[Rudimenta grammatices]

AD SERENISSI MAM MARIAM CORNVBIAE VVALLIAEQVE PRINCI∣PEM GVILIELMI LILII EPI∣GRAM∣MA.

INclyta progenies Anglae spes unica gentis, Virgo qua nulla est indole fertilior: Si uis te lingua Maria exornare Latina, Aut si Castalio texere serta choro: Haec, ut Erythraeo natas in littore gemmas, Haec, ut Pestanas accipelaeta rosas. Hae••, licet exiguum, Linacer tamen utile munus, Dedicat eloquij prima elementa tibi.

GENERALLY OF CON∣STRVCTION.

FOr the due ioynyng of wordes in construction it is to be vnderstāde, that a verbe of certayne {per}∣son and nombre, muste euer haue a nominatyue case ioyned with hym, set out or vnderstande. as Ego audio.

¶Also euery adiectiue, kepynge his strength, muste haue a propre or appellatiue, or somwhat standyng for them, ioyned with hym. as Magnus Alexander, gratus discipulus, velle tuum.

¶Also the relatiue qui must euer haue ioyned with hym, other openly or in vnderstandynge, somthyng of the sentence goynge before, whiche is called the antecedent. as Maro legitur•• qui imitat{us} est Home∣rum. where, with qui, is vnderstande Maro.

¶Also whan soeuer .ij. verbes come together in one sentence, hauynge no nominatiue case betwene ex∣pressed nor vnderstande, the latte•• shalbe the infi∣nityue mode. as Cupio discere.

¶Also a preposition, kepynge his owne strengthe, may nat stande withoute a casuall worde, in suche case as he is cōstrued with. as Ad templum ab vrbe.

Of intransi••iue constr••ction. The first intransitiue••

PRaeceptor docet. why is docet the singuler nom∣bre, and the thyrde {per}son•• For the verbe of cer∣tayne nombre and person, muste euer agre with his nominatyue case, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Nombre and person. as Ego scribo. Tu legis.

¶Howe knowest thou the nominatiue longyng•• to

the uerbe? By this englisshe who or what, set before ••he ••erb••, ••or the worde that answereth it, is the nominatyue case. As in this reason. I rede. The no∣minatiue case is I, bicause it answereth to that que∣stion who or what redeth.

The secunde intransitiue.

GRatus discipulus laudat praeceptorem. why is gratus the nominatyue case, the masculyn gē∣dre and the singuler nōbre? For the nowne ad∣iectiue must agree with his propre or appellatiue in iij. case, gendre, and nombre. As uir bonus, mulier ••roba.

¶And all nownes interrogatyues, relatyues of ac∣cidence, with theyr reddytiues. Also partitiues, cō∣paratiues, superlatiues, numerals, and pronownes bo••h demonstratiues and possessyues. Also partici∣ples haue lyke cōstruction, with theyr propre or ap∣pellatyue, as nowne adiectiues haue. as quanta tur∣ba. tāta moles. Neutra acies. Melior fortuna. Max∣imus latro. Tres fratres. Hic uir. Illa anus. Noster ••erus. Homo armatus.

¶Howe knowest thou the propre or appellatyue longynge to the adiectiue? By this question who o•• what, set after the adiectiue. as in this construction. A swyfte horse. A swyfte what? A swyfte horse.

The thyrde intransitiue.

VIr sapit, qui pauca loquitur. why is qui the no¦minatiue case, the masculyn gendre, and the synguler nōbre? For this relatyue qui, and ge¦nerally all nownes and pronownes relatyues, must

agree with theyr propre, or appellatyue, or pro∣nowne primityue, whyche they reherse of the rea∣son goyng before, in .iij. case, gendre, and nombre. as vir sapit, qui pauca loquitur. Ego scribo, et idē doceo. Est homo studiosus, qualis es tu. where, with qui, is vnderstande uir: with idem, ego: with qua∣lis, homo.

¶what is the worde here, that the relatyue qui re∣herseth of the reason goynge before? This appel∣latyue vir. why vnderstandest thou this appellati∣ue vir, after the relatyue in the nominatyue case? For so my rule byddeth me. Say thy rule.

¶If there come no nominatyue case bitwene the re¦latyue and the verbe, than shal the worde, that the relatyue reherseth, be the nomynatyue case to the verbe.

¶If there come any nominatyue case bitwene the relatyue and the verbe, than shall the worde, that the relatyue reherseth, be suche case, as the verbe wyll haue after hym. as Audio fabulam, quam Te∣rētius dedit. Orels suche case, as some worde, that cometh with the verbe wyl haue after hym, whiche worde is somtyme a nowne appellatyue. As Cuius numen adoro.

