Florio his firste fruites which yeelde familiar speech, merie prouerbes, wittie sentences, and golden sayings. Also a perfect induction to the Italian, and English tongues, as in the table appeareth. The like heretofore, neuer by any man published.

¶ Necessarie Rules, for Englishmen to learne to reade, speake, and write true Italian,

GOd geue you good morow sir: you may see, I doo not forget our appoyntment yester day, for I am come according to promise.

By my faith sir, you are welcome hartily, but I haue almost forgot what our appoyntment was.

And are you so forgetful? I beleeue it not: wel let that passe. Truly sir, the profit which I haue reaped from out the plea∣sant conceites of your Dialogues, is such, as would you but prescribe some perfect Methode, for the true pronuntiation of the Italian tongue, as you haue already induced me into a direct course, for the true interpretation of it (certainely) you should not onely pleasure me, but a great many moe of my Countreymen.

Sir, to finishe the vnperfect picture of the most perfect Paynter, or make a seconde description of Troies destructi∣on, sith Apelles hym selfe found a Shoomaker, and Homer a Zoilus: as the one is to be of no man commended. so is the other to be of al men condemned. The note of Cesars Po∣piniayes, hath geuen a Caue to the Coblers Aue: neither wil the foulenesse of a Crowe allowe his crowing amongst the coloured foules: neither can the fayrenesse of the Mercers shop, allow the foulenesse of the Dyers Lead.

And yet is the Dyers Lead, such an accidence in Subie∣cto, as were it not incident to the Mercers wares, the finest silke in al his shoppe woulde neither Subsistere, nor substare per se. And sith you are a Dyer by profession, wee wyll be Mercers by confession. Onely perswade your selfe, that the silke is already in the Leade: Now let vs see, if al the co∣lours you haue, are able, of naturall Englishmen, to dye vs into artificial Italians.

Sir, your importunitie in demaunding, inferreth so fyt

an oportunitie in satisfying your request, that as actor of many partes, I haue set you before myne eyes, as the onely beholder of this vntimely Tragedie. But marke you this before hand, if any reade to his liking, I include hym in your action, and thanke you for hym. If any looke with misliking, I exclude hym for you, and frowne vppon you both. To those, whose trees haue already yeelded better fruite, then these blossomes are euer like to prooue, I sende this as a blacke Post, to furnish a white wall, to those whiche vochsafe the whetting of their stomackes with such vnsaue∣rie meates, I send this as a preparatiue, vntyl a fitter haruest shal serue, for the ripenyng of sweeter fruites. And thus re∣turnyng to our former purpose, what is it that you woulde know?

I would know, first, how many letters are vsed in the I∣talian tongue, and how they are pronounced seuerally.

The Italians doo commonly vse thirtie letters, and these are they: a. b. c. d. e. é. f. g. g. h. i. j. ï. l. m. n. o. o. p. q. r. s. s. s. t. v. u. v. z. z. but wee Englishmen pronounce our letters contrary to them: they pronounce their letters thus, aa. bac. cae. dae. ea. eaf. gea. ak. ee. kac. ael. aem. aen. oa pae. ku. aer. aes. tae. oo. zaet aet. and so foorth.

Of al these letters, how many vowels be there?

There are niene by right, and these are they, a. è. e. i. j. o. o. Ʋ. v.

And how are these pronounced seuerally, I pray you tel me.

I wil tel you them al, one after another, God willing.

The a. first hath diuers significations, and diuers voy∣ces, and especially thus, if it stand alone, and haue an accent ouer the head, as thus, á. it signifieth vnto: as for example, á voi, vnto you, á Londra, to London: and that is spoken something long, and as it were faint withal. The seconde voyce of the a. is this à. and that commeth most in the end of some woords, as cupidità, couetousnesse, oportunità, opor∣tunitie,

comodità, commoditie, and that is spoken broade, and as it were but meanely in length: as for example, you finde here these two woordes, they are written alike, and yet haue two sundry meanynges, as honestà, and honèsta, and the first meaneth honestie, and the other honest, how should we know this, but by the accentes, which are very necessa∣ry for the learner of the tongue, and yet they are seeldome vsed. Wherefore, if you folow this simple rule, that is to take great heede in placing your letters, and geue them their right forme, you shal not onely write true Orthogra∣phie, but attaine vnto the perfection of it in speaking, and reading: and thus is the seconde a. in voyce pronounced brode, high, and not very long, as, honestà, for honestie, and other such like. The third and last voyce of the a. is pro∣nounced somwhat lowe, moyst, and in length but meanely, as, honésta, for honest, prudentia, for prudence, alcuna, some one, and many suche innumerable: and this I thinke ye∣nough for the vowel a.

By my troth sir, a good beginnyng.

Nowe the e hath two pralations, the one open, the o∣ther close, and it hath also two fourmes, but they are very seldome vsed, and that I thinke is either for spare of labour, or els for want of skil: ānd yet those that are true, or at least good Italians doo vse it: for this is a generall rule in the I∣talian tongue, looke how it is written, so it is pronounced: and as it is pronounced, so it is written.

The open e should haue this forme, è both in writing, and in printing, but they are seldome vsed, and that is pro∣nounced wide, open, and somewhat long, as, Cièlo, heauen, térra, earth, sèmpre, alwayes, pièno, ful, and so foorth.

The close e hath this fourme, as e, and that is pronoun∣ced somewhat close, and long withal, as vedere, to see, rice∣uere, to receiue, belezze, beautie, and so foorth. And when this fourme of e dooth stand alone, in reading it signifieth and, and standeth for &, and is pronounced close, and nei∣ther

long nor short. Againe, when you finde an e stande a∣lone with an accent ouer the head, as thus, é, it signifieth is, as, Lui é vn bon huomo, he is a good man, Lui é andato fuori, he is gone foorth, and so foorth.

The Italian i is sometymes vsed as a vowel, and some∣times as a consonant, and when it is a vowel, sometymes it is pronounced pure and cleane, and sometymes moyst, like our Englishy, and it hath this fourme, i. the pure i is that, that is most commonly vsed: and it is called pure, because it is purely and cleanly pronounced, euen as wee pronoūce our double ee in English, as iniquissimi, for very euyl, or els, disiodisissimi, for very desirous, or els, inimici, for enimies, and so foorth. That which is moyst, hath this fourme, i, or at least shoulde haue, and that is not so commonly vsed, as the other, but yet we can not be without it, as piaccia, plea∣seth, cjancje, for tattele, ghjaccja, for yse: beholde the diffe∣rence, if I wil say naughtie, or wicked, I shal say, maluagia, and if I wil say, wine of Candia, I shal say, maluagia also. How shal one knowe the true meanyng of these woordes, in rea∣ding them? perhaps you wil say, by the accentes. Put case there be no accentes, howe then? (for I see Italians them selues wil vnawares erre in suche like letters:) the pure i is pronounced somewhat short plaine, and cleane. The other i is pronounced somwhat long, and moyst withal, and whē you finde i stande alone, it signifieth, they, as, i suoi beui, his goodes.

The i that is vsed for a consonant, I wil speake of hym a∣mongst the consonantes, when I come to them.

The o likewise hath two prolations, and also two formes it should haue by right, the one is open and the other close, the open should haue the fourme rounde, like a circle, as o, and that is pronounced open, high, and somewhat long withal, as corpo, for a body, morto, for dead, forte, strong, forse, perhaps, and such like woordes. The close o shoulde haue the fourme of an egge, and not round, as o, and that is

pronounced close, and somewhat short withal, as honore, for honour, coloro, they, corrono, they runne. In some wordes you shal finde two oes, as corpo, the first is open and high, the last is close, and lowe, or els, morto, and many such like. But see, you shal finde sometymes an o stande alone, as this, without an accent, and that signifieth as it were an inuoca∣tion, as O Dio, Oh God: and when it standeth alone, and hath an accent, it signifieth, or els, as Io, ó tù, I, or els thou, or els, t 5, ó lui, thou, or he. And when you see the accent stand thus, ò, pronounced high, pure, brode, and long, as, tenerò, I wil holde, verrò, I wyl come. &c.

The Ʋ is sometymes a consonant, and sometymes a vow∣el, of the consont Ʋ I wil speake among the consonantes, when I come to it. The vowel is somtymes pure, and som∣tymes moyst: the pure hath, or at leaste shoulde haue this fourme, Ʋ, as Ʋsura, vsurie, Ʋso, vse, Ʋlulare, to houle. The moyst hath this fourme, as v, and is pronounced as our double oo in English, as fvoco, fire, gverra, warre, nvouo, new, &c.

The fourme of the consonant Ʋ is this, v. When you see ù thus, with an accent, pronounced long, and high, as tù, vp, ottùso, dul, or blunt, giù, downe, virtù, vertue.

Certainely sir, you haue done me a great pleasure, but nowe I pray you to tell me something concernyng Dip∣thonges, if you can.

With al my hart sir, any thing that I knowe, you shall commaund me: the Dipthongs that are vsed in the Italian language, are diuers, and they are framed somtimes of two, sometimes of three, yea sometimes of foure vowels: but when they passe two, of force one of the vowels must be as they say in Itnlian, liquido, that is, moyst: those of two vow∣els are as these, fiori, flowres, pieno, ful, gvida, a guide. &c. of three are these, as mjei, mine, tvoi, thine, guai, wo, and such like. Those of foure are as these, fagivoi, a kinde of peason that growe in Italie, good to be eaten, and such others. And

thys I thinke sufficient for vowels and dipthongs. Nowe wil we come to the consonantes▪

Do so, I pray you.

The diuisions betweene the consonantes, whiche be mute, lowde, high, lowe, moyst, or drye, and others they are manifest vnto ech one: wherefore I thinke it labour lost to speake any more of that, but yet somewhat I wyll say in general, of ech one of them particularly, examinyng them one by one. Our Italian language dooth so accorde with the pleasaunt pronuntiation, and is suche an enimie to the contrary, that it can not abide in no woorde, to haue any more then two, or at the most, three consonantes together, and yet most of the woordes begin with a consonant, and end with a vowel.

B. is the first, and in steade of that doo we often vse p. as Lebra, or els, Lepra, a Hare, and with g. as debb'io, or deg∣g'io, shal I, and io debbo, or els, io deggio, I owe, and with v consonant, as dobbiamo, or doviamo, shal we.

The c dooth sometymes accorde with {que} as in some pla∣ces the c can not be without a {que} so in many woordes the q can not be without c, but in aiding one another, it must be in the myddest of a woorde, but of that we wyll speake more, when we come to q. And sir, if you please, you may reade the distinction, and pronuntiation of these conso∣nantes, in the Grammer that Scipio Lentulo made, and Mai∣ster Henry Grantham dyd translate, where they are at large set out, and so doing, shal you saue me a great labour, and a long study, for I can not doo it better then he hath donne, and yet I hope to shewe perhaps something, that he did not shewe. Wherefore I hope, that betwixt vs both, you shall attaine vnto the perfect knowledge of the true pronuntia∣tion of your letters, with a litle study.

I pray you, how like you his Grammer?

Truely sir, I like it wel, and it is good.

There is an other Grammer and Dictionarie together, that

an English man made, called William Thomas, howe like you that, I pray you?

Truely sir, I like it wel too, but yet he left many things vntouched, both in his Grammer, and also in his Dictio∣narie.

Why then I hope, with the aide of those two Gram∣mers, and you, I shal attaine vnto the perfection of the Ita∣lian tongue.

Yea that you shal, I warrant you, by the grace of God, and besides that you may haue them for a trifle.

Nowe I pray you sir, proceede in your consonantes.

I wyll: the d in many wordes is vsed indifferently with t, as padre, patre, father, madre, matre, mother, padrone, pa∣trone, patron, or maister, lido, lito, shoare, Imperadore, Impe∣ratore, Emperour, and such other. For the doubling of it, looke in Scipio Lentuloes Grammer.

The f dooth sometimes accorde with Ʋ consonant, as, refe, reue, threede, and many such like.

The g is of two natures, and also shoulde be of two fourmes, but it is seldome vsed: the one is simple, and alto∣gether pronounced, and the other somewhat moyst, lowe, and short, and as it were with a kind of aspiration pronoun∣ced. The simple shoulde haue this fourme, g, and dooth accorde with c, as io giogo, or, io gioco, I playe, and gorgo or, gorco, a spout of water, sogiogare, or, sogiocare, to subdue, and many other such like.

The other hath, or at least shoulde haue this fourme, g, and is vsed in such like wordes as, egli, he, figlio, sonne, ogni, any one, bisogno, neede, and that is most tymes conioyned with these consonantes, l and n.

In steade of double gg, many tymes we vse double zz, as, Maggio, Mazzo, the moneth of May, raggio, razzo, beames, oltraggio, oltrazzo, to doo wrong, and many other such like.

The h in this our Italian tongue, is but seldome vsed,

but onely as it were a kinde of aspiration, in drawing of the other letters longer, that either goe before h, or els come after, as in ahi, alas, ahotti, sometymes, hora, now, hoggi, to day, hor hora, euen now, or ahiome, hei, ha, for alas: and also it is necessary to the verbe haue, and there it serueth but on∣ly to drawe the vowel long, that foloweth it, as to hó, I haue, tú hài, thou hast, lui há, he hath, not habbiamo, we haue, voi hauete, you haue, loro hànno, they haue: and also in the Noune huomo, for a man, it is vsed: and also it is vsed often after c and g, as lvoco, a place, lvochi, places, fvoco, fire, fvo∣chi, fires, and suche others. After g it is vsed in suche like woordes, as riga, a lyne, righe, lines, lago, a lake, laghi, lakes, and such others.

h also foloweth many tymes c, as che, what, cheto, qui∣et, chiaro, cleare, and in suche wordes it is pronounced, euen as we pronounce our English k.

In many places it is vsed, where they might as well be without it, as honore, honour, honoro, I honour, honestà, ho∣nestie, hora, now, they might as wel say, onore, onoro, onestà, ora, &c.

Me thought I heard you euen nowe speake of che, how chanseth it, that it is so often vsed in the Italian tongue?

Sir, I wil tel you, che hath diuers significations, as that, the, which, what, when, then, wherefore, for, because, but onely, whereof, or nothing: che may be applyed to all these woordes. &c.

I pray you folow on with your consonants, you know where you left.

Yea sir, that I doo: sometymes, marry but seldome, we vse an i for a consonant, and that is vsed in suche like woordes, as beginne with iu, ia, io, ie, and such as g goeth be∣fore them, as Giouànni, Iohn. giùsto, iust, Giesú, Iesus, Giàso∣ne, Iason, for in pronouncing of the vowel that foloweth it, the sound of i is a litle heard, and as it were dooth helpe to strengthen the consonant that goeth afore it, that it may

the better be conceyued, for we English men vse i in steade of the consonant g, as you may see in the wordes alone, as Iohn, iust, Iesus, Iason Iasper, and such like.

The k wee neede not to speake of it, for the Italian tongue may altogether be without it, for in steade of it, we commonly vse c alone, and sometyme c and h folowing it.

The l is vsed in the Italian tongue, as it is in the Latine and Englishe, and pronuced alike, sometymes single, and sometimes double, therafter as occasion serueth.

The m likewise is vsed so as l, sometime double, some∣time single: it is vsed double alwaies in the first plural per∣sons, as noi fùmmo, we were, noi amàmmo, we loued, facem∣mo, we did.

The n is vsed euen as m is, and none otherwise, many tymes double, many tymes single: but it is vsed in more Nounes then m is.

The p in Italian, wil not haue the company of any con∣sonant to goe either afore it, or after it, as it hath in the La∣tine tongue: wherefore we say for ipse, esso, he, Psalmus, Sal∣mo, Psalmes, Ptolomeus, Tolomeo, Ptolomie, it is vsed in the midst of any letter, more double then single, as doppio, dou∣ble, doppiare, to double, and in these verbes, as seppi, I knew, seppe, he knewe, seppero, they knewe, and ruppi, I brake, ruppe he brake, ruppero, they brake. Sometimes in some places it dooth agree with Ʋ consonant, as ripa, riua, a banke, sopra, soura, vpon.

The q is not altogether pronounced in his whole strength and force, but when there goeth afore it a, or els o, and betweene them a c, which dooth as it were cause it to be pronounced fiercely, acqua, water, giaque, he lay, nocque, he dyd annoy for the c that goeth before tthe {que} doth shor∣ten the vowel that goeth before (thus it should be, but it is seldome vsed.) And when c is not set before it, of force you must lengthē the vowel, as Aquilone, an Eagle, or els Aquila, an Eagle, or such like.

The r is pronounced iust in the Italian, as it is in the En∣glish, or Latine, and is vsed diuersly, both single and dou∣ble. This letter is very wel set out by Scipio Lentulo.

I pray you tel me, is it neuer vsed double?

Yes marry is it, often, and specially in Verbes, as terrò, I shal holde, corrò, I shal gather, verrò, I shal come. It is also doubled in these woordes, as Càrro, a Cart, Tórre, a Towre, térra, the earth. &c.

The s is of three prolations, and of three fourmes, and is a consonant that greatly dooth adorne and beautifie the Italian language, and very necessary to it.

The first fourme of it is this, s. the which is more sweet∣ly and cleanly pronounced, then the others, as cosa, a thing, riposo, rest, or els, tosto, quickly, nostro, ours. &c.

The seconde fourme of it, is s, and that is somewhat more sharpe pronounced then the other, as Rosa, a Rose, Fuso, a Spyndle, Ʋiso, the face, &c.

The thirde fourme of it is this, or at least shoulde be, s, the which maye be called fat and ful, and that is pronoun∣ced as it were our English sh, as for example, fascia, a swa∣dleband, Ʋscio, a doore, breseia, a citie in Lombardie. None of these may be doubled, but the second. The Latine words that commonly vsex, in the Italian are chaunged to dou∣bless, as ••asso, a stone, dissi, I said, lussur••a, lust, Alessandro, Alexander, and such like.

Againe, it is doubled in Nounes, where the Latines vse p and s, as they say ipse, we say esso, he, for scripsit, lui scrisse, he hath written. It is also doubled in many woordes that come from the Latine hauing b before s, as for absolutus, we say, assoluto, absens, assente, absent, and such like.

Of the t somewhat we haue spoken in d, and it is dou∣bled in many woordes and often, and pronounced fully, as sotto, vnder, òtto, eight, dòtto, learned, còtto, sodden, matto, madde. But marke when t commeth single before an ••, pronounced as it were a single z, as Ʋiti, vices. &c.

Of the v, when it is a consonant, this is the fourme of it, v, as vivera, he shal liue, vivande, meates, vedeva, a widow, virtu, vertue, verita, truth, and such like.

