearing of this preparation in Rome, he left Asdrubal in Spaine, and himselfe passed ouer the mountaines Pyrenei, making his way where no way was as yet, ouer the Alpes. Eutropius reporteth, that Ha∣nibal brought with him to Italy 80. thousand footemen, twen∣tie thousand horsemen, and 37. elephants.

Hanibal had great hope that the Ligurians and the French∣men would ayde him, which in deede came to passe as hee ex∣pected. Sempronius Gracchus conueyed his armie foorth of Si∣cilia. Scipio in the meane time encountred with Hanibal: but he was discomfited, his men put to flight, and Scipio himselfe returned wounded to his tents. In like maner the other Con∣sul fought with him at the riuer Trebia, & was ouerthrowen, and escaped hardly himselfe. Thus Hanibal got the victorie of both the Consuls, yet it cost Hanibal the setting on: for he lost many of his men, and the most part of his elephants.

After this battel, Hanibal ouercame all the countrey, and did put all to fire and sworde, whereupon diuers in Italy for feare yeelded themselues to Hanibal. There were at that time fiue and twentie thousand Romanes slaine, and the residue fled. Flaminus the Consul at that very time was also slaine by Ha∣nibal at the lake Thracimene which is in Perusia, who had the charge of Sempronius place. The Romans hearing of those hard newes, appointed Fabius Maximus generall against Hanibal, a graue wise man, and of great authoritie and estimation with

the people of Rome: this Fabius by tracting the time and daly∣ing, brake the violence and force of Hanibal, and thereby gaue him oftentimes the ouerthrow. Hanibal vsed kinds of poli∣cies to draw Fabius to fight, who remoued his campe frō citie to citie, and from place to place, with such furie and rage (to see the delay of Fabius) that Hanibal lost more then he wanne during the time of Fabius. Of this it is written, Cunctando resti∣tuit rem. By this time there were two other created consuls in Rome, Luc. Aemilius and Pub. Terentius Varro: these succee∣ded Fabius, but not with such good successe, nor with the like fortune as Fabius had: for Fabius aduertised both the consuls, that they could neuer ouercome Hanibal but by prolonging to fight: how be it light heads wil folow no counsel, as it came to passe by the rashnesse of Varro contrary to the mind of the other consul, who ioyned battell with Hanibal hard by a litle village in Apulia named Cannes, where the Romanes had the greatest discomfiture that euer they had: for in this battel the Affricans slew (as Liui saith) 40. thousand footmen and 2700. horsemen. Plutarch saith, that there were slaine 50. thousand footemen, and 14. thousand taken prisoners, Aemilius the con∣sul slaine, and to the nomber of 20. others of the order of con∣sul and Pretors. Againe, in this great ouerthrow, there were taken and slaine of the Senators 30. of noblemen and gentle∣men 800.

After that battel many cities in Italy which were before vn∣der the obeysance of the Romanes, fell from them to Hanibal: from that battell of Cannes, Hanibal sent to Carthage 3. bushels ful of rings & chaines, which were pluckt from the necks and hands of the gentlemen, Senators and souldiers of the Romans.

Thus Hanibal had such good successe in the beginning of his warres, hauing subdued the Saguntines, ouerthrowen the Ro∣manes at the riuer Trebia, slaine the consull Flaminius, and the most part of his armie at the lake Thrasimene, & then the great slaughter and murther of the Romanes now at Cannes: yet the Romans neuer quailed for al this, their stout minds were such, that they could not heare of peace: the Romanes were neuer

more valiant, then when they were cōquered: their courage, their magnanimitie & noble vertues were most seene in their aduersitie. Now while Hanibal florished thus in Italy like a cōquerour, his brother Asdrubal whom he left behind him in Spaine, sustained a great ouerthrow by the two Scipios, in which battel he lost 35. thousand men. Now in the 4. yere after that Hanibal inuaded Italy, Marcellus was sent against Hanibal, who in truth fought with good fortune at Nola a citie of Campania, and made Hanibal to forsake Nola with all his armie. By this time Hanibal had gotten many cities frō the Romanes in Apulia and Calabria: the fame of Hanibal was such, that all the world spake of it: for Philip king of Macedon sent to offer ayd to Ha∣nibal against the Romanes: the messengers were apprehended by the Romans, and the whole matter knowen, whereupon the Romans sent 4. generals at one time to 4. seueral places: in Ita∣ly against Hanibal: in Macedonia against king Philip: in Spaine a∣gainst Asdrubal Hanibals brother: and in Sardinia against a Car∣thaginean captaine called also Asdrubal, who was taken by Tit. Manlius the proconsul: who slew besides of the Affricanes 12. thousand, and tooke 1500. prisoners, which Manlius brought with him to Rome.