Somtyme an adiectyue, and that dyuers wayes. as Cuius inopem fouisti.

Quorum optimum ipse habeo.

Cui similem non uidi.

Quo dignum iudicaui.

Quo maiorem non uidi.

Somtyme an infinityue mode, participle, gerūdiue, or supyne. As Quem cupio uidere.

Cui ••elim te obsequentem.

Quem uidendo obstupuit.

〈◊〉〈◊〉 salutatum uenit.

••••••tyme a preposicion or an aduerbe. as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 videor amari.

〈◊〉〈◊〉 melius nemo scribit.

••••••her wyse. The relatyue qui agreeth with hys ••••••••cedent in .iij. gendre, nombre, and person. And 〈…〉〈…〉 case. I•• there come no noīatyue case bitwene 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••elatyue and his verbe, than s••all the relatyue 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••he nominatyue case to the verbe.

〈◊〉〈◊〉 there come any noīatiue case bitwene the rela¦•••••••• and the uerbe, than the relatiue must be suche, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 as the uerbe wyll haue after hym, orels suche 〈◊〉〈◊〉 as some worde that cometh with the uerbe wyl 〈◊〉〈◊〉 after hym. As the ensamples before sheweth.

••••owe knowest thou the worde lōgyng to the re∣••••••yue? By this question who or what, set after the ••••latyue, as in this reason. Virgil prayseth Aeneas, ••••••••che was a Troian. the worde longyng to the re∣••••••••ue is Aeneas, bycause it answereth to this que∣••••••••n who or what, set after the relatyue this wyse. ••hiche who or what was a troian? Aeneas.

Appositiue construction.

PLato est philosophus. why is philosophus the nomynatyue case? For the casuall worde, that cometh after the verbe Sum es fui, verbes passi∣ues, or neuts absolute, as iudicor incedo, If it haue nat thenglisshe of some preposicion, as to or of, be∣••ore it, it muste agree with the worde that goeth be¦fore them in case. As Virgil was a poete. Vergilius erat poeta. Virgil was called Maro. Virgilius dice∣batur

Maro. I go right, Incedo rectus.

¶But if it be an adiectyue or a worde that hath the construction of adiectyues, it must agree in case, gē∣dre, and nombre with the worde that goeth before the same verbes. As the maister is sycke. p̄ceptor est aeger. And be this called the appositiue cōstruction.

Generall before transityue construction.

AVdio Terentiū, quem tu edidicisti. why goeth the accusatyue quem, before his uerbe? For so byddeth my rule. what is that? Generally it is to be knowen, that nowne, uerbe, participle, aduerbe, or interiection, that be cōstrued with any oblique case wyl go before the same oblique. as Do∣mus Pompeij. Clementia Caesaris. Video herum. prope fontem.

Except it be an interrogatyue, or the relatyue qui que quod, for they muste euer, in suche constructiō, go before. as quem queris? vtri faues? Quos tu per∣dideras.

Nownes construed with a genytyue.

COdex Virgilij. why is Virgilij the genytyue case after codex? For euery nowne appellaty∣ue, maye be construed with a genityue of the worde folowynge, that hath before hym this signe of. As the poynt of a knyfe. mucro cultelli.

¶Also euery nowne appellatyue may be construed with the genitiue of the word goyug before ending in this syllable is. as a swerdis ha••te. Capulus ensis.

¶Amator uirtutis. why is uirtutis the genytiue

••ase? For all nownes verbals, that haue the signi∣fication of appellatyues, if they come of verbes of actyue signifycation, maye be construed with the genytyue of the worde folowyng, that hath before hym this signe of. As a louer of connyngmen. Ama∣••or doctorum. Tegmen capitis. Lectio praeceptori••.

¶Diues pecoris. why is pecoris the genitiue case? For nownes adiectiues, that betoken aboundaunce or plentye, as diues, opulentus, wyll be construed with the genitiue of the worde folowing, that hath before hym this signe of. As I am ryche of catell. Sum diues pecorum. Capax amphore. plenus ri∣marum.

But plenus is oftentymes construed with the abla∣tyue•• as Plena gypso.

¶Expers fraudis. why is fraudis the genitiue case? For nownes that sygnifye penury or lackynge, may be construed with a genytyue of the worde folowe∣ynge, that signifieth the thyng that is lacked, and h••th before hym this signe of. As nedy of all thyn∣ges. Pauper, egenus, inops, indigus, expers omni∣um. ••••ops auxilij. Expers fraudis.

