A discourse of military discipline devided into three boockes, declaringe the partes and sufficiencie ordained in a private souldier, and in each officer; servinge in the infantery, till the election and office of the captaine generall; and the laste booke treatinge of fire-wourckes of rare executiones by sea and lande, as alsoe of firtifasions [sic]. Composed by Captaine Gerat Barry Irish.

THE THIRDE BOOKE TREATINGE OF FIREWOURKES OF RARE EXECUTIONES BY SEA AND LANDE. After which followes A DISCOURSE OF THE CONFINES OF A KINGDOME; And the goode lavves to by observed in the sa∣me, and hovve it is to by fortified, and stron∣ge by arte, or by nature, or by both. (Book 3)

THE FIRSTE CHAP. Treatinge of Patarres.

TO chardge a pattar to breake a bridge is requi∣red six pounde of pouder, or six and haulfe, and to breake stronge portes or gates, foure poun∣de, or foure and haulfe, and for palisados two pounde, or two and haulfe.

This pattares are to be chardged of the fine∣ste and beste pouder that can by had, whiche to do well for the perfecte execution of the same. Pouder shoulde be made for itt of refined mixtures of saltpeeter and solpher, and at the chardginge of the same it muste be well bea∣ten, but not so much that the graine of the pouder by brocken, and when it is chardged, the mouth of the pattar muste be very well stopped with apeece of tember (and wax) oboute the which on the outwarde parte, or abouth the mouth of the pattar muste be wrap∣ped and tied apeece of canuas dobbed in wax, fearinge that water mighte come to touche the pouder to hinder the execution of the same, if in case it shoulde chance faule into the water. (Advertisinge that the pattar is not to be wholie filled, rather to leave three or foure fingeres voyde, and to fill the moste parte therof with okum, and the touch hole is to be coated with apeece of waxte canuas, and well tied to the same for feare of water and fire.

The touche hole muste be filled with mixtures ready and quick to kindel fire, but sloely to effecte that the patardier may have tyme to retire after giving fire.

The compositiones required to charge a pattar.

FOr this purpose take three partes of fine and strong pouder, five of solpher, eighte of refined saltpeter, or eight and haulfe, after∣wardes mingell all thies mixtures well togither til yove corpora∣te them, and put to them alitle petrol oyle, so muche that they cor∣porate togither, and let them drie well in the sun, and beinge well dried, fill the pattar with the saied mixtures, for the tienge of thies pat∣tares

aforck with two teethes is estimed the beste, and in tyme of exe∣cution to putt the same trough the eares of the pattar to fasten the same both with a chaine and corde.

When yove woulde surprise a ny place of emportance by scalinge pattar, or by meanes of any faulte in the walles of the same, wherby yove may easilie come in, or by inteligence or treatment of treason. Ifby pattar yove determin to win the same, yove muste firste by well informed of skilfull and trustie spies, or of persones of truste, of the strenght and entrie of the gates, batteries bridges, palisados, bucke∣tes, and chaines of the bridges, the height and distance to come to the place of execution, and if the ditch by drie or with water, and who deepe and lardge, and if there be any forlorne centeries, or cor∣pes de garde that may hinder yove, and in whate place they lay, and if theyr by any greate ordenance that may play on yove, and on whate side it layeth and in whate distance·

The place beinge well discovered, to effect youre entention, yove are to vse stratagemes to divert and ocupie the enemy another way. Juste aboute the tyme that yove are ready to execute youre de∣sire.

The tyme beeingh well hit uppon, with oportunitie, and being well informed by trustie spies of no deceite nor fraude, fasilitateth much the interprice, which is moste comonlie alitle before day; at which tyme the centeries are moste laesie and have more desire to sleepe, beesides that the obscuritie helpeth much the interpricce and aprochinges.

When the pattares are to be planted to their execution betwexte the mouth of the same and the gate or bridge yove are to put aplanc∣ke of stronge woode, of two foote broade and two foote and haulfe longe and three foote distance from the place of execution, and if yove finde that the plancke be not stronge inough, you are to take two barres of yron and put them cros wise for the better perfor∣mance of youre execution, and that betwexte the saide planckes and the place of execution, and to order all thies thinges in areadines with every thinge apertaining, before yove com to the place of execution. Greate consideration and curiositie is to be used be the engenious and skilfull person that taketh in hande this busines, in givinge fire to the same, whiche is easie and enfalible for suche as are of perfecte skill in fire wourckes but to otheres verie dangerouse.

THE SECONDE CHAP. How to make a torche to endure againste the force of winde and raine.

TAke of fine cotten threede, which is used for candles the one thirde parte, and the other two thirde partes of threede made of fine ocam, and make of this acorde as thicke as youre finger. Then take a quantitie of saltpe∣ter, and let it by finely stamped, and then tacke a quan∣titie of Aqua vitae, and let the corde boyle therin a goode while till it almoste be drie, then put into the same a litle quantitie of gineper oy∣le, and one parte of pouder, two of refined saltpeter, and one parte of rosen; and corporate them all togither, and let them boyle over a softe fire till the corde be almoste drie, and turne the same often times with much vigilance or it will kindel fiere if any extraordinary hett come nere it. Beinge drie inough tacke it up, then take one parte of wax, one parte of rosen, haulfe parte of colofonia, one fourth parte of linesatt-oyle, and so muche of camphora, one parte of saltpeter three times refined, one parte of pouder, and boyle all thies mixtures togither, and when they are well corporated dob youre corde in the same mixtures as if youe were to make a candel, and after beinge dob∣bed in thies mixtures often times, set the candel a parte till it be drie inough then let it be dobbed in wax, as youe doe other candels till such time as it be of the thicknes youe woulde have it to be, then lay it upp till it be drie, and in lightinge the same it will burne with greate furie and force, and no raine nor winde can quince it, and it will yeal∣de a greate flame, and terrible noice, that the behoulderes will mu∣che admire at the same.

To trie who to reduce saltpeeter into water take three onces of rai∣ne water, and put it in acaldrō over the fire, and put into the same two onces of saltpeeter well stamped, and let it boyle so longe till it come to be water, whiche for many effectes of this wourke is goode, and specially to guie more force to mixtures that are not in theyre full substance and perfection.

To refine solfer and make it more stronge put into the same one

eighte parte of quicksilver, and ⅔. partes of refined saltpeeter, and mel∣te them over a softe fire till they corporate well, and after, takings the same up and beinge alitle hote caste it into strong veneger, and within alitle while take itt up and it will by of full strenghte.

To discover the enemy at nighte when yove woulde fall to do any execution, cause aquantitie of fagotes secretly to by put in the moste convenienteste place for that purpose (that will give yove inogh light) en vsinge them in this maner followinge and also will indure longe.

Take agoode quantitie of ro sen, and foure times so muche turpin∣tin de Venetia, and haulfe so muche of colofonia as yove take of roo∣sen, and put aquantitie of the saied mixtures on each fagot and give the same fire with awad of okum, dobbed in pouder brandevin and turpintin, which wad beinge dried will presently give fire to the fago∣tes and yealde agreate flame and indure longe, and if yove will ha∣ve it to indure longer put aquantitie of colofonia uppon the fagottes in the thickeste parte of them and the fire will endure longe inoghe.

THE THIRDE CHAP. To arme tronckes or canes made for severall executiones of this arte, the figure of which canes youe shall see hire followinge whiche are made of lighte woode and are to be of two foote or two and haulfe longe, and som shorter for cause of their weigh∣te in time of execution.

THies canes are hollowe within and made of lighte tember like the barrell of apeece of ordenance, and they muste by well bounde all rounde aboute with stronge marlin corde, fearinge leaste it shoulde splin∣ter by meanes of the stronge compositiones, and mi∣xtures put into the same, of whiche we will nowe treate. After yove have well tied the same alongste with the corde all aboute, yove may doabe or coate the corde in a mixture made of pitch and wax for the more securitie of the cane in keepinge it from water, and not to splin∣ter. Which douptles they will exepte they be well handled by men of goode experience, and practice in this arte, and let none presume that for the readinge of many goode bookes he cā bringe this wourc∣ke to perfection, for it is of suche rare and deepe judgemente in the orderinge and measuringe in proportion of the seaveral sortes of mixtures required for the same. In the drienge and manadgeinge of them is required greate consideration, good skill, vigilance, and rare judgemente of longe exercice; wherof i have seene many dangerous triales bothe in the handlinge and executiones of this wourcke, in his due measure and proportion, therfore confideration, care, and vigi∣lance is required.