On the other side Hanibal plaied the lion, besieged Tarentū, and wan it, after that the Romans had before won it, & posses∣sed it 100. yeres and more: how beit Marcellus hindred Hanibal of his purpose sundry times, & gaue him diuers ouerthrowes: for of all the Romane captaines Marcellus matched Hanibal ei∣ther in policie, counsel, wit, or any other stratagem deuised, of whom Hanibal said, that he delt with an enemie that could be neuer quiet conquerour nor conquered: and so hee spake of Fabius Maximus, when he had againe wonne Tarentum, say∣ing, The Romanes haue also their Hanibal.

Hanibal yet triumphed of his victories, and was emboldened by his good fortune to march forwarde, thinking to inuade the citie of Rome, came and camped within 24. furlongs of Rome, which is but three miles, and from thence hee came with two thousand horses so neere vnto Rome, that riding

from the gate Colnia vnto Hercules temple, hee had leasure to view at his pleasure the situation & walles of Rome, and might at that time haue conquered Rome, if hee had then gone for∣ward with his victories: but he feared the Consuls & retired: for both the Consuls came with an armie against him: and to increase the fame of the Affricanes, Asdrubal slew both the Sci∣pios, which so long had bene conquerours in Spaine. Eutro∣pius saith, that they were rather by traine beguiled, then van∣quished by manhood.

About this time a great part of Sicilia was recouered by Marcellus the Consul: but Hanibals fortune continued still, though he had diuers ouerthrowes of Marcellus and of Fa∣bius Maximus, two worthie Romane captaines: yet he was farre before hande in victories, and did much more harme to the Romans then Pyrrhus, Mithridates, Philip, or Antiochus the great. After that Hanibal had thought to haue inuaded Rome, he re∣tired to Campania, and vpon the sudden he assaulted Cneus Ful∣uius being then in Italie, slewe him, and eight thousand ofhis people: but Hanibals head was much occupied about Mar∣cellus, neuer ceasing to lay ambushes in euery place to mur∣ther him, vntill at length he layed certaine bands of Numidi∣ans in a groue to entrap the enemies passing to and fro. Mar∣cellus cōming to view this groue & the situation of that place, fell vnfortunatly into Hanibals ambush, where hee was com∣passed on either side with his enemies, and fighting then most valiantly was slaine.

Hanibal being aduertised that Marcellus was slaine, he was so glad (in respect that Marcellus euer hindered his victories and most troubled him of all the Romane captaines) that Ha∣nibal supposed better ofhimselfe, with hope he should meete no more with such as Marcellus was: but he was deceiued: he met with an other Scipio, though in trueth two were slaine by Asdrubal in Spaine before: but this Scipio reuenged their deaths, and fully requited all iniuries that the Romanes recei∣ued, with the slaughter of many thousand Affricanes, with the subduing of Carthage and Numantia, and with the conquest

of Hanibal with both his brethren, Asdrubal and Mago.

Vntill this time Hanibal excelled all the captaines of the world, as hee spake ofhimselfe, if hee might haue conquered Scipio. Now the state of Carthage changed, and the fortune of Affrike fell, and now the Romanes beganne againe to be ad∣uanced: for after that Scipio had won new Carthage in Spaine, where the Affricanes had all their golde and siluer and furni∣ture for warre remayning, sending to Rome such hostages of the best Affricanes taken, amongst whom Mago Hanibals bro∣ther was sent also with the residue, there was great mirth in Rome of these newes.