¶Cupidus laudis. why is laudis the genitiue case? For nownes, that signyfye lacke with desyre, maye b•• construed with a genytyue case of the worde fo∣lowyng, that hath before it this signe of. As coue∣••ous of money. Auarus pecuniae. Desyrous of con∣nynge. Cupidus, auidus literarum.

••nd of these some may construed with the genitiue o•• the gerundyue. As Cupidus viuendi. Auidus bi∣bendi.

¶Nescius fraudis. why is fraudis the genytyue

case? For nownes, that betoken knowynge or vn∣knowynge, ben construed with the genytyue of the worde folowynge, that haue before hit this signe of. As peritus, gnarus, ignarus rerum. Anceps, du∣bius sententi••••. Nescius fraudis. Certus, incertus consilij. Prudens, imprudens, conscius facti. And with these, compos, securus, potens, reus.

¶Alter geminorum. why is geminorum the geni∣tyue case? For nownes partitiues be cōstrued with a genitiue plurel of the worde folowyng, that hath before it this signe of. As alter vterque nostrum. Quis{que}, vnusquis{que} maiorum. Nemo vnus or solus hominū, with these .iij. interrogatyues, quis, uter, and quot.

¶Primus sedentium. why is sedentium the geny∣tyue case? For all numerals called ordynals be cō∣strued with a genityue plurell, of the worde folow∣ynge, that hath before it this signe of. as primus, se∣cundus, tertius fratrum.

¶Sanissima corporum. why is corporum the geni∣tyue case? For nownes of the superlatyue degre be construed with a genityue plurell of the worde fo∣lowynge, that hath before it this signe of. As sanis∣sima corporum. Minimus fratrum. And this geny∣tyue is often resolued in to the ablatyue with e or ex. as minimus e fratribus.

Nownes construed with the datyue.

GRatus praeceptori. why is praeceptori the da∣tyue case? For all nownes betokenynge plea∣sure or displeasure, hurt or auauntage, be cō∣strued

with a datyue of the worde folowynge, that hath before it this signe to. As labour is profitable to the body. Labor est vtilis corpori.

And suche adiectyues be vtilis, inutilis, damnosus, periculosus, commodus, incommodus, iucundus, and supplex, with other lyke.

¶Similis regi. why is regi the datyue case? For nownes betokenyng lykenes, euennes, or theyr cō∣traries. and also betokenyng together, as they that be compowned of the preposition con, be construed with a datyue of the worde folowyng, that hath be¦fore it this signe to. As similis dissimilis, par impar a••qual••s inaequalis, contubernalis, commilito, con∣••ernus, cognatus, mihi. and lyke these also socius and comes.

Nownes construed with an accusatyue.

LAtus palmum. why is palmum the accusatyue case? For adiectyues that signifye measure, be construed with an accusatiue case of the worde ••olowyng, that betokeneth a speciall measure. As ••atus, longus, crassus, pedem unum, altus, profun∣dus palmum.

¶Aprus ad regendum. why sayest thou rather ad regendum than regere, after aptus? For after these ••diectiues, and suche other, aptus, idoneus, com∣modus, segnis, inuitus, diligēs, vehemēs, we must for the englisshe of the infinityue mode vse the ge∣rundiue in dum, with this preposition ad. as aptus ad dicendum.

Nownes construed with the ablatyue.

DIgnus laude. why is laude the ablatiue case? For these adiectiues, dignus, indignus, uacu∣us, uiduus, orbus, preditus, contentus, be cō∣strued with an ablatiue case. as Vacuus cerebro, vi∣duus pharetra.

¶Difficilis aditu. why is aditu the latter ••upine? For many adiectiues, whan the englisshe of the infi∣nitiue mode passiue folowith them, in stede of it, be construed with the latter supine. as facilis, difficilis auditu. Suaue or acerbum dictu. Horridumuisu, In∣credibile, dignum, indignum memoratu.

¶Frigidior glacie. why is glacie the ablatiue case? For al comparatiues be construed with the ablatiue of the worde folowynge, that hath before it this si∣gne than. as colder than yce. frigidior glacie.

And this ablatiue may be resolued in to the coniun∣ction electiue quā, and the nominatiue of the same nombre. as Doctior Platone. Doctior {quam} Plato.

The construction of verbes actiues.

AMo is a verbe actiue. why so? For in his firste person singuler, he endeth in o: and aboue his nominatiue may receyue this question, what thynge, thys wyse. what thyng loue I, teche I, eare I, or buylde I? Quid vel quā rem amo, doceo, aro, aedifico ego?