The compositiones required for the saied canes, take six partes of musket pouder, foure, of solfer, a haulf parte of quicksilver, one parte of cristal glashe beaten into pouder, one parte of armoniacke alsoe beaten into pouder, one parte of camphire, three partes of saltpee∣ter three times refined, two partes of rosen, all whiche cause to by well stamped and mingled togither, then tacke of gineper-oyle, or petroll oyle, as much as will wet a litle all the saied mixtures, then put as muche stronge brandevin, as shall be sufficiente to weate well all

the saiede mixtures, and mingel them togither, and let them be dried in the sun or over a softe fiere till they corporate well, then putt a monghste them a litel quantity of fine cotten made or a nointed in fi∣ne beaten pouder and gineper oyle, and when all thiese compositio∣nes are drie, fill youre cane or troncke, putinge in the bottom of the same three musket-shotes of pouder, or more, acordinge to the great∣nes of the cane, then a quantitie of youre mixtures then a litle pou∣der, then mixtures, then alitle pouder, and so till youe almoste fill the cane to the brim, leavinge two enches emptie where youe shall put drie mixtures quicke and apte to kindel fire, and haulfe, a quar∣ter of an once of fine pouder in the very mouthe of the cane, and sti∣ke into the same a peece of match made of fine cotten, and boyled in Aqua vitae, gineper oyle, and fine pouder of the beste youe can finde, to presently kindell fire, when occasion shall require; And when youe will bigin with the execution of the same, youe are to give fire in the mouthe of the cane, and it will yealde a moste furious and greate fla∣me till it burne oute, and the execution of the flame will reache so∣me 12. foote, and with a greate furie and force, which artificiall canes are excellente to inter per force into shippes, or into a breache or trinche, alsoe it is moste excellente to breake any order or array, and specially in narrowe or straighte places, as the draught marked with the letter A. sheoweth.

[illustration]

A.

THE FOURTH CHAP. Another way to arme artificiall canes of fire-wourcke.

TAke three partes of rosin, two partes of brimstone, one haulfe parte of the grease or fatt of a hog ¼. parte of red wax, cause the rosen and brimstone to be beaten into pouder, and mingell them togither. Then put to them the grease, and red wax and put them over asofte fire in a caldron, or earthen pott, stirringe them still til they corpora∣te well, and remaine a goode while over the fire: Then take five par∣tes

of serpintin pouder of the beste, and of saltpeeter three times re∣fined three partes, whiche muste be beaten to pouder, then take two partes of camphire stamped, then one parte of cristall glash, whiche muste be beaten into fine pouder, alsoe one parte of armoniak whi∣che muste be beate in into pouder, all which yove shall putt into the saied mixtures, and let them all boyle over asofte fire till they be well corporated and dried, or if yove will tacke them up when they are well corporated and reasonable drie it emporteth nothinge, by rea∣son they are quick to kindle fire, and required not over muche drien∣ge, and if yove finde that the mixtures be not well wet that they may the better corporate, put alitle a qua vite or petroll oyle or of bothe to them, till yove see that they be very well corporated, he that un∣dertaketh to macke any store of thies Fire-wourckes muste make up a furniesh for the beater securitie of the same, for putinge the mixtu∣res in caldrones or pottes over the fire as many do, it is dangerouse exepte it be handeled be one of perfect skill and greate vigilance whiche jhave often times tried.

For the fillinge of youre artificiall canes or tronkes withe the aforesaid mixtures, needeth much consideration and practice, for the perfecte execution of this wourcke. Put in case it is acane where aboy is arme can inter into, yove muste fill it as foloweth but if grea∣ter or lesher consideration muste be taken in fillinge the same with the mixtures in measure and proportion, or it will faile in burninge all of asodaine or verie sloe so that greate practice and curiositie is required for the perfecte handelinge of this wourke.

For the fillinge of the saide canes before spoken of put into the bottom of the same two handes and haulfe full of musket pouder, then three handes full of the drieste mixtures, then two handes full of pouder, then foure handes full of the mixtures, then a litle pou∣der, then five handes full of the mixtures, and soe still in this course, till youe fill youre cane within three eaches of the mouthe of the sa∣me, which youe shall fill with verie drie and quick mixtures apt to kindle fire, and on the upmoste parte or mouthe of the cane some pouder. That don take a peece of matche made of fine cotten, and sod in Aqua vitae, gineper-oyle, and fine beaten pouder, and well dried, in the sun or over asofte fire till ib be verie well dried of this matche cutt three enches and sticken itt into the mixtures that is in the mouth of the cane, and when youe are ready for youre exe∣cution do but give fire with youre ordinarie matche to this gunpou∣der

matche, and presently at the firste touch of youre ordinary match, or of any other fire it will instantly kindel fire: Advertisinge that youe are to cover the mouth of the cane with a peece of stronge parchmente, and binde it well, so that the mixtures may not faule oute of the cane, the veri end of the match muste a peere trough the saied partchment to give it fire, when occasion shall require, and then the cane shall presently bigin to wourcke with greate furie and terri∣ble to the behoulderes, for the wonderfull flame and terribel noyce.

I have seene trial made often times that theyer is nothinge that pu∣teth one in more terror then thies instrumentes, beinge well made and duelie handled, and douptles the flame and noyce of this fire will put the enemy in greate terror, when it bigines his course of exe∣cution, and none so valiante durste stay neere it as longe as the flame indures, and questionles it will make a way as farr as the haulfe pike and flame can reache though ever so valiante youre enemy be, and it is a moste excelent instrumente to bourde shippes per force, or to gi∣ve fire to theyre mines if youe perceive where the same doeth laye, advertisinge that the saide cane shall shoote of two shottes one after a nother, the firste that layes in the thirde degre, and the other that layes in the bottom.

Thies canes can be made severall maner of wayes be such as are curiouse in the manadginge of this arte, whicc none can bringe to perfection, but with longe practice, and muche chardges, be reason the compositiones and mixtures required for the same are wonder∣full deere, so that for the saide respectes hardely can youe finde one in ten tousand that will undertake the executinge of this wourcke; may be some will that are curiouse in readinge many brave Auctores, thinckinge that onely by the same they knowe inough, they are farr deceived, for i knowe that withoute practice they shall fall into very many errores, wherof i have seene verie many triales made, and besi∣des greate chardges before they coulde come to the perfecte judge∣mente of the deepe secretes and curiousities of this rare arte.

Thies canes or tronckes of fire-wourcke, are handled severall ma∣ner of wayes be suche as are curiouse; for some are of quicke execu∣tiones, otheres of slow acordinge as the ocasiō shall require, in putin∣ge to thē mixtures agriable for that purpose, some yealde a flame of 16. foote but thies indures but verie shorte, otheres yealde a flame of 12. or 13. foote, whiche indure lōger, whiche are made for sodaine executiones, otheres are made which do yealde a flame of 9. or 10.

foote, whiche do indure lōge i nogh for any sodaine exploite, for thies are made for suche executiones: Suche as doe not indure a bove the ⅛ parte of a quarter of an houre wil almoste wholy burne the cane, i meane all the inner parte of the same, suche as are made to indure haulfe a quarter of an houre will wholy burne the cane into a eish∣sees as faste as the mixtures or compositiones do burne. So any bod∣dy may perceive that thies compositiones are of wonderfull force, and of rare executiones, whiche questionles shall soe by founde by such as will take the paines and chardges, to make triall, and beinge experte in the due handlinge and manadginge of them. Thies mi∣xtures are to bee putt in canes made, like the figure folowinge mare∣ked with the letter B.

[illustration]

B.

THE FIFTE CHAP. Artificiall bullettes, and cross barres made of fire-wourke, to shoo∣te oute of greate ordenance to burne shippes or houses, or to be shot into magasens or munition houses of the enemy oute of greate ordenance, or to be shot into the enemyes campe to bur∣ne theyre quarteres, whiche are to be made and ordered in this maner folowinge.

TAke foure partes of saltpeeter thre tymes refined, of brimstone two partes, of camphire one parte and haulfe, of rosen two partes, of armoniak one parte, of cristal glash beatin into pouder halfe aparte, of bay saulte one fourth parte; all thies compositiones bein∣ge beaten into pouder mingle them togither, this beinge don take one haulfe parte of the fat of ahog, of turpintin one fourth parte, of linsat oyle so much more, of aqua vitae one parte, then putt thies mi∣xtures togither over a softe fire in acaldron or stronge earten pott, and mingel them altogither till they corporate very well, then when

they are a goode while over the fire put to them six partes of serpin∣tin-pouder, and corporate them well, and when youe finde that they are reasonable drie take them upp, and make a plaster or cover of oecam, so thick as the backe of a knife, and so broade as shall cover the bullet or cross barr. All that beinge ordered as before declared take 4. partes of serpintin-pouder of the beste, and cause it to be bea∣ten into pouder, take of refined saltpeeter two partes, of rosen two partes, armoniacke one parte, brimstone one parte, all which muste be beaten into pouder, then wet thies mixtures with two partes of stronge brandevin, or Aqua vitae, one parte of gineper∣oyle, one par∣te of turpintin, haulfe parte of linsat-oyle, that don put over the fire the rosin, brinstone Aqua vitae, the geneper-oyle, the turpintin and linsat-oyle a bove mencioned, and when they are melted, and well corporated putt into the same the saltpiter, armoniack, and foure partes of serpintin-pouder, and corporate all thies mixtures togi∣ther, and a noynte the twoa in them till youe finde it full of the sub∣ce of the same. Then let the ocam be all over covered with the firste mixtures made for the bulletes a boute a finger thicknes or more; al∣waes tackinge regarde that it doe agree with the peece oute of which youe entende to shute the same, and when the coate of the saied bul∣let is covered, and full of the saied mixtures, then wrappe it rounde a boute the bullet, or cross barr, and tee it very well with stronge mar∣lin corde, and benge well bounde with the said corde, and shot oute of a peece of ordenance it will burne with terrible force, and greate furie, and water can not quince it, of the which for curiositie as alsoe to knowe of the operation therof i made severall triales.