Of the x we haue no neede in the Italian tongue, the x that the Latines vse, we change sometymes into the double cc, as eccelente, excellent, eccetto, except: and sometymes in sc, as escelente, escetto, and sometyme in double ss, as we haue shewed aboue in the consonants, as Alessandro, Alexander, disse, he said, condusse, he led: and some be chaunged into singles, as esaudire, to geue eare, esaminare, to examine, or els esperientia, experience, escludere, to exclude. And also in many woordes that they beginne with x, we beginne al∣so with single s, as Serse, for Xerxes, Santippo Xantippo, Senofonte, Xenophon, and that must you drawe as it were a litle long.

The z sometymes is vsed single, sometyme double: the single dooth sometime agree with t, and the fourme of that should be z, as Ʋenetia, Venice, diferentia, difference, gra∣tia, grace, giustitia, iustice: such woordes may you very wel write with single z, as Ʋenezia, diferenzia, grazia, giustizia, and such others. It is neuer doubled, but when it commeth betweene two vowels, and then it should haue this fourme, zz, and that is pronounced as it were t and z together, the which is a letter vsed in the high Almain tongue, and that is written and printed tz, and is often vsed. Now it resteth in the reader or writer, to thinke of it, as batezzo, I do bap∣tise, pozzo, a wel, &c.

The y is neuer vsed in the Italian, and yet many tymes doo we vse double ij, and yet we may be without it, for in speaking it is scant perceiued, as vitij, vices, and such others. And this I thinke sufficient for the letters, with the helpe of Scipio Lentulo.

By my faith sir, you haue done me a great pleasure, but nowe I woulde haue you tel me somethyng concerning the Sillables in the Italian tongue.

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as thus, onésta for honest, onestá for honestie, amóre loue, o∣dio hate, ingiúria iniurie, filosofia Philosophie, pópólo people, glória glory, offésa offence, priuilégio, a priuilege, cogliére to gather, or els córre, and many suche like. But when they come thus, à, then must they be pronounced very broade, high, and somewhat long withal: and especially that letter that the accent is ouer, whether it come in the beginnyng of a woorde, or no, as thus, sù vp, giù downe, Ʋirtù vertue, ingiùria iniurie, beffe mockes, affànno care, eccètto except, caddéro they fel, fiócchi lockes of hare, allùi to hym, dall'ùi frō hym, fiàmma a flame, hànno they haue, and many such innu∣merable.

Moreouer, take this for a general rule, looke almost in al woordes, whether they be of one, two, three, foure, fiue, or moe sillables: of one, alwayes pronounce that vowell long: of two, the first: of three, or foure, or more, the last sauyng one, and so shal you neuer misse, whether the woord haue any accent, or no: for many tymes the Italian is writ∣ten without accentes, but it were farre better, if it were vsed, as for example, Il quále alzáti gli ócchi vide brigáta assái, the which lifting vp hies eyes, sawe many people: and the ac∣cent commeth alwayes vpon the open vowel, as géme he sobbeth, portó he brought, pòrto I bring.

Let this be as a general rule vnto you, for if you obserue them, you shal neuer misse, but pronounce right.

I had almost forgot to tell you one thing, and that is this, There are many woordes in the Italian, that are cut of, and shortened. And looke wel, for vpon some of them, the accent commeth vppon the open vowel, and that must be drawen in length, as bontá, for bontàde goodnesse, cittá, for cittàde a citie, virtú, for virtùde vertue, andáre, for andàre to goe, vedér, for vedère to see, ragión, for ragiòne reason, valór, for valòre valour, and many such moe.

Certainely sir, this is the best rule that you haue geuen me yet: I see that the Apostraphes are much vsed in the Ita∣lian,

I pray you tel me something concernyng them, howe a man should place them, and how one should vse them.

I wyl sir, as wel as I can.

You are to note this, that when two vowels meete to∣gether, of two sundry voyces, one in the ende of a woord, the other in the beginnyng of a woord, to pronounce them both, it dooth not very wel, and is as it were hard and com∣bersome for to speake, and nothing pleasant to the hearer. Wherefore, in writing, the Apostrophes are vsed, wherby the Reader may knowe, where the vowel wanteth, by the Apo∣strophe, for sometymes we take the last vowel from the first woorde, and sometymes the first of the folowing woorde. It is good for you to knowe howe the Apostrophe must be set, for it hath two fourmes, and they be these,' 'the first soundeth the want of the last vowel of the first woorde, and the other soundeth the want of the first vowel of the folow∣ing woorde, as for example, in this wanteth the last vowel of the first woorde, L' Imperatore the Emperour, l' inuidia, the enuie. And in this maner may you take away the first vowel of the folowing woorde, as thus, Lo 'mperatore the Emperour, la 'nuidia the enuie. In this last maner of Apo∣strophing, there are two things to be noted: the one is, that many tymes the o, be he Article, or Pronoune, dooth most aske the Apostrophe, as thus, a'l tempo, at what tyme, che' l cj∣èlo, that the heauen, co'l pensiere, with thought, tu'l sai, thou knowest it, no'l veditu? doost not thou see it? and suche o∣thers.

The other is, that no other sayings, or woordes, neede the Apostrophe, but those that beginne with im, or els in, as Lo'mperatore, the Emperour, La'mportùnita, the impor∣tunitie, lo'ngànno, the deceit, la'nvidia, the enuie: and yet this kinde of Apostrophe, is not so needeful as the first.

Many other woordes there are, where the Apostraphe is vsed, as the Article gli is neuer vsed, but before i, whereof we wyl speake more hereafter, in the Articles.

It is also many tymes vsed before such like wordes, as me', puo', qve', se', suo', tuo', and such like, the whiche doo meane, mègljo, poi, qvelli, sei, suoli, or suoi and tuoi.

Sometymes one woorde needeth an Apostraphe both in the beginnyng and ending, but that is most tymes in verse, as thus, Ʋmil' in se, ma'ncontr' amor' superba, that is to say, humble in her selfe, but gainst loue proude.

And many tymes woordes that may be Apostraphed both in the beginnyng and ending, are not, as thus, Voi non potete ancóra essere amaestràta à bastāza, which may be writ∣ten thus, Voi non potet' ancòr' essere 'maestràt' à bastanza, and many such more.

Also many tymes vowels meete, that neede no Apostra∣phe, and also consonantes meete with consonantes: mary they come in suche woordes, as are clipped of the last sillable or vowel, as I haue tolde you before, as for example, Nessu'n dolor maggior sentir potrés, that is, No greater sorowe could I feele, which goeth very well. But marke this, the woordes thtt are clipped, doo commonly end in d, l, m, n, r, and t, as Vn mal pensier lo mosse, An euil thought moued him, and Vn buon caual mi piace, A good horse pleaseth me, or els, Il gran dolor mi preme, &c.

Surely sir, this is a very good rule: but yet I pray you wyl you tel vs something concernyng the poyntes or distin∣ctions which you vse in the Italian writing?

Concernyng poyntes, I thinke I neede not greatly to speake of them, for they are but seldome obserued.

Yea, but yet I pray you tel me somthing of them, first, how many there are, howe they are framed, and howe they are called, for I know they are very necessary, not onely for the speaker, but also chiefly for the writer of it.

Since you are so importune, I wyll doo my best: I say first, that the speach of man is as it were a certaine instrument, wherewith he expresseth and sheweth foorth his thoughts, and conceits of his mind: euē so is Writing an instrument,

with the which he expresseth and sheweth foorth the liuely meanyng of his speach: and as you know, and can not de∣nie, that that speach is most perfect, that most perfectly can shewe foorth, and expresse his thoughtes, and conceites of his mynde, so can it not be denyed, but that that kinde of writing is most perfect, that most perfectly can shew foorth and expresse the liuely meanyng of the speache, with what kind of gallantnesse, delectation, pleasure, felicitie, and per∣fection this language may be both spoken, and written, and the thoughtes, myndes, conceites, and liuely meanyngs of it be vttered, both to the pleasure and delectation of the hearer, speaker, reader, and writer. So many and so many woorthy authors that haue written so many noble bookes of artes, sciences, faculties, doctrines, and professions, both Diuine, and Prophane, I am sure, that no language can bet∣ter expresse or shewe foorth the liuely and true meanyng of a thing, then the Italian.

But verily one thing greeueth me sore and that is this, that of late it is neither writtē, printed, nor read, as it should be, and nowe to vse it as it should be vsed, and to adde vn∣to it not onely a perfection, but also a rich ornament, it is needeful that we vse this way: We see that the liuely speach of man dooth sometymes as it were hasten on, sometymes stay, now more, and then lesse: sometymes as it were aske, and sometymes answeare: sometymes as it were affirme, sometymes chaunge voyce, and purpose.

Nowe that the like may be done in writing, many lear∣ded and wise men of olde tyme dyd deuise these poyntes, , ; : . ? ( ) the first is called in Italian Coma, the seconde, Ponto & Coma, the third, due ponti, the fourth, ponto fermo, the fifth, ponto Interogatiuo, and those two last (in this ma∣ner) Parentesi: the least of strength, is Coma, and so they go increasing, tyl they come to ponto fermo, and that hath more force and strength, then any of the rest.

Nowe, euen as any wel shaped body, hath his principal

and necessary members, which are diuided into lesser parts, euen so any wel framed speach hath his periodes, in stead of necessary and principal members, which are then diuided into other lesser partes.

Moreouer, euen as the wood feller cutteth his wood in peeces, and putting diuers of those peeces together, ma∣keth a fagot, and with a wreath of wood dooth bynd it a∣bout, which wreath is also of wood, and then of more or lesse fagots, maketh a loade: euen so the speaker or writer, doth put many partes of the speach together, and of them maketh a construction, and then with the Verbe bindeth it togeather, which Verbe is also a part of the speache, and then with more or lesse constructions, maketh a Petiodus. Also, euen as those lesser partes of the periodus, that are not bound together with the Verbe, can neither haue sense nor construction. These are diuided with the Coma, as for ex∣ample, Ne carezze, ne minaccie, ne premi••, ne pene, that is to say, neither cherishing nor threatnyngs, neither rewardes nor paynes. Which saying hath neither sense, meanyng, nor construction in it, tyll it be bounde with a Verbe: then hath it the construction, but not the sense. Then is it diui∣ded with the poynt and Coma, as thus, Ne carezze, ne mi∣naccie, ne premij, ne pene sa vanno mai bastanti; ne har anno mai forza; that is to say, neither cherishing nor threatnynges, neither rewardes ror paynes shal euer be sufficient; or haue the force: But when it is accompanied with other partes, then it hath a ful sense and construction in it: then must that haue a ponto fermo, as for example, Ne carezze, ne mi∣nacie, ne premij, ne pene saranno mai bastanti; ne har anno mai forza, di separarci dall' amere di Dio. that is in English, ney∣ther cherishing nor threatnyngs, neither rewardes nor paynes, shal euer be sufficient; nor neuer haue the force, to separate vs from the loue of God. And this is called a Perio∣dus. But when the periodus is longer, and hath neede of more sayings in it, then are the two poyntes vsed. The pe∣riodus

should sometyme beginne with a capital letter, some∣tymes not, and sometymes haue a new head, and somtimes not, thereafter as the varietie, length, shortnesse, scantnesse, or varietie of the matter requireth. The periodus hath no limited measure appoynted for it, but they may be eyther short, or of a myddle sise, or long. And thereafter as they are, may you vse the poyntes, after the manner that I haue told you.

Yea sir, but I haue heard you say nothing of that poynt which you cal ponto Interrogat••uo, nor of those which you cal parenthesis.

Truely sir, I had almost forgotten them, but of them I wyl geue you one good example, and that shal serue you for a generall rule, without any longer discourse: and this shall be it: Io vorrei pure, (se possibil fusse) venirti a trovare; ma come poss' io farlo? mentre durano qvesti fredds? e tra tanto ch' io vengo, ricordati; di non ti fidar piú; di qvel' tuo amico: that is to say in English, I woulde yet (if it were possible) come and finde thee; but howe can I doo it? whilest this colde lasteth? and whilest I come, remember; that thou trust no more: that thy friende. Or els this other, Non ti diss' io (e tu non me' l' credevi) ché gli eraun mancator di fede? that is, Dyd not I tel thee (and thou wouldest not beleeue me) that he was a breaker of his faith? And so let this suf∣fice of the Elementes.

¶ Of the speache.

Nowe let vs say somewhat of the speach. The speach is first diuided into foure partes the one is mutable, and the other immutable: the mutable doth somtimes alter, ei∣ther through Cases, or els through Tyme. Through Cases, the Noune, the Pronoune, and the Participle: through Tyme,

the Verbe.

But before we speake particularly of these matters, you are to note al those things that may happen to any of them: which are, the Number, and the person. The Numbers are two, as much to say, either of one, or more, either Singulare or plurale, either the most, or els the least: take which you please, for I care not so I be vnderstood. The Singular con∣teyneth in it but one onely, and the Pural al the other from one vpward.

But you are to note here, that euen as the Latines were woont to geue the Plural number to one onely in the first person, euen so in the Italian we vse to geue the Plural num∣ber to one onely man in the seconde person, saying thus: Che fate voi qui signor Conte tutto solo? that is, What doo you here sir County al alone? And this is called, to geue the title of you, and the other of thou. Nowe wyl we speake of the Persons, shal we?

I pray you doo so.

¶ Of the Persons.

THe persons are three, the first consisteth in this only Pro∣noune, Io, that is, I: the second onely in tú, thou: but the third in al the rest, so that in the Noune and the partici∣ple, is the third person contayned: also may the second be in the Vocatiues: also the first is in the pronoune, in one one∣ly. But in al the other pronounes is the third vsed alone, and in the Verbe they are vsed al in both numbers, except it be in the Respectiue and the Infinitiue.

Also you are to note, that sometymes we speake vnto the second person, euen as it were the third, attributing vn∣to it, as it were an honourable or woorshipful title, saying, Lasignoria vostra, laeccelentia vostra, or els, la maesta vostra.

that is to say, your Lordship, your excellencie, or els your maiestie, and suche like, I leaue to speake of many suche odde litle parcels, whiche are more tedious then necessa∣ry, especially vnto the begynners. As for those things that are pertinent vnto the mutable part are the Genders, the Ca∣ses, the signes of Cases, and the Articles.

¶ Of the Genders.

THe Genders vsed in this language, are two, that is to say, the Masculine, and the Feminine: the Masculines are such as this, Il Cjelo, the Heauen, Il Sole, the Sunne, costui, this man, ciascuno, ech man, amánte, a louer, impazzito, foolish, or madde.

The Feminines are these, or els such like, Latérra, the earth, la Lùna, the Moone, costéi, this woman, ciasc••na, ech woman, amánte, a shee louer, impazzita, a woman be∣come foolish, or els madde.

¶ Of the Cases.

THe Cases are sixe, heretofore called Nominativo, Geniti∣vo, Dativo, Accusativo, Vocativo, and Ablativo, of some they are called, the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and sixth, the first is called right, and the other as it were crooked.

¶ Of the signes of Cases.

THe Cases can not be knowen in this language, through the varietie of the definitions, as they are in the Latine,

and in the Greeke: for it hath two definitions, (euen as the Hebrue) the one in the Singulares, and the other in the plu∣rales, called Signes of Cases, the which are, di, de, a, ad, da the two first shew the Genitiue. But this difference there is, that di is put where no Article is, as Di Ferro, di Oro, di Argento, di Legno, that is, of Yron, of Gold, of Siluer, of Wood: but yet it is farre better, to put an Apostrophe before the last vowel of the first woord, and so clip away the vowel, and say thus, d' argento, of siluer, d' oro, of gold, but de is alwayes set before an Article, as thus, del' cièlo, of the heauens, del' aria, of the ayre, de la terra, of the earth, de i casi, of the ca∣ses, de le genti, of the people.

The second is a, or els ad, with a vowel, and that folow∣eth the Datiue, as a Tito, vnto Titus, al' vento, to the wynd, al' ora, at that houre, or els, euen then, ad Arno, vnto Arno, ad altrui, vnto others.

The third is of the Abbatiue, as da casa, from the house, da la piazza, from the market place, da té, from thee, da c••∣loro, from them.

But yet there rest three Cases more, of the which, the fifth is knowen for the calling, O, as O Giulio, O Inlius, O Alessandro, O Alexander. The other two, that is, the first, and the fourth, they keepe the Article with them: and al∣though that the signe de, seemes sometyme to be before the saying, without an Article, as de mjei mali, of my euyls, de danni vostri, of your damages, de tempi passati, of the tymes passed: yet for al that they want not it, but he is as it were hydden in the woordes, and therefore the foresaid exam∣ples must be written with Apostrophes.

The like happeneth also vnto the other Signes, as a'tem∣pi passati, at tymes passed, da piú intèndementi, of many, or from many vnderstandings, and that is also vsed in these smal parcels, as bo', ne', pe' sú', which meane, coi, nei, pei, súi. And likewise you may say, or write, co'l, ne'l, pe'l, no'l, sú'l, which meane, con il, ne il, per il, non il, súil. It is also to be

noted, that ech one of these smal parcels set before the Ar∣ticle Il, the vowel is alwayes taken away, as you may see in the examples geuen before.

Nowe let vs come to the Articles.

I pray you doo so sir, if you be not weery.

To tel you the truth, I am almost weery, but neuerthe∣lesse we wyl folow. The Article is a word of a sillable only, and many tymes it is of one onely letter, and is set before the Mutables more commonly, and vniuersally, although sometyme it be set before some particularly, as it hath been shewen of many, and also before the Infinitiue Moode of the Verbes which are made Nounes, as l' udire, the hearing, il ve∣dere, the seeing, il parlare, the speaking, lo stare, the being. The Articles in al, are seuen, fiue are of the Masculine, and two of the Feminine. Of the fiue that are Masculines, two are of the singular number, and three of the Plural. Those of the Singular are, Il, and lo: and those of the plural, are i, li, and gli. Of the two Feminine, the one is of the singular number, the other of the plural. The singular is, la, the plu∣ral, le. The maner how to vse them is this, Il is alwayes set before a Consonant, as il Cjèlo, the Heauen, il Conte, the Earle, il monte, the hyl. But when s dooth proceede ano∣ther Consonant, you must set before it, lo, as lo sdegno, the disdaine, lo sforzo, the force, lo scoglio, the shelfe, or rocke, or clift. And sometymes lo is set before vowels, as lo amo∣re, the loue, lo effetto, the effect, lo inimico, the enimie, lo ùf∣ficio, the office. But yet the Article before such woordes, is better Apostrophed, and dooth sounde more pleasanter, as l' amore, l' effetto, l'inimico, l' úfficio.

But when the vowel o dooth folowe, of force it must haue an Apostrophe afore, as l' onore, the honour, l' Odio, the hate, l' orgoglio, the pride.

Moreouer, this Article, if some vowel do folowe it, it is both spoken and written whole, and the woord that folow∣eth it, is Apostrophed in steade of it, as lo'mperatore, but of

that we haue spoken yenough before.

Also this Article is sometymes set before, mio, svoi, evor, qval, and qvale, and after, per, messer, mon signor, and such other woorshipful names.