¶And all suche verbes, except a certayn that be set out amonge neuters, beynge actyues, maye receyue passiue voyce, whan soeuer the said question is tur∣ned in to the nominatyue case, the englysshe of the actiue in to the passyue, and the doer into the abla∣tiue case with a preposicion, this wyse. what thyng is loued, taught, eared, or buylded of me? Quid uel

quae ••es amatur, docetur, aratur, vel aedificat a me? ¶There be except, as receyuyng no passyue voyce, volo, nolo, malo, doleo, possum, odi, memini. and certayn called defectiues of the .iij. person. as decet with a fewe other. to the whiche, though they be a∣cti••es, vse haue gyuen no passiues: as facio with his compoūdes, that kepe a: as floccifacio, paruifacio, whose passyues be supplied by fio, and compoundes offio•• as stuperfio, paruifio.

¶Amo studiosos. why is studiosos the accusatiue case? For al verhes actiues be construed with an ac∣cusatiue case. as doceo lras. aro terrā. aedifico aedem.

¶Cupio equitare. why is equitare the infinitiue mode after cupio? For many actiues, in stede of the accusatiue case, may haue the infinitiue mode. As ••upio, volo, nolo, malo, propono, paro, affirmo, ne∣go, incipio, censeo, sentio, iudico, indico, dico, pu∣••••, existimo, scio, timeo, audeo, suadeo, iubeo, im∣pero, opto, disco, debeo, and other, that haue lyke signification, to any of these, and som of theyr pas∣syues. as Volo discere. Nolo te ire. Puto te audisse. Cogoradesse.

Construction of verbes passyues.

AMor, what verbe? A verbe passyue. why? For in his first person singuler it endeth in or, and hath euer with his englisshe one of these sig∣nes, am, art, is, was, were, or be.

And there be .iij. maner of them. One, that hath all persons and nombres. As amor, doceor, dicor.

An other, that comonly hath but the thyrde person, in both nombres. as Bibitur, bibuntur. Aratur, a∣rantur. The thyrde, that hath but the thyrde per∣son

singuler, whiche is called impersonall. as curri∣tur, statur.

¶Ledor ab ho••te. why is the ablitiue with a prepo∣sition set aft ledor? For verbes passyues, of the first and secōde kynde, haue before them a nominatiue, of the worde that betokeneth the sufferer: and after them an ablatiue, of the worde betokenyng the do∣er, with one of these prepositions, a or ab. the doer ī englisshe is knowen bi this signe of. as I am taught of the maister. Ego doceor a praeceptore. Ager seri∣tur a Camillo. Pharma cum bibitur ab Alexandro.

¶And generally the ablatiue after all passiues may be turned into the datyue case. as Amor a te or tibi.

Construction of verbes comune.

CRiminor, what verbe? A verbe comyn. why so? For he endeth in or, and hath the significaciō both of actyue and passyue.

¶Criminor te or a te. why put ye the accusatyue or the ablatiue, with his preposition, after criminor? For a verbe comen, whan he is vsed actyuely, hath construction lyke actiues. And whan it is vsed passi∣uely, lyke passyues.

And there be comenly noted verbes comune these many, largior, experior, veneror, moror, osculor, hortor, criminor, amplector, interpretor, hospitor.

Construction of verbes neutres.

SVm, what verbe? A verbe neutre. why? For in his fyrste person singuler he endeth in um, and may nat be turned into passiue signification, nor be construed with an accusatiue case after hym.

¶Distat abhinc mille passus, what verbe is distat? A verbe neutre. why? For in his first person singuler •••• endeth in o, and may nat, beside his nominatiue receyue aptly this questiō what thyng, before hym, nor passiue turnyng of thenglisshe, as actiues haue. nor i•• is cōstrued with an accusatiue, but by the rea∣son of measure. as Distat mille passus.

¶Surgo what verbe? A verbe neutre absolute. why? For with his nominatiue and his owne significatiō it maketh sufficient sentence: and therfore of his owne nature, he is construed with none other case. And of this kynde be verbes, whose laten endeth in ••••o, and many that betoken affection, or behauour of body. as sto, Iaceo, sedeo, surgo, vigilo, dormio, nauseo, rubeo, turgeo, horreo. And many that be∣token mouyng of body. as curro, eo, vado, ambulo, venio. There be except of them that ende in sco. Di∣sco, conquinisco, and assuesco for assuefio.

¶••omsiluā. why cometh the accusatyue case with a preposition after eo? For neutres absolut{is}, that be¦token mouyng, wyll haue an accusatyue case of no∣wnes appellatiues, answeryng to this questiō, why∣ther, with one of these preposicions, ad or in. As I go. whyther? To the wodde. in siluam. And an abla∣tiue with a preposition a or ab, answerynge to this question from whens.

¶Eo dormitum. why cometh the supyne in tum af∣••er eo? For neutre absolut{is}, betokenynge mouyng, haue after them a supyne in tum, of the worde that answereth to this questiō what to do. as I go. what to do? to slepe. dormitum.