Thies mixtures needeth not much drienge when they are well cor∣porated over a softe fire, but the outewarde plaster of twoa of the three, wherewith youe are to cover every bullet, and in suche sorte that presently it may kindell, and give fire to the inner cōpositiones, to the which when youe give it fire, it will burne with greate force.

Thies bullettes are excelente to burne shippes, and to by caste in∣to townes to burne houses, theyre execution is of suche wonderfull force that questionless they will burne an oaken boorde, and if youe caste water uppon them the more they will burne, and will make su∣che a wonderfull noyce able to putt the behoulderes in greate ter∣ror, and specially suche as have no understandinge of theyre opera∣tion, for when the water is caste uppon them they shall give a greate crie juste as if it were of a wilde boare, wherof i made severall triales

wourdie the lookinge uppon, and none of the behoulderes of the sa∣me durste stay neere in a greate distance for the strange operation of the same, and the terror whereunto they put the behoulderes but such as knowe of the course of theyre operation, whiche is almoste incredible but to suche as are a quainted with the same.

For the better execution of the cross barres and specially be sea they shoulde be made with yron chaines fastened to the end that fir∣ste muste by put into the peece whiche is moste excelente to cut sayles of shippes ropes mastes, and to make other greate spoyles, the figure of whiche yove see heere folowing where the lette C. sheo∣weth.

Thies cross barres are to be coated as before taughte and with the selfe same mixtures, the bulletes are alsoe to be coated takinge regarde that the bullet be made no greater but that it mighte inter into the peece of ordenance oute of whiche yove meane to shoote the same. And they are to be doble bounde all rounde aboute very well with stronge marlin corde, fearinge that be the greate force of theire roaringe and wrastlinge oute of the peece the ocam and com∣positiones, beinge not well bounde shoulde be untied, and tacke no effecte, which questionless it will excepte it by verie well bounde as before declared; of the whiche i caused my selfe triall to be made. The figure of thies bulletes and cross barres youe see hire marked with the letter C.

[illustration]

C.

THE SIXTE CHAP.

TO arme a haulfe pike with fire-wourcke to inter or bourde shippes per force or to inter into a trence or baterie or breake any order or array where the balles fastned to them shall fall, thies balles are to be made of lighte woode of the bignes or somwhate greater then abuter box, and of the very selfe same makinge, but that it muste be bored with foure holes crosswise, and of the greatnes that youre thom might inter into them, whiche shall by filled in this maner fo∣lowinge.

Take of the same mixtures and compositiones that was ordained for the artificiall canes to whiche youe are to ad two partes of rosen and one parte of brimstone of the beste, and melt thies togither putin∣ge alitle Aqua vitae to them of the strongeste yove can finde, and bien∣ge well corporated and molten, put the other mixtures over the fire and when they are hote put the molted rosen and brimstone to them, and corporate all togither, and beinge almoste coulde fill you∣re artificiall balles therewith as full as they can houlde, putinge a litle of the drieste mixtures and pouder in the mouthe of each hole of the foure, and alitel cotten boyled in gun pouder, brandevin and gineper-oyle, and afterwardes dried verie well, that therby they may pre∣sently kindel fire. That don take as much ocam or towe as will cover or coate them, makinge aplaster of the same of ahaulfe ence thik or litle lesh, this coate or plaster cause to by sod over asofte fire in fine beaten pouder to the quantitie of foure partes, of saltepiter two par∣tes, rosin two partes, armoniacke haulfe a parte, brimstone one parte and all thies beinge firste beatē into pouder let them be wet in bran∣devin and giniper-oyle and well corporated togither, then take as muche ocam as will cover them as before declared, and when all thies mixtures are well corporated and dried over asofte fire, then spread them uppon the ocam with whiche yove entende to coate youre ball and put on the same to the thicknes of haulfe anence or litle lesh of the saied mixtures and wrapp the same rounde aboute the ball and let it be tied verie well with marlin corde, and when all this is don ta∣ke a peece of gunpoder matche beinge well handled and dried, and binde it in severall partes of the ball that in touchinge the same with

youre ordinarie matche it will presentlie kindell fire, and withoute delay and it will bigin to burne with amoste wonderfull flame and terrible noyce that it will put the behoulderes in greate terror; and if it fall uppon abourd or any other thinge apte to kindle fire it will burne it into aeishes, and alsoe the cover that goes aboute the same: the terror wherunto thies balles do put the behoulderes of rhem when they burne is vncredible but to suche as do see the same, wher∣of jmade severall proofes and founde it soe that no boddy durste stay neere, thies haulfe pikes somtimes are armed with skubbes made of fire wourcke which alsoe are goode to offende or defende, thies bal∣les and haulfe pikes are of rare executiones which draughte yove see hire vnder marked with the letter D.

[illustration]

D.

A prudente and brave conductor of aforecaste considerasion, bien∣ge determined with military prudence, and resolusion of his and of his souldiores valoure to fall on any execusion moste comonly they are wonte to have goode sucesses, to which effecte many stratagemes and military prudence is required. And bienge in the fielde and re∣solved to give battell or at leaste to dommadge or put the enemy in greate terror; Verie necessary it were to by provided withe bulletes cross barres and yron chaines armed with wilde fire to by shutt oute of greate ordenance, the which in suche ocasiones, as also in sea servi∣cees are of rare execusiones bienge prudently armed and manad∣ged, by one of perfecte judgemente and longe practice in this arte. Thies bulletes or cross barres bienge shoote oute of greate ordenan∣ce in the fronte of abattell or of an army in areasonable neere distan∣ce are of wonderfull executiones, and specially yron chaines and cross barres They are alsoe goode to cut the tackle of shippes shrou∣des mastes yardes top mastes sailes, &c. The draugh of which bulletes yove see hire folowinge where the draughte with the letter A. sheoweth. And howe to chaine them togither when yove put them into a peece of ordenance.

And the draughte with the letter B. sheoweth howe the same flieth trough the ayre when it is dischardged oute of a peece of ordenance, and who it spreadeth a sonder, in some execusiones they are armed with artificiall fire-wourckes to burne townes, shippes, the quarteres of the enemy as also theire store houses or magasenes whiche cross barres are envented for that purpose and bienge prudently handled and armed by one of perfection in fire wourckes i am asured that if they fall into any thinge apte to kindle fire withoute delay they shall burne and kindell fire, for often times i made triall of theire operasion and vncredible force and terror and often times to trie theire nature and course of theire execution i caused to caste water uppon them, notwithstandinge they burne with the more vehemence and terror, and when the water is caste uppon them they give suche aterrible noyce wourdie the admiringe and burne with suche force.

Thies haulfe pikes are armed another maner of way with fire-wourcke, that is to say take apece of the strongeste canuas yove can finde as big, or of the greatenes yove thincke fitt for youre purpose, and fashionige the same as yove shall see here folowinge be the figu∣re marked with the letter E. This peece of canvas yoveshall cause to be dobbed in molten colofonia and when it sukes i noghe of the licor take it up and put aforme into the same or fill itt with drie sande, and when it is drie caste the sande oute and fill it of the receite made for the artificiall canes. But that they muste be mingled with two partes more of rosen, and ahaulfe parte of brimstone, whiche muste by smelted over asofte fire, and corporate the same and the other com∣posiciones togither, and fill the saide canuas with them, beinge well fastened with marlin coarde and the half pike trouge the midel of the same as the draughte followinge sheoweth, and in the mouth of this scuibb yove are to putt a quantitie of verie drie mixtures, and some pouder, that withoute delay it may kindell fire, the execution of this instrumente is execellent to bourde shippes, to burne sailes, to inter atrince or anay narrowe place, or to break any order or array, if yove please yove may fasten or sticken into the saied scuibb in de∣grees lighte pipes or canes of yron or brace of five enches longe, bein∣ge of apistol or caliver boare, placinge the touche hole therof to∣wardes the oute warde side of the mixtures, beinge well bounde to the pike so that it doth not fall, at leaste till the execution be finished, and let the touche holes be primed with goode pouder; also yove may put abullet into each one of thies pipes, beinge chardged

with goode pouder, and well handled they will doe greate execu∣tion.

