A learned commendation of the politique lawes of Englande vvherin by moste pitthy reasons & euident demonstrations they are plainelye proued farre to excell aswell the ciuile lawes of the Empiere, as also all other lawes of the world, with a large discourse of the difference betwene the. ii. gouernements of kingdomes: whereof the one is onely regall, and the other consisteth of regall and polityque administration conioyned. written in latine aboue an hundred yeares past, by the learned and right honorable maister Fortescue knight ... And newly translated into Englishe by Robert Mulcaster.

¶Of the estate and degree af a Seriant at lawe, & howe he is ereated, Cap. 50.

BVt forsomuch as you desier to knowe, most gracious Prīce, for what cause the degrees of ba∣chelars and doctours are not geeuen in the lawes of Englande, as they are accustomablye geeuen in bothe lawes within vni∣uersities, youre maiestie shall vnderstande that though these degrees are not geeuen in the lawes of England, yet there is geeuen in them not a de∣gree only, but also a state no lesse worshipfull and solempne then the degree

of doctours: which is cal∣led the degree of a Ser∣iant at lawe. And it is ge¦uen vnder the manner & fourme fo••owyng. The lorde chiefe Iustice of the commen benche by y^e coū¦sell and assent of all the Iustices vsethe as ofte as he thinketh good to chose vii. or .viii. of the discree∣test persones, that in the foresaide generall studye haue most profited in the lawes, and whiche to the same Iusticez are thought to bee of best disposition, and their names hee pre∣senteth to the lord Chan∣cellour of Englande in writtynge. Who incon∣tinent by vertue of the kinges write shal charge euery of the {per}sons elect to be beefore the kinge at a daye by hym assigned,

too take vppon him the state and degree of a ser∣ieaunt at lawe, vnder a greate penaltie in euerye of the said writtes limit∣ted. On the whiche daye euery one of them appea∣ring shalbe sworne vpō the holye gospell of God to be ready at the daye & place then to bee appoin∣ted to receaue the state and degree aforesaide, and that he the same daye shall geeue golde accor∣dynge to the custome in that behalfe vsed.

Howe bee it howe and after what sorte euerye of the saide chosen per∣sones shall that daye de∣meane himselfe, and al∣so the fourme and maner howe that state & degree shalbee geuen & receued,

forsomuche as the same can not so briefelye bee written as to the short∣nes of this woorke is re∣quisite, therefore at thys tyme, I will leaue these pointes vntouched. And yet I haue declared the same to you ere nowe by waye of talke. But thys you must vnderstande, that when the day appoī∣ted is come, those electe persons among other so∣lemnities must keepe a greate dinner, like to the feast of a kinges corona∣tion, which shal continue & last by y^e space of seuen daies. And none of those elect {per}sones shall defraye y^e charges growinge to him about y^e costes of this solempnitie with lesse ex∣penses then the summe of foure hūdreth markes

So that y^e expēses whiche viii. menne so electe shall then beestowe will sur∣mount the summe of thre thousande and two hun∣dreth ma••ks. Of y^e which expenses one parcel shall bee this. Euery of them shal geue ringes of golde to y^e value of xl. poundes sterling at the least. And your Chauncellour well remēbrethe that at what tyme hee receaued this state and degree, y^e ringez which he then gaue stode him in fifty poundes.

For euery suche serieant at the tyme of hys crea∣cion vseth to geeue vntoo euery Prince, Duke, and archebishop being presēt at that solempnitie, and to the lord Chauncellour and Lorde Treaseroure of Englande a ringe of

the valu of .xxvi. shillings viii.d. And to euery earle and bishop beeinge like∣wise present, and also to the Lorde priuie seale, to both y^e lordes chief Iusti∣ces, & to the Lorde chiefe baron of the kinges exche¦quer a ringe of the value of xx.s. And to euery lord baron of the parliament & to euery abbott, & nota∣ble prelate, & worshipfull knight being then presēt, & also to y^e maister of the roles, & to euery Iustice a ring of y^e value of a mark And likewise to euery ba¦ron of y^e exchequer, to the chaumberlaines, and to all the officers, and nota∣ble menne seruynge in the kinges courtes, rin∣ges of a smaller pryce, but agreable to theire es∣tates to whome they are

geuen. Insomuch y^t there shall not bee a clerke, spe¦ciallye in the court of the commen benche, but hee shal receaue a ring cōue∣nient for his degree. And besydes these they geeue dyuers rynges too other of theire fryndes. They geue also liueries of cloth of one sute or colour in greate abundaunce not onelye to theire houshold meanye, but also to their other fryndes and ac∣quaintaunce, whiche du∣rynge the tyme of the foresayde solempnytye shall attende and wayte vppon them.

