The questyonary of cyrurgyens with the formulary of lytell Guydo in cyrurgie, with the spectacles of cyrurgyens newly added, with the fourth boke of the Terapentyke [sic], or methode curatyfe of Claude Galyen prynce of physyciens, with a synguler treaty of the cure of vlceres, newely enprynted at London, by me Robert wyer, and be for to sell in Poules Churcheyarde, at the sygne of Judyth. Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum.

¶Questyons vpon the Anathomy of the bely / and partyes therof.

IT is to be noted vpon these thynges that fo∣lowe, that the bely may be taken for two thyn¦ges. Fyrste for the stomacke. Secondly for the re∣gyon of all nutrytyfe membres / and so it is taken here. ¶Demaunde. What is the holle posycyon of the bely? Answere. It is vndre the region of the spyrytuall membres / so that the superyour parte that is at y^e entryng called p̄cordyal / & towarde y^e forcule, & the partye that is called stomacle, a thre fyngers nygh the nauyl downwarde / and the par¦ty vmbelycall synual is fro y^e nauyll downwarde / and the ypocondres be in the syde vnder y^e rybbes. And the parties called yliac are ouer the haūches. ¶Demaunde, To se the Anathomy very well in the partyes of the bely, as well the conteynynges as the contynued / howe ought the Cyrurgyen to open it? Answere. He ought to open it alonge and ouerthwart / this way and that / that he may the lyghtlyer se the partyes afore (that be the Myrac and Cyphac) as behynde / where as are the .v. spon¦dyles of the kydnees, and the flesshe ouer them.

¶Demaunde. Of howe many and what & howe many partes is the myrac composed. Answere. It is composed of .iiij. partes. Of the skynne, of the grease, of the flesshy pānycle, and of the muscles, of whom yssueth the cordes. ¶Demaūde. What is

Cyphac? Answere. It is a pānycle onely that is ad¦ded to the Myrac. ¶Demaūde. Howe many and what be the partyes conteyned in the bely? An∣swere .vij. Fyrste the ars gut, secondly the guttes, thyrdly the stomacke, than y^e lyuer, than the mylt, and the kydnees. ¶Demaūde. Wherfore are the muscles of the bely fourmed? Answere. For two reasons. The fyrste is to strength it. The seconde to expell the superfluytees of the membres. ¶De∣maunde. Howe many muscles be in the bely? An∣swere. After Galyen in the .iiij. boke of the vtylyte of partycles / and in the .vij. of his Terapentycke ••here be, viij, That are two all alonge cōmyng fro the boucler of the stomacke vnto the share bone / and two ouerthwart the backe, and entrelace by the myddes of the belye, And, iiij, from the angles transuersalles / of the which two brede in the ryb∣bes of the ryght syde, and go to the left syde, and of the hakle bones, and of the share / & the other two of the lefte syde, & go to the ryght syde of the sayd ••ones / in crossynge by the myddle of the bely.

¶Demaūde. What is ••he perytoneon / and wher¦••f is it dyryuate? of what substaunce is it / & wher¦••••re serueth it? Answere. It is sytuate vnder the ••ayde muscles, and it so named of Pery / that is to ••••y rounde aboute, and of Tonnes / that is to say ••ntestynon / for it goeth rounde aboute the nutry∣••yfe partyes / & is a lytell pānycle, synewy, subtyll, and harde / and serueth to kepe that the muscles compryse nat the naturall membres / and it maye

be enlarged, and comprymate in maner of other membres / and that it be nat lyghtly broken / and that the thynges conteyned in it yssue nat / as it happeneth to them y^t are greued therwith / and it is proprely called Cyphac. ¶Demaunde. What woūdes of t••e bely are moste peryllous and moste dyfficyle to heale, eyther they of the myddes of the bely / or they in the sydes? Answere. They in the myddes of the bely / bycause the partyes there ben more treatable / & the bowelles there come sooner out, than by other places, ¶Demaūde. What is Epypleon / and wherof is it composed? Answere. It is a pannycle that couereth and wrappeth the stomacke aboute / and is named of epi / that is to say ouer all or aboute, or pleon, that is to appere, for it pereth ouer all the stomacke / and is compo∣sed of two tunycles, the one thycke, and the other thynne, layde one on another, & of dyuers arteres, veynes, and synewes, and great quantyte of fat / and is called ars gut. ¶Demaunde. Wherof bre¦deth the pypleon / & wherfore serueth it? Answere, It bredeth of the partyes that be vnder y^e backe / and of the Cyphac, & it is ordeyned for to rechaufe the partyes nexte therto, as Galyen sayeth in the fourth boke of the vtylyte of partycles &, xiij, cha∣pytre. ¶Demaūde. May the pypleon holde longe whan it is hurte without great alteracyon / and howe ought it to be dressed? Answere, No, but it is lyghtly altered & chaunged for the fatnesse, and ought to be boūde and nat cut for feare of flux of

blode, ¶Demaunde. Of howe many skynnes or tunycles are the bowels composed / and wherfore serue they? Answere They be composed of two tu∣nycles / and serue fyrste to make dygestyon / and to brynge the Chilus to the lyuer by meanes of the veynes mescraykes / & to put out the fylthy super∣fluytees. ¶Demaūde. How many gutt{is} be there. Answere. Syxe / althoughe that they be ioyned togyther / yet haue they dyuers offyces / & dyuers shapes / wherby they are deuyded. Of the whiche syxe guttes thre be sklendre & thre byg. The fyrste of the thre sklendre is named Portanarium / or Duodenum. The seconde is called Ieiunium. And the thyrde is called Subtile. Of the thre byg / the fyrste hyght Esac / the seconde Colon / & the thyrde is the ars gut called Longaon, or y^e streyght gut. ¶Demaūde. Be the sayd guttes garnysshed with muscles? Answere. Yes / for the gouernynge of the superfluytees that they receyue & put out. ¶De∣maūde, What is the maner to make incysion for to knowe, dyscerne, and se well euery gutte by the Anathomy? Answere. Fyrste it behoueth to begyn ••t the ars gut / that is called longaum or rectum / and bycause that y^e fylthy mater shall nat let the / ••ynde it at the vpper ende, and let it be two endes, and be cut in the myddes of the lygature / and let the nether parte be left / & procede in dyscaruynge almoste vnto yleon / where as the gut begynneth that hyght Collon, which is byg with lytel celles / wherin the fecall mater taketh forme / and is two

fadom longe, or there aboute / & declyneth moche towarde the left kydney / & in mountyng towarde the mylt / & reuolueth of y^e party cōmyng towarde the ryght syde of the stomacke, vnder the pānycle of the lyuer, where receyueth a porcyon of the hu¦mour coloryke / which moueth it to put out the su¦perfluytees, and in the rancluyng it descendeth to the ryght kydney at the hyndre ende of the haūche there as begynneth the gutte called one eye, or the bag / for it semeth y^t it hath but one eye / although it haue two after y^e very trouthe. One wherat the fylthy mater / and another that it goeth out / but bycause that they be very nere it semeth y^t it hath but one / and this gut is very shorte / for it is but of a handfull longe. And bycause of the nyghnesse of the haunches / and bycause it is nat well boūde it descendeth sooner in to y^e ballocke coddes, whan a man is greued or broken than any other gutte / and of this gut is bred y^• sklendre gut that hyght Ylion / the which Ylion is well .vij. or .viij fadoms longe / & it hath many reuolucyons in all y^e backe. After this is the gut that hyght Ieiuniū, bycause it is alwayes emptye for the greate multytude of messerayke veynes that be aboute it contynually suckynge it / & for the colour that is sene betwene it and Portanarium that incyteth it contynually to expell that that is in it. And to this gut is con∣teyned the gut called Duodeum / whiche is so cal∣led bycause it is .xij. fyngers of lengthe / after the whiche foloweth y^e gut called Portanariū, so cal∣led

by his offyce, for it is the nether gate of the sto¦macke, as Mery is the vpper gate. ¶Demaunde. Wherfore is it y^t the woundes made in the small guttes neuer heale, & yet those of the great guttes heale somtyme? Answere, Bycause that the small guttes be full of pānycles / & the great guttes are ful of flesshe. ¶Demaūde. Howe may the Mezen∣tereon be knowen by Anathomy? Answere. To se the Mezentereon very well thou ought to bynde the guttes towarde the gut Portanariū and cut in maner as the longaon is / and than put all the guttes out. ¶Demaunde, Wherof is Mezente∣reon composed, and howe is it set? Answere. Fyrste it is composed of veynes messeraykes īnumerable braunched fro the veyne of the lyuer called Porta¦naria / and is couered & garnysht before with pā∣nycles and strynges y^t conioyne the bowelles with the backe / and with glandynous grease / and is cō¦monly called seame / which whan it is out ye may clerely se the Anathomy of the stomacke. ¶De∣maūde. What is the stomacke. Answere. It is the organ of the fyrste digestion engendreth the chyl∣••••s. ¶Demaunde. What is the place of the sto∣macke within the body? Answere. After Galyen in the .iiij. boke of the vtylyte of partycles and fyrste chapytre. The place of the stomacke is in the myd¦des of the body / bycause it is the cōmon almoner almes dealer and preparer to all the membres of the body / natwithstandynge that the superyour party therof somwhat enclyneth vnto the left syde

towarde the .xij. spondyles where as the dyafrag∣ma endeth / and the lower parte declyneth to the ryght. ¶Demaūde. What mēbres haue be made for to serue the stomacke? Answere. The fyrste is the mouthe / for in lykewyse as the veynes Meze∣ryalles be preparatyues of the seconde dygestyon that is done in the lyuer / lykewyse is the mouthe of the stomacke. For as Auycen sayth / y^e chawyng acquyreth some digestion. Afterwarde serueth the Mery and ysophagus of the vpwarde partyes in bryngynge the meate in to the stomacke. And of the nether partyes serueth y^e guttes, & the veynes Mezeraycalles to put forth the noyfull thynges / and dystrybute the profytable thynges dygested and chylozed in it. ¶Demaūde. Wherof serueth the stomacke? Answere. Proprely it serueth to dy∣gest by his heate of his owne carnosyte in the bo∣tome therof, as Auycen sayeth, and by the heates goten of the next partyes / for it hath the lyuer on the ryght syde that warmeth / and the mylt on the left syde that trauerseth it w^t his grease & wayes / wherby it sendeth the humour melencolyke to the stomacke for to prouoke it appetyte. And aboue i•• is the hert with the arteres that causeth lyfe / and the brayne that sendeth it a braunche of synewes from the vpwarde partyes gyuynge to it felynge. Also from the partye of the backe / and the veynes called kyllis, and adorthy, and dyuers other stryn¦ges descendynge fro it / wherby it is bounde with the spondyles of the reynes. ¶Demaunde. With

howe many skynnes is the stomacke couered? An¦swere. With two, one is flesshy that is outwarde, and the other is synewy that is inwarde. ¶De∣maūde. Of what villes is the stomacke composed. Answere, Of longytudynalles to drawe in & trans¦uersalles to reteyne / & latitudinalles to put forth. ¶Demaūde. Of what shape is the stomacke? An¦swere. It is rounde endlong in maner of concorde suche wyse curbed that his entrynges be hygher than his body / bycause y^e yssue of the thynges that it conteyneth be made inducly. ¶Demaunde. Of what quantyte is the stomacke? Answere. It is manyfest / for cōmonly it holdeth .ij. or .iij. pyntes. ¶Demaūde. What is the lyuer? Answere. It is the organe of the seconde dygestion / engendrynge blode. ¶Demaunde. Howe or where is the lyuer set in the body of mankynde? and of what fygure is it? Answere. Fyrste it is set vndre the bought of the rybbes / & is of fygure as of the moone / curbed towarde the rybbes / and is holowe towarde the stomacke with .v. lappes or pānulles in maner of handes comprysynge the stomacke. ¶Demaūde. whens cōmeth the felynge to the lyuer? Answere. It cōmeth by a pānycle that couereth it / to which cōmeth a synewe for his felynge. ¶Demaunde. With what membres hath the lyuer collygaūce? Answere, Fyrste w^t the dyafragma by his pānycle y^t couereth it which byndeth it to y^e diafragma w^t strong strynges. And also it hath colligaūce w^t the backe, w^t the stomacke, with y^e guttes, w^t the hert, and all the other mēbres. ¶Demaunde. Of what

substaunce is y^e lyuer. Answere. It is the substaūce of flesshe / and red as quayl••ed blode, entrelaced all about with veynes and arteres. ¶Demaunde. Wherof serueth a great veyne that cōmeth out of the holownes of the lyuer called Portanaria? Answere. It is bycause that all the succosyte that chyllus draweth by his braūches it transmytteth and dystrybuteth by all the lyuer / for that veyne is deuyded Mezeraycalles īnumerable that are planted in the stomacke and in the bowelles for to drawe & bere away the said succosite fro the lyuer. ¶Demaūde. Of what party of the lyuer yssueth a great veyne and holow called killis / and wherof serueth it? Answere, It yssueth out of the bosse of the lyuer / and serueth to dystrybute all the blode that is engendred within the lyuer ouer all the bo¦dy / for that veyne yssueth out of the lyuer, and ma¦keth braunches vpwarde & downwarde through all the body / wherby it dealeth the sayde blode to euery membre to fede it. ¶Demaūde. What are the medycynes y^t oughte to be applyed on y^e lyuer? Answere. That for the substaūce seldom dyssolua∣ble lyghtly it oughte to haue medycyne somwhat styptyke. ¶Demaūde. What is y^e galle? Answere. It is a bag or bladder pānyculous set in the ho∣lownes of the lyuer aboute the meane pānulle for to receyue the coleryke superfluyte. ¶Demaunde. Howe is testis fellis composed? Answere. It hath two entrynges or neckes betwene whiche is a dy∣staūce, wherof one is on the ryght syde that adres∣seth

towarde the myddes of the lyuer to receyue the colere. The other is at the botome of the sto∣macke / & in the bowelles to sende them colere for the vtylytees aforesayde. ¶Demaunde. Of what quantyte is the galle? Answere. It conteyneth peraduenture a glasse full / or the mountenaunce of a fyoyle. ¶Demaūde. What dyseases suffreth it cōmonly? and howe be they knowen? Answere. It suffreth opylacyons aswell in the necke propre, as in the necke cōmune. And the dysease knowen whan the stoppynge is in the necke cōmune / by∣cause that the colere may nat yssue out of y^e lyuer / nor the blode may nat clense but abydeth with the blode and maketh the vryne yelow, & all the body. And it is knowen whan it is in the necke propre bycause that the helpynges do fayle, that it was wonte to haue / & euen accydent foloweth as Ga∣••••en sayth in the .vij. boke of the dysease & the accy¦dent, and in the .v. of the interiours. ¶Demaūde. What is the mylte? Answere. It is the receyuer of melancolyke superfluite engendred in y^e lyuer. ¶Demaunde. What is the situacion of the mylt in the body of mankynde? Answere. It is of the left syde embracyng trauersly the stomacke. ¶De¦maūde. Of what substaūce is the mylt? Answere. It is of soft substaunce & spongyous, blacker then the lyuer. ¶Demaūde. Of what shape is y^e mylt? Answere. Of a longe fygure in maner of foure cor¦ners. ¶Demaunde. With what membres hath the mylt collygaunce? Answere. It is bounde by

his pānycle with the rybbes / and of his bosse and concauyte it hath collygacyon with the stomacke, and with the ars gut. ¶Demaūde. Wherin ser∣ueth the mylt in the body of mankynde? Answere. It serueth by these two wayes / for by one way it draweth the superfluyte melancolyke of the lyuer. And by the other waye it sendeth it to the oryfyce of the stomacke, for the causes abouesayde. ¶De∣maūde. What maner dysease doth y^e mylt suffre? Answere, It doth suffre opylacyons bycause that his ma••er is grosse / wherby the sayde opylacyons folowe other inconuenyentes / for whan it fayleth to clense the lyuer of the sayd superfluytees the bo¦dy is faynt and yll coloured. And whan it fayleth to transuyt the stomacke / nat sendynge y^t it ought to do / the appetyte wasteth or is taken away.

¶Demaunde. What solucyons of contynuyte be moste peryllous in them of y^e lyuer, or them of the mylt / and whiche of both suffreth strongest medy∣cynes? Answere. The solucyons of contynuyte be more daungerous in the lyuer than in the mylt? and the mylt suffreth stronger medycyns then the lyuer / & purgeth chyefly by the bely. ¶Demaun∣de, What thynges are the kydnees / & howe ma∣ny are in the body of man / and of what substaūce are they? Answere. They are partycles ordeyned to clense the blode of haynous superfluytees / and there be two of them on euery syde one, and are of the substaūnce of harde flesshe. ¶Demaunde. Of what shape are they? Answere. They are long of

shape as an egge comprymate / and haue in them concauytees / wheri•• ••hey receyue that whiche is drawen by them / and eche of them haue .ij. holes wherby they drawe the aquosyte of the veyne cal∣led kyllis / and by the other sende the sayd aquosite called pysse to the bladder. ¶Demaunde. What membres cōmeth to the kydnees / and with what membres haue they collygaūce? Answere. There cōmeth to them veynes, arteres, & synewes, wher¦of theyr pānycle is made / and theyr fat is lyke ta∣lowe / & haue collygaunce with the backe. ¶De∣maunde, Wheron are the kydnees sytuate? An∣swere. They are situate vpon the tumbes, wheron they be as on a coytte. ¶Demaunde. What vey∣nes passe betwene the kydnees ouer the spondyles. Answere. There passe the veyne adorty / descendyn¦ge to the nether membres / from the whiche very ••ere it yssueth the membres sparmatykes. ¶De∣maūde. What dyseases may the kydnees suffre? Answere. They do suffre many dyseases / and spe∣cyally they suffre opylacyons and stones that are harde to heale.