Now while Scipio conquered Carthage in Spaine, Q. Fabius Maximus recouered Tarentum in Italy: for diuers cities of Ita∣lie hearing what victories Scipio had in Spaine, reuolted from Hanibal, and yeelded to the Romanes, as Capua, Salapia, and others in like maner: all the Spaniards tooke part with Scipio against Hanibal, after that Scipio had subdued Carthage, dis∣comfited Asdrubal, and vanquished the two kings Mandocius and Iudibilis. Scipio hauing sent before to Rome great spoiles, he himselfe returned to Rome after he had gotten in Spaine in one yeere 69. cities.

Now Hanibal beganne to decline from his former fortune, sent for his brother Asdrubal out of Spaine, who deliuering his place of gouernment vnto one Hanno a noble captaine of Car∣thage, came with a great armie to Italy, where he was by Mar∣cus Liuius the consul met at Sena a citie of Apulia, where battel was giuen to Asdrubal. Of that battell Plutarch reporteth, that fiftie sixe thousande were slaine of the Affricanes, and Asdrubal himselfe: so that the ouerthrow of that battell at Sena was al∣most as great, as the ouerthrow which was giuen to the Ro∣manes at the battell of Cannes: yet Eutropius saith, that Asdru∣bal fel into the ambushments which of set purpose were laied for him by Claudius Nero, and Liuius Salinator.

These, to spite Hanibal the more, they set vp Asdrubals head vpon a pole, and they sent to Hanibal notice of these newes: this grieued not Hanibal a little, to see his brothers head set

before his tent, his other brother Mago prisoner at Rome, and himselfe in some dispaire of his countrey: yet Hanibal when he saw his brothers head, said, Cannam, Trebiam, & Thrasime∣num fraterno capite pensauimus: reuiuing much his heauie heart with the remembrance of so many Consuls, Dictators, and captaines heads of the Romanes slaine at the three great bat∣tels of Cannas, Trebia, and Thrasimene. Euen then Hanibal was called for into Affrike: for Scipio the yeere before was made Consul at Rome, and sent by the Senate to Affrike in the fif∣teenth yeere after this second warre which beganne by Hani∣bal, where all Affrike was in such doubt of Scipio, that of neces∣sitie they did sende for Hanibal, and yet before he came, Scipio ouercame the valiant captaine Hanno, slew 11. thousand of his souldiers, tooke his tents with 4500. of his souldiers, and a∣gaine hee tooke Syphax king of Numidia or of Massylia priso∣ner, because hee ayded the Affricanes, inuaded his tents and sackt them, and sent king Syphax with the most nobles of Nu∣midia prisoners to Rome, with an infinite spoile: of which newes Rome reioyced not a litle.

But now to Hanibal, who after he had bene such a scourge to Rome for 16. yeeres before he was called to Affrike, it is writ∣ten in Plutarch, that after the last battell which he had in Italy with Sempronius, before he toke the sea, he set vp a triumphing arche or pillar by the temple of Iuno Lucina, in the which arch were briefly engrauen his noble victories, both in the Punicke and Grecke tongue, for a memorial of his being in Italy: and af∣ter he sailed to Leptis, and frō thence to Zama, and there when it was tolde Hanibal of the state of Affrike, and the victories which Scipio had had and like more to haue, considering that Sardinia, Sicilia and Spaine were lost, and now the warres were driuen out of Italy into Affrike, where Syphax king of Numidia was taken, Carthage spoiled, and in great want, and all Affrike in dispaire: he was hereby bent to peace, and entreated with Scipio for peace, which was offred vpon these conditions, that the Affricanss should pay to the Romans 500. thousand poūds. But after long talke betwene Scipio and Hanibal, no peace was

agreed vpon, insomuch that Hanibal was constrained to make his last battel: this fielde was appointed to be fought, where they prepared themselues to battel by the citie of Zama, where Scipio had the victory. In this battel Masinissa king of Numidia did valiantly: this of a yong boy affected much Scipio, and he was a sure friend to the Romans al his life. Hanibal was welnigh taken in this battel: but he escaped, and left his tents behinde him, where were found 20. thousand pounds of siluer, and 800. thousand pounds of gold, with infinit other treasures.