[illustration]

E.

To arme haulfe pikes with fire-wourcke, which is rare to burne sayles of shippes or to bourde or inter per force into shippes or assaul∣tes, trinches or any narowe place, they are both goode in many de∣fensive and offensive occasiones be sea and lande, they are to be filled with the selfe same receite before taughte, and alsoe coated in the self same maner. For executiones at nighte to inter into a trince or forte, per force they are of moste rare executiones, and douptless they shall put the enemy into greate terror by reason of the furie, terrible noy∣ce, and force of theire flame, in the executiones of patarres and ca∣misadas they are wonderfull goode, beinge recomended to the chard∣ge of brave Souldieres of aproved valeor and resolute determinatio∣nes, for douptless they will put the enemy into greate terron, for so∣daine ex ecutiones in trinches or breaches at nighte they are won∣derfull goode. The figure of theire draughte youe may see hire under set downe, as marked with the letter F.

[illustration]

F.

For to offende or defende in diverses occasiones of importance youe may arme a halbarde with a device of fire-wourcke in the selfe same maner as before taughte to arme pikes. And with the selfe sa∣me mixtures and coated, with the like coatinge as before taughte for the arminge of pikes, to whiche youe may binde with copper wire thre or foure shorte pipes like caliver barreles, of six or seaven enches longe made of brace, and loaden with pouder and bullett, as the draughte by the letter G. sheoweth; which alsoe beinge plased be∣twexte pikes is goode for severall ocasiones of service; youe may alsoe arme targetes in the selfe same manner which for verie many execu∣tiones in warr are goode, and let none be ingnorante that thies engi∣nes

of fire-wourcke, beinge well and curiously handled doe put the enemy in wonderfull terror, and specially in sodaine occasiones, and stratagemes used often times at nighte.

[illustration]

G.

THE SEAVENTHE CHAP.

THe figure followinge beinge armed and well ordered is ofrare execution in narowe or straighte places, ey∣ther to ofende or defende, and are verie necessarie in many ocasiones be sea and lande; On the two shoulde∣res wherof youe may arme two scubbes filled withe the receites before taughte, and in the inner parte of the instrumente, whiche is made of yron for this purpose whiche youe see by the figure followinge and goeth cross the pike, youe may put five pipes of yrō or brace prepared and made for that purpose, and that eache of them be of eighte or nine enches lōge, and soe greate in the boare as a pistoll barrell, whiche are to be fastened with nayles and coper wire, and to chardge them with goode pouder bullet and wad, that don youe may cause them to give fire one after on other, in layinge all a longhste the touche holes a peece of fine linenge clath filled with fine pouder, and wett in gineper-oyle, that the fire may take hir course by degrees; soe that the saide pipes shall shoute one after a nother as youe woul∣de desire it to doe, (eyther quicke or sloe;) Advertifinge that the linin∣ge wherin youe put the pouder to give fire to the touche holes is to be well fastned or bounde yuste uppon the touche holes with marlin corde, so that the course of theyre execution may tacke effecte in ju∣ste the due time ordained, the which in givinge fire to the firste the reste will dischardge one after an other.

Duringe which time the two scubbes placed on the two shoulde∣res of the instrumente, beinge fired will burne; duringe the time of the execution of thies pipes, and rather more, and will yealde a grea∣te

flame, the compositiones that goes to this instrumente are the sel∣fe same before taughte for to arme scubbes, soe that this instrumente beinge handled by one that is skilfull and curious in this arte, the exe∣cution wherof is wourdie the behouldinge, and shall see who orderly shalll those five shottes dischardge one after an other, eyther quicke or floe, as the curious understander of this wourcke will have the sa∣me to be, (soe acordingely shall he put the proportion required for the execution he desireth) the draughte of this instrumente sheoweth the letter H. hire after.

In ocasiones of triumph youe may cause other pipes or canes grea∣ter then thies to by made of the greatnes of the boare of an arcabuse de crocke, and of fiftine inches longe in the barrell, whiche beinge filled in this maner followinge, is wourthie to by admired, fill each of the saide canes as foloweth firste take a caliver shott of pouder, and chardge the firste cane therwith, then beate uppon the same a stop∣p•• or wad of fine cotten boyled in pouder brandevin and petrol-oy∣le, then fill uppon the same to the quantitie of a goode musket shott of the mixtures made for the artificiall canes, and uppon the same a stoppel of cotten as before taughte then amusket shott of pouder, then fill the reste of the cane or barell to the mouth of the mixtures made for the artificiall canes, and take heede that youe doe not beate them harde uppon the pouder and see that thies mixtures be verie drie, for beinge soe required for this execution, and observe the selfe same order for the fillinge of the reste of the canes and all alonge the mouthe of thies putt apeece of lininge full of fine stamped pouder wett in gineper-oyle and brandevin and see that it be verie well faste∣ned juste uppon the mouth of thies canes, that no fire can touche the same, but that whiche is ordained as before taughte: soe in givinge fire to the firste cane or barell, the reste in order one after another will dischardge, and each of thies bareles or canes shall yealde two shotes and aflame, whiche shall indure but very shorte, the mixtures required for this execution is of that which is made for the artificiall canes the draughte of this instrument sheoweth the letter H. Adver∣tisinge that thies mixtures are to by very drie and apte to kindell fire, and in theyre putinge to the barrell to beate them very softe for bein∣ge soe required.

[illustration]

H.

THE EIGHTE CHAP. To arme a rowes with artificiall Fire-wourckes.

AHies artificiall arowes beinge shote oute of greate or∣denance are goode to burne houses, or in cāpain̄a they are alsoe goode to burne the enemyes quarter, the ma∣ner who to arme them is to tacke apeece of stronge canuas boyled alitle in colofonia and to fill the same with the compositiones before thaughte to arme haulfe pikes, and that it be well bounde to the arowes with marlin corde, for the due proportion lenghte and weighte of thies arowes is required the asi∣stance of acuriouse matematisian, or of one of goode judgemente in givinge the necessarie instructiones for the makinge of them, severall man̄er of wayes, some to pearche shippes from side to side eyther above or under water, otheres to be shote afar of to burne houses or quarteres, greate curiositie and perfecte judgemente is required for the severall maner of wayes which thies arowes are to be handled and made acordinge to there severall executiones, some are made to bur∣ne the amunition of pouder in shippes if they chance hitt the same and whiche will pearche any shippe from side to side and are of farr greater execution then youre bulletes the draughe wherof the letter I. sheoweth.

[illustration]

I.

THE NINTHE CHAP. To arme artificiall instrumentes ordained in potes made of met∣tall filled with composisiones and mixtures of fire-wourcke, to burne of asodaine shippes gates bridges palisados or any other combustable thinge apte to kindel fire.

TAke foure partes of rosen, one parte of armoniak fou∣re partes of salpiter thre times refined, a haulfe parte of bay saulte, all whiche cause to by beaten into pou∣der, then take one parte of linsatt-oyle, of the fatt of a hoge one parte, then cause all thies composisiones to be mingled togither and putt them in apott made for that purpuse over asofte fire, and let them boyle till they corporate well, and then take them up, and put into them one parte of camfire, and thre par∣tes of musket pouder and mingell them well togither, and put them over asofte fire till they corporate well, then take them up and put to them smale pices of gun-pounder match made of fine cotten and boy∣led in fine beaten pouder, stronge brandevin and giniper oyle or pe∣troll-oyle, then take foure partes of colofonia and cause it to be bea∣ten into pouder, and let it be mingled with the reste mixtures. Then cause the instrumente or pott made for this purpose to be filled till youe come to the thirde parte of the pott or instrumente, that don take of the other mixtures withoute colofonia, and fill the reste of the instrumente with them, and on the upermoste parte of all putt of the drieste mixtures, and let them be so drie that they by apte to kin∣dell fire, and in the verie mouth of the instrumente cause to be putt a quarter of an ence of pouder and of the beste, and sticken to the sa∣me apeece of gunpouder matche some foure inches deepe into the instrumente and cause itt to be well covered with apeece of canuas till time of execution, soe that water nor fire can touche the mixtures

nor the pouder. And when occasion shall ofrer to give it fire, do but touche the gunpouder match with youre ordinary matche, and it will presently kindell fire, yea and muche sooner then pouder, to which effecte this gunpouder matche is made of purpose.

Thies instrumentes in times of execution they have theyre stron∣ge chaines of yron that they may by bounde and fastned, to the pla∣ce of theyre execution, soe that they do not fall, nor that the enemy may use any endustrie to cut or put them of; so that the executiō may take effecte. It were verie goode, for the securitie of theyr execution to arme two or three artificiall canes on both sides of them, whiche are ro be rocomended to persones of brave spirites, and of aproved valeor and determination.