¶Placeo, what verbe? A verbe neutre transityue.

why so? For with his nominatiue, and his owne si∣gnification, he maketh no sufficient sentence with∣out an other casuall worde.

¶Placeo preceptori. why is preceptori the datyue ca••e? For al these that folowe, though som of them may receyue this question, what thyng, after them, lyke actyues: yet they wyll haue none accusatyues after them, but a datyue.

Pareo, obedio, seruio, inseruio, obtempero, satis∣facio, acquiesco, placeo, displiceo, subuenio, suc∣curro, resisto, obsisto, obsto, repugno, faueo, studeo, aspiro, noceo, of••icio, inuideo, insulto, asto, haereo, adhaereo, incumbo, impēdet, tempero for moderor, propinquo, fido, confido, inuigilo, insto, succēseo, praesideo, praesto, praeualeo, praeniteo, dissideo, con∣sulo for consilium do, and the compoundes of the verbe Sum. as adsum, desum, insum, obsum, praesum prosum, subsum, except possum.

¶Abundo frugibus. why is frugibus the ablatyue case? For these neutres trāsitiues be cōstrued with the ablatiue case, Affluo, abūdo, exubero, gaudeo, careo, egeo, indigeo. as Affluo pecunijs. Abundo li∣bris. And these .ij. verbes, egeo indigeo, be also cō∣strued with the genitiue. as Egeo consilij.

Indigeo patris.

¶Desine maledicere. why is maledicere the infini∣tiue mode? For these neutres, desino, cesso, perse∣uero, and pergo for perseuero, be cōstrued only with the infinitiue mode. and so is gaudeo somtyme.

Construction of verbes deponentes.

SEquor, what verbe? A verbe deponēt. why? For he endeth in or, and hath signification of acty∣ues or neutres.

¶Sequor maiores. why is maiores the accusatyue ••••••e? For al deponentes, that haue signification of ••ctiues, be construed with an accusatiue after them of the sufferer, lyke as actiues be. As sequor, inse∣••u••••, aggredior, adorior, furor, praedor, populor, o∣pinor, and generally all, that besyde theyr nomina∣••iue may haue before them, this qstion what thyng ••••xed of the sufferer. as Precor mortē. Loquor iusta. Except certayn deponentes neutres, whiche shalbe rehersed.

¶Opinor redijsse. why is redijsse the infinytyue mode? For these deponentes, conor, molior, infici∣or, reo••, opinor, vereor, hortor, precor, gratulor, of a worde betokenyng a dede, be construed with the ••••finitiue mode. as Molior auferre.

¶Reminiscor huius rei, or hanc rem. why putteste thou the genitiue or the accusatiue aft reminiscor? ••or these deponētes, recordor, reminiscor, obliui∣scor may be construed with a genitiue or an accusa∣tiue.

¶Lamentor, what deponēt? A deponent absolute. why? For with his nominatyue case, and his owne ••ignificatiō, it may without any other casual worde content the herer. And suche verbes be philosofor, ••usticor, expergiscor, morior, iocor, nugor, spacior, ••agor, labor, peregrinor, periclitor, ratiocinor, lu∣••••o••, crapulor, pergrecor, proficiscor, ingredior for gradior, reuertor, congredior, altercor, tumultuor, grassor, lamentor, orior, nascor, renascor.

¶Proficiscor ad vrbem. why cometh the accusatiue

case, with a preposicion, after proficiscor? For neu∣tres absolutes, that betoken mouyng, wyll haue an accusatiue case of nownes appellatyues, answeryng to this question whyther, with one of these preposi∣tions, ad or in. as I go. whyther? To the cite. ad vr∣bem. And an ablatiue with a prepositiō, a or ab, an∣sweryng to this question, from whens.

¶Proficiscor visum. why cometh the supin in tum, a••ter proficiscor? For neutres absolut{is} betokenyng mouyng, haue aft them a supine in tū, of the worde that answereth to this questiō, what to do. as I go. what to do? To se. Visum.

¶Suffragor, what maner deponēt? A deponent trā¦sitiue. why? For it hath signification lyke a neutre transitiue.

¶Suffragor amico. why is amico the datiue case? For these transitiues deponentes, auxilior, admini∣culor, opitulor, suffragor, innitor, blandior, minor adulor, assentor, medeor, aduersor, obsequor, mo∣deror, insidior, and dominor, with suche other, be construed with a datyue.

¶Vtor pulla veste. why is veste thablatiue case? For these deponētes, vtor, abutor, fruor, fūgor, vescor, potior, be cōstrued with an ablatiue. And potior al∣so is cōstrued with a genitiue. as Potior rerum, and lykewyse to it also misereor. as Misereor inopum.