After this victory as Scipio came frō the battel, he met with Vermina king Siphax sonne, who at that instant brought an ar∣mie to ayd the Affricans: he likewise was put to flight, and fol∣lowed into Carthage gate. When the Carthagineans heard that Scipio was marching towards them, they were much dismayed therby, and sent to intreat for peace being aduertised that Ha∣nibal was ouerthrowen and put to flight: this peace was gran∣ted by Scipio vnto Carthage, vpon such conditions as pleased best the conquerour.

Now after that Affrike was conquered, no nation then was ashamed to be ouercome by the Romans, for Affrike was made a prouince, and as it were an open passage to encrease & en∣large the empire of Rome. When Scipio had broght the Affri∣canes subiect vnder the Romans, before he departed frō Affrica, he restored Masinissa to his kingdom againe, adding therunto the best part of king Siphax countrey. After this, Scipio entred into Rome with pompe & great triumph: of the maner there∣of I shal haue better cause to set down in the Romane history.

Thus was the end of the second Punick war, which endured 19. yeres, as Eutropius saith, others affirme but 17. yeres. There is an history extant in Appiā, how Hanibal & Scipio fought hand to hand in this battel, & after them how Masinissa and Hanibal fought very egerly with such bloody strokes, that both were rescued twise or thrise. Read Appian and Polibius of this battel. We reade not of such a triumph as Scipio had, though many had more shewes in plates, treasures, captiues, & prisoners, as Silla, Marius, Pompey, Caesar, with others: yet the cōquest of one

Hanibal was such a thing, all Affrike being on his side, and al∣most all Italy, as did more aduance the triumph of Scipio, then all the aforesaid triumphes: for during the space of 17. yeres the Romanes had more to do with one Hanibal, then they had with all the kings of Asia and Europe at one time.

The battels of this second warre of Affrica were equall to either Alexander, or Xerxes, as the battel of Ticinū where Sem∣pronius the Consul was slaine: the second at the riuer Trebia where Pub. Aemilius the Consul was slaine: the thirde at the lake Thrasimene where Manlius the Consul was slaine, and all his armie: the fourth at Cannes: the fift at Sana: and the sixt at Zama where Hanibal was put to flight. And yet these two fa∣mous captaines, had some enemies at home that enuied their glorie and great renowme. It was a common saying, Hani∣bal had in Carthage his Hanno, and Scipio had in Rome his Fabius: but because I shall haue occasion to speake of these two valiant captaines in diuers other places, I will briefly passe to the thirde warres of Affrike, which happened 52. yeres after these second warres.

Now what dealings fel in other countreis during the time of these 17. yeeres warres, you shall reade that about the be∣ginning of this second warre, that Ptolomey Philopater king of Egypt, he had warres against the Iewes, spoiled Ierusalem, pro∣phaned the temple of Salomon, and troubled all Iudea. This very time the Rhodians waged warres against the Bizantians, and the people of Creete had warres with the nations about them called the Gnosians and Litians. Polibius in his fourth booke likewise sayeth, that Mithridates king of Pontus had warres with the king of Sinopenses.

About this time the warres of Syria beganne betwene An∣tiochus the great king of Asia, and Ptolomey Philopator king of Egypt: for Hanibal fled this time from Affrike to Asia to An∣tiochus, after he was cōquered by Scipio at Zama. During these Punicke warres, Hiero the king of Sicilia died, which ayded the Affricanes against the Romanes in the first warres, and his sonne named Hieronimus succeeded him, who for his great

insolencie and pride was slaine by his owne people. This time the Macedonians had a great ouerthrow by the Ro∣manes by the citie Appolonia, at what time Nenius Crispus was generall for Rome. Likewise Nicanor sirnamed Sicamber, had the like ouerthrow by the king of Orchades.

During this warre, Attalus king of Asia, Pleuratus king of Thracia, and Scerdiletus king of Illyria, became in league with the Romans: at what time warre was proclaimed by the Ro∣manes against king Philip of Macedonia. This time raigned in Parthia Pampatius, otherwise by Iustine called Phrahartes, the thirde king of Parthia. Liuie doeth write, that about this time a childe was borne with a Sowes head, and other fabulous things in that place, as an oxe to speake with mans voice. The Samaritans annoyed much Iudea this time. The Romanes lost more Senators, Consuls, noblemen, and gentlemen, in this second warre of Affrike, then they did in conquering of Ma∣cedonia, Egypt, Syria, and Asia. And yet in ciuil warres betwene Silla and Marius, I finde in Eutropius such slaughters of Con∣suls, Praetors, Aediles and Senatours, as the nomber shalbe set downe in the ciuill warres of Rome.