Thies compositiones when they bigin with theyre execution they∣re operation and execution is moste rare; Advertisinge that they mu∣ste be putt in to yron or brasse pottes made for that purpose, as the figure folowinge sheoweth, and also withe theyre stronge yron chai∣nes, for in putinge thies compositiones into veseles of woode questi∣onles the force of this fire will burne them at an instante, which for curiositie, and alsoe to knowe the operation of this fire, y caused tria∣les to by made, and founde that thies instrumentes made of woode did presentlie burne, and consume into aieshes, and was sooner con∣sumed then the matter that was putt into the same, be reason of the wonderfull force of the fire of the saied compositiones, which rare and wonderfull breef execution is wourthie the admiringe, the orde∣ringe and figure of the saiede instrumentes youe see hire under where the letteres K. L. M. sheoweth.

[illustration]

K.

L.

M.

The receites wherwith fire-wourck instrumentes are armed in fin∣dinge theyre operation sloe, youe are to augmente them with drie mi∣xtures apte to kindel fire, as pouder, saltpeeter, brimstone, armonia∣ke, and migell thē well togither, and let them be corporated with the sloe mixtures in theire due proportion, Also the mixtures youe finde quicke and apte to burne, and do not indure, acordinge as theyre exe∣cution requireth youe are to augmente thē with a litel sloe mixtures, as linsat-oyle, turpintine, colofonia, rosen, and wax, but greate con∣sideration, and curiositie is required in put them in theire due pro∣portion.

An artificiall baule of fire wourcke beinge dischardged oute of a peece of ordenance in a cleere day can not by discerned nor seene till it declines to the earthe, But beinge shot oute of a peece of ordenan∣ce at any marcke in a darcke nighte, may by perceived, and specially when it begines to decline oute of his righte course or line, and the more darcke the nighte is, when it is dischardged oute of a peece of ordenance the better youe may discerne it; but in the begininge of the range or line youe can not see it so perfecte as when it begines to decline to the earthe, which i have tried at the leager of Breda, the nighte a pointed for the triumphe don for the regaininge of that place.

If for curiositie youe woulde have a ball made with wilde fire to burne within the water, let the coate therof firste burne a litle before youe caste it into the water, soe that it gives fire to the compositiones there in ordained for his execution, whiche beinge fired, (to wit) that parte or partes where in the vente is, beinge filled with ayre doth cau∣se the other partes of the same to shume and burne a bove the water, with a wonderfull noyce admirable to the behoulderes.

The balles made for this purpose are lighte, and if youe put them into a peece of ordenance, beinge loaden with the ordenary pouder required for the executiō of the same, in their roaring and wrastlin∣ge of this ball it will burste unto peeces; Soe that for to shoute bulle∣tes or balles oute of greate ordenance armed with fire wourcke the cross barres nowe of late invented is the beste, the maner of arminge and coatinge thies bulletes and cross barres, i have set downe before, who and with whate compositiones, whiche are of rare executiones by sea and lande, beinge well ordered by one of perfecte judgemente in this arte.

I have alsoe put downe neowe invented cross barres to be shot ou∣te

of greate ordenance, whiche beinge armed as before taughte, are excelente to burne townes, and the enemyes quarteres, and iam well asured that no comprabell device, for that purpose was as yet inven∣ted, neyther to by shoot in the fronte of a battell, i meane those cross barres invented with chaines for beinge dischardged oute of a peece of ordenance in a reasonable neere distance in the fronte of a bat∣tell, or any order or array, y doupte not that it is the beste invention, that hase beene divised as yet for that purpose, the enemy beinge a reasonable distance of; But the enemy beinge very neere at hande the cartadges and bagges filled withe musket bulletes, nayles peeces of brocken yron, peeces of chaines, which beinge shoote oute of greate ordenance are of wonderfull executiones, beinge handeled by pru∣dente and curiouse gunneres of perfecte judgemente, and longe pra∣ctice in this arte.

The draught marked with the letter N. sheoweth howe the saied cross barr shall be put into the peece; and the letter O. sheoweth ho∣we the same flieth violently trough the ayre, and howe it spreadeth a sonder when it is shott oute of the peece, givinge a terrible noyce in his motion and range.

[illustration]

N.

O.

The draught marcked with the letter P. sheoweth howe this other cross barr is to be put into the peece, and when it is dischardged the letter Q. sheoweth howe it spreadeth a sonder, and flieth withe grea∣te violence in his line and range.

[illustration]

P.

Q.

THE TENTHE CHAP. Treatinge of the confines of a Kingedome, as alsoe of the goode lawes to by observed in the same, and of many necessary instru∣ctiones thereunto apertaininge, and who the same is to by forti∣fied and stronge by arte, or by nature, or by bothe.

SUch as are desirouse to be couriose and experte in war∣like afaires it importeth that they be of goode judge∣mente in fortificasiones, as well to offende as to defen∣de; Notwithstandinge that for this purpose in all kin∣gdomes and states are elected ingineres a luinge them a goode pinsion: Yet suche as are of longe practice in warr, and do aplie them selves well in hope to by advanced, by theire a proved goode partes and suficiencie oughte to exercice them selves in fortifi∣cationes, bienge very necessarie in owne who profesed to be experte in this arte of warr, and knowe howe to intrinch and fortifie him selfe in many ocurrantes in oppen filde, howe to cutt a trince to win a tow∣ne or any stronge place: As also to knowe howe to drawe the plott of townes fortes and castelles, and also in knowinge all necessaries for the defence therof, and to know howe to prevente the stratagemes to be feared of his enemy.

Douptless thies thinges are of greate consideration, for the strenghte of akingdome consisteth much in beinge well fortified, to∣gither with the quantitie and qualitie of his subiectes, and in the goo∣de qualitie of his dominion and country: Those princes and Ree∣publikes are judged mighty and stronge, whiche in theire kingdomes and states do montaine goode religion, goode lawes and goode ar∣mes, and do exercice the same, and do inioy holsom ayre, fertill grounde and naturall strenghte, with suche other conveniente co∣modities therunto required; To by vnderstoode that all countries are strōge by nature or by arte or by both; By nature they are stron∣ge when they are inuiored withe the sea rounde aboute, or on parte therof, or backed with marrasses or riueres, and those to be stronge by arte, and in theire frontieres nexte adjoyninge and places moste conveniente to haue townes castelles and fortresses fortified by arte.

All confines are eyther maritime or mediterraneall or both the one and the other, whether they are montanouse places or in plaine cam∣paina, or do participate of the one and the other, if they by mediter∣raneall it muste by viewed and considered on whate parte the enemy might come to offende the same, and where he mighte moste como∣diouse come to atempte, And it is alsoe to be considered on whate partes he mighte make his inroades, and retire a gaine with safetie, and whether their by any situation whiche beinge fortified by the enemy mighte moleste or a noy the country nexte adioyninge: If the confines of the kingdom by maritime or on the sea coaste, all the coaste and circuide of the same are to by viewed and remarcked, that prevention mighte be taken in due time, in as muche as may posible to hinder the enemyes imbarcasion, in the places moste fitt for the same; Yea and in all places whiche mighte by suspected (if it be po∣sible) for the better securitie of the kingdom or state, but in some kingdomes the circuide and places on the sea coaste are so greate that hardly all can be fortified, and so the enemy ariuinge with a mightie army, and mighte be in a place litle suspected, may put the kingdom and country in greate perill and danger, as was seene by the spanishe navie at the conqueste of portugall, when they landed neere cascales in a place never thoughte vppon by the portugeses, so that they foun∣de them selves deceived, thinckinge that the disembarcation shoulde have beene betwexte the citti of Lisboa and Sangilians castell, where they stoude fortified in theire trinches, with determination to hin∣der the disēbarcation of the spanish navie, but he landed in aplace far better for his purpose, and of muche lesh danger, whiche was on the other side of cascales towardes the northe litle toughte of by the por∣tuges, so that it is toughte that sea coastes are with greate coste and dificulties defended, thouge theire be many places stronge by nature or by arte; And for asmuche as theire be diveres and variable quali∣ties of confines, and hardlie any rules to be given for theire propor∣siones, nor whate distance from frontier to frontier, it muste be pre∣sumed that the confines of akingdom doth houlde some corespon∣dance with the circuide of a citti, in fortifienge wherof the bulwarkes are of the moste importante memberes, the which moste comonlie are put in the places where they can moste offende the enemy, and defende them selves, and the place, regardinge due distance in suche sorte, that the one may defende the other in as muche as may by with their artillery and smale shott. And in like maner the curtines and

[illustration]

N. I.

flankes betwexte bulwarck and bulwarck, with other concideratio∣nes therunto apertaininge, and even so the fortes to be made in the frontieres are to houlde the like proportion and correspondance with the confines of the contry as do the bulwarke with the curtines of acitti or stronge place, the one to be placed so neere and in due distance vnto the other, that they may asiste and socour one ano∣ther, and in suche partes that they may damnifie the enemy, and de∣fende them selves in as much as can be posible.