Of the vse of the other articles, plural, and Masculine, the like we haue to say, as we haue said of the Singular, that is to say, that i is vsed in the same maner that il is vsed, be∣fore a Consonant, as i Cjèli, i Conti, i monti, i pensjeri, the Heauens, the Earles, the mountaines, the thoughtes. And also gli is vsed euen as lo, as gli sdegni, gli scogli, gli sforzi, and also gli amori, gli effetti, gli onori, gli ufficij. But when a vowel i dooth folowe, it is best to vse the Apostrophes, and so to entermingle the one with the other, as gl' inimici, the enimies, gl' infideli, the Infidels, gl' ipocriti, the hypocrites: and contrarywise, if any other vowel doo folow, you neede not vse the Apostrophe at al, but as it were somewhat to mol∣lifie the i, and entermingled with the folowing voyce or woord, and pronounce them both, as gli èsempij, the exam∣ples, gli odori, the smels, gli úmori, the humours.

But when s dooth folow another consonant, then must you alwayes write it, and pronounce it fully, and distinctly, as gli scogli, gli stenti, gli scritti: but li may be vsed in stead of the one and the other, of the two foresaid Articles, and say, li Cjeli, li sdegni, li onori, and alwayes without an Apo∣strophe, and set it before a woorde that beginneth with i, for there you must vse gli, to doo wel, but yet with an Apo∣strophe, as gl' istorici, the Historiographers, gl' indovini, the Diuiners, gl' inamorati, those that are in loue.

Nowe wyl we come to the Articles of the Feminine, the Singular of it, is set before a vowel and a consonant, accom∣panyed with s, and there may you vse an Apostrophe, or els not, euen as you list, as la erba, the hearbe, la ira, the wrath, la strada, the streete, la angoscia, the agonie. You may say and write, l'erba, l'ira, l'angoscia. And yet for a general rule, most tymes it is best to vse the Apostrophe, and especially if

the vowel a folow the Article, as l'acqua, the water, l'armen∣to, the cattel.

The selfe same may you say of the Article plural of the Feminine, onely that alwayes before the e you must vse the Apostrophe, and also before the other vowels, but not so of∣ten, the examples for al, shalbe these folowing, le arti, the artes, le ingiùrie, the iniuries, le ore, the houres, le usure, the vsuries, le case, the houses, le strade, the streetes. And so may you say, l'arti, l'ingiùrie, l'ore, l'usure, l'erbe, l'esequie: but in some woords it is better, and more necessary to ac∣company it with suche woords as runne vpon one vowel, as la iniqvitá, le iniqvitá, the iniquitie, and the iniquities, la ereditá, le ereditá, the inheritance, and the inheritances, la cittá, le cittá, the citie, and the cities, and such others, where, if the Article were not whole, and ful, you should not know the one number from the other.

You are also to note this among your Articles, that e∣uen as Articles, these two wordes are vsed, that is, Ʋno, and Ʋna, that is, one, Masculine, and one, Feminine, for you may say, Ʋn' huomo, a man, Ʋn' cane, a dogge, Ʋna donna, a woman, Ʋna spada, a swoord, Ʋna Lepre, a Hare: so you may say, and it is good Italian, ègli é amorevole, come il cane: or els, ègli é amorevole, come un cane; He is as louing as a dogge: or els, cosi dè fare, l'huomo da bene; or els, cosi dè fare un huomo da bene: so ought an honest man to doo: or els, égli é timido co∣me la Lepre: or els, égli é timido com' una Lepre; He is as fear∣ful as a Hare: and ègli sà ben maneggiar, la spada; or els, égli sà ben maneggiar, una spada: He can wel handle a swoord: that distinction of Articles, prepositiues, and Subiunctiues, brought vp by the Grecians, is folowed and obserued by some Italians, but not of me: for so much as the facilitie and ease of the speach is greater without it, and also for o∣ther occasions.

And thus let this suffice you, concernyng the Articles that goe before the Noune, and so (God willing) we wyll

speake of the Nounes.

I pray you doo so: for certaynely I thinke you are weerie.

Verily I am almost weery in deede: but yet I wyl folow on. The Noune is a kinde of voyce that sheweth either the substance, or qualitie of the thing, and therefore of the Nounes some are Substantiues, and some Adiectiues. The Substantiues are, Cjèlo, Heauen, témpo, tyme, pràto, afielde. Adiectiues are, sereno, cleare, fugace, fleeing, verde, greene, saying, Cjèlo sereno, tempo sugace, pràto verde, that is, the cleare Heauens, the fleeing tyme, the greene field.

There are also certayne Nounes, that shew a kind of sub∣stance more particularly, and those are called proper, as these, Cesare, Cesar, Mongibello, Mongibel, Roma, Rome, Nilo, the ryuer Nilus.

There are othersome, that shew it more vniuersally, and more common, and these are called Appellatiues, as terra, earth, sasso, a stone, huomo, a man.

Some other Nounes are called Comparatiues, some Su∣perlatiues, some are Numerales, some Folowing order, some o∣ther Equivochts, and Vnivochts, and some Diminishers, and some Augmentours, and Heteroclites, and other some parti∣tiues, Distributiues and Negatiues. Euery name hath his de∣finition among the vowels: the proper names especially haue in them al the vowels, as for example, a Pitàgora, An∣drèa, Emilià, Olimpia, Fiorenza, Arabia, Etna. In e, as So∣crate, Cèsare, Cèrere, Isifile, Lione, Tevere. In j, as Luigi, Gi∣ovanni, Fiordiligi, Napoli, Parigi, and many names of Fami∣lies, as Quirini, Savelli, Corsini. In o, as Alessandro, Pjètro, Calisto, Milano, Bergamo, Pò, Tebro, Apenino. In ú, as Gie∣sú, Artú, Corfú, Perú. And all these names are either Plu∣rals, without Singulars, (although you might sometymes say, Il Tolomei, il Piccolomini, or els, La Quirini, la Salviati. And these are names of Families,) or els Singulars without Plurals, and say, Fabij, Camilli, Scipionj.

But the names Appellatiues of the Masculine, haue three onely definitions, in the Singular, so that their De∣clensions are also three: the first endeth in a, the second in e, the third in o, but al three in the Plural, end in i.

¶ The first Declension. Without Articles. With Articles.

NV. SIN.		NV. PLV.	NV. SIN.		NV. PLV.
Poèta.	1	poèti.	Il poèta.	1	i poèti.
di poèta.	2	di poèti.	de'l poèta.	2	de i poèti.
a poèta	3	a poèti.	a'l poèta.	3	a i poèti.
poèta.	4	poèti.	Il poèta.	4	i poèti.
o poèta.	5	e poèti.	o poèta.	5	o poèti.
da poèta.	6	da poèti.	da'l poèta.	6	dai poèti.

Truely sir, I thinke I neede not decline these Nounes in English, for there are so many, and so many of this Gram∣mers, that euery one can decline them, so that you marke, and learne wel the declinyng of them in Italian, I thinke that sufficient, for you know they goe in order: and also, he that can decline one, can decline them alalmost.

You know, that Il poèta meaneth the Poete, de'l poèta, of the poete, a'l poèta, to the poete, il poèta, the poete, o po∣èta, O poete, da'l poèta, from the poete, &c. The Plurall number goeth euen so, it is but euen adding an s, at the ende of poete, and say, poetes.

Wel sir, I wyl take this for a general rule.

There are a great many of these Nounes declined in Sci∣pio Lentuloes Grammer, and William Thomas his Grammer, but the English of them dooth but litle good, mary the Ita∣lian is necessary: and so wyl I folow on, and decline those Italian Nounes, that seeme hardest for you to learne.

I pray you sir, doo so, so shal you doo me a great plea∣sure.

What there wanteth in me, you shal haue in the Gram∣mers aboue rehearsed, for they wyl doo you much good, if you marke them very wel.

¶ The second Declension. Of Strale, a Shaft, and Amore, Loue.

NV. SIN.		NV. PLV.	NV. SIN.		NV. PLV.
lo strale.	1	gli strali.	l' Amore.	1	gli amori.
de lo strale.	2	de gli strali	del' amore.	2	de gli amori
a lo strale.	3	a gli strali.	al' amore	3	a gli amori.
lo strale.	4	gli strali.	l' amore.	4	gli amori.
o strale.	5	o strali.	o amore.	5	o amori.
da lo strale.	6	da gli strali	dal' amore.	6	da gli amori

¶ The third Declension. Of Cjèlo, the Heauen, and Oro, Gold.

NV SIN.		NV. PLV.	NV. SIN.		NV. PLV.
Il Cjèlo.	1	i cjèli.	L' Oro.	1	gli Ori.
de'l cjélo	2	de i cjèli.	del' Oro	2	de gli Ori
a'l cjèlo.	3	a i cjéli.	al' Oro.	3	a gli Ori.
il cjèlo.	4	i cjèli.	l' Oro.	4	gli Ori.
o cjèlo.	5	o cjèli.	o Oro.	5	o Ori.
da'l cjèlo	6	da i cjèli.	dal' Oro.	6	da gli Ori.

The Appellatiues of the Feminine, in the singular, doo end for the most part in a, and a good number in e, and one onely in o, and very few in Ʋ. The first haue the plural in e,

as singul. l' erba, Plural, l' erbe, the hearbe, and the hearbes.

The seconde in i, as singul. la Nave, plur. le Navi, the shyp, and the shippes: yet Dante hath vsed le mano, for the handes.

The fourth hath the Plural, like vnto the Singular, and that is, because they are clipped woordes, as singular. la vir∣tú, Plur. le virtú, the vertue, and the vertues: singul. la grú, Plur. le grú, the Crane, and the Cranes: singul. la Servitú, plur. le Servitú, the seruice, and the seruices. The Declen∣sions are very many, and so many are the terminations, as for example:

¶ The first Declension. Of Stella, a Starre, and Erba, an Hearbe.

NV. SIN.		NV. PLV.	NV. SIN.		NV. PLV.
La Stella	1	Le Stelle	l' èrba	1	l' èrbe
de la stella.	2	de le stelle	de l' èrba	2	de l' èrbe
a la stella	3	a le stelle	a l' èrba	3	a l' èrbe
la stella	4	le stelle	l' èrba	4	l' erbe
o stella	5	o stelle	o èrba	5	o èrbe
da la stella.	6	da le stelle.	da l' èrba.	6	da l' èrbe

¶ The second Declension. Of Nave, a Shyp, and Arte, Art.

NV. SIN.		NV. PLV.	NV. SIN.		NV. PLV.
La Nave	1	le navi	L' Arte	1	l' arti
de la nave.	2	de le navi	de l' arte	2	de l' arti
a la nave	3	a le navi	a l' arte	3	a l' arti
la nave	4	le navi	l' arte	4	l' arti
o nave	5	o navi	o arte	5	o arti
da la nave.	6	da le navi	da l' arte	6	da l' arti.

Third Declension. Fourth Declension Mano, a hand. handes. Ʋirtú, vertue. Vertues.

NV. SIN.		NV. PLV.	NV. SIN.		NV. PLV.
La mano	1	le mani	La virtú	1	le virtú
de la mano	2	de le mani	de la virtú.	2	de le virtú
a la mano	3	a le mani	a la virtú	3	a le virtú
la mano	4	le mani	la virtú	4	le virtú
O mano	5	O mani	O virtú	5	O virtú
da la mano	6	da le mani.	da la virtú.	6	da le virtú.

And so followe on, all the Cases and Numbers of this Declension, so that I thinke it in vaine, to speake any more of them, for the Adiectiue names, are al, either of one voyce alone, or of two. Those of one voyce alone, haue the e, in the singular number, and i in the plural, and serue as wel for the Masculine, as the Feminine, as hvomo vile, femina vi∣le, a vile man, a vile woman: hvomo nobile, femina nobile, a noble man, a noble woman. And so may you say, hvomini vili, femine vili, vile men, vile women: and hvomini nobili, & femine nobili, noble men, and noble women.

But when they are of two voyces, one is for the Mascu∣line, and the other for the Feminine. The Masculine endeth in o, in the singular number, and in i, in the plural, as sasso duro, a hard stone, ghiaccio freddo, cold Yse, fvoco caldo, hot fire. And so may you say, sassi duri, hard stones, ghiacci freddi, cold Yses, fvochi caldi, hot fires.

But the Feminine endeth in the singular number in a, and in the plural in e, as pjètra dura, a hard stone, neve fred∣da, cold snowe, fiamma calda, a hot flame. And so may you say in the plural number, pjètre dure, nevi freddi, fiamme cal∣de, hard stones, cold snowes, hot flames.

The maners of the varying of the Adiectiues, are like vnto those that are past: but afore I leaue to talke of them,

I wyl tel you foure things, the one is, that none doo euer ende in i in the singular number: an other is, that they do agree with the Substantiues, euen as in the Latine. The third is, that sometymes they may be made Substantiues, as thus, Tornami à mente, s'alcun dolce mai hebbe 'lcortristo: The last is, that sometymes the Adiectiue Masculme, dooth agree with the Substantiue Feminine, as ogni cosa pièno di spa∣vento: euery thing ful of feare.

¶ Of the Comparatiues.

THe Comparatiues are not many in this language, but a fewe taken from the Latine, the which are, Maggio∣re greater, minore lesser, migliore better, peggiore woorse, superiore superiour, inferiore inferiour.

The other are made with this woord piú. which signifi∣eth, More, as piú forte, more strong, piú dotto, more lear∣ned, piú bella, more faire, piú saggio, more wise. And to make it haue more force, we adde vnto it, and put before it, molto, or assai, that is, much, or els vie, saying, molto piú dot∣to, much more learned, assai piú bella, much more fayrer, vie piú gentile, farre more gentle.

And in vsing them, we geue them the second Case, as thus, Egli é piu forte, di te: he is more strong then thou. tu sei molto piú dotto di lui: Thou art muche more learned then he: Noi siamo vie piú potènti di voi: We are farre more mighty then you. Now wyl we come to the Superlatiues.

¶ Of the Superlatiues.

THe Superlatiues may fully be fourmed of al the Adie∣ctiues, but they are not so Comparatiuely vsed, as the

Latines doo vse them, who wyl say, Ettore fú fortissimo, He∣ctor was very strong: Questa donna é bellissima, This woman is very fayre: Il mèle é dolcissimo, The hony is very sweete, without any other Comparison.

Also we can not geue to the Superlatiues any addition, as to the Comparatiues, as thus, qvale é qvella, che ha stam∣pato? the whiche is abominable, and nought, not tollera∣ble.

Of the Numeral Nounes, the first is of the Masculine, and of the Feminine: for because we say, Ʋno, and Ʋna, the Masculine Gender looseth the vowel, the consonant fo∣lowing hym, as Ʋn cane a dogge, vn legno a wood, vn sasso a stone. And a vowel folowing, then it looseth it by an A∣pestrophe, as vn' asino an Asse, vn' Elefante an Elephant, vn' Orso a Beare.

The Feminine Gender keepeth the vowel, a Consonant folowing, as vna casa a house, vna pianta a plant, vna bestia a beast.

But if a vowel folow, it looseth it most tymes, and espe∣cially a, as Ʋn' anima a soule, Ʋn' èrba an héarbe, Ʋn' imagine an image, Ʋn' ora an houre, Ʋn' urtica a Nettle.

And the Masculine, as wel as the Feminine, is apostro∣phed before this woord altro, when we say, Ʋn' altro an o∣ther he, and Ʋn' altra an other shee.

And if it be in the Copulatiue, then doo we adde the ar∣ticle to it, and o, as l' uno e l' altro, and l' una & l' altra, the one and the other. Also may that kynde of voyce be apo∣strophed.

The second number may be also of the Masculine, and the Feminine Gender, distinctly: for you may say, Duo ag∣nelli, two Lambes, and due pécore, two sheepe. For many good Authours haue geuen the voyce due, as wel to the Masculine as to the Feminine, and so wyl we, as thus, Due agnelli, two lambes, due donne, two women. Also dui is found in some authours: but Dua is a common woorde a∣mong

the Florentines, which is not so tollerable, vnlesse it be vpon necessitie, in Verse.

In this selfe same number are ambe, and ambo, vsed for both. The first belongeth to the Feminine, the seconde, as wel to the Masculine, as the Feminine, as ambe le mani: you may say, ambo le mani, both the handes, and ambo li piédi, both the feete. You may also say, and it hath that signifi∣cation, as ambedue le mani, ambedue i pièdi: and ambeduo le mani, & i pièdi. And Dante for the selfe same woord, vseth ambodue, and amendue, amenduni, and amendune. The Com∣mons wyl say, Tutte due, tutte dui, and tutti duo. And some auncient poetes haue written, Entrambi, and intrambi.

The numeral numbers are immutable: but to the ende they may be knowen to euery one, I wyll begynne at the first, and by them which I shal note, shal you knowe al the rest, Vno 1. due 2. tre 3. qvatro 4. cinqve 5. sèi 6. sètte 7. otto 8, nove 9. dièci 10, undici 11. dodeci 12. tredei 13. qvatordi∣ci 14. qvindici 15. sedici 16. dicisette 17. diciotto 18. dicinove 19. venti 20. &c. and so by adding the tenthes to the ones, thou maist number as much as thou wylt: but marke when any vowel foloweth, to vse the Apostrophe, as thus, vent' uno, 21. vent' otto 28. trent' uno 31. trent' otto 38. &c.

Where no vowel foloweth, vse no Apostrophe, as thus, venti due 22. venti tre 23. venti qvatro 24. venti cinqve 25. ven∣ti sès 26. venti sètte 27. venti nove 29. and so trènta dve 32. trènta tre 33. trènta qvatro 34. and so folowing.

These are the tenthes that folowe, as Dièci 10. venti 20. trènta 30. qvaranta 40. cinqvanta 50. sessanta 60. settanta 70. ••ttanta 80 novanta 90. cènto 100. due cènto 200. tre cènto 300. qvatro cènto 400. cinqve cènto 500. sette cènto 700. otto cènto 800. novecènto 900. mille 1000. &c: And so may you num∣ber, tylyou come to Millions.

We also say, Ʋna decina, a tenth, Ʋna dozzena a dosen, Ʋna ventina, a score, Ʋnatrentina, a thirtie, Ʋna qvarantina, a fourtie.

And so may you number, tyl you come to a hundred, styl adding tina, to ech tenne. Sometymes we also say, Ʋn cèntinaio, an hundred, Ʋn migliaio, a thousand. And in the plural number we say, le centinaja, le migliaja, for the hundreds, and the thousandes, &c.