Wherefore though in the Vniuersities they that are promoted too the de∣gree of Doctors do sustaī no small charges at the tyme of their cōmēcemēt,

as in geuīge of bonnetes and other ryche gyftes, yet y^ey geue no gold: nor do bestowe any other giftes or costes lyke vnto these expenses. Neither ī any coūtrey of the world is there any special degre geuen in the lawes of the sāe lāde, but onely in y^e ro¦yalme of Englande. Nei¦ther is there any man o•• lawe throughe out the vniuersall world, whiche by reasō of his office or {pro}¦fession gaynethe somuch as one of these seriaunts. No man also be he neuer so connynge & skylfull in the lawes of the royalme shalbe exalted to y^e office and dignitie of a Iustice in the courte of pleas be∣fore the kīge or ī y^e courte

of the cōmē bench, which are the chiefe ordinarie courtes of the same roy∣alme, oneles he be first {pro}∣moted to the state and de¦gree of a seriaunt at law. Neither shall any man but onely such a seriaunt pleade in the courte of y^t commen benche, wheare all reall actions are plea¦ded. Wherefore to this state and degree hath no man bene hetherto admit¦ted, except he haue first cō¦tinued by the space of xvi yeares in the said gene∣ral studie of y^e lawe. And in token or signe that all Iustices ar thus graduat euerye of them alwayes whyle he sytteth ī y^e kīges courtes, weareth a white quoyfe of silke: whiche is

the principal and chief in signemet of habite where with seriauntes at lawe in their creation are dec∣ked. And neither the Ius∣tice, nor yet the seriaunt shal euer put of y^e quoyfe no not in the kynges pre¦sence, thoughe he be in talke withe his maiesties highnes. wherefore, most noble prince, you can not hereafter doubt, but that these lawes, which so sin∣gularli aboue the Ciuile lawes, yea and aboue the lawes of all other roy∣almes are honoured, and with so solempne a state of such as are learned therein, and do professe y^e sāe are worshipped must needes be precio{us}, noble and hieghe, and of greate excellencie, and of speciall knowlege and vertue.

SEd cū tu prin∣ceps, scire desi∣deres, cur ī legib{us} Angliae nō dantur baculariat{us} et doc¦toratus gradus si∣cut in vtro{que} iure in vniuersitatibus est dare consuetū Scire te volo, qd’ licet gradus hm̄oi in legibus Angliae minime cōferātur datur tamen in il∣lis nedum gradus, sed et status qui∣dam, gradu doc∣torat{us} nō min{us} ce¦lebris aut solēnis, qui gradus serui∣entis

ad legē ap∣pellatur. Et cōfer¦tur sub hac q̄ sub∣sequitur forma.

Capitalis Iusticia∣rius de cōi banco, de cōsilio et assēsu oīm iusticiariorū, eligere solet quo∣tiēs sibi videtur o¦port••mū, septē vel octo de maturiori¦bus {per}sonis qui in p̄dicto gen̄ali stu∣dio maius in legi∣bus proficerūt, & qui eisdē iusticiar’ optimae dispositio∣nis esse vidētur, et nomina eorū ille deliberare solet Cācellario angliae in scriptis, qui illi∣co mādabit {per} bre∣uia regis cuilʐ elec¦torū illorū, qd. sit corā rege ad diē {per} ipsum assignatum

ad suscipiēdū sta∣tum et gradū ser∣uiētis ad legē, sub ingēti pena ī quo∣libet breuiū predi¦ctorum limitata: ad quē diē quilibʐ eorum cōparēs, iu¦rabitur (su{per} sācta dei euāgelia) fore paratum, ad diē et locū tunc sibi sta∣tuēdos, ad recipiē¦dum statū & gra∣dum predictos, et qd’ ipse in die illo dabit aurum secū¦dum cōsuetudinē regni in hoc casu vsitatā. Tn̄ qualit{er} ad diē illum quili∣bet elector’ predi¦ctor’ se habeb. nec nō formā et mod’ qualit{er} stat{us} & gra¦dus hm̄oi cōferēt’ et recipiuntur, hic inserere omitto:

cum scripturam maiorem illa exi∣gant, quam con∣gruit operi tam succincto. Tibi ta∣men ore tenus ea alias explicaui.