Verbes actiues construed with .ij. cases. of dyuers thynges.

with an accus. and a genitiue or an ablatiue.

ACcusauit illū īgratitudinis or ingratitudine. why hath the verbe an accus. with a genitiue or an ablatiue aft hym•• For all verbes actiues

••••••••••••nyng to accusatiō or blame, may beside their ••••••••satiue, haue a genityue or an ablatiue, of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that betokeneth the cryme. as Culpo, arguo, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••e furti vel furto.

with an accusatiue and a datiue.

Dicauit illi librū. why hath the verbe a datiue and an accusatiue after hym? For al verbes actiues may, beside their accusatyue, haue a datiue, of the thyng 〈◊〉〈◊〉 may be answered to this question, to whom. as ••o, trado, dedo, or demonstro hominem tibi. And lykewyse deponentes of the actiue signification. As Loquor, testor, testificor, gratificor haec tibi.

with .ij. accusatiues.

¶Do••eo te literas. why hath doceo .ij. accusatiues ••••ter hym? For these verbes, doceo, rogo, interro∣••••, ••ro, quero, flagito, peto, postulo, celo, calcio, ••nduo, vestio, cingo, may haue .ij. accusatiues after the•••• of the whiche accusatiues their passyues may haue one•• as Doceor grāmaticen. Induor vestem

And of the said verbes, they that longe to clothyng 〈…〉〈…〉 the accusatyue, of the worde that signifieth clothynge, haue an ablatiue case. As Induo te stola or toga.

with an accusatiue and an ablatiue.

¶Spoliauit me libris. why hath the verbe aft hym an accusatiue and an ablatiue? For these verbes, spo¦lio, priuo, exonero, fraudo, leuo, vacuo, impleo, ••arcio, refercio, and verbes lyke to these wylbe con∣strued, beside the accusatiue, with an ablatiue. As Spolio te libris. Impleo cyathum vino.

¶Paulo illum superat. why hath the verbe an accu∣satiue, and suche an ablatiue with hym? For gene∣rally actiues that signifie preferrynge or excedyng, may haue beside their accusatiue an ablatiue after them, of the worde that signifieth the measure, of the excesse or preferrynge. as Praefero hunc multo. Paulo illum superat. Aliquanto eum praecedit.

with an accusatiue, datiue, or ablatyue.

¶Abstulit mihi or a me ensem. why hath the verbe here, beside his accus. a datyue or ablatiue, with a preposition? For all verbes that betoken takyng a∣way. as aufero, eripio, adimo, furor, also arceo, and amolior, may, beside theyr accusatiue, haue a dati∣ue or an ablatiue with a preposiciō. as Eripuit mihi or a me librū. And lyke wyse all verbes betokenyng axyng. as Peto a te. Oro a te. Flagito a te.

Generall cōstruction to all verbes.

Instrument.

SCripsi haec calamo. why is calamo the ablatiue case? For the worde that standeth as instrument, after al maner of verbes, shalbe put in the abla∣tiue with this preposition cum, vnderstande and ne∣uer expressed. as Alo te carne. Cedo te baculo.

Seruio tibi manibus. sto pedibus. video and videor oculis.

Price.

¶Emi librum decem denarijs. why is denarijs the ablatiue? For after all maner of verbes, the worde that standeth as price, shall be put in the ablatyue case, if it be a nowne appellatyue. as Vendidi auro. Emptus sū argento. Tacet magna mercede. Loqui∣tur

paruo. Dormit nullo precio.

Vigilat magno precio.

¶Diuerto extra muros. why hath the verbe after hym a preposicion with his case? For after al verbes maye be put some preposition with his case, if he sentence require it. as Sum or iaceo in suburbio, or extra muros, or prope flumen. Doceo or doceor in ••udo. Seruio ad molas.

Laetor iocor cum amicis, or sine inuidia.

Tyme.

¶Habitaui hic annum. why is annum here the ac∣cusatiue case? For after euery verbe, the worde that signifieth tyme, and answereth to this questiō, how longe, may be put in the accusatiue or ablatiue, wi∣thout a preposition. as Studui sex menses, or sex mensibus.

¶But the worde signifyenge tyme, that answereth to this question, whan, must be put in the ablatiue. as Veni hora prima. Except it haue before it any of these prepositions, ante, post, circiter, Intra, for than the preposition muste be expressed. as Ven•• post or ante coenam, et circiter horam sextam.

Absoluam opus intra paucos dies, or paucis diebus.

V••ni ad diem statutum, or in ipso tempore.