CHAP. III.

Of the thirde and last Affricane warres betweene the Romanes and the Carthagineans, which endured foure yeres: of the ouerthrow of Carthage and Numantia: of the ruine and last conquest of Affrica by the Romanes.

THe state of Affrike being by their last seconde warre weakened, and almost brought to nothing by the Romanes, the Affricanes were two and fiftie yeeres in recouering any strength, either to de∣fend themselues or to offend others: in the meane time the Romanes very ambi∣tious, and very impatient to heare of any kingdome to flourish, hauing waged warre with the Affri∣canes 24. yeeres the first time, and 17. yeeres the second time,

and that out of Italy such nations and sundrie kings, yea with all Affrica, which is described to bee welnigh the thirde part of the world: hauing, I say conquered all Affrike, and Libya, the Romanes proclaimed warre against Philippe king of Ma∣cedonia: there T. Quintus Flaminius had such good successe, that peace was concluded vpon such conditions as plea∣sed Flaminius.

Then had they warres against the Lacedemonians, vanqui∣shed them and their generall called Nabides: submission was made to the Romanes, and peace also graunted to them vpon the like condition, as was graunted to Philippe. After this en∣sued warres in Syria against Antiochus the great, whom like∣wise the Romanes so pursued after diuers ouerthrowes, that his tents were inuaded, and Antiochus himselfe was put to flight at the battell of Magnesia, by Cornelius Scipio, sirnamed Asiaticus.

The Romanes beganne to bee in such admiration with all Asia and Europe, hauing alreadie subdued all Affrica, that the name of a Romane was a very terrour vnto those kings that were furthest off. The Affricanes, while the Romanes were busie in Asia, they beganne to quarrell with king Masi∣nissa, a sure and a constant friende to the Romanes, being in armes in person against the Affricanes, during the time of all the second warres. The Romanes hearing of these newes, sent ambassadours to Carthage, to require them to withdrawe from Numidia, and to cease the warres from their olde friend Masinissa: the Carthagineans refused to obey the Romanes, whereupon the thirde battell was taken in hand against the Carthagineans, in the yeere after the building of Rome sixe hundreth and foure: yet Eutropius sayeth, sixe hundreth and one, and in the 52. yeere after the second battell finished.

The Consuls tooke their voyage from Rome to inuade Carthage. In this iourney Scipio, nephewe to Scipio Affricanus, was deputed generall of the armie, a man well beloued, and much reuerenced, for that hee was a passing and good cap∣taine, readie and very circumspect of his charge, by whome

the Consuls with the armie were twise saued at the besieging of Carthage, to the great honour of Scipio their generall.

The Carthagineans, being not so strong, neither so able to resist the violence of the Romanes as they were in the time of Hanibal, appointed two valiant men named Asdrubal and Fa∣mea, to be captaines of Carthage, to whom the charge of Car∣thage was giuen: these two iolie captaines, Asdrubal and Fa∣mea, so much sought to auoyde the meeting of Scipio, as they thought to prolong the warres by keeping off, rather then by comming into battell: for the names of Scipios was terri∣ble to the Affricanes.

Hereby the renowme of Scipio was such, that the Senate called him home to Rome, to haue the honour of Consulship, being yet but a very yong man: and before he should be sent to assault Carthage, some dissention fell betweene the Senate, whether Carthage should bee quite destroyed or no. Some thought that Carthage being so strong a citie, would neuer long be quiet with the Romanes: others thought that Rome should want the friendship of Carthage, if Carthage should be destroyed: it was at last agreed, that the general Scipio, should doe as pleased him, by occasions giuen of the enemie.