Nowe, concernyng the ordinary Noune, it is reason we speake something of it, but not much. The ordinary number is this, primo, and primjèro, first, secondo, second, terzo, third, qvarto, fourth, qvinto, fifth, sèsto, sixth, sètimo, seuenth, ottavo, eighth, nono, nienth, dècimo, tenth, Ʋndèci∣mo, eleuenth, duodècimo, twelfth, tredècimo, thirteenth, or els, dècimo tèrzo, qvarto dècimo, and dècimo qvarto, four∣teenth, qvinto dècimo, and dècimo qvinto, fifteenth, sèsto dè∣cimo, and dècimo sèsto, sixteenth, diceséttimo, and dècimo sèt∣timo, seuenteenth, dicjotte simo, and dècimo ottavo, eighteenth, dicenovesimo, and décimo nono, nienteenth, ventésimo, and vigèsimo, twentith, ventèsimo primo, one and twentith, tren∣tesimo, and trigèsimo, thirtith, and so folowe on, qvarantesi∣mo, and qvadragesimo, fourtith, cinqvantésimo, and qvinqva∣gesimo, fiftith, sessantésimo, & sessagèsimo, sixtith, settantèsimo, and settuagèsimo, seuentith, ottagèsimo, and ottuagésimo, eight∣tith, novantèsimo, and nonagèsimo, nientith, and centèsimo, an hundreth, and so foorth, tyl you come to milèsimo, a thou∣sande.

Al the Nounes may be Aduerbes, adding to ech one this voyce, volta, saying, Ʋna volta, one tyme, due volte, two tymes, tre volte, three tymes, and so foorth, as djèci volte, tenne tymes, venti volte, twenty tymes. And so may you folowe, tyl you come to Millions, but I thinke that needeth not.

Now let vs come to the Nounes Heteroclites: there are certaine Nounes, that somewhat doo differ from the others, and those I put among the Heteroclites.

Nowe, of these, some haue in the singular number, the Gender of the Masculine, and in the plural number, the

Gender of the Feminine, whiche dooth somewhat agree with the Latine Neuter, and these are they, as:

NV. SIN.	NV. PLV.	These words, paio, & paia, somtyms signifie two thin∣gs set togeather, as Ʋn paio di guanti, a payre of gloues, due paia di buoi, two couple of oxen, tre paia di Caponi, three couple of Capons.
Il riso	le risa
Il qvadrèllo	le qvadrella
Il paro	le para
Il paio	le paia
lo Staro	le Stara
lo Staio	le Staia

And sometymes these woordes are taken from the Verbe parere, to seeme. The like is said of paro; and para: but pari signifieth either of quantitie, or els qualitie, and serueth al Numbers, and Genders. For we may say, Il pa∣ri, la pari, i pari, le pari: whiche signifie the like, the peere, the paragon, &c.

Some others there are, that haue the Plural, and the Sngular number alike, as la spèzie, le spèziè, the Spise, la cit∣tá, le cittá, the citie, la virtú, le virtú, the vertue, and many other eclipped woords, of the which we haue spokē afore, and yet we vse most the singular number, and they are al of the Feminine Gender.

Other there are, almost like to them aboue, but not al∣togeather, as, Fede, fe, fayth, piède, pe, foote, Regge, Re, King.

Other some haue the Singular, and not the Plural, as ••gnjuno, cjascuno, ech one: and other set among the Pro∣nounes, as we haue said already.

Other some haue the Plural number, and not the sin∣gular, as, le labbja, the lyppes: and names of families, as we haue said tofore.

Other some in the Singular of one gender, and of one ende: and in the plural, of two Genders, and of two endes, as these that folow.

NV. SIN.	SINGVL. NVM.	NV. PLV.	NV. PLV.	PLVR. NVMB.
Il corpo	The body	corpi	le corp••a	the bodyes
il mimbro	the member	i membri	le membra	the members
il cervello	the braine	i cervelli	le cervella	the braines
il cigljo	the eye lyd	i cigli	le ciglia	the eye lyddes
il laboro	the lyppe	i labbri	le labbra	the lyppes
il braccio	the arme	i bracci	le braccia	the armes
il dito	the finger	i diti.	le dita	the fingers
il ginocchjo	the knee	i ginocchi	l'ginocchia	the knees
il calcagno	the heele	i calcagni	le calcagna	the heeles
il vestigio	the signe	i vestigij	le vestigia	the signes
il budello	the gut	i budelli	le budella	the guttes
l' osso	the bone	gli ossi	le ossa	the bones
il corno	the horne	i corni	le corna	the hornes
il legno	the wood	i legni	le legna	the woodes
il ramo	the branch	i rami	le ramora	the branches
il frutto	the fruite	i frutti	le frutta	the fruites
il muro	the w••	i muri	le mura	the walles
il castello	the castle	i castelli	le castella	the castles
il carro	the cart	i carri	le carra	the cartes
lo strido	the shricke	gli stridi	le strida	the shrickes
il lvogo	the place	i lvoghi	le lvghora	the places
il lato	the side	i lati	le latora	the sides
il pràto	the field	i prati	le pratora	the fieldes
il campo	the campe	i campi	le campora	the campes
l' Orto	the garden	gli orti	le ortora	the gardens
il rastello	the rake	i rastelli	le rastèlla	the rakes
il filo	the threed	i fili	le fila	the threedes
il vestimēto	the garment	i vestimēti	l'vestimēta	the garments
il grado	the degree	i gradi	le grado••a	the degrees
il peceato	the sinne.	i peccati	le peccata.	the sinnes.

Other some there are, of one Gender, and of one ende in the singular number, but in the plural of two Genders, and of three endes, as for ex∣ample.

NV. SIN.	NV. PLV.	NV. PLV.	NV. PLV.	ENGLISH
Il fico	I fichi	le fiche	le ficha	the fygges.
Il pugno	I pugni	le pugne	le pugnora	the fistes.

And vppon necessitie, if it be in some Poetical inuention, you may vse some of them that haue been rehearsed before, so, and it is tollerable to say, Fruite, castelle, corne, veslimente, and such other like.

Agayne, some are of one Gender, and of one end, in the singular number, and of two Genders, and foure endes in the plural number, as Il pugno, i pugni, le pugne, le pugna, le pugnora, the fistes, and some such others, although some wyl not allow the endyng of them in e.

Other some there are, that in the singular number, and in the plural number, haue but one Gender, and in the singular, one ende, and in the plural, three endes, as.

NV. SIN.	NV. PLV.	NV. PLV.	NV. PLV.	ENGLISH.
l' animale	gli animali	gli animai	gli anima	the creatures
il cavallo	i cavalli	i cavai	i cava'	the horses
il laccjvolo	i laccjvoli	i laccjvoi	i laccjvo'	the snares
il figljvolo	i figljvoli	i figljvoi	i figljvo'	the chyldren
Il qverci∣volo	i qverci∣voli	i qverci∣voi	i qverci∣vo'	the Oakes
il piccivolo	i piccivoli	i piccjvoi	i piccjvo'	the smal
bello	belli	bej	be'	fayre
qvello	qvelli	qvei	qve'	those
tale	tali	tai	ta'	such
qvale	qvali	qvai	qva'	which.

And al these haue the l in the singular number: and although they are not al single names, yet for their conformitie, they are here set together, because they can not be better applyed: and yet there are a great many more, which are forgotten, but I hope these wil suf∣fice you.

There are others also, whiche haue in the singular number, t••o

endes, and in the plural number but one, and yet al are of one Gen∣der, as for example:

NV. SIN.	NV. SIN.	NV. SIN.	NV. PLV.	NV. PLV.
Il cavaliè∣re	Il cavaljè∣ro	the knight	I cavaljè∣ri	the knightes
il destrière	il destrièro	the cour∣ser	i destrjèri.	the coursers
il nocchjè∣re	il nocchjè∣ro	the ma¦ryner	i nocchjè∣ri	the marry∣ners
il canceljè∣re	il canceljè∣ro	the chan∣celor	i canceljè∣ri	the Chauncel∣lours
il candelj∣ère	il candeljè∣ro	the cādle∣sticke	i candeljè∣ri	the Candle∣stickes.

And other such like, a great many.

Those which we haue spoken of aboue, are al of the Masculine Gender, and these that folowe, are of the Feminine, and some haue two endes in the singular, and two in the plural.

NV. SIN	NV. PLV.	NV. SIN.	NV. PLV.	ENGLISH.
la frode	le frodi	la froda	le frode	the fraude
la fronde	le frondi	la fronda	le fronde	the boughes
la lode	le lodi	la loda	le lode	the laude
l' arme	l' armi	l' arma	le arme	the armours
l' ale	l' ali	l' ala	le ale	the winges
la ghjande	le ghjandi	la ghjanda	le ghjande	the Akornes.

Other some there are of the Masculine and Feminine Genders, but with one ende in the singular, and one in the plural number, and these are they:

NV SIN	NV PLV	NV SIN	NV PLV	ENGLISH.
Il fonte	I fonti	la fonte	le fonti	the fountaine
il fronte	i fronti	le fronte	le fronti	the browe
il fine	i fini	la fine	le fini	the ende

NV. SIN	NV. PLV	NV. SIN	NV. PLV	ENGLISH.
Il Sèrpe	I Sèrpi	la Sèrpe	le Sèrpi	The Serpent
il cènere	i cèneri	la cenere	le cèneri	the ashes
il margine	i margini	la margine	le margini	the margent.

But il fante, and la fante, and il noce, and la noce, haue diuers si∣gnifications, wherfore they are not put in.

There are other some, that are both of the Masculine, and of the Feminine, but of diuers endes, as foloweth:

NV. SIN.	NV. PLV.	NV. SIN.	NV. PLV.	ENGLISH.
l' orecchjo	gli orecchj	l' orecchja	le orecchje	The eares
il Secchjo	i Secchj	la Secchja	le Secchje	the buckets
il melo	i meli	la mela	le mele	the hony
il pero	i peri	la pera	le pere	the peares.

But you are to not here, that euen as the Latine tongue was woont to geue the Feminine Gender to gli arbori, the trees, and the Neuter Gender à i frutti, the fruites: the Italian contrary to that, geueth the Masculine Gender to the trees, and saith, l' arbore, the tree, in the singular number, and gli arbori, the trees, in the plural number: and the Feminine to the fruites, saying, le frutte, the fruits. And we say for the trees, il pero, il noce, l' olivo, il castagno, the Peare tree, the Walnut tree, the Oliue tree, the Chestnut tree: and to the fruites, la pera, la noce, la Oliva, la Castagna, that is, the Peare, the Nut, the Oliue, the Chestnut.

Some shee dooth confound, as the Latine dooth, as these: il fico, il per••, il cotogno, the Fig, the Peare, the Quince, and others. Although we can geue to certaine fruites, the Gender of the trees, yet can we not geue to the trees, the Gender of the fruites.

Finally, there are others of the Feminine Gender, that haue three endes in the singular number, and three in the plural, but the one is common to them both, as the Noune Vertue.

NV. SIN.	NV. SIN.	NV. SIN.	NV. PLV.	NV. PLV.	NV. PLV.
la vir∣tù	la virtu∣te	la virtu∣de	le vir∣tú	le virtu∣ti	le virtu∣di
la Servi∣tú	la Servi∣tute	la Servi∣tude	le Servi∣tú	le Servi∣tuti	le Servi∣tudi
la Cit∣tá	la Citta∣te	la Citta∣de	le Cit∣tá	le Citta∣ti	le Citta∣di
la bon∣tá	la bonta∣te	la bonta∣de	le bon∣tá	le bonta∣ti	le bonta∣di.

and many such other: but yet the eclipped woords are most in vse, and the others litle.

A great many other like parcels I leaue behynde, whiche are in this Italian tongue, mary not so much vsed. Wherfore I leaue them, as more tedious, then pleasant, or profitable, either for the learner of it, or any other. And thus wyl I end concernyng Nounes, and God willyng we wyl come to the Pronounes.

¶ Of the Pronounes.

BY the Pronounes did diuers auncient Authours vn∣derstande certaine determined voyces, the whiche doo as it were shew foorth, or demonstrate the name of a thing, and diuided them into sundry and diuers partes, callyng some Primatiues, some Deriuatiues, other some Demonstratiues, some Relatiues, some Possessiues, some Interrogatiues, and Indefinitiues.

There are also other diuisions founde among them, whiche be good for vs: our Primitiues are, Io, I, tú, thou, se, egli, e, ej, and lui, for he, colui, qvello, for that he, or that same, and qvegli, qvelli, qvei, and qve', for those same, or them same, qvesto esto, this he, qvesta esta, this ••hee, costui, cotesto, cotestui, this same he, che, what, chi, and cui, for who, or whom, qvale, and il qvale, for whiche: esso, desso, and

stesso, for hym selfe, cjascuno, and cjascaduno, for eche one, and e∣uery body, veruno, and niuno, for no one, and nessuno, for no bo∣dy, alcuno, and qvalcuno, for some one, or some body, altri, al∣tro, and altrui, for other or others, cjó, and cjoche, this, and some∣times yea, many tymes, cjoe, and cjoche, standeth for, so that, or what so euer, tale, suche, or the like, medesimo, selfe, or els, selfe same.

The Deriued are these, as Mio, myne, tuo, thyne, suo, his, nostro, ours, vostro, yours, loro, they, cui, and altrui, are sometymes vsed for the same: of whiche there are certaine bastardes deriued, as Mo for now, ma but, to, thine, ta, thine, speaking to a woman, so, his, of the which, somwhat we wil speake hereafter.

But it is to be noted, that vnto the Pronounes, there is no Ar∣ticle geuen, except it be to, il medesimo, the selfe same, and il qva∣le, the whiche, (who are Relatiues,) but onely the signes of Cases. And also some there are, that are without it, as you shal know here∣after.

You are also to knowe, that some pronounes are of eche gendre, and these are they, Io, tú, se, loro, coloro, costoro, cotestoro, cui, and altrui: all the others, are some of the Masculine onely, and some of the Femi∣nine onely.

It is also to be remembred, that the first person is of the pronoune alone, Io, and the second of the alone, tú, and all the rest belongeth to the third, now let vs come to the particulars.

NV. SIN.	ENGLI.	NV, PLV.	ENGLI.	Io, and i, are neuer but of the first case, the other of the obliques, and noi, is of all cases.
1. Io. i.	I.	1. noi.	wee.
2. di me	of me.	2. di noi.	of vs.
3. ame, mi, m',	to me.	3. a noi, ne, ce. ci, c'.	to vs.
4. me, mi, m'.	me.	4. noi.	vs or wee.
6. da me.	from me.	6. da noi.	from vs.

NV. SIN.	ENGLI.	NV. PLV.	ENG.	Tu, may be of the first, and fifth case and of no other but the other are of others, and voi, is of all cases,
tú. 1	thou.	voi 1	you
di te. 2.	of thee.	di voi 2	of you
ate, ti, t' 3.	to thee,	a voi, ve, vi, v', 3	to you
te, ti, t' 4.	thou	voi, ve, vi, v', 4	you
o tú. 5.	o thou	o voi, 5	o you
da ie. 6.	from thee	da voi, 6	from you

NV. SIN.	Englishe.	NV. PLV.	Englishe.	This se, neuer dooth vary nei∣ther case nor number, in the thirde case it standes some∣times without the signe, as: Chi porta l'ume djétro e se non gjova, who caryeth the light behind and helpeth not him selfe. We see certaine words in these three pronounes end in, t and in, e, which are, mi, ti, si. ci, vi, and so, me, te, se, ce, ve, when they end in i. they are ioyned with a Verbe, either before, or after it, if before, then are they sometimes a∣postrophed, sometimes not, if after it, then are they entermingled with it, vnder an accent, and if the accent bee open, the latter letter then is dobled.
di se 2	of him,	di se, 2	of them
a se, se, si, s' 3	to him,	a se, 3	to them
se, si, s' 4	him,	se si, 4	them
da se, 6	from him	da se, 6	from thē,

Nowe because these voyces are onely of the thirde and fourth case, let vs see first those of the third: as, mi pjace, or els pjacemi, and m'è caro, it pleaseth me, ti gjova, gioavti, and t'aggrada, it auaileth thee or helpeth thee, si compjace, compjacesi, and s'appaga, he is pleased or well apaide, ci dilètta, dilèttaci, and c'è grato, it pleaseth, or delighteth vs, vi gjova giovavi, and v'abbèlla, it helpeth, or auaileth you, si compia∣ecjono, compiaccjonsi, and s'apagano, they are either pleased or else well apaied.

Those of the fourth case are such, mi prème, prèmemi, and m'ag∣grava, it greeueth me, ti cvoce, cvoceti, and t'abbrugja, it boyleth, or burneth thee, si mostra, mostrasi, and s'asconde, he showeth and hideth

himself, ci prème, prèmeci, and c'agrava, it greeueth vs, vi cvo∣ce, cvocevi, and v'abbrugia, it boyleth and burneth you, si mostrano, mostransi, and s'ascondono, they showe and hide themselues. And if the accent bee vppon the last, we saye dammi geue me, and many such: As for the others as wee haue saide before in the dobblinges.

But you are to note, and marke, that you fall not into that error, to ioyne these little parcels, with the Verbes, as some doo very disorderly, for when they shoulde saye, se ti manchera cosa alcuna, if thou want any thing, or else, ti daró la promessa, se ti troveró, I will geue thee, the promise, if I finde thee: they will say, se manchera••ti cosa alcuna, darotti la promessa se troueuotti: which is very ill, he tl at knoweth no other rule, rather then to fall in this foule error, let him neuer ioyne them, and if he will doo it without blame, let him doo it vnto other Verbes, and not in those, as, lo lo tro∣vai, e dissigli il fatto mio, I found him, & told him my busines or els, Io mi parti di la, e ridussimi a casa, I parted from thence and brought mee self home.

It is also to be knowen, that many times, such parcels, are more vsed for an ornament, and fulfilling of the speach, then for necessitie, as thus, Egli si crede, e tú ti pensi, che ogni∣uno che ci nasce, he beleeueth, and thou doost thinke, that eche one that is borne, and many such more, if they be wel set together they make the speache to showe, and seeme more pleasant, and gallant, as, Io mi ti racomando, I com∣mend me to thee, tù miti mostrasti aronto, thou showedst thy selfe to me prompt, eglij mi si proferj da se, he did proffer him selfe to me io mj ci fermai, I did stay my selfe there, tù ti ci facesti incontro, thou of thy selfe camest against, or towarde me, ej ci si offerce, he offered him vs, and many other suche which doo commonly end in, i. But if they ende in e, either it is when they are not ioyned with the verbe, as, se non me le darai, io te le pigliero, if thou geuest them not me, I shall take them from thee, or els if they be ioyned they haue the

little parcell with it, as, Dammene, geue me thereof, Andj∣ancène, goe wee, pentitevene, repent you of it, accorsersene, they perceiued themselues, or else there is as it were some comparision; as Io lodo te, e tú bjasimime; I praise thee, and thou blamest mee: or else there foloweth some infinitiue, as, Io av••vo inteso, te ésser, risanato, e questa nuova fece me tar∣dare il viaggio: I heard say that thou wast healed againe, and this newes made me to staie the voiage, moreouer they may ende in, i, and in, e, when they followe either, l, or els, r, as, calmi, calme, valmi, valme, parmi, parme, darmi, darme. It is also good to be noted, not to vse in the common course of speech to set any of these litle parcels before the Infinitiues, nor Gerondes, nor Participles, nor Supines, & say, mi fare, tidire, si mostrando, vinarrante, m'insegnante, si pentito, for it is abominable.