Num. I.

THe places bienge viewed and found apte to receive offence by the enemy, and also to offende him, it is necessary to fortifie the same as well vpon the sea coastes as the inlande with strōge for∣tificationes, takinge goode advicement and carefull consideration in choisinge the situation therof, whether it by on plaines or hilles or marittim, or consistinge of al the thre, understandinge that the circui∣de of the place or fortification is to have aconveniente space rounde aboute (neyther to much nor to litle for many respectes.) The si∣tuasiones in plaines, are stronge whiche are invioroned with deepe lakes greate moores greate riveres, and suche as may by sonke vnder water in time of necessity, as in Holande and Zelande, and suche as have acampaina raza or plaine, sufficient distante from all thinges that mighte over comaunde the same. The situation that is uppon a hill, that is stronge that standeth on the moste higheste parte ther∣of, and all vnderlaied with naturall rockes rounde aboute, not havin∣ge neere it any superior nor equall moante, as is the castell of lisbur∣ne. For all situationes which have a dificulte access are stronge when they can not be offended from other adioyninge moantes and the muche more stronger when it is not minable. All stronge places mo∣ste comonlie are won eyther be force of armes, battery, treason, sur∣price, or by longe beseedginge, or by assaulte, scalinge, or undermi∣nige: The maritime situationes are stronge when they are compased by the sea, or parte therof, and the reste divided from the maine by greate and deepe ditches as is the castell of san Jean in Portugall, who hath on the shore side a deepe ditch digged uppon a rocke, and the maine sea on the other side, or buitlte uppon the topp of some rocke with the saied comodities, as is the penon of veles or the castell of cas∣cales in Portugall. Citties and townes are made stronge by nature

and industrie of those by nature we have all ready spoken in the strenght of situationes: Citties by industrie are stronge by the forme and by the matter, stronge by the matter when they haue thicke walles, greate terraplenos, broade and deepe ditches. By the forme they are stronge when it is framed in suche sorte that the moste far∣deste and all quarteres may haue corespondance to offende the enemy with the cannon and fyry shott. Of this sorte are those which do moste neere a proach, vnto the sircular figure but with goo∣de regarde of the due lardgnes and proportion of the curtines, and equall distance from bulwarke to bulwarke.

Theire intereth amongste thies all townes and stronge fortes con∣sistinge of five, six seaven, eighte, nine, or ten ravelinges, and curtines, by directe line, and who many more angeles, so muche the better the foure anguled of all is the weakeste. It is to be vnderstoode that smale places of them selves are weake because they can not so sufuciently resiste any excessive battery, and other offences as greate places may which haue roome capable inough to raise defences and necessary rampares and horne wourkes, a gainste any greate force, neyther oughte they to be so lardge that the circuide therof woulde require awhole army to defende itt.

Num. II.

THe fortificationes of citties and castelles is principally groun∣ded a gainste the offence of greate ordenance, and alsoe de∣fended with the same and with other fyrie weapon: It is to be considered that the artillery is devided and differensed into greatnes or Zices Royall, and into lesher zices.

Of the zice Royall is that peece that shooteth of seavintine pound upwarde, as is the culverrin the quarter cannon: the demy cannon, the cannon and double cannon, the pedrero basalisco and such like. And for the lesser zice the diference is to be vnderstoode that all pi∣ces that shoote bullet from seavintine pounde weighte downewardes as is the demiculverin, the saker, the minnon, the falcon and falco∣nett even to the rabinet and arcabuse de crocke.

The artillery from whence a citty, forte or stronge place may re∣ceive moste offence and domadge, is that of the greatest zice, for of the lesher zice there is no greate doupte to by had, sith that the de∣miculverin can do no greate offence nor domadge, and alsoe from

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that zice downewardes, and therfore, the bulwarkes terraplenos and parapetes are to be made in suche sorte and strenghte as they may be able to resiste and beare the blowe and gulpe of the artillery, of the greateste zice; mattokes shoules or spades are verie necessary instrū∣mentes, for the same. Relation beinge taken of the forme of the cit∣tie, forte, or fortress, by it eyther of 5.6.7. or 8. angles, or ravelin∣ges, or of how many soever it is necessary to couple the same, withe theyre convenient membres, to make it proportionall in strenghte.

The bulwarkes are uppon the angles or corneres of the forme of the citty or forte, and of such distance and due proportion, as shall seeme to the skilfull Inginer, and they oughte to by made optouse or blunte, and not sharpe, for so they are more stronge and capable.

The partes of the bulwarke are the travesses or flankes orechion, pum, garde, or shoulder, the fronte or curtine, the conter-fronte or spurres, the pestilles or parapettos, the place or roome for the artille∣ry. The bulwarkes as i saied are placed within the angles where place is to be made reddy for the artillery, and to mounte the same in suche a heighte, that it may discover the campe or circuid on every where in at much as is posible.

It is to by considered that the curtines of the bulwarke shall stan∣de in suche sorte that they may be touched or beaten from the firste corner from whose flanke or traves it taketh his defence, and the line or pointe is to be taken som whate more from the flanker, and in su∣che distance agreable to the greatnes of the bulwarke, soe acordinge to the greatnes of the same, the measures are to by increased or de∣minised, observinge the due proportion required; It is necessary to make in the bulwarkes certaine issues, the whiche are made in the par∣te that looketh towardes the flanker or travess, thies are moste neces∣sarie to put men oute for the ditch. The conterfortes and apertenan∣ces of the bulwarck, have alsoe theire measures and proportiones, the whiche i leave to avoide prolixitie, and because that they may by mo∣re or lesh acordinge the discresion and plates of the curiouse and per∣fecte Inginer. The Cavallero within side adjoyninge to the curtine in the mideste of them are builded, and from suche Cavalleros are the curtines or walles of the bulwarke defended, and alsoe the fielde, and for this cause are the bulwarkes wonte to by made, and to raise them so high, that they may discover well the places of theyre execu∣tiones.

Num. III.

THe gates or portes of a towne cittie or forte, are to by placed in partes, moste comodiouse for the service of the same, both in peace and war, conveniente to receive in, or to put oute peo∣ple moste safe and sure from all offences (in as much as can by) the gate muste have his drawen bridge made of stronge timber and yro∣nes necessary for the same, it is to be reasonable broade for the como∣ditie of the wagones and artillery, and very stronge, if theyre by no more then one drawen bridge or gate let them not be directe. Ne∣cessary it where that no high wales nor hedges of gardines, nor ochar∣des nor such like by permited on the outewarde partes of the gates or walles of any cittie or place of importance; and a distance of 600. pa∣ses, but all razed and made plaine on all the circuide rounde aboute, which do offten times serve for ashelter to the enemy to aproache of asuddaine neere the walles, that they can not by discerned, till they com into the ditch, by reason that trees and hedges do shelter them, by which meanes many places of importance are soone loste.

The terra plena is the onely remedy againste the furie and execu∣tion of the artillery, and is to by made with in, and behinde the wall close to the same; and the cavallers and bulwarkes oughte to by made in suche forte, that the wall bienge fallen, the same mighte remaine and stande like amightie mounte againste the enemy, and shoulde by made of suche faste and massie earthe (that it cromble slipp nor roule not, and so fall downe) as do many fortificationes made of runinge sande; the heighte and bread therof oughte to by suche as the co∣moditie and seate will require: All thies thinges are the memberes of a fortification, the which how muche more fitt and proporsionally they by placed aboute the boddy of acitti or place of importance, so much doeth it make the same more stronge and beautifull.

It is alsoe to by noted, that if a ny of thies situationes theire by nee∣re adioyninge any woodes, vine yardes, orchardes, tries, houses, churches, monesteries or other edificies, consideringe if they be su∣che as mighte annoy the enemy or render him any comoditie, wher∣by he may easilie hinder the citti castell or forte, prevension oughte to by taken in due time; If the ceate of the citti forthe or fortress by marittime or sea coaste, there muste by considered the qualitie of that sea, and of the haven, and of whate depthe it is, whether if it

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hathe any litle Isle arrocke neere vnto itt the which; the enemy in∣ioyenge may offende and anoye youe, and whether it hath any shore bay receptable, or place of refuge, or any river mouthe where the enemy fleete reedinge easilie at an ancor, mighte hinder and emplea∣che theire socoure by sea, and continually moleste them, and whether it be suche that the enemy mighte advantadge him selfe therewith. And all the aforesaide conciderationes touchinge the situation of sea or lande, to forecaste the same in due time with greate care and pru∣dence, in as muche as may posible. The same regarde is to be had wi∣thin the place, and to recnoledge every parte therof, bigininge with the forme, and then the heighte and thicknes of the wall, and the qua∣litie therof Moreover it is to by viewed in whate parte or partes it is moste weake and feoble, whate flankes it hath, whate terraplena, how high and howe thike, whate space betwexte the same and the inhabitantes, whate gates, how framed and seated, whate ditch, ho∣we broade, and howe deepe, whether it be drie or with water, whate intries or sallies without the place cittie or towne, and whether the ha∣bitasiones of the place be on high aboue the alture of the walles or equall with them, or whether the walles do surmonte them, and fi∣nally all other considerationes wourthie to be noted.