Vpon this Scipio was sent againe to inuade Carthage, about which time Masinissa died, after that he had liued ninetie and seuen yeeres, who left behinde him 44. sonnes, whom hee committed to the faith of Scipio, and amongst whom Masi∣nissa requested Scipio to distribute his kingdome: which be∣ing done, Scipio went and besieged Carthage, kept out vi∣ctuals from the citie, hauing also giuen them many hard and sharpe battels aswell by water as by lande, whose good suc∣cesse happened all well at last to Scipio: for after hee had con∣quered them both by sea and by lande, then hee applied his force to destroy Carthage, a towne of great strength, and very populous, a great and a large citie of sixe Germane miles compasse, and two Germane miles diameter euery way. This Carthage was first builded by the people of Tyre, and was by them called Byrsa.

Scipio commaunded the citie to be rased from the ground, giuing licence to as many as would saue themselues, to goe out of Carthage: at what time 50. thousand saued themselues by escaping away, the rest so despaired, that some poysoned themselues, some killed themselues, and the most part bur∣ned themselues. Asdrubal their generall fled to Scipio for mer∣cie, who hearing that his wife and children would not saue themselues, but willingly died within Carthage, hee also kil∣led himselfe. The burning of Carthage endured 16. dayes.

During which time, Polibius (who writeth all the Affricane historie) saith, that Scipio beholding the ruinous state of Car∣thage, and the lamentable destruction of the people, recited a Latine verse weeping, Illa dies veniet cum fato Troia peribit. And being demaunded why he wept and vsed those wordes, Hee answered, I weepe for that I thinke others shall see of Rome, that which I see now of Carthage: for that shall come (saide Scipio) that Rome shall likewise perish, such is the mise∣rie and state of this world: and so fell it to Rome in the time of Totilas king of the Gothes, 700. yeeres after the burning of Carthage.

When Carthage was thus destroyed, the rest of the Affri∣canes yeelded all their townes, which were in the beginning of the warres in nomber 300. Also they yeelded 200. thou∣sand armories which they had in Lybia, 3000. pieces of artille∣ries, and all other engines & instruments of warres, as though they would neuer againe take warre in hande: yet when Car∣thage was by the cōmandement of the Senat reedified in Af∣frike 22. yeeres after that it was destroied by Scipio Aemilianus, sirnamed by the victorie Affricanus the yonger, thither went diuers citizens of Rome to dwel. This citie was begun by Caius Grachus, & afterward was fully restored to her former state and beautie by Iulius Caesar, and his nephew Octa. Augustus his suc∣cessor in the Empire. After the burning of Carthage 14. yeres, was likewise Numantia a citie in Celtiberia destroyed by the same Scipio Aemilianus, a citie that did much annoy the Ro∣mans, of great force and power a long time, insomuch that the

overthrowe of Numantia was more terrible then Carthage: for they were brought to that famine within the citie, and yet would not yeeld themselues, that some killed thēselues, some with poyson, some with the sword, and some with fire: at last, like desperate people, they burned the towne and themselues.

While Scipio laid siege to Numantia, newes came from Rome that Tyberius Grachus was slaine in such seditious quarrels as Tyberius himselfe began: the cause being opened to Scipio of Tyberius his death, he recited a Greeke verse of Homer, saying to the companie, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 that is, let him die with the like death, that cōmitteth such a fault. But that verse cost Scipio his life: for after hee returned from Numantia home, for that hee saide Tyberius was iustly slaine, Scipio was found the next morning dead in his bed. This was the end of Scipio Affricanus the yonger, he to be killed in Rome for his ser∣uice to his countrie, as his graundfather Scipio Affricanus was banished out of Rome, to die in other countries.

But to returne to ende this third & last warres of the Affri∣canes with the Romanes: though Carthage and Numantia were ouerthrowen, yet in Numidia vsurped Iugurth the kingdome, who after he had slaine both his brethren Adherbal, & Hiemp∣sal, thought to withstand the iustice & reuenge of the Romanes herein: for king Myrpsa who succeeded Masinissa, left these three sonnes, Iugurth, Adherbal, and Hiempsal: all these were friendes to the Romanes, & therefore the Senate sent Calphur∣nius the Consul with an army: but he was corrupted with mo∣ney by king Iugurth, gaue him and concluded such a peace as contented not the Romanes, and therefore it was foorthwith infringed. Then Albinus Posthumus was sent the next yeere, who likewise had no good successe, for that he cōmitted the battell to his brothers guiding, who fought against the Nu∣midians very vnfortunately.