Generall construction of all modes gerundyues, and par∣ticiples.

¶Vtinam audissem Virgilium. why is the accusati∣•••• Virgilium put after the optatyue audissem? For suche case as the indicatiue of the verbe hath after hym, maye euery mode and tens of the verbe haue, with gerundiues and supines also. as Audiendi au∣diendo

audiendum, or auditum sacrum.

Construction of participles.

¶Ouidius dictus Naso. why is Naso after dict{us} put in the nominatiue case? For participles haue after them the construction of their verbes both intransi∣tiue, as Simon creditus amicus, and transitiue. as Amans virtutem. Superaturus hostem. Amatus a bonis. Amandus a ciuibus.

The ablatiue case of consequens.

¶Henrico regnante, haec sunt aedita. why is Henri∣co the ablatiue case? For whan so euer, in a reason, cometh the englisshe of a nowne and a participle, or a pronowne and a participle, and a verbe with his nominatiue case, of a dyuerse thynge hangynge to them, than shall the nowne or pronowne and parti∣ciple be put into the ablatiue case. And it is called the ablatiue in consequence.

Examples in all tenses. as Caesar regnynge Virgil was borne.

Caesare imperante, Virgilius est natus.

Me beynge to go, thou shalt abyde.

Me profecturo, tu manebis.

Olde authors beyng red, lres haue florysshed agayn.

Veteribus legendis, refloruerunt litere.

The lesson harde, I wyll come.

Audita lectione, veniam.

The maisters lesson beynge red, thou goest away.

Praeceptoris lectione audita, tu abis.

¶Tempus serendi frumenta. why is the accusatiue frumenta put with the gerundyue? For all gerun∣dyues, as it is sayd before, haue after them constru∣ction of theyr verbes. As 〈2 pages duplicate〉〈2 pages duplicate〉

Studio videndi patres vestros.

Paratus ad gratificandum amicis.

••n tribuendo suum cui{que}

Legendo veteres proficio.

Of the actiue gerundiues in di.

THe actiue gerundyue in di cometh after appel∣latyues. as Tempus abeundi. And certayn ad∣••ectiues. as Cupidus viuendi.

¶The actiue gerundyue in dum, cometh after thre prepositions. Ad. as Ad dimicandum.

••nte••. as Inter agendum, for dumagis.

Ante. as Ante domandum, for ante{quam} domas.

And the voyce of this gerundiue in the neutre gen∣dre, and the nominatiue case, or accusatiue, with the verbe Sum, betokeneth other whyle behoue or ••••cessite. as Parendum est parentibus.

Censui de his ad te scribendum, or scribendū esse. For whan we say, Censui hanc rem tecū or a te tra∣ctandam, It is a participle, and hath this infinitiue esse vnderstande with it.

¶The actiue gerūdiue in do, cometh somtyme by it selfe, and stādeth for a participle of the present tēs. ••s Hos occidendo, illos accusando totam ciuitatem ••••••e factasti. For occidens et accusans, somtyme a••t ••hese prepositions in, de, ex, a, ab, or cum, hauyng the englisshe of the nowne verball in yng, as in say∣lyng, In nanigādo, Of goyng into the felde, De trā∣••e••ndo in agrum, More glory is goten of defendyng than of accusyng.

••xde••endēdo q ex accusando vberior gloria parat. whan I was voyde from wrytyng.

〈◊〉〈◊〉 a scribendo vacarem.

The maner of wrytyng wel, is ioyned with spekyng. Ratio recte scribendi coniuncta cum loquendo est.

Of the gerundyues passyues.

¶The gerūdyues passiues be euer taken absolutely. The accusatiue passiue, whiche is vsed after the pre¦position ad, and actiues. as Open ynough to be kno∣wen. Satis illustria ad cognoscendum.

Easy to be lerned. Facilis ad discendum.

¶The ablatiue, whiche cometh after verbes, and without prepositions, is taken absolutely. as The serpent bresteth beyng enchaunted.

Anguis crepat cantando.

¶Also the supine in tu, standeth absolutely. as Harde to be spoken. Difficile dictu.

Incredible to be tolde. Incredibile memoratu.

Construction of prepositions.

APud forum audiui. why is forum the accusati∣ue case? For these prepositions be construed with an accusatiue case.

Ad, apud, ante, aduersum, cis, citra, circum, circa, contra, erga, extra, inter, intra, infra, iuxta, ob, per, prope, propter, pone, preter, post, penes, secū∣dū, supra, secus, trans, vltra, uersus, vs{que}: this wyse. Ad patriam. Apud villam. Ante aedes. Aduersum in∣imicos. Cis renum. Citra forū. Circum vicinos. Cir∣ca templum. Circiter viginti annos. Contra hostem. Erga propinquos. Extra terminos. Inter naues. In∣tra moenia. Infra tectum. Iuxta macellum. Ob augu∣rium. Per parietem. Prope fenestrā. Pone tribunal. Propter disciplinam. Praeter officium. Post terga. Penes arbitros. Secundum fores. Supra caelum. Se∣cus viam. Trans ripam. Vltra fines. Romam uersus.

Vs{que} oceanum.

¶Coram testibus. why is testibus the ablatiue case? For all these praepositions be construed with an ab∣latyue, a, ab, abs, abs{que}, cum, coram, de, e, ex, pro, pre, palam, sine, tenus. as A domo. Ab hoste. Abste, Abs{que} inu••••ia. Cum exercitu. Coram testibus. De fo∣••••. E••rure. Ex praefectura. Pro clientibus. Praeti∣more. Palam omnibus. Sine labore. Pube tenus.

¶And these praepositiōs, In, sub, super, subter, and ••lam, may be construed with the accusatiue, and the ablatiue, in this wyfe.

¶Veni in vrbem. why is vrbem the accusatiue case ••••ter in? For In, whan it betokeneth in to a place, ••s construed with an accusatiue. as Eo in templum, •••• ••otum. But whan it betokeneth beynge or doyng in a place, it is construed with the ablatyue. as Disputo mortis.

¶Missus ••st sub terram. why is terram the accusa∣••yue case? For sub, whan it betokeneth vnder with mo••ynge, wyll haue an accusatiue case. as Sub ter∣•••••• ••bi•• ••••ago. Also whan hit betokeneth ante or 〈◊〉〈◊〉. as Visa sub obscurum noctis.

Sub ipsum Arcturum.

And sub lucem exportant calathis.

But whan it betokeneth in a place, it wyll haue an ••blatiue. as Sub quercu.

¶Super mediam noctem studet. why is noctem the accusatiue case after super? For super, whan it is taken for vltra, is construed with the accusatiue. as Super Garamantas et Indos.

Super mediam noctem studet.

Orel•• with the ablatiue. as Fronde super viridi.

¶Subter cameram. why is cameram the accusatiue after subter? For subter is construed both with the accusatiue, as Pugnatum est supra subter{que} terram, And with an ablatiue. as Ferre iuuat subter casus testudine templi.

Construction of aduerbes.

ELegantius caeteris disputauit. why is caeteris the ablatiue after the aduerbe cōparatyue? For ad∣uerbes of the comparatyue and the superlatyue degree, haue lyke case after them, as theyr nownes cōparatiues and superlatiues haue. as Magis illo. Maxime omnium. But propius and proxime, beside the case of theyr nownes, may haue an accusatiue. as Propius and proxime vrbem.

¶Parum fidei. why is fidei the genityue? For ad∣uerbes of quantite may be cōstrued with a genitiue. as parum pecuniae. Satis fidei.

¶Pridie Calendarum. why is Calendarum the ge∣nitiue? For these aduerbes of tyme, Pridie and po∣stridie, may be construed with a genitiue. as Pridie postridie Calendarum, or huius diei. And also with an accusatiue. as Pridie Idus or Calendas. Pridie palilia.

Postridie nonas, or compitalia.

¶Ecce autem alter. why is alter the nominatyue case? For these demonstratiues, En, and ecce, may be construed with a nominatyue. as En probitas. Ecce deus. And also with an accusatyue. as En habitum.

¶Construction of coniunctions.

XEnophon, et Plato fuere aequales. why be Xe∣nophon and Plato put in lyke case? For cōiun∣ctions copulatiues and disiunctiues wyl euer, •••• all casuall wordes, as longe as they be referred ••o one verbe, ioyne lyke case. as Xenophon et Plato fuere aequales.

Socratres docuit Xenophontem et Platonem.

And these iiij {quam}, nisi, praeter{quam}, and an, lyke copula∣tiues wyll ioyne lyke case.

¶Q{quam} animus horret. why is horret the indicatyue mode? For quāquam and etsi be comonly construed with the indicatiue mode of verbes. as Qua••quam animus horret.

〈◊〉〈◊〉 vereo•• ••udices.

And lyke wyse tametsi. as Tametsi iactat.

Quis and licet moste comonly with the subiunctiue mode•• as Quis exeat. Licet miretur.

S••, donec, dum for donec, ante{quam}, post{quam}, prius{quam}, be construed both with the indicatiue and subiūctyue. Vt, for that, comyng a••ter a uerbe is construed with ••he subiunct••ue alonely. Lyke wyse vt for {quam}uis.