Num. IV.

THies conciderationes duly had, and resolusion taken, then Aploott muste be drawen with conveniente rules and measu∣res to reduce the citti forte or place to the beste forme that may by, with as litle ruine or defeatinge of houses or churches as can be, plasinge the bulwarkes, and cavalleres and other edifices conve∣niente to theire seates and purpose in the place moste fitt for the sa∣me, and that to be don withe as litle loss to the inhabitantes as may be possible. Resolution taken uppon the designe forme and greate∣nes that the place or fortress is to haue, he is to fortifie the feobleste parte or partes therof firste, and the apteste to by offended. The fortification well fortified and finished, it is necessary that it be fur∣nished with a conveniente garison of souldiores for the better securi∣tie and defence therof, for otherwise it were like a boddy withoute a soule (and biside this) if it haue not provision of all sortes of vitual∣les, artillery and munitiones, and of all armes defencive and offenci∣ve in goode and sufficiēte store, and of shoules spades mattokes pick∣axes,

sawes, hameres, yron, sledges, barres of yron, nayles, ropes, &c. And many other necessaire instrumentes to wourke in earth, or in walles or in stones or in tember, and alsoe in water, mandes, baske∣tes, hand barrowes and wheele barrowes, plankes, beames, stakes, watlinges gabiones, and other thinges at batteries and beseedginge, withoute the which it is impossible to repaire and intrinche againste batteries asaultes and other ofences of the enemy, all which belonges to the office care and dutie of the generall of the artillery: to see them provided in every towne or place of any importance within the realme, as also all other places which standes for the defence and safetie of the same.

Thies fortificationes wee treate of are very costely, and hardlie to by performed but by a mighty Prince, and specially suche as are made with brike stone goode earth and thurff, as is the castell and citti of Anwourpe, Gante, and san Gilian in Portugall, and the castell of Millan, and sundrie otheres the licke, are hardlie broughte to perfe∣ction but with expence of millones, so nowe adayes all places are for∣tified with earth and thurff onely, as is for the moste parte the greate towne of Gante, Mastrick, Dam, Ostende, Hulste and many more places in the lowe countries, as Sluse, Weasell and the towne of Breda, which haue indured such gallante batteries, sufficiente to weare oute a greate and mightie prince, both in his power and purse, whiche was to be seene in the famouse siedge and regaininge of Bre∣da, where all Kinges and Princes in Cristendom for the moste parte on both sides, sheowed theire forces and mighte, not withstandinge it was won by the invencible power of that mightie Monarke the Catholick Kinge of Spaine, troughe his greate mighte and power, acom∣panied with the prudente brave conduction and militarie industrie of his renoomed Generall Marques Spinola, and many brave Captai∣nes and souldiores, togither with the incomporable power loue and vnitie of his faithfull and renoomed lubjectes of the vnited provin∣ces of the lowe countries, to their greate glorie and honoure, and soe spreade abroade and related by many auctores to their and predeces∣sores greate fame and renoome of perpetuall memory to all posteri∣tie, wherof to relate it were tediouse, and incredible to such as haue not seene the same, with so many thousandes of wagones ful of all sortes of vitualles and amunisiones cominge every day, where mighte by perceived the loue and greate encomparable mighte of his vnited subjetes of the vnited provinces. Al which i haue seene and this

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towne of Breda inuiorened with adoble trince rounde aboute som fi∣ve leages with verie many fortes and redutes, all which was finished in verie feowe dayes with earth and fagotes. In fine suche fortificasiones may serve to goode purposes and indure sufficientlie, beinge well and ingeniouslie made and of goode earth, and carefully remended in due time, and when anny piece of the same should fall or decay, pre∣sently to be repaired and made upp.

Num. V.

AL stronge places of importance are to be well fortified wi∣thin as also on the outewarde partes, and greate considera∣tion oughte to by taken that the enemy may not a proach to the walles or gates, withoute beinge discouered before they may come to execute theire intente, for which in all stronge houldes and places of importance, moste comonlie, are placed on the outewarde partes roundes and cēteries, and places for theire defence and retreate, with such consideration and previntion, that the enemy do not a rive vn∣knowen to the desired place of theire execution as related by their spies, withoute firste beinge spied oute in due time be the outewarde cinteries and roundes, so that all the reste may haue time to by all in armes, and each company to repaire in time with speede, with the fir∣ste advice or alarme to their culoures, and there in all readdines to repaire where they shall be comaunded by the Comaunder or Go∣vernor of the place. Advertisinge that for many conciderationes no company oughte to repaire or budge withoute order of the Gover∣nor or Sardgente-Mayor, for feare of inconveniences and secret co∣respondance. To see thies and many more ocurrantes in warr pre∣vented, it is moste necessary that the Governor and Sardgente Mayor do lodge as neere possible to the place of armes or meaine garde, so that vrgent ocasiones may by prevented in due time, and with all speede as ocasion shall require, the cintery perdue and outewarde roundes oughte to be chosen of vigilante and braue souldiores, ad∣vertisinge that the roundes oughte still to goe forwarde, and very sci∣lente, and to make no alto nor staies as some careless roundes do, and that for the greate truste and care refered to theire chardge; to see thies well ordered and fullfilled, the Governor and Sardgente-Mayor by turnes shoulde goe the rounde, and findinge the roundes

and cinteries not acomplishinge their obligationes to see them seve∣rely punished.

Such fortificationes as are planted on hilles or high rokes, greate consideration oughte to by taken for theire due defence, thoughe the asendinge of such places by dificculte, yet it were goode they shoulde by compassed with double palisados for their better securitie, and with a parapet made of thurff or brick at the foote of each of them, and way for the rounde betwexte them and the wall.

Num. VI.

FOr the more security of castelles and stronge places are moste comonly planted in theire fronte haulfe-mounes oppen on the inwarde side, in which for theire better securitie, is wonte of righte to be agarde every day and nighte, vnder which shelter the gates of the towne or castell are made for their better security from the fury of the greate ordenance, as also for other respectes, and that they may discover the enemy, and hinder theire designes. It is very requisit that the fosso or ditch be deepe and broade inough, and that the curtines be of goode heighte that withoute greate dificulte it can not be scaled.

For the better asurance of all stronge places, it is necessary that they by well provided with stronge and vigilante watches, and for many goode respectes that no company which shall inter the watch shall knowe theire a pointed place till the verie time that the watch is set (or alitle before) for feare of treason by some provooked by interes, or proceedinge trough afrontes, or greate injuries received from the Governor touchinge theire reputasion or honoure or meanes.

It also may procede of some of bad govermente and inclinatio∣nes, for which cause they are not prefered nor advanced, it may alsoe by invented by burgeres, who bienge overmuch opressed with tiran∣ny, and findinge no conveniente remedy nor justice executed for hainouse factes and disorderes comitted, do procure treasones and revoltes.

When any suche ocasiones are suspected or feared the roundes are to be doubled, and sende contraroundes of Officeres and men of greate truste, for the vigilance care truste and fidelitie hoped of them, for prudente and carefull souldiores maketh easie materes of greate

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N. VII.

dificultie, and by their care and vigilance do bringe them to a goode ende to theire greate honoure and perpetuall fame, resultinge of theire braue and prudente cariadge and goode aplicationes, resolute valour and care: All braue souldiores oughte to be of full resolution to indure all travailes and hardnes when ocation shall require, and in thies extremities to sheowe them selves with greate couradge, fi∣delitie and obedience, for an honorable souldioris to by tried in time of moste necessitie; where in deed such as are of braue spirites and ge∣nerouse mindes doe manifeste theire affection and valoure in ocasio∣nes of moste extreamity, as by dayly experience we see in ocurrantes of warr, of the whiche many examples may be declared.

Num. VII.

THe security of stronge houldes and fortresses dependeth of the goode order and vigilance of the Governores and reste ministres of the same, and that, as well within as withoute side bothe by polecie and Military Discipline, in ministringe goode justi∣ce betwexte the inhabitantes and souldiores, and in ordaininge a goode and vigilante watch, and to be well provided of all necessaries in due time. And preventinge the stratagemes and plottes of the ene∣my in as muche as can be, havinge alwayes an eye towardes the bur∣geres and souldiores, concideringe theire humores condisiones and fidelity, theire shoulde by alwayes secret spies to learne of theire esta∣te and humores, and whate they comunicate in secrett and publike, and finally theire actiones and inclinasiones, and to haue goode re∣garde of suche strangeres as do arive into such places, if they be peo∣ple well knowen or not faithfull or suspected.