The Romanes being not a litle offended with these newes, sent the third time Quintus Cecilius Metellus, who with his wisedome, sobrietie, and courage, discomfited Iugurth in ma∣ny battels: of the which reade Salust of the warres of Iugurth.

This Metellus ouerthrewe him, and tooke all his Elephants, and nowe when Metellus was at the point to haue finished this victorie ouer Iugurth, Caius Marius came from the Senat, and succeded him: he most easely ouercame both Iugurth king of Numidia, & Bochus king of Mauritania, who assisted Iugurth in this warre against the Romans: yet Eutropius saith, that both Metellus and Marius had triumphes graunted them by the Senatours ouer Iugurth.

After Iugurth we reade nothing worth the memorie in Af∣frike. In the later ende of this third warre, there were fiue tri∣umphes together at Rome: one by Marcus Iunius, who vanqui∣shed the Danes in Fraunce: the second by Minutius Rufus, who ouercame the Scordicians, Triballians in Macedonia: the third by S. Cepio, who subdued the Portugals in Spaine: and the two other triumphes which Metellus and Maurius had ouer Iugurth. And thus ended the third and last warres in Affrike, which continued foure yeeres.

Of this Affricane warres there are many writers as Polibius, Liuius, Appian, Eutropius, Melancthon, & others: but of the peo∣ple, their countrie, their cities, their maners and antiquitie, reade the 17. booke of Strabo, where you shal reade of Affrike, and Libya at large. I did nothing but briefely runne ouer the historie, & tooke of euery writer herein so much as I thought good to finish the historie, and the rather for that it is a kno∣wen historie to many.

Thus from the beginning of the first warre, vntill the ende of the last warre, are accompted a hundred and eight yeres: so long they continued in warres against the Romanes, at length all were brought vnder the Romanes, as were of Affrike habita∣ble. So the Romanes had of all Europe dominion, sauing of some dwelling beyonde the riuer Ister, and of some others that dwell betweene the riuer of Rheine and Tanais: euen so had they the gouernment ouer all Asia, sauing the Scythians, the Indians, and the Bactrians, which the Romanes made no great accompt of, being so barbarous people, and so farre from them.