In this language, they are alwayes put behinde, saying, farmi, dirti, monstradosi, narrantevi, pentitosi, sometimes also these litle parcels end in e & i, and happeneth whē they are ioyned with Subiunctiue articles, or els Pronounes, as, rac∣comandos segli and raccomandoglisi, he recommended him∣selfe to him; portaitegli, or els portaigliti; I brought them to thee, and such others, which for want of time I passe o∣uer. Nowe let vs come to the rest.

NV. SIN.		ENGLISH.	NV. PLV.		ENGLISH.
Egli, e, ei,	1	He	Eglino.	1	they, or them.
di lui	2	of him, or his.	di loro, lo∣ro.	2	of them, or theirs
a lui, lui, gli li.	3	to him.	a loro, loro, gli, li.	3	to them.
lui, il, lo, 'l, l'.	4	he, or him	loro, gli, li.	4	they, or them.
da lui.	6	from him	da loro.	6	from thē.

NV. SIN.		ENGL.	NV. PLV.		ENGL.
Ella, la.	1	Shee, or her.	Elleno.	1	They, or them.
di lèi.	2	of her, or hers.	di loro, loro.	2	theirs, or of them.
a léi, léi, le.	3	to shee, or her.	a loro, loro, gli.	3	to them.
lèi, la.	4	shee, or her.	loro, le.	4	they, or them.
da léi.	6	from her.	da loro.	6	frō them.

Egli, eglino, ella, elleno, e, and ei, are of the first Case, but lui, léi, loro, are of the Obliques, and yet they are otherwise v∣sed of the common sort.

In the third Case you may say, Io dissi a lui, io dissi lui, io gli dissi, and io li dissi, for I told hym.

And in the fourth, Io vidi lui, io il vidi, and io 'l vidi, for, I sawe hym, Io lo intesi, and Io l' intesi, I vnderstood hym.

And as wel in the singular, as in the plural may you say, E mi vide, and ei mi vide, he sawe me: e mi videro, and ei mi vi∣dero, they sawe me.

Of the Feminine Gender, in the plural number you may say, Ella mi disse, shee tolde me: s' ella m' avesse detto, if shee had tolde me: Se la fosse viva, if shee were aliue.

And in the third Case, Io dissi a léi, io dissi léi, and Io le dissi, I tolde her.

And in the fourth, Io vidi léi, io la vidi: I sawe her.

In the greater number they are al Obliques, as wel the Masculine, as the Feminine, and in this wise they often loose the last vowel, and often tymes they are founde with∣out the signe of the seconde and third Case, saying: le lor mogli, their wiues, i lor mariti, their husbandes, Io dièdi a loro, io dièdi loro, io gli dièdi: I gaue them.

But in the fourth case we say, Vidi loro, gli vidi, li vidi: I sawe them. And yet in the Feminine Gender we onely

say: le vidi. Egli and e are often vsed, for to make vp the woorde, in the ende: lui and lei are vsed as fourth Cases, after the Verbe Essere, to be, as S' io fossi lui, if I were he, S' io fosse lèi, if I were shee. And also after this woord Come, as, or such like, saying, Io son ricco come lui: I am as riche as he: Io son grosso come lèi: I am as grosse as shee: We also say, S' io fossi come te, If I were as thou.

And after the absolute Geroundes, as Andando lui, he going. But if a Verbe did folow, we should say, Andando egli, s' incontró in un suo amico: he going, met with a friende of his. Also, lui, lei, and loro, are often vsed of good Au∣thours, in steade of Colui, colei, coloro, and that happeneth, when Che dooth folowe, as, Invoco lèi, che ben sempre rispo∣se. We haue a great many more, as, qvello, qvell', qvel, qvegli, qvelli, qvei, for that, and qvelli, qvegli, qvei, and qve' for those: The whiche to decline, I thinke it but labour lost. Wherefore, if you woulde knowe howe to decline them I pray you take Scipio Lentuloes Grammer, where he writeth very wel and learnedly of the Pronounes, farre bet∣ter then I can doo: wherefore I passe them ouer, but yet not altogether.

Qvegli and qvelli are not vsed in the singular case, but onely in the relation: and it were better, if they were not vsed at al in the singular, because they make the plural doubtful.

Note also, that those woordes that ende in lli, often tymes change the first l into g, as qvelli those, belli fayre, fratèlli brethren: you may say, qvegli, or begli, or frategli. And when qvello is without company, it signifieth Qvella cosa, that thing: as qvel che si dice, that whiche is saide, or els, qvel che si fá, that which is done, whiche dooth as it were accorde with the Latine Neuter.

Many other litle odde woordes, that in other places are Articles, here they are Pronounes, as Io il presi e lo strac∣ejai, or els, presilo, e straccjailo, I tooke hym, and tore hym:

and so, gli presi et straccjai, or els, presili, et straccjaili, I tooke them and tore them, and so, jo la vidi, and vidila, I sawe hir, and Io le vidi, and vidile, I sawe them, and as for, qvesto, and esto, this, and qvesti, these, of the Masculine, and qvesta, esta, and sta, this, and qveste, these, of the Feminine, and of ce∣testo, cotestui, and costui, for this same, cotesti, cotestoro, and co∣storo, for these, and cotesta, and costès, for this, she, and coteste, for these shees, I pray you loke in Scipio Lentulo, as for Che, it neuer chaungeth voyce, but alwayes is a like in euerye Gender, in al numbers, and cases. as, Il Dio che io adoro, The God that I worship, La bontá che è in lui, the goodnesse that is in him, I cjéli che risplendeno, the starres that shine, La térra che scalda il sole, the earth that the sun warmes, Qvel∣lo che nō fece mai persona, that which neuer person did. And here it is as it were a member, and hath that nature, some∣times we finde it to beare an article, or els a signe of the case, and then doth it signifie, cosa, a thing, as, Ej dice, di vo∣ler volare, il che dà maraviglia ad ognjuno. He saieth he will flie, which thing causeth ech one to wonder, Di che cjascu∣no si fà beffe: Which thing euery one iesteth at. Al che niuno acconsente. To which thing none cōsenteth. Il che niuno non crede: The which thing none beleeueth, Da che ognjuno si gvarda: Of which thing euery one takes heede. Or els, Elle dicono cose, che fanno maravigljare ogniuno: They tell thinges, that makes eche one wonder. Di che cjaseun si ma∣raviglia: Of which thing eche man doth marueile. A che ni∣uno da fede. To which none geueth credite. Che niuno crede. That no body beleueth. Da che si parte ognjuno: Frō which eche one departeth.

In the thirde case, being without signe, or article; it is interogatiue, as, Che te ne pare? what thinkest thou of it?

Many other thinges mi••••t be saide of this worde che, and of the diuers significations of it, which I passe ouer for want of time, and also I haue tolde you aboue, the sundrie and diuers meanings of it.

I pray you tell me something about this woorde, che, and especially howe it is pronounced.

Che, is pronounced in Italian, euen as wee pronounce our ke in Englishe, and chi, euen as kee, if e and i alone folowe c, then pronounce it shi, or she, but if a and o folow it, then pronounce it ka, or ko, and so forth.

Surely this is a good rule, but nowe folowe on your pronounes.

Here are also to be remembred chi, and cui, who, are also Relatiues, and interogatiues, as chi hai tu visto: who hast thou seen. Also of chiunqve, whosoeuer, but that hath the nature of the latine neuter also, il qvale, and li qvale, of the Feminine, which with the articles are relatiues, and without interogatiue, and Demonstratiue, and often they loose the last vowell as, Túil qvale ti di lletti de la musica; thou the which delightest in musique, voi i qvali vi di lettate del canto; you the which delight in the songe, di qval di voi è l'onor; of the which of you is the honor. Here is also, esso, which sometimes meaneth he, or himselfe, and essi, they or themselues, essa, hirselfe or she, and esse, they or themsel∣ues, and they serue for all cases, and numbers, but it often ioynes with other pronounes, and nounes substantiues, as, con esso me: with me selfe, con esso voi: with your selfe, con esso loro: with themselues, then is there, ste sso, stesse, ste ssa, and stesse, and desso, dessi, dessa, desse, which doo accorde much with esso, essi, essa, esse, then haue we among the pro∣nounes, qvalche, which signifieth sometimes, some, and with the homo, and volta donna: or some such thing it sig∣nifieth, some man, some thing, some woman, as qvalche ho∣mo, qvalche donna, qvalche cosa: it serueth all Genders, it hath no plural number, and it must haue a substantiue, thē haue we cjascuno, cjascuna, cjascheduno, and cjascheduna, which is, eche one, or els, eche, all the which are without plural ech of them may be clipped of the last vowell in wri∣ting, as, cjascun fedel: eche faithfull, or cls, cjascadun tiranno,

ech: tirant, some will vse catanno, or ess, cadauno, but it is filthie, and not to be vsed, then haue we ogniuno, ogniuna, that is, ech one, or els euery one which doth altogether a∣gree with cjascuno, or cjascuna, then haue we veruno, and ve∣runa, for no one, it hath no Plural, in the Masculine it maye be clipped of the last vowell, then haue we also niuna, and niuna, of the selfe same meaning that veryno is but onely that niuno goeth alwayes in the beginning of any saying, as, N'iun u' era presente, There was no one present, niuna per∣sona, no one person, it may bee either clipped, or apostro∣phed, which you please, and therafter as occasion serueth, then haue we nessuno, and nessuna, for no body, or not one, you may write it nessuno, and nissuno, and nessun, for it hath no plural, then haue we nullo, and nulla, which sometimes is set among the nounes, sometimes among the pronounes, Nullo, and Nulla, may vpon occasion bee set with the sub∣stantiue, but most times, it is of the neuter, and sometimes it signifieth nothing, and sometime, something, as, Tunon fainulla, thou doest nothing, or els, volete voi nulla: will you something, or any thing, Poss'io nulla pervoi, can I any thing or something for you, then haue we qvalcuuo, and qvalcu∣na, alcuno, and alcuna for some, or, some one, or some body, it may also loose the last vowell, it may either be alone, or with companie, as, Alcuni animali, sono terreni, alcuni aqva∣tici: alcuni aèrei, some creatures are earthy, some watrie, and some of the aire. Then haue we qvalunqve, or chiunqve, for who so euer, or what so euer, they serue for both Genders, but that qvalunqve, can not be without a Substantiue, and may be applied eyther to a person, or a thing, as, qvalunqve pjanta: what plant so euer, qvalunqve huomo, what man so euer, and chiunqve can not be put to thinges, but to a per∣son, as, chiunqve chjède ricev•• who so euer asketh receiueth, chiunqve cercatrova, whosoeuer seeketh findeth.

Then haue we altro other, altri others, the Masculine, and altra and altre the Feminine. If l be put before it, as

l' altro, then it signifieth the other: and gli altri the others. Then haue we alirui, signifying sometymes others, and sometymes other men: as per colpa altrui, for other mens fault, or els, Io lascio tal carico ad alirui: I leaue suche a charge to others.

Then haue we cjó, signifying this, as cjó mi piace: this pleaseth me. &c. Then haue we cjóche, sometymes it meaneth any thing, sometymes euery thing, sometymes what so euer. Many wayes it may be applied, for they are two Pronounes ioyned together. This cjó is accompany∣ed many tymes, with sundry voyces, and hath sundry meanyngs, as accjó to the ende, accjóche to the ende, per∣cjó therfore, and sometymes because, olirea cjó moreouer, or besides this, sopra cjó ouer, or vpon this, senza cjó with∣out this, contutto cjó for al this, percjóche for because, and many such other like.

Then haue we for the singular tale, and tali, tai, and ta' for the plural, for such, or the like. This Pronoune som∣tymes is with an Article, somtymes without it, when with it, it is Demonstratiue, and without it, Relatiue. Some∣tymes it is vsed whole, and sometymes clipped, as I haue partly tolde you before. When it is with an Article, then doo we say, Il tale m' anoia: such a one annoyeth me: la tale mi p••ace: such a one pleaseth me. Here it is Demon∣stratiue: but Rolatiue it is thus, Qvale me la djedi, tale la recevei: Such as he gaue, such I receiued.

When it is Indefinitiue, sometymes it answeareth che, as Tal vi sú che non vi rorebbe esser stato: Suche a one was there, as woulde not haue beene there. And some∣tymes it is ioyned with che, as Talche due bestie van sotto u∣na pelle: In such wise, or, so that two beastes goe vnder one skynne.

Then haue we also among the Pronounes, Il medesimo the selfe same, of the Masculine Gender, and the singular number, and i medesimi, the selfe same, of the Plural num∣ber:

la medesima, the selfe same, of the Feminine Gender, and singular humber: le medesime, of the Feminine Gen∣der, and Plural number. Sometymes it is ioyned with other Pronounes, and Substantiue Nounes, and sometyme without an Article, as Io medesimo, I mee selfe, Voi medesimi you your selues: Essi or loro medesimi, they them selues. So may you say, Essa medesima, shee her selfe, esse medesime they them selues.

Then haue we other Nounes, called Possessiues, or els deriued, and these are they: Mio, mjei, mia, mie, myne, Tuo, tvoi, tua, tue, thyne, Suo, svoi, sua, sue: his: nostro, nostra: our: nostri, nostre, ours: of the Plural: Vostro, vo∣stra: your: Vostri, vostre: yours: the which are of ech Gen∣der, and of ech number, as Il mio libro: my booke: i mjei parenti: my parentes: mia madre: my mother: mie sorelle: my sisters: il tuo ventre: thy belly: i tvoi libri: thy bookes: tua mente: thy mynd, or memorie: tue scarpe: thy shooes. &c.

Then haue we Cui, altrui, loro, these three Pronounes are alwayes of the second Case, as wel in the one Gender, as in the other, and they are of a possessing nature, Il cui merito: whose merite: la cui virtu: whose vertue: i cui co∣s••umi: whose customes: and il lor pensjere: their thought: la loro mente: their mynde. &c. and l' altrui valore: others valour: l' altrui modestia: others modestie: gli altrui tefori: others treasures. &c.

Then are there these other litle parcels, but they are but seeldome vsed, if they be, they are vsed of countrey men, and among the commons, and are ioyned to other names, as Mo, ma, to, ta, so, deriued from Mio, mia, tuo, tua, suo: they may be called bastard Pronounes: them I passe ouer, because I woulde not wish any to vse them. &c.

Now wyl we (God willyng) speake somewhat of the Participles.

I beseech you doo so, if you be not weery.

¶ Of the Participles.

THe last part of Speache, that through Cases dooth varie, is the Participle, of the which I mynd not to speake much, because Scipio Lentulo hath done it very wel. For the more I goe aboute to make it agree with the Latine, the fur∣ther I enter into confusion, and into a thing more vaine, then necessary: For the Italian may al∣most altogeather be without them: and in many places it dooth abhorre them, as a man would say, Beato il temente Iddio, e credente a la sua parola, e sperante ne le sue promesse: Blessed is the fearer of God, and beleeuer of his woordes, and hoper in his promises.

Such maner of speach is abominable in our speach, for in steade of it, we vse to say, Beato chi teme Iddio, e crede a la sua parola, e spèra ne le sue promesse: that is, Blessed is he that feareth God, and beleeueth his woord, and hopeth in his promises. And thus much is for the present tyme.

But for the tyme passed, the number is very great, and for the Future tyme, it is but once vsed, and that is taken from the Latine, and yet may the Italian language (as) wel expresse her meanyngs, conceites, and thoughtes, by Ge∣rundes, as the Latine with her Participles: the which some∣tymes are Gerundes, and sometymes Participles, as if I wyl speake of tyme present, I shal say: Io corrèndo mi stanco: I runnyng, weery mee selfe: for mente corro: whilest I runne. If of passed ryme, I shal say, A vend' io corso, son tutto suda∣to: I hauyng run, am al sweatty: for Poi che hò corso: or els, perche hò corso. If of the Future tyme, I shal say, Dovend'io a correre: or els, Io che son per correre: or els, Io che debbo correre: or els, Io che voglio correre: or els, Io che ho a correre •••• voglio spogliare: that is, I being to runne: or els, hauyng

to runne, or I that am to runne, Or, I that must runne, or, I that haue to runne, will put of my clothes. See howe ma∣ny we haue for one, yea many more, and this wee haue in the Italian Gerondes that the Latine haue not, we knowe the time and they doo not, because there is certaine voyces that seeme participles and are not, and many that are not and yet seeme to be, for to be sure of that, you must note the time, for when they signifie time they are participles, and when they doo not, they are not, and so I thinke this sufficient concerning them. Vntill nowe haue we talked of the elements, of the partes of speech, mutable through ca∣ses, now will we come to those which are mutable through time, the which are verbes.

¶ Of the Ʋerbes in general.

THe verbe is that part of speech which one∣ly doth varie through time, for because the Verbe is he which signifieth the time, as it is manifestly known: now amongst al these verbes, some be as it were subiect to a kinde of order, and some not: those which be of many auncient Gramarians haue been diuided into foure companies, and of them called Coniunctions. The first of the whiche, are those that ende in áre, with the accent on the last sillable saue one, as, amàre, cantàre, danzàre; to loue, to sing, to daunce.

The seconde sorte are those that ende in, ère, and also with the accent on the last saue one, as, temère, to feare, ve∣dère, to see, possedère, to possesse.

The third sorte are those that ende also in, ere, but the accent on the last vowell sauing two, as, lèggere, to reade, scrivere, to write, ridere, to laugh.

The fourth & last doth end in ire, with the accent on the last sauing one, as, Ʋdire, to heare, sentire, to feele, & some∣times to heare, partire, to part, or depart, the verbes that are subiect to such orders & rules are infinit, but those that disagree from them are but a few. Of the first coniugation this are they. Do, I geue, Fo, I make Sto, I stande, Vo, I goe.

Of the second, Cado, I fal, Debbo, shal I, Paio, I seeme, Posso, I may, or can, Soglio, I am wont, Tengo, I hold, Voglio, I wil.

Those of the thirde are composed of Duco, as Produco, I produce, Riduco, I reduce, Conduco, I conduct, Pongo, I set, Scjolgo, I loose, Tolgo, or Togli, I take.

Those of the fourth, are Apro, I open, Dico, I say, Mvoio, I dye, Vèngo, I come, Ire, or Ire, To goe.

With these are also ioyned those that ende in Sco, as Nodrisco, I nourish, Langvisco, I languish. And these are sub∣iect to no order, or rule.

Nowe if a man doo stand in doubt of some Tyme, or Person, of whiche Verbes he be, let hym ouerrunne these fewe that are without order, and if he find it, he shalbe cer∣tified of the doubt, if not, he shalbe sure that he is of the number of those, that are subiect to order. But because many tymes of our Verbes doo shewe them selues to agree with the Participle, and with the Verbe Avere, to haue, or els with the Verbe Essere, to be, it is to be knowen, that the Verbes that are Transitiues, that is to say, that are named, or be incident in, or to the thing that they treat of, then do they occupy the Verbe Avere, as Io hó lètto molti libri: I haue read many bookes. Io me l' avevo gvadagnato con l' ar∣me in mano: I had won it with weapons in hand, but those that touch the partie that speaketh, they ende with these smal parcels, Mi, ti, ci, vi, si, which doo answeare to Io, tú, noi, voi. And others doo occupy and vse the Verbe Essere, as Io mi son ralegrato del' tuo bene, ben che tú ti fossi doluto del mio: I haue reioyced of thy welfare, although thou hast so∣rowed of myne. And Noici siamo accostati à lui; e voi vi

sete vergognate di sarlo: Who haue approched our selues to hym; and you haue been ashamed to doo it. Qvando essi si saran pentiti de••l mal sare; noi ci consolere••o: When as they wyl be repented of euyl dooing; then wyl we comfort our selues. But Posso, and Voglio, do serue to both those Verbes aboue mentioned.

Nowe because there are certaine things, that apper∣taine vnto al the Verbes, or most part of them al these may be conioyned with the Verbe Avere, because he is the first, but those that particularly appertaine either to one Verbe or an other, or else more to one coniunction then to an o∣ther shall be set in their speciall places.

Nowe the Verbe being (as wee haue saide alredie) he that signifieth, showeth, and noteth the time, I knowe not for what occasion he should more be deuided in Moodes, then in his naturall times, I will first that my Verbe be de∣uided in his times, which are, the time passed, the time pre∣sent and the time to come: and vnto this I adde the diuers or variable time, as more plainly I wil show you hereafter, and although that the time passed doo exceede, it is neces∣sarie for vs to beginne in time present, because he is the roote and chiefe cause of our Verbes and talke, and not in the passed as the Hebrues do, and then the diuersities that are in ech of this times are diuided into certaine Chapters, the which but of meane schollers will be comprehended. Let the others knowe, that euen as those in the first age did but breake, and stampe the graine, and thereof did make a kind of past, and sodde it, which wee call, Sugol••, or Polenta, and did eate it and theron fed, and when the true making of bread was founde, they woulde not lightly bee perswa∣ded, but that their olde fashion was best, and not the newe. Euen so will those doe that are accustomed to this, Dio volesse che, or, Dio voglia che, Dio haresse voluto che, and con∣ejosia che, concjosia cosa che, concjofusse stato che; and other such I will not force all men to learne my rules, but those

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that will. This know I by experience, that those that tho∣roughly obserue them; although they neuer haue been in Italie, shall both speake, reade, and write better then those that obserue them. But nowe let vs come to the De∣clensions, or will you haue it Coniugations? and let vs be∣gin with the Verbe, Avere, as,

¶ The present Definitiue.

NV. SIN.		English.	NV. PLV.		Englishe.
ho or aggio	1	I haue.	abbjamo avjamo or	1	we haue.
hai	2	thou hast.	ave mo. avete	2	you haue,
ha, ave, or ae.	3	he hath	hanno or han	3	they haue

Aggio, ave, and aè, are most commonly vsed of Poetes.

The second person doth commonly ende in, i, in all the Verbes, but somtimes the letters do varie, as, Dolgo, I plain, Dvoli, thou plainest, Dico, I say, di, thou sayest, Paio, I seem, pari, thou seemest, Pongo, I set, poni, thou settest, Seggo, I sit, sjedi, thou sittest, Téngo, I hold, tjeni, thou holdest, vèngo, I come, vjèni, thou commest, Voglio, I will, vvoi, thou wilst, colgo, I gather, coi, or cogli, thou gatherest, Scjolgo, I loose, or vnbynde, scjogli, or scjoi, thou loosest, or vnbyndest, So∣glio, I am wont, svoi, and svoli, thou art wont.

Then are there some that haue, n, before, g, and in some the, g, goeth before the, n, as cingo, cigni, to gyrd, attingo, at∣tigui, to attaine, or to draw vnto, Dipingo, dipigni, to depaint, gjungo, gjugni, to ouertake, mungo, mungni, to melch, Spéngo, spègni, to quench, vpon necessitie may we say, piango, piangi, or piangni, to weepe, pungo, pungi, and pugni, to pricke, stringo, stringi, and strigni, to gripe fast, vnge, ungi, or vgni, to anoint:

but fingo, hath onely fingi, to faine, of glorio, wee say glorio, to glory, and soffio, suffij, to blowe, for the others haue the, i, pure, and these, liqvido, that is moist.

The third person in the first Coniugation doth ende in a, as canta, àma, salta, he singeth, loueth, ••eapeth, and such o∣thers. All the others doo ende in, e, as vede, ride, ode, he se∣eth, laugheth, and heareth, in Posso, we may saye, pvo, pvote, and pvoe, he can, but the two last are Poetical. We also saye often svol, val, and vvol; and also, pon, tién, vièn, riman, and such others may be of the second and thirde, both the one and the other. The two first plurals of this present tyme, and likewise the first of the varying time, are a lyke, but to make them seeme somewhat vnlike, some writers haue chaunged the, m, into, n. and to make them also to disagree from the third that haue the accent on the last sauing two, we put the accent on the last saue one, and say, Noi abbiáno, facciáno, diciáno, we haue, doe, and say, this voyce may also vpon occasion in all Verbes leaue the last vowel, the Verbes that ende in, sco, haue not this first person, we say, pogniámo, t••gm••mo, and traggiámo.

The seconde plural because it dooth not varie a little, maye be knowen from the infinitiue, chaunging the, r, into ••, as amáre, amáte, dovère, dovéte, leggére, leggète, sentire, senti∣te, facete, and dicete, are not to be vsed, sete, you be, or are, is of the Verbe èssere, to be, of the which wee will speake here∣after.

The thirde in all Verbes may loose, and leaue the last vowell, saying, aman, veggon, leggon, di••on, they loue, see, read and say, but in this Verbe and all others of (monosilaba) wee double the, nn, and say, hanno, danno, fanno, sanno, they haue geue doo, or make, and knowe, as partly I haue tolde you in the letter, n, yea sometimes we cast away not only the vo∣well but the whole sillable, and say, han, dan, fan, san, we also say, possono, ponno, and pon, débbono, dénno, and dèn.

The time that foloweth is that, which vntill nowe wee

haue geuen to the imperatiue, the which certainely hath a certaine regarde, or respect more then the others, (as they say) meanes howe to speake, for it doth not alwayes com∣maund, but it exhorteth, forewarnes, graunteth, forbyd∣deth, prayseth, and gesteth, and diuers other such effectes, hauing alwayes à certaine regarde to whom he speaketh, wherefore I call them Respectiues, rather then Impera∣tiues, and set him as a Sise, and not as a Gender, and here I speake onely of his Present, for his Future is set in his owne place.

Respectiue.

NV. SIN		ENGL.		NV. PLV	ENGL.
	1		1	abbjamo	haue we
Abbi	2	haue thou	2	abbjate	haue ye
abbja	3	haue he	3	abbiano	haue they

This second person of the singular number, in the first Coniugation, dooth ende in a, and in the thirde, in i: ne∣uerthelesse sometimes to this i, doo we adde an a, and say, abbja, sappja, dèbbja, in steade of abbi, sappi, dèbbi, and such others. But these woords are most vsed of Poetes. In cer∣taine other Verbes, we cast away the vowel, and say, Vjèn, tjèn, for vjèni, tjèni, and diuers others. And this is done as wel when a vowel foloweth, as a consonant: yea sometime we cast away the whole sillable, and say, co, ve, to, for cogli, vedi, and togli.

In stead of this tyme we may vse the Infinitiue, with the Negatiue, and say, Non ti scordar di mè: Forget not thee selfe of me. Non far cosi: Doo not so. Non l aver' per male: Haue it not in yl part.

The first plural may leaue the last vowel, and so we may say, Debbjamo, debbjate, debbjano: We owe, you owe, they

owe. And so, Sappjamo, we know, vogljamo, we wyl, and such others.

The third plural likewise may loose the last vowel, and the last vowel saue one, may be i, and a. But yet in all Verbes, the first Coniugation hath not alwayes the i, as, amino, loue they, cantino, sing they.

In the Verbe Dare, and Stare, we say, Diano, and dieno geue they: Stiano, and stieno, stande they. Wee are also better to say, Odino, and legghino, then Odano, and lèggano And so let this suffice you for the present tyme.

Nowe let vs come to the passed, whose vse wyl seeme naughty, to the scrupulous, but yet wyl yeelde a contenta∣tion and profite to the wise.

¶ Of tyme passed, and vncertaine.

NV. SIN		ENGL.	NV. PLV		ENGL.
Avevo	1	I had.	Avevamo	1	We had.
aveva	aveamo
avea
avevi	2	thou had∣dest.	avevate	2	you had
avevi
aveva	3	he had	avevano	3	they had.
avea	aveano.

From the first, and third, when they doo ende in a, you may take away thev, and say, Vedea, I sawe, or he sawe, leg∣gea, I read, or he read, and such others.

So may you doo in the first and third in the plural, but not in the first Coniugation, although that Petrarca hath said, facea, and fea: which may be graunted to other Po∣ets also. Avia, Solia, and such like, can not be graunted: Vedavamo, correvano, diocèavamo, and leggèavamo, and such

like, are altogether to be abhorred. Wel may we say, Fal∣lav imo, we fayled, or did faile, so it be in the Verbe Fallare•• and not fallire.

Also may you say, Aggradàre, and aggradire, apparere, and apparire, colorare, and colorire, empjere, and empire, im∣pazzare, and impazzire, inanimare, and inanimire, pentere, and pentire.

The two voyces of the second plural person, nowe a∣dayes are much vsed. The first and third Plurals, may leaue the last vowel. Potjemo, venjemo, and such others, are to be fledde.

¶ Of tyme Indefinitiue.

NV. SIN		ENGL.	NV. PLV		ENGL.
Ebbi, or avei.	1	I had.	avemmo	1	we had.
avesti	2	thou hadst	aveste	2	you had.
ebbe	3	he had	ebbero, or ebbono	3	they had.

Some auncient Writers haue vsed E••, but it is not to be obserued: this Person dooth vary more then any other, and is very necessary to be knowen. The first Coniuga∣tion of it dooth ende in ai, as Amai, I loued, Cantai, I sounge. The second hath diuers terminations, as Potèi, I could, or might: Ebbi, I had: Ta'cgvi, I helde my peace: Godetti, I dyd enioy: and diuers such others.

The third likewise hath as many, as Battei, I stroke: credetti, I did beleue: conobbi, I knewe: chièfi, I requested: ruppi, I brake.

The fourth dooth also vary, as Ʋdi, I heard: apèrsi, I o∣pened: venni, I came, &c. When this voyce endeth in i,

saying in stead of Ʋsaimi, and deliberaimi: usami, and delibe∣rami. And so, Dirèlo, farèlo, for Dirèilo, and farèilo.

The seconde singular person dooth ende in sti, in all Verbes, as Avesti, fosti, amasti, vedesti: thou haddest, thou wast, thou louedst, thou sawest, &c.

The third person dooth ende diuersly, whereof we wyl speake more hereafter.

The first plural person endeth in mmo, as Amammo, leg∣gemmo, We loued, we read. &c.

The second endeth alwayes in ste, as Godeste, patiste: You enioyed, and suffered. &c.

The third also hath many differences, whereof we wyl speake in other places. But yet one thing we wyl note, that they al may leaue the last vowel, as Ebber amaron, sen∣tiron: They had, loued, and felt, and such others.

Sometyme it may leaue the last saue one, as Fèrno, they dyd. Sometymes it looseth the whole sillable, as legaro, they bounde. &c.

VICINO.		neare at hande.	VICINO.	neare at hand.
NV. SIN.		NV. SIN.	NV. PLV.	NV. PLV.
ho avuto	1	I haue had	abbiamo avuto.	we haue had.
hai avuto	2	thou hast had.	avete avuto	yee haue had.
ha avuto	3	he hath had.	hanno avu∣to.	they haue had.

DICOSTO.		distant.	DISCOSTO	distant.
NV. SIN.		NV. SIN.	NV. PLV.	NV. PLV.
ebbi avuto.	1	I haue had	avēmo avu∣to.	we haue had.
avesti avu∣to.	2	thou haste had	aveste avu∣to.	yee haue had.
ebbe avuto.	3	he hath had.	ebbono a∣vuto.	they haue had.

LONTANO NV. SIN.		farre of. SIN. NV	LONTANO NV. PLV		farre of. PLV. NV
Avevo, a∣vuto.	1	I had had.	avevamo, avuto.	1	We had had.
avevi, avu∣to.	2	thou had∣dest had.	avevi, avu∣to.	2	yee had had.
aveva, a∣vuto.	3	he had had.	avevano, avuto.	3	they had had.

These two firste Preterperfect Tenses, together with that that goeth before, doo signifie from the Latine onely in voyce, but yet they haue a contrary signification.

Of that which goeth before, we haue already spoken: but of these three here set together, it is to be knowen, that the first is nearest to the Present tense, the whiche dooth shewe a thing done presently. The second is somewhat distant from it. The third sheweth a thing farre of, and donne long agoe. And this is the cause why I haue set them vnder these Genders, Neare hand, Distant, Farre of. By the which Genders or Chapters, a man may know their difference: For Ho avuto, dooth agree with tyme present, as, Qvando ho mangiato, voglio here: When I haue eaten, I wyl drinke. Ebbi avuto, dooth answeare the Indefinitiue, as Qvand' io l' ebbi veduto, disubito 'l conobbi: When as I had seene hym, straightwayes I knew hym. And avevo vedu∣to, dooth somewhat touch the thing passed, as Io l' avevo bèn veduto, mano 'l conoscevo: I had wel seene hym, but I knew hym not.

We may also apply it otherwise, but it wyl be too tedi∣ous for me to rehearse it, and for you to heare it. But yet one thing marke by the way, that the Participles that do a∣gree with the Verbe Avere, may be ioyned, and may serue both Genders and Numbers, as wel in thinges going be∣fore, as in things folowing, as Io ho desiderato lo tue comodi∣tá: I haue desired thy commodities. Io ho desiderato la tua

comoditá: I haue desired thy commoditie. So may you say, Io ho desiderati i tvoi comodi: and Io ho desiderat e le ••ve comoditá. But al the Participles ioyned with the Verbe èssere, doo accorde alwayes with the Nominatiue Ca••e, as we wyl speake more of that, in the same Verbe.

¶ Condizionato. Conditioned, or agreed vppon.

NV. SIN		Englishe.	NV. PLV		Englishe.
Abbja a∣vuto.	1	when I haue had	abbjamo avuto.	1	when we haue had.
abbi avu∣to.	2	whē thou hast had.	abbjate a∣vuto.	2	when you haue had.
abbja avu∣to.	3	when he hath had	abbino a∣vuto.	3	whē they haue had.

¶ Patovito. vpon bargayne.

NV. SIN.		SIN. NV	NV. PLV		NV. PLV
avessi avu∣to.	1	Had I had.	avessimo avuto.	1	Had we had.
avestu a∣vuto.	2	hadst thou had	aveste a∣vuto.	2	had you had.
avesse a∣vuto.	3	had he had.	avessero a∣vuto.	3	had they had.

¶ Sogivnto. At hand.

NV. SIN		SIN. NV	NV. PLV		PLV. NV
avrèt avu∣to.	1	I shoulde haue had.	avremmo avuto.	1	we should haue had.
avresti a∣vuto.	2	thousholdst haue had.	avreste a∣vuto.	2	you shold haue had.
avrebbe a∣vuto.	3	he should haue had.	avrebbone avuto.	3	they shold haue had.

¶ Infinitivo. Infinitiue.

Avere avuto, to haue had.

Essere stato per avere, to haue been to haue.

Vnder the Gender called Vario, are things pertinent to these thre Preteritiues.

¶ Avvenire. To come. Definito.

NV. SIN		SIN. NV	NV. PLV		PLV. NV
Averó, a∣vró, or els, aró.	1	I shal haue	Averemo, avremo, or, aremo	1	we shal haue.
averai, a∣vrai, or, avra'.	2	Thou shalt haue.	averete, a∣vrete, or, arete.	2	you shall haue.
averá, a∣vrá, or, ará.	3	he shal haue.	averanno, avranno, or, arāno.	3	they shal haue.

Vppon the last sillable of the first and third person of this Future, the accent is alwayes needful in al Verbes: and in the last saue one we alwayes vse the e, as Canteró, I shal sing: prenderó, I shal take. But the Verbes of the first Con∣iugation vse the i, as Vdiró, sentiró, I shal heare, and feele. And those of Monosillaba haue the a, as Daró, faró, I shal geue, and make.

There are many Futures, that are more vsed eclipped, then whole, as Avró, sapró, for averó, sáperó, I shal haue, or knowe. Diraggio, and faraggio, are not to be vsed, vnlesse it be vpon great necessitie, in Rime, but Diró, and faró, &c.

¶ Rispettiuo, Respectiue.

NV. SIN.		NV. SIN.	NV. PLV.		NV. PLV.
	1		avremo or aremo	1	wee shall haue.
avrai or arai.	2	thou shalt haue.	avrete or arete.	2	you shall haue.
avrá or ará.	3	hee shall haue.	avranno or aranno.	3	they shall haue.

The third singular also of this Future, must haue the accent vppon the last sillable, sometimes and often in the third plural it leaueth the last sillable, and we say, in steed of faranno, aranno, faran, diran, So is it in many Verbes.

¶ Condizionato, Conditioned.

NV. SIN.		NV. SIN.	NV. PLV.		NV. PLV.
aro avuto	1	I shal haue had.	aremo avu∣to,	1	wee shall haue had
arai avuto,	2	thou shalt haue had	arete avu∣to.	2	you shall haue had
ará avuto	3	hee shall haue had.	aranno a∣vuto,	3	they shall haue had

This Future is different from the first, for the dooth showe vs a certaine time conditioned, and indefinitiue, as. Qvando io l'aró veduto lo crederó: When I shall haue seen it, I shall beleeue it. Or els, S'egli l'ará trovate le dará: If he shall haue founde it, he will geue it thee.

¶ Infinitiue.

Dover avere, Esser	to be or haue to haue.
per avere, Aver, ad avere.

As for the voyces of our fore passed Gramarians set vnder the Optatiue, and Subiunctiue moodes, doo not wee see? And they also confesse it, that they showe nought els but a conditioned speech. And that by some of them, one can not knowe rightly what time one speaketh of. Wherefore they seeke to helpe them with such like voyces, as. Dio volesse che: Would to God that. Or els, Concjosia cosa che: For as much And many such others, and this is worst of all, that many times some thinking to speake of present, or passed time, speake of the Future, as. Se tú ve∣missi a trovarmi io ti parlerèi: that is, If thou shouldest, didst, or wouldest come and finde me, I woulde speake to thee, is not this a manifest Future, as they say, Wherefore and in consideration of that, those voyces that doo not showe a manifest time, are by me set vnder a Gender called in Itali∣an Vario, that is diuers, varible, or vncertaine, the which is added to the three times.

¶ Variable, and conditioned.

NV. SIN.		NV. SIN.	NV. PLV.		NV. PLV
abbja, or aggia,	1	haue I or let mee haue.	abbjamo, or aggjamo.	1	haue wee or let vs haue
abbi, or ab∣bja,	2	haue thou	abbjate.	2	haue yee
abbja, or aggia.	3	haue he or let hym haue	abbjano, abbino, or aggjano.	3	haue, they or let thē haue

All these three singular persons commonly ende in, i. in the first coniugations, as. Io ami, tú ami, colui, ami. And in the fourth all three in, a, as: Io senta, tu senta, colui senta. But in the second and third, they haue the first, and thirde per∣son ende in a, and the second in, i, as. Io vegga, tu vegghi, co∣lui vegga, to scriva, tu scrivi, colui scriva. Also some in the first person doo ende in, i, and, a, as, Vogli, and voglia, mvoi, and mvoia, dichi, and dica, also some doo ende in, a, all three per∣sons though they be not of the fourth, also some ende in the Verbe, So, I knowe, as, Io Sappja, tu sappja, and sappi colui sappja. And some all three persons haue both endes, as. Io faccja, and facci, tú faccja & facci colui faccja & facci, of the first Plural, we haue spoke of it afore in the definitiue of the present. We may saye, Vegnjamo, or venghjamo, let vs come, also, Ʋdiamo, udiate, and odiamo, odiate: Heare wee, or let vs heare, and hate wee, or let vs hate, the one is of the Verbe Odo, I heare, the other of the Verbe, Odio, I hate, in the third wee finde, Veggjano, and Vegglino, diano, and Dieno, siano, and Sieno, this person may leaue the last vowell.

¶ Pattovito, That is vpon condition, or Bargaine.

NV. SIN.		NV. SIN.	NV. PLV.		NV. PLV
avessi, or a∣vesse,	1	had I,	avessimo,	1	had we,
avessi,	2	hadst thou,	aveste, or avessi,	2	had you,
avesse, or avessi,	3	had he,	avessero, a∣vessino, or avesseno.	3	had they,

The first and third singular persons haue their ende in e, or els, i, but the, i, is fittest for the first, and e, for the thirde,

the other declensions are Poeticall, also, Venesse, fusse, per∣consse, for Venisse, fosse, percosse, facessi, and fessi, are as well of the second, as of the first.

In this second person may you adde tú, and take away the last sillable, and say, Avestu, fostu, and vedestu. In the third plural, we may easily leaue the last vowel, and say, A∣vesser, avessin, and such others.

¶ Soggiunto. Subiunctiue.

NV. SIN		SIN. NV	NV. PLV		PLV. NV
Arèi, a∣avrèi, or, averia.	1	I shoulde haue.	aremmo, or, avrē∣mo.	1	we should haue.
aresti, or avresti.	2	thou shol∣dest haue	areste, or, avreste.	2	you shold haue.
arebbe, a∣vrebe, or, averia.	3	he should haue.	arrebbono, avrebbero, averiano.	3	they shold haue.

The Latine hath not this Tyme. Sometyme we say, Po∣trè, sarè, for Potrèi, sarèi, aand also for Potrebbe, sarebbe.

To the second person in this Tyme, we may adde, and ioyne vnto it, tu, and fay, Avestu, potrestu. Averiéno, with the accent on the last sillable saue one, is not to be vsed.

¶ Infinitivo. Infinitiue Moode.

Avere. 1 To haue.

This Tyme often leaueth the vowel, and often becom∣meth a Noune, and hath the Masculine Article, and is in al

Cases, and agreeth both with Nounes and Verbes, and im∣mutables, as Il fuggir de'l tempo: The fleeing of the tyme. Ʋn batter d'occhjo: an ineling of na eye. And many suche others, the which to rehearse, were but labour lost. For al bookes are ful of suche. Wee saye sometimes, Scjorre, and scjogliere, torre, and togliere. We say, Bere, porre, but not Bevere, and ponere. And thus let this suffice you for this Verbe.

¶ Of the Ʋerbe Essere, To be.

THis Verbe is very necessary to the Italian tongue: in so much as we haue no Verbe Passiue, nor can expresse the Passiue voyce, without the helpe of this Verbe: where∣fore I thinke it good to decline it, and then to geue ouer, hoping that by these two Verbes, and by the Rules afore geuen, they wyl suffice you. For to make a long discourse, and to shewe the declinyng of them, it woulde require a great volume, and (as I suppose) would trouble and weery the Reader. For I knowe this of a certaintie, that if twen∣ty men doo study the Italian tongue, perhaps not one of them dooth learne the Grammer: and that is the cause why they neuer attaine vnto the perfection of it. And a∣gaine, there are so many Verbes declined by Scipio Lentulo, and William Thomas, that I referre you to them, styll re∣membring my Rules, (as very necessary) and also (by the helpe of God) I meane hereafter, and that shortly perhaps, to set out another booke very necessary for the learner of it, the whiche I meane to translate, as the best, perfectest, and surest way that euer hitherto hath beene deuised.

Wherefore I pray you to accept this by the way, in good parte, and remember it is geuen for good will. And if it please God that I doo the other, I will showe thinges there

more at large, and especially the Verbes: and other things to, the which I hope will doo you much good.

Surely sir, these rules which you haue already geuen me, are very good, and by them I hope to attaine vnto the per∣fection of it, with a little labour, yet notwithstanding if you will geue me any other rules, I shall thinke my selfe muche bounden vnto you, not onely I, but a great many more of my countrie men, which doo take great delight in the Ita∣lian tongue. Wherfore I pray you forget not your promise but proceede euen when most you please, and remember where you left.

I remember it very well, I promised you to decline the Verbe. Essere. To be, the which is this.

Essere, To be, of the present time and definitiue.

NV. SIN		ENGL.	NV. PLV		ENGL.
Sono, son, or so.	1	I am.	Siamo, or, semo, po∣eticall.	1	We are, or, we be.
Sèi, or, se.	2	Thou art.	Sete, or, siete.	2	Yee are, or be.
é.	3	He is.	Sono, or, son.	3	They are, or be.

¶ Rispettivo. Regarding, or to haue respect.

NV. SIN		ENGL.	NV. PLV		ENGL.
	1		Siamo.	1	Be we.
Sij, or sia.	2	Be thou.	Siate.	2	Be yee.
Sia.	3	Be he.	Siano.	3	Be they.

¶ Passato, that is time passed.

NV. SIN.		Englishe.	NV. PLV.		Englishe.
èro, èra.	1	I was	eravamo, or, eramo.	1	we were
èri	2	thou wast	eravate, or èrate.	2	you were
èra.	3	he was	èrano.	3	they were

Indefinitivo, Indefinitiue.

NV. SIN		Englishe.	NV. PLV		Englishe.
fui, fú.	1	I was or haue bin.	fummo.	1	we were or haue bin
fusti, fosti, and fui	2	thou wast or hast bin	fuste, foste.	2	you wer or haue bin.
fú, or fue,	3	he was or hath bin.	furono, sure no furo, & fur.	3	they were or haue bin.

Ʋicino, Nere hand, not farre of.

NV. SIN		Englishe.	NV. PLV.		Englishe.
Sono or son stato,	1	I haue bin	Siamo sta∣ti.	1	wee haue bin.
Sei stato,	2	thou hast bin,	Siete, or se∣te stati,	2	you haue bin▪
è stato,	3	he hath bin,	Sono, or son stati.	3	they haue bin.

¶ Discosto, Somewhat distant, not farre of.

NV. SIN.		Englishe.	NV. PLV		Englishe.
fui stato,	1	I haue or had bin.	Fummo stati.	1	Wee were or had bin.
fosti stato,	2	thou hast, or had∣dest bin	foste stati,	2	you were or had bin.
fú stato,	3	hee hath, or had bin.	furno sta∣ti,	3	they were or had bin

Fostu is almost alwayes Interogatiue. The Participles vn∣to this Verbe conioyned are not variable, as in the Verbe avere, but agree with the right, as, il vècchio é, statogioviae, the olde man hath been young. La donna è stata ingannata; the woman hath been deceyued. Gli inganni sono stati sco∣perti; The deceiptes haue been discouered L' Amazone so∣no state donne belli cose, The Amasones haue been warlyke woman.

Lontano, That is farre of.

NV. SIN.		Englishe.	NV. PLV		Englishe.
éro stato.	1	I had bin,	eramo sta∣ti,	1	wee had bin.
éri stati.	2	thou had∣dest bin	eravate sta¦ti or eri stati,	2	you had bin,
éra stato,	3	hee had bin,	erano stati	3	they had bin.

Condizionato, Condicioned.

NV. SIN.		Englishe.	PLV. NV.		Englishe.
Sia stato,	1	When I haue bin	Siamo sta∣ti,	1	Whē wee haue bin,
Sij stato,	2	whē thou hast bin.	Siate sta∣ti,	2	when ye haue bin
Sia stato,	3	when he hath bin	Siate sta∣ti,	3	whē they haue bin

¶ Pattovito, Ʋpon bargaine, or condition.

NV. SIN.		Englishe.	NV. PLV		Englishe.
Fossi stato,	1	Had I bin,	Fos••imo stati,	1	Had wee bin,
Fostu stato	2	Hadst thou bin	Foste stati,	2	Had yee bin,
Fosse stato	3	Had he bin.	Fossero stati.	3	Had they bin.

¶ Soggiunto. Subiunctiue.

NV. SIN		ENGL.	NV. PLV.		ENGL.
Sarèi sta∣to.	1	I shoulde haue bin	Saremmo stati.	1	we should haue bin
saresti sta∣to,	2	thousholdst haue bin.	sareste sta∣ti.	2	yee should haue bin
sarebbe stato.	3	he should haue bin	sarebbero stati.	3	they shold haue bin

¶ Infinito. Infinite.

Essere stato.	Essere stato per èssere.
to haue bin.	to haue bin to be.

¶ Avvenire. DEFINITO. Tyme to come. Definitiue.

NV. SIN.		ENGL.	NV. PLV.		ENGL.
Saró.	1	I shall be.	Saremo,	1	we shal be.
sarai.	2	thou shalt be.	sarete.	2	yee shal be.
sara fia, and fie.	3	he shall be.	saranno fiano.	3	they shal be.

¶ Rispettivo. To haue some respect, or consideration.

NV. SIN.		ENGL.	NV. PLV.		ENGL.
Saró.	1	Shall I be.	Saremo.	1	shal we be
sarai.	2	shalt thou be.	sarete.	2	shal yee be.
sara.	3	shal he be.	saranno.	3	shal they be.

❧ Condizionato. Conditioned, or vppon Condition.

NV. SIN		SIN. NV	NV. PLV		PLV. NV
Saro sta∣to.	1	I shal haue ben.	Saremo stati.	1	we shal haue ben
sarai sta∣to.	2	thou shalt haue ben	sarete sta∣ti.	2	yee shall haue ben
sara sta∣to.	3	hee shall haue ben	saranno stati.	3	they shall haue ben

¶ Infinitivo. Infinitiue.

Essere per èssere,	To be, or haue to be.
Dover èssere,
Avere ad èssere.

¶ Ʋario. Tyme not certayne, but varying.

¶ Condizionato. Ʋpon some con∣dition, or conditioned.

NV. SIN.		SIN. NV	NV. PLV.		NV. PLV
Sia.	1	let me be,	Siamo.	1	let vs be.
Sij, sia, sie.	2	be thou.	siate.	2	be you.
sia.	3	let him be	fiano, sie∣no.	3	let thē be.

¶ Pattovito. vpon bargayne.

NV. SIN		Englishe.	NV. PLV		English.
Fossi, fussi.	1	Were I.	Fossimo, fussimo.	1	Were we.
fossi, fussi.	2	were thou	foste, fuste, fussi.	2	were yee.
fosse, fusse.	3	were he.	fossero, fus∣sero.	3	were they.

¶ Soggivnto. Subiunctiue.

NV. SIN		English.	NV. PLV		English.
Sarèi, sa∣ria.	1	I shoulde be.	Saremmo.	1	we should be.
saresti.	2	thou shol∣dest be.	sareste.	2	ye should be.
sarebbe, fo∣ra, & sa∣ria.	3	he should be.	sarebbero, sarebbono, sarièno, sa∣riano.	3	they shold be.

¶ Infinito. Infinite.

Essere.

To be.

This Verbe is also vsed among the principles, as Sidto, staca and Suto, suta, to haue ben in the singular number, & Stàti, ta••••, and Suti, sute, to haue ben, in the plural number.

To this Verbe will we apply thee, Gerondes and these are they.

Of present time,	Essendo, being.
Of time past,	Esséndo státo, stata, stati, state, Hauing bin.
Of time to come,	Dovendo èsserre, avendo ad èssere, and èssendo per essere, being or hauing to be,

As for the Verbes, that are subiect to a rule, and are of the foure Coniugations, these are they that folowe, but I will vse breuitie and referre them to the curteous readers iudgement.

¶ Of the first Coniugation.

Amo, I loue, ami, thou louest, ama, he loueth, amiamo, we loue, amate, yee loue, amano, they loue, amai, I loued, amasti, thou louedst, amò, he loued, amammo, we loued, amaste, you loued, amarono, amorono, amaron, amar, they loued, amáre, to loue, ésserper amáre, dover amáre, aver ad amáre, to bee or haue to loue. The Futures of the first Coniugation, that are more vsed clipped, then whole, are these and such lyke, An∣dró, dimor••ó merró, perró portrò; that is I shal go, staie, lead, paine, carie, you may also say, Andaro, dimorero, menero, pe∣nero, portero, as partly we haue talked of afore.

Of the second Coniugation.

Veggo, or Veggio, I see, vedi, thou seest, vede, he seeth, veg∣glamo, vedemo, wee see, vedete, you see, vedono, or veggono, they

see, vidi, I sawe, vedesti, thou sawest, vide, he sawe, vedemmo, wee sawe, vedeste, you sawe, videro, vider, they sawe, vedere, to see, aver á vedere, esser per vedere, dover vedere, to be, or haue to see, the Futures that in this Coniugation are vsed most times short, and eclipped then whole, and long, as we haue sayde aboue in the generall rule, are these, as, avró, beró, ca∣dró, dovró, parró, rimarró, sapró, sosterró, terró, varró, vedró, that is I shall, Haue, Drinke, fall, owe, seeme, remayne, know, su∣staine, holde, be worth, see, and certaine others which are not so much in vse.

Of the third Coniugation.

Lèggo, I reade, lèggi, thou readest, lègge, he readeth, lèggi∣amo, wee reade, lèggete, you reade, leggono, they read, Léssi, I redde, legesti, thou reddest, lesse, he redde, leggemmo, we red, legeste, you redde, léssero, léssono, they redde, léggere, to read, aver, á lèggere, dover, lèggere, èsser per léggere, to be or haue to reade, euen as this worde léssi, goeth, so goe these that fol∣lowe, Afflissi, condussi, cossi, fessi, and fendei, fissi, That is I af∣flicted, conducted, sodde, cleft, fixed, and their compoūdes, Mossi, rèssi, scossi, scrissi, strussi, vissi that is, I moued, ruled, receyued, writ, destroyed, lyued, and all doo dobble: wher∣fore? Wee haue tolde you aboue in the Consonant, s, there are also other of this declension, but they doo not dobble, for they haue consonantes going before the, s, as these, Arsi, colsi, corsi, dipinsi, giunsi, finsi, estinsi, mūsi, punsi, piansi, porsi, scorsi, scjolsi, sparsi, spensi, strinsi, sursi, svelsi, tinsi, torsi, vinsi, volsi, morsi, I burned, gathered, ranne, painted, ouer∣came, fained, extinguished, milchd, prickd, wepte, reachd, ouerranne, let loose, despersed, quenched, griped, risoppe, vnrooted, dyed, made cooked, ouercame, or vanquished, turned, byt. Other there are of this declension, which doo

not dobble, and yet haue not a Consonant to goe before, the which do as it were imitate the latine tongue and these are they. Accesi, ascosi, chjési, chjusi, confusi, corquisi, difesi, divi∣si, misi, or posi, that is, I kindled, hid, requested, locked, consu∣ted, conquered, defended, deuided, set, and the compoun∣ded of these are, Presi, rasi, resi, risi, rosi, risposi, spesi, tesi, vccisi. I tooke, shaued, rendred, laughed, freted, aunswered, spent, tended, kilde, or slue. They haue also other de••lensions, which are, Conobbi, cr••bbi, nacqvi, nocqvi, ruppi, roppi, and rompet. And so Battei, concepei, credei, empjei, perdet, proce∣det, and processi, rend••i, ricevei, vendei: I knewe, did grow, was borne, annoyed broke, strake, conceiued, beleeued, filled, lost proceeded, rendred, receiued, sold.

This may also ende in tti, and say, Ricevetti, resistetti, and such others.

In the third person we say, Perdé, perse, or, perdette, and so foorth he lost.

¶ Of the fourth Coniugation.

ODo, I heare, odi, thou hearest, ode, he heareth, Ʋdjamo, we heare, Ʋdite, yee heare, odono, they heare. Ʋdi, I heard, Ʋdisti, thou heardest, Ʋdi he heard, Ʋdimmo, we heard, Ʋdiste, yee heard, Ʋdirono, udiron, udiro, udirno, udir, they heard. Ʋdire, to heare, avere udito, to haue heard, dover udire, avera udire, esser per udire: To be, or haue to heare.

Odiamo, odiate, are of the Verbe Odiare, to hate, and not Vdire.

The Verbes that are clipped in this Coniugation, are Verró, morro, I wyl, or shal come, dye. A fewe others there are, which are vsed most commonly of some Poetes, but they goe very hard.

¶ The Coniugation of the Ʋerbes passiues.

Son' amato, sèi amato, é amato, I am, thou art, he is loued, Siamo amati, sete amati, sono amati, we are, you are, they are loued, èssere amato, to bee loued, éssere stato amato, to haue bin loued.

Of the impersonals I will speake nothing, because they are not so much in vse of the common sort, but of the learned Poets, and I thinke but fewe Poets will learne of mee.

❧ Of the Verbes which be not sub∣iect to rules.

ALreadie we haue tolde you that there are some Verbes that are content to bee subiect to certaine rules. Of those that are subiect to such rules, somewhat we haue spo∣ken of afore. Nowe let vs come to the others, that are not, and somewhat doo disagree from the other, and to the end they may be better knowen, I haue here set them to the foure Coniugations: those of the first Coniugation, are foure, agreeing with the Monosilaba, and these are they Dó, I geue, só, I make, or doe, stó, I stand, vó, I goe.

Of the first Coniugation.

DO, I geue, Dai, thou geuest, dá, he geueth, diamo, wee geue, date, you geue, danno, dan', they geue, Detti, djedi, djei, djé, I gaue, désti, thou gauest, dette, djéde, he gaue, dêmmo,

wee gaue, dèste, you gaue, djedero, dettono, dettero, d••eder, dje∣ro, djer, they gaue, Dare, to geue.

Fò, and faccio, I make, or doe, fai, thou makest, or doest, fá, face, fae, he maketh, or doth, faccjamo, fate fanno, and san, we, you, they, make, or doe. Feci, fei, I made, or did, fa•• esti, or festi, thou madst, or didst, fece, fe, he made, or did, facem∣mo, femmo, wee made, or did, faceste, feste, you made, or did, fecero, fer••no, ferono, fero, fer, they made, or did, fare, to make, or doo.

Vo, and vado, I goe, vai, thou goest, va, vae, he goeth, an∣djamo, wee goe and ate, you goe, vanno, van, they goe, andai, I went, andasti, thou wentest, andò he went, andammo, wee went, andaste, you went, andarono, andorono, andaro, andar, they went, andare, to goe, dover andare, ésser per andare, aver, ad andare, to be, or haue, to goe.

S••ó, I stande, stai, thou standest, sta, he standeth, stiamo, state, stanno, stan, wee, you, they stande, stetti, I stoode, stesti, thou stoodest, stette, he stoode, stemmo, steste, stettero, sterono, steron, stero, wee, you, they stoode, stare, to stande, dover stare, ésser per stare, aver astare, to be, or haue, to stand.

Of the second Coniugation▪

THose that are subiect to no rule of the second Coniu∣gation, are these, or such lyke, Cado, debbo, dolgo, paio, posso, so, soglio, tèngo, voglio, I fall, shall, or owe, complayne, seeme, can, knowe, am wont, holde, will.

Cado, or caggio, I fall, cadi, thou fallest, cade, he falleth, cadjamo, or caggjaemo, cadete, cadono, or caggiono, mee, you, they fall, cadere, to fall. &c. The Verbe cascare, to fall is sub∣iect to a rule, all the rest not specified goe after the ordina∣rie manner.

¶ Of the thirde Coniugation.

THe Verbes in this third Coniugation, doo differ som∣what from the other, for they are so eclipped and who¦soeuer looketh not well to thē, may lightly erre, If I should declare them all, it would be to tedious. Wherefore I will but showe the varietie of one onely, for example and that shalbe, Toglio, I take, toglio, tolgo, I take, togli, toi, thou ta∣kest, toglje, tolle, toe, to, he taketh, togljamo, we take, togljete, yee take, togljmo, tolgono, they take, togli, tò, te, take thou, togljete, take yee, togljevo, I did take, toglj••vamo, wee did take, ••olsi, I tooke, togljesti, thou tookest, tolse, he tooke, to∣gljemmo, togljeste, toljero, we, yee, they tooke, ho tolto, I haue takē, ••bbi tolto, I had takē, avessi tolto, had I taken avrei tol∣to, I should haue taken, aver tolto, to haue taken, torró, I shal take, torrai, thou shalt take, t••rrá, he shall take, torremo, torre∣te, torranno, wee, yee, they shall take, torre, tor, togliere, to take, ésser per torre, aver a torre, dover torre, to be, or haue, to tak, in my next booke you shall haue this Verbe set out at large.

Of the fourth Coniugation.

IN the fourth Coniugation, without the Rules, are Ire, and ••ire, to goe. There are also certaine others, which somewhat doo varie, but in the Indefinitiues onely, as A∣pri••e, dire, morire, salire, venire, To open, say, dye, ascende, come▪ and certaine others, in whiche I wyl vse breuitie. And here is the ende of one of the two principal diuisions of the speach (as I told you before) that is to say, of the two mutable partes. Nowe let vs come to the immutable.

❧ Of the immutable part.

THe immutable, or indeclinable, (take which you like best) haue beene heretofore of many lear∣ned men, diuided into foure chie∣fest partes, and parcels, which be very necessary, and so behoueful, that the Italian tongue may not in any wise be without them, be∣cause they are such an ornament and beautifying of it: and these are they, the Aduerbes, the Coniunctions, the Prepositions, and the Interiections: whose significations I wyll briefe∣ly shewe vnto you, and first we wyl begynne with the Ad∣uerbes.

Of the Aduerbes.

Di lvogo. Of place.	Qvi	Here, or hither.
qva
Ci
chilo, the Bergamas∣co.
za, the Venetian.
Per qvi	Hereaway, or here∣about.
per qva
intorno qvi
circa qvi
qvi ad intorno
per de za, Venetian.

Di qvi	Hence, or auoyde.
di qva
qvinci
di qvinci
Qvagiú.	Downe here, or hither.
Qvasú.	Vp here, or hither.
Di qva, edi lá.	here, there, hence, thence
Vi	There, or thither, or thereaboutes.
li
ivi
qu••vi
costá
cola
la.
Di costa	Thence.
di la
di li.
Per lá	Thereaway, or ther∣about.
per li
per de lá
la d' intorno
per costa
la intorno
per cola
intorno lá
cir ca lá
li
circa li.
Lá sú	Vp here, or thither, or there aboue.
li sú
lá altó
costi sú
la sopra
costa su.
lá disopra
costi.

Lá giú	Down hither, or thither, or there below
li giú
lá basso
costi giú
lá sotto
costa giú.
Lá e qvi	There, or here, or there.
qvi e lá.
Appo, or apresso,	Hard by, and some∣tymes, after.
Ove
dove	Where, or whither.
O, or V, poetical.
onde.
Nosco,	With vs.
Meco,	with me.
Teco.	with thee.
D'onde	Whence, or from whence.
de onde
onde.
In publico	Openly.
In palese.
Altrove.	Elswhere, or other∣where.
Altronde	From some other place.
D' altronde.
I á eve	There, whereas, whereupon.
lá dove.
lá d' onde
lá onde.
Indi	From thence.
qvindi.
di qvindi.
di qvivi.

D'attòrno	About.
D'intòno
Circa and cerca
Intorno
In giro
Per tutti i lati	Wheresoeuer.
Ovunqve
Dove si sia
Dovunqve
Ove che
Dove che
In qvalunqve lvogho
Qvantunqve	Although, or as of∣tentimes.
Benche
Qvantunqve volte
Dentro	Within.
Entro
Fvori	Without, or out
Di fvori
Fvora
Fvore
Fori commonly
Sú	Vp, or vppon.
Suso
Sopra
Sovra
Adosso
Al'insuso	Vpward.
Al, ascesa
Super	Vp by.
Giú	Downe.
Giuso
Al'ingiu	Downeward.
Alladiscesa

In occulto	Secretly, or priuily
Occultamente
Secretamente
Alto	high, or there ahigh
la alto
la d'alto.
Basso	Low, beneath, or below.
la basso.
Apje, or apjèdi.	A foote, or on feete.
Da lungi, or lunge	Farre of.
di lungi, or luntano.
Sópra, or disopra	Aboue.
sotto, or disotto	Vnder.
a traverso.	Ouerthwart.
Di tempo. Of tyme.	Oggi.	To day.
Aqvesti giorni	Now adayes.
oggidi
aqvesti tempi.
hoggimai
modernamente.
Hora mai	Already, or more then tyme.
hor mai
ho mai.
Ora, or hora	Nowe.
teste
adesso.
Di presente	Presently, or now.
adesso ••desso.
Ièri, or hièri.	Yesterday.
Di merigio	At noonetyde, or els, midday.
a mezzo di.
Ièrmatina.	Yester day morning
Ièrsera.	Yester night.
Stamane	This morning.
stamatina.

Sto giorno	This day.
Di matina.	In the morning.
Posdomani.	next day, tomorow
Sta sera.	This euening.
Sta notte.	This night.
Di notte.	By night.
Su'ltardi.	When it is late.
Di giorno.	By day.
Domani.	Tomorow.
Al'alba del di.	At the break of day
Do matina.	tomorow morning
A bon ora.	Early.
Inanzi di.	Before day.
Or', ora	By and by, euen now.
ad' hora, ad' hora
adesso adesso.
Pur' ora.	A while sithence, of late.
póco fa.
pur adesso.
Tutta via	Alwayes.
ogni ora
sèmpre mai
sèmpre
di continuo
continuamente
Inanzi	Before, or foreward
avanti
Adjètro	Behinde.
djétro
di djètro.
Vicino.	Nigh, a neighbour.
Per lo addjétro	Heretofore, in times past.
anticamente
Per lo passato.

Por lo inanzi.	Hereafter.
da qvi inanzi
per lo avvenire
per l' avvenire.
Per tèmpo	In time.
in tèmpo
a tèmpo
Con il tempo	With tyme.
il seqvente giorno.	The day folowing.
Fin qva	EHitherto, vntil this day.
fin ora
in fino a qvi
da indi in qva
in fino al presente
fin qvi
in fino al di d' oggi
in fino a qvesto giorno
in fino adèsso.
Da indi inanzi	From thence fore∣warde.
da indi.
Longo tempo.	Long tyme.
Gran pèzza	A good while since.
gia molto tempo
di gran tempo
vn pezzo fá
gran tempo fá.
Presto	Quickly.
tosto
tèste.
Ràtto	Swiftly.
Velocemente.
Di fatto.	out of hand.
Subito	on a sodaine, forth∣with, incontinent.
di subito
incontinente
imantinente.

Spesso	Often.
sovente.
Spesse volte	Oftentimes.
sovente volte.
Rado	Seldome.
dirado.
Rade volte	Seldome times.
rare volte.
Mai	Euer, or neuer.
non mai
giamai.	When.
Qvando
qvando mai.
Vnqve	Sometimes.
vnqva
alcuna vòlta
qvalche vòlta
alcuna fiáta
tal vòlta
talòra, talhora.
Tardo, tardi.	Late.
Non mai, or mai.	Neuer.
Al' hora.	Then.
Mentre.	Whilest.
Qvalora.	At what time.
Qvando che sia.	When so euer it be.
Alle vòlte.	At times.
Il piu delle vòlte.	For most times.
Già, or digià.	Already.
Sèmpre	Alwayes.
tutta via.
Sèmpre mai	Continually, euer∣more.
di continuo.
Giornalmente	Dayly, euery day.
ogni giorno.

Diqvalite Of qualitie.	Bene	Well.
Benissimo	Very well.
Otti mamente	Most well.
Male	Euill.
Pessimo	Very euill.
Pèssimamente	Most euill.
Fedele	Faithfull.
Fedelmente	Faithfully.
Ornato	Adorned, or decked
Ornatamente	Trimly, or deckedly.
Volentjèri	Willingly.
Voluntjèrmente
Di buona voglia
Di cvòre	Hartely.
Con tutto'l cvore
Di bvon cvore
Cordialmente
Saviamente	Wisely.
Dottamente	Learnedly.
Veramente	Truely.
Falsamente	Falsely.
Di qvantità. Of quātitie.	Molto	Much.
Abastanza	Enough.
Assai	Enough
Piú	More.
Via piú	Much more.
Molto piu
Assai piú
Poco	Little.
Pochissimo	Very little.
Tanto	So much.
Cotanto
Tanto piú	So much more.
Assai più
Contanto più
Qvanto?	How much, or els, as much.

Negando Of deny∣ing.	Non, nò	Not, No.
Nó, no,	No, No.
Non già	Not now.
Non mica	Not a cromme.
Ne anche	Neither.
Signor nó	Sir no.
Messer nò	Maister no
Signora nó	Ladie, or madam no
Madonna nó	Mystres no.
Njènte che sia	Nothing that is.
Apunto	Fully.
Njénte	Nothing.
Nulla
Afferman∣do, Of affir∣ming.	Si	Yea, or, I.
Cèrto	For certaine, assu∣redly.
Si cérto
Per cèrto
Al fermo
Cèrtamente
Al sicure
Di certo
Veramente	Truely, verily, or cer∣tes, or euen so.
In vero
Cosi cèrto
Di vero
Da vero
In verita
Crescendo. Of increa∣sing.	Troppo	To much.
Di sovèrchio	Superfluous.
Maggiormente	More rather.
Massimamente	Chiefely, specially.
Dottissimamente	Most learnedly.
Benissimamente	Very or most well.
Del tutto	Wholy, altogether,
Afatto	vtterly.

Diminuire Of Dimini∣shing.	Meno	Lesse.
Póco mèno	A little lesse.
Apóco, a apóco	By little, and little.
Piàno	Softly.
Pián piáno	Very softly.
Alqvanto	Somewhat.
Nivna cosa	No one thing
Poco	A little.
Poc••etto	Very little.
Pje inanzipje	foote before foote.
Di discreti∣one. Of discreti∣on.	Altrimente	Otherwise.
Senza	Without.
Separatamente	Seuerally.
Puntamente	Pointmeale.
Secretamente	Secretly.
Apertamente	Openly.
Di giuramē∣to Of swear∣ring.	A fede, or afe	In faith.
Sopra la miafede	Vpon my faith.
Alla fede	In faith,
Si in verita	Yea in veritie.
Per mia fede	By my faith.
In verita di Dio	By the veritie of god
Da gllant'huomo	By an honest man.
A fedi Gentil'hu∣omo	By the fayth of a gē∣telman.
Per l'anima mia	By my soule.
Per Dio	By God.
A fede Dio	By the faith of god.
Di desidera∣re. Of wishing or desiring.	O se, o si	Oh if,
O Dio voglia	God graunt.
O se Dio Ʋolesse	Oh if God would.
O Dio volesse	I would to God.
O pjaccja a Dio	May it please God.
O che	Oh that.

Di desedere. Of forbyd∣ding.	Gvarda	Beholde.
Non arisehiare	Venture not.
Gvardati	Take heede.
Deh non	Fie no.
Not fare	Doe not.
Vedi	See.
Gvarda ben	looke well.
De inanima∣re. Of incoura∣ging.	Or via	Nowe goe to
Gr su
Fá	Doe.
Sú	Vp.
Ala gagliarda	Mightily.
Coraggto	Courage.
Spediscila	Dispatch it.
Finiscila.	Finishe it.
Ala forte	Strongly.
Or oltre	On further.
Davaloroso	Like a valiant.
Ardita mente	Worthily.
Valoro samente	Valiantly.
Da bravo	Brauely.
Ala brava
Bravamente
Di ragunare Of assem∣bling.	Insjeme	Together.
Insjememente
Parimente	In like sort.
Similmente
Di pari	By couples.
Appari
Al pari
Ashjera	By troupes, or companies.
Di parango∣narre. Of compa∣ning.	Piú.	More.
Meno	Lesse.
Via piú	Much more.
Molto piú
Assai piú

Via meno	Much lesse.
Assai meno
Molto meno
Poco piú	A little more
Poco meno	A little lesse.
Megliore	Better.
Meglio
Péggiore	Worse.
Péggio
Tanto	As much
Cotanto
Altre tanto	As much more.
Due cotanti
Il doppio
Tre cotanti
Il pjú del mondo	The most in the world.
Arispètto	In respect, or com∣parison.
Arimpetto
Alláto
Accànto
A comparatione
Di èccet∣tare, Of excep∣ting.	Salvo che	Sauing, excepte, onely. If not, or, but that.
Salvo
Solo
Eccètto
Eccètto che
Fvor che
Da qvesto in fvori
In fvori
Fvori
Se non
Di similitu∣dine. Of simili∣tude.	Come	As.
Si come	So as.
Cosi	So, or thus.
Agvisa	In such wise.
Qvasi	Almost.

In modo	In such manner, or wise.
Intal modo
In manjèra
Nel medesimo modo
In gvisa
A gvisatale
Cosi fatta mente
Di dubbjo. Of doub∣ting.	Forse	Perhaps.
Peraventura	Peraduenture
Se per caso	If case.
Per caso	In case, perchance, it may happen.
Accaso
A sorte	In sort.
Per sorte
Di dimos∣teare. Of shew∣ing.	Ve, or vello	Beholde.
Ecco
Eccolo	Behold him, or it.
Eccola	Behold hir, or it.
And so forth.	And so forth.
Mi, Ti, Vi, Li, Le, Ci.
Di scegljère. Of choise.	Mègljo	Better.
Più••osto	Rather.
Anzi	But, rather.
Of gesture.	Tentone	Gropingly.
Ginochione	On the knees.
Di ordine. Of order.	Inanzi	Before.
Avanti
Davanti
Djètro.	Behinde.
Di djètro
Poi	After.
Poscia
Dapoi
Dopoi
Dipoi
Doppo

Fratanto	In the meane while.
Tratanto
In tanto
Olere à cjò	Besides that.
Oltre à qvesto	Besides this.
Subito	By and by, strayght way.
Subito subito
Di subito
Hor' ora
Adesso adesso
Alla fine	In the end, at last.
Percjò	Therefore.
Peruò
Pertanto
Onde	Whereupon.
Láonde
Prima	First, or first of all.
Primamente
Primjèramente
Secondo	Second or seconda∣rily or thereafter.
Secondariamente
Didomādare Of asking.	Onde avviene?	How doth it happē?
Onde é?	From whence is it?
Perche?	Wherefore?
Per qval cagione?	By what occasion?
Ache modo?	In what manner.
Ache gvisa?	In what wise?
Ove?	Where?
Qvando?	When.
Di dichjara∣re. Of declara∣tione	Cjo é	That is.
Verbigratia	As for example.
Ergo	Then.
S'intende	So t'is vnderstood.

¶ Of the Coniunction.

NOwe euen as we haue declared the Aduerbes, and the meaning of them, now will we come to the Coniunc∣tions, and will doo the lyke of them, hoping that by them you shall doo muche good, for they are very necessarie, if they be well noted.

Di congiun∣gere, Of ioyning, or coupling	Et (a vowell folowing)	And.
E (a consonant folowing)
Anco	Also.
Anche
Ancora
Etiandio
Altresi Poetical
Di contimar il senso, in par lare, et con∣giungerle parole, Of continu∣ing the sense in speech & ioyning the wordes.	In modo che	In such sort as.
In guisa che	In such wise as.
Di manjèra che	In such manner as.
per si fatta mājera che	In such manner of
Si fatta mente che	sort as.
Piu tosto	Rather.
La onde	Wherupon.
Piu tosto che	Rather that or then
Se	If.
Se non	If not.
Di modo che	So that.
Poi che	Since that.
Senon che	If not that.
Perche	Wherfore, because,
Pertanto	for what.
Che	For, that, as, the