In the ocurrantes and courses of warr, greate and many are the considerationes required in the generall of an army, and in his coun∣sel of warr, in prudently preventinge manny materes of greate im∣portance, of presente and future ocationes (with aforcaste prudente prevention) which otherwise bienge induced (do often fall oute to the greate discomodity of his Majesties service) in atemptes of man∣ny honorable interprises and incounteres, to the greate decay of Mi∣litary Discipline, whiche by dayly experience wee see, that for wante of prudente conductores of care truste and fidelity, many honorable interprises are loste, resultinge of the litle perfection of many Offi∣ceres.

A matter wourdie to be noted examined and prevented for the due orderinge of future ocasiones, of whate resulteth that so many oulde and experimented souldiores of the late reformasiones in germany and lowe country wente on the countrary side to the greate disco∣moditie of the house of austria, sence which time who many millo∣nes were consumed in raisinge of neowe levies and recrutes for the furtherance of the warres of the lowe countries, yea to my judgemte as muche as mighte intertaine an invincible army of oulde and expe∣rimented souldores, duly paied and satisfied. By dayly experience we see that thies neowe levies for the moste parte, in ocasiones of service feowe were founde to asiste; whiche i haue noted and pitted often times, for bienge so greate alet to his Majesties service: The Omni∣potente inlighten his Majesties faithful ministeres in preventinge in due time the conveniente course of a matter of so greate importan∣ce: And agreate enemy for the vnprofitable consuminge of his Ma∣jesties treasure and Indies. Let none thinke that i disalue recrutes and reforsinge of companies in theire due time and conveniente course, profitable to his Majesties service. Vndeniable it is that an army well disciplined ordered contended, and conducted with prudente and braue comaunderes, though lesher in number are by all reason ma∣steres of the victorie, which all auctores that wrote of this arte do afir∣me, and by dayly experience we finde to be true.

The ropose and securitie of a Kingdom or state dependes for the moste parte in observinge goode lawes, goode warres, and continual practice of Military Discipline, wherof theire are very many probable examples, as plainely hapened to Anibal that renoomed Captaine of warr, and to the invincibel Romaines that at lenghte in neglectinge Military Discipline and exercice of armes was cause of theire perdi∣tion; and when they leaste feared of any a tempes of theire enemy, and that resultinge for biengc wholie given to vice, regalitie and re∣pose, and forgetfull of all Military exercice.

Happie is that Kingdomme where goode lawes and goode disci∣pline is in continual vse and exercice, and alwayes ready for the pre∣pared vice and malice of their enemy, ready for the alarme when it shall presente, whiche offten happen when we leaste thincke uppon. Happie is the Prince, and renoomed the Generall who prudently doth prevente the prepared malice and stratagemes of their enemy and of future ocasiones.

I doupte not but those of perfection and deepe judgemente in the

arte of warr shall both admire and comende the extraordinary paines taken for the due orderinge of this wourke and in explicatinge and putinge to lighte many deepe curiosities of rare importance in the office of the Sardgente-Mayor, and ingienes of Fire-wourkes, as also the due and prudente orderinge of severall sortes of weapones ma∣nadged in warr. All which with theire neowe invented impalinge of shott and winges, and theire singular order to fighte, as also other deepe curiosities of this arte whiche were leifte in obscuritie by many auctores who wrote of this profession. And that to disperte the inge∣niouse wittes of those inclined to learne the rare and deepe curiosities of Military science, that they may imitate them (in optaininge theire desire) with longe and continuall practice and goode aplicationes, which nowe i reduced to lighte in as muche as military science, the rules of mathematicke and aritmeticke can affourde, withe theire ge∣nerall rules proufes, proporsiones and tables, neowly invented for that purpose, plainely sheowinge the reasones of eache particular, breefly declared in the tables of the battelles, and in severall figures cut in coper and wood plates: Not douptinge but those of perfecte judgemente in the deepe and rare curiosities of this arte will comen∣de the same, and a firme that as yet no auctor did explicate more plaine nor better of many particularities leifte in obscurity in Fire-wourkes and specially in the office of a Sardgente mayor, which no∣we are redused into the perfecte forme ordained for their executiones in as muche as military science and the generall rules of the same can afourde. So that suche as are couriouse and inclined to continual goode aplicasiones, and determined by vertue prudēte cariadge and perfection in Military Discipline to by advanced may in shorte time learne all the particularities in the office of a Sardgente Mayor, leif∣te in obscuritie by many auctores; Whiche nowe in this wourcke are plainely broughte to lighte in as muche as military science can afour∣de or declare, whiche is not obtained by vaine glory nor heere say.

But rather with longe and continuall practice and aplicationes in the theorick and practice of warr; with intente and desire to in∣lighten my beloved countrimen and otheres, that they may knowe howe to acomplishe theire obligationes with prudence and auctori∣tie, and aplee them selves withe care and affection, in learninge this noble arte of warr, and not to be inclined to i delnes and bad exam∣ples, garded with malice, inuy, puffinge pride and rude ingnorance, overcaste withe afaulse fisnomy and aneowe malisiouse conterfet

countenance, enemy to vertue, truthe, plaine dealinges and goode examples. But rather by vertue and goode aplicasiones wounde the hartes of raylinge spirites ful of ambision and changinge dispositio∣nes, misled with blinde malice, venemouse and slanderouse tounges, harbored in theire cancored hartes, full of crucked dealinges and in∣vy, subjecte to afrontes and vices, of bad life and bad ende, but ho∣norably to imitate and followe the steppes of those inclined to vertue and continuall goode aplicationes.

THE CONCLUSION.

GEntle reader consider that vertue and continual goode aplicationes and plaine dealinges is a presiouse guel, and moste comonly are wonte to haue goode procee∣dinges, and finish with a happy ende.

Suficiente examples oure Irish nasion gaue nowe of late for to imitate vertue plaine dealinges and goode religion, By di∣vine power bestowed, on that noble and renoomed coronell Butler, in prudently preventinge the trechery and prepared malice of Val∣stene and his Counseleres againste the house of Austria. Whiche the omnipotente bestowinge on him that special grace, and that to be toughte resultinge of the vndeniable truth, and plaine dealinges of his, and his predecessores, and of his renoomed Captaines and soul∣diores that were with him in that honorable interprice of perpetual memory.

Plainely mighte it by vnderstoude that thies Irish bienge so feowe in number, that for the executinge of so greate, so dangerouse, and almoste vnespected and impossible acte of armes. (That it muste by a gifte bestwoed of the divine power, for the benefit of truth and vertue of theires (and predecessores) stil groundinge and observin∣ge true religion and vertouse life, so that they warded this renoomed warrier Valstene with ablowe of his mortal ende, with abucler inuio∣rened with divine defence, and prosperitie to the house of Austria, and of perpetual renoome and glorie to oure Irish nasion. The om∣nipotente inlighten vs to imitate the vndeniable true dealinges, ver∣tue and resolute determination of thies famouse warrieres, and othe∣res of this nasion, inclined to vertue and goode examples. So that

rooted rancor of inuy, slanderouse railinge tounges and croucked maliciouse dealinges may not take place, in equallinge them selves with the honorable observeres of trueth, vertue, goode aplicationes, and Military Discipline. But rather banish thos inclined to the wic∣ked vice of inny, moother of mischifes and base inclinationes, resul∣tinge of barbarouse proude blinde ingnorance, enemy to vertue trueth and goode proceedinges, subjecte to quarells, bakbitinge, murmuringe, disgraces, and bad examples, a penetrater of rancko∣red hartes, of unconsiderate understandinge, litle fearinge God or man, of litle conscience or reputation, dayly decayenge and falinge unto many odiouse crimes and disgraces, enemy to frindship and ac∣corde, subjecte to afrontes and vices, of bad life and bad ende; And which of all thinges is moste untollerable, and moste odiouse in this noble profession of armes.

Gentle Reader youe see who many goode and probable examples set downe in many places of this wourcke, (for to imitate vertue) and followe the steppes of the renoomed, prudente, and valerouse Soul∣dior, and that in many places youe finde sufficiente examples, howe many borne of lowe degre, and bace linadge, have atained unto grea∣te degries, dingnity, and fame of perpetuall memory, and that resul∣tinge of theire vertuse cariadge, renoomed actes, resolute determina∣tiones, and continuall goode aplicationes; And by dayly experience we see thos inclined to vice, unruly factes, and bad examples do fall unto decay, and many disgraces, and are hated by those inclined to vertue, and moste comonly suche as do not amende do finish theire lives with an unhappy and miserable ende. Soe i take leave besechin∣ge the Omnipotente to give us the grace, that we may live in his fea∣re with unity and acorde, and finish with a happy ende. Amen.

The Ende of the thirde Booke.