Notes

• Pompo. Mela. lib. 1.
• Strabo. lib. 17.
• Affrica descri∣bed.
• The great losse of the Romanes by shipwracke.
• Eutrop lib. 2.
• Metellus vi∣ctorie.
• Melanct. lib. 2.
• Luc. Florus lib. 2.
• Pullius Clau∣dius ouer∣throwen.
• The Affricke victorie ouer the Romanes.
• Eutrop. lib. 2.
• Melanct. lib. 2.
• Luctatius vi∣ctorie ouer the Affricanes.
• Melanct. lib. 2.
• Affricanes solde for 18 pence a piece.
• Polib. lib. 2.
• Hiero his libe∣ralitie in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Rome.
• Viridomarus king of France slaie by Mar. Claudius.
• Hamilcar was Hambals fa∣ther.
• Hamilcars praise.
• Hamilcar.
• Plutarch. in Hanibal.
• Eutrop 3.
• Hanibal suc∣ceeded Has∣drubal.
• Liui. Flor. lib. 2. cap. 6.
• Saguntum be∣sieged and ta∣ken by Hani∣bal.
• Hanno a tra∣ueiler.
• Pomponius Mela lib. 3.
• Pompo. Mela. Lib. 1.
• Strange beasts in Affrike.
• Lib. 17.
• Ioseph. lib. 1.
• Ioseph. lib. 1. contra Appio.
• Vtica.
• Apollonia.
• Hermea.
• Strab. lib. 17.
• Muster in Rome. Eutrop. lib. 2.
• Appius trium∣phed ouer Hieron.
• The second triumph ouer the Affricanes.
• Reade Polyb. of the warres of Affricke.
• Melancth. lib. 2. Chron.
• Hamilcar dis∣comfited vp∣on the sea.
• Clipea the chie fest citie in Affrike.
• Lu. Florus. lib. 2. cap. 2.
• Regulus victo∣rie.
• Regulus too se∣uere.
• Regulus van∣quished. Melanct. lib. 2.
• The great vi∣ctorie of the Romanes ouer the Affricans.
• The Saguntines famished.
• Warres pro∣nounced to the Carthagi∣neans.
• The first vi∣ctorie of Ha∣ni•…•…al.
• Florus lib. 2. cap. 6.
• Plutar. in Fab.
• Q. Fabius made general.
• Florus lib. 2.
• The great vi∣ctorie at Can∣nes.
• Plutarch. in Fabio.
• Polib. lib. 5.
• Eutrop. lib. 3.
• Three bushels of rings onely, as Eutropius saith, sent by Hanibal to Car∣thage.
• Melanct. lib 2. Chrop.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Marcellus came against Hanibal.
• Foure gene∣rals sent by the Romanes to foure seueral kingdomes.
• Tit. Manlius victorie.
• The saying of Hanibal of Fab. Maximus.
• Hanibal cam∣ped within 3. miles of Rome.
• Hanibal came to Romes gate.
• Eutrop 3.
• Reade the whole 3 De∣cade of Liuie.
• Florus lib. 2. cap. 6.
• Marcellus slaine.
• Liuie lib. 8.
• Scipio requited the slaughter of the Romans.
• Liui in the ende of the 2. and 3. Decade.
• Mago Hani∣bals brother sent to Rome.
• Plutar in Fab.
• Scipio conque∣red Carthage.
• Asdrubal sent for out of Spaine, to whom battel was giuen where he was slaine.
• Sol. lib. 15.
• Liui. lib. 27.
• Hanibals words at the sight of his brothers head.
• Hanibal called to Affrike.
• Florus lib. 2. cap. 6.
• Scipio his vi∣ctories in Af∣frike.
• Eutrop. lib. 3.
• A monument of Hanibal.
• Plutarch. in S•…•…pione.
• Eutrop. lib. 3▪
• The battel in Zama.
• Hanibal fled.
• Scipios victo∣ries at Zama.
• Eutrop. lib 3.
• Peace gran∣ted to the Car∣thagineans.
• Affrike was made a pro∣uince to the Romanes.
• Mel•…•…nct. lib. 2. Chron.
• Scipio and Ha∣nibal fought hand to hand.
• Hanibal of any one man most plagued Rome.
• The sixe great battels in the second Pu∣nicke warre.
• Reade Plut. in Hanib. of the 2. warre.
• Polibius lib. 4.
• Warres be∣tweene Antio∣chus the great, and Philopa∣tor.
• Polib. lib. 5.
• Three kings became in league with the Romanes.
• Liui. lib. 31.
• The second warre of Af∣frike annoyed much the Ro∣manes.
• The thirde warres of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 beganne 52. yeeres after the second warre.
• Warres a∣gainst the Macedonians.
• Warres in Sy∣ria against An∣tiochus the great.
• Melanct. lib. 2. Chron.
• Warres a∣gainst Car∣thage.
• Asdrubal and Famea, 2. cap∣taines ouer Carthage.
• Scipio made Consul.
• Debating at Rome about the destru∣ction of Car∣thage.
• Masinissa died.
• Eutrop. lib. 4.
• Byrsa.
• The destru∣ction of Car∣thage, before called Byrsa.
• Melanct. lib. 2.
• The burning of Carthage endured 16. dayes.
• The sayings of Scipio of Rome, concer∣ning Rome.
• Strabo lib. 17.
• Eutrop. lib. 4.
• Melanct. lib. 2.
• The desperate mindes of the Numantines.
• Numantia de∣stroyed by Scipio Aemili∣anus.
• Scipios saying of Lib. Grac∣chus.
• Eutrop. lib. 4.
• Iugurth reuol∣ted from the R•…•…manes.
• Iugurth van∣quished.
• Metellus.
• Iugurth.
• Bochus king of Mauritania.
• Fiue triumphs in Rome at one time.
• Strabo. lib. 17.
• From the be∣giuning of the first, vntill the end of the 3. and last 108. yeeres.
• Strabo lib. 17.