Scire tamen te cu¦pio, qd’ aduenien∣te die sic statuto, electi illi inter ali∣as solempnitates festum celebrant et conuiuium, ad instar coronatio∣nis regis, quod et continuabitur {per} dies septem, nec¦quisquam electo∣rum illorum sūp∣tus sibi contingen¦tes circa solēpni∣tatem creationis suae, minoribus ex∣pensis perficiet, quam mille et sex centorūscutorum

quo expensae quas octo sic electi tūc refūdēt, excedent sūmā. 3200. marc. quarū expēsarū {per}s q̄dā inter cetera, hec erit. Quilibet eorū dabit anulos de auro ad valētiā in toto quadragī∣ta librar’ (ad min{us}) monetae Anglican̄ et bene recolit Cā¦cellarius ipse, qd’ dū ille statum & gradū hm̄oi rece∣perat, ipse soluit {pro} anulis quos tūc di¦stribuit, quinqua∣ginta libras, q̄ sūt 300. scuta. Solet nā{que} vnusquisque seruientū hm̄oi tē¦pore creacōis suae, dare cuilʐ prīcipi, duci, et archiep̄o ī solēnitate illa pre∣sēti, ac Cācellar’ et Thesa. ang. anulū

ad valorē 26. s. 8. denar’, et cuilibet comiti et ep̄o cōsi¦militer presētibus, nec nō custodi pri¦uati figilli, vtrique capitali iusticiario et capitali baroni de scaccario regis ānulū ad valorē 20. s. et oī dn̄o ba∣roni {per}liamēti, et oī abbati et notabili prelato ac magno militi, tūc p̄sēti, cu¦stodi etiā rotul’ cācellariae regis & cuilibet iusticiario anulū ad valenc̄ 1. marc̄. Similiter et oī bar’ de scacc̄ regis, camerariis, etiā oībus offic̄ et notabilib{us} viris in cur’ regis mīstrāti¦b{us}, anulos minor’ p̄cij, cōueniētes tn̄ statibus eorū qⁱb

donātur. Ita quod non erit clericus, maximè ī curia cō¦munis bāci, licet ī∣fimus, quin anulū ipse recipiet cōue∣niētē gradui suo. Et vltra hos ipsi dant anulos non∣nullos, aliis amicis suis. Similiter et li¦beratā magnā pā∣ni vni{us} sectae, quā ipsi tunc distribu∣ent in magna abū¦dātia, nedum fa∣miliarib{us} suis, sed et amicis aliis et notis, qui eis attē∣dēt et ministrabūt tēpore solēnitatis predictae. Quare licet in vniuersita¦tibus in gradum doctorat’ erecti, expensas non mo∣dicas faciant tē{per}e

creacionis suae, ac birreta, alia quo{que} donaria quā bona errogēt: nō tamē aurū ipsi cōferunt aut alia donaria sūptusue faciūt, his expēsis similia. Ne{que} in regno ali¦quo orbis terrarū datur gradus spe∣cialis in legib{us} reg¦ni illi{us}, p̄terquā so¦lū ī regno Angliae Nec est aduocat{us} in vniūso mūdo, q̄ ratione officii sui tātū lucratur vt seruiens huius∣modi. Null{us} eciā, licet in legib{us} reg¦ni illius scientissi∣m{us} fuerit, assume∣tur ad officium et dignitatē iusticia∣rii ī curiis placito∣rū corā ipso rege

et comunis banci quae sūt supremae curiae eiusdē regni ordinariae, nisi ipse primitus statu et gradu seruiētis ad legē fuerit insigni¦tus. Nec quisquā preterquā seruiēs talis ī curia comu¦nis banci, vbi om¦nia realia placita placitantur placi∣tabit. Quare ad statum et gradū talē, null{us} hucus∣{que} assūptus est, qui non in p̄dicto ge∣nerali legis stu∣dio, sexdecim an∣nos ad minus an∣tea cōpleuit et in signum qd ōnes iusticiarii illi talit{er} extāt graduati, qⁱ libet eorū sēp vti¦tur dum in curiis regis sedet, birreto

albo de serico. qd p̄mū et p̄cipuū ē de īsign̄ habit’ quo seruiēt’ ad legē in eorū creacion̄ de∣corāt’. Nec birret’ illud iusticiari{us}, si∣cut nec seruiēs ad legē vnquā depo∣net, quo caput su¦ū ī toto discoope riet, etiā ī p̄sēt’ reg. lic̄ cū celsitudin̄su a ip̄e loquat’ Qua¦re prīceps p̄claris∣sim̄ tu amodo hesi tar’ nō pot’is, quin leges istae q̄ tā sigu¦larit’ supr’ ciuiles leges leges etiā ō∣niū aliorū regno∣rū honerāt’ et tam solēpni statu eru∣ditorū et ministrā¦tiū ī eis venerāt’ p̄ciosae sit nobiles et sublimes, ac magn̄ p̄stāciae, maximae{que}-sciētiae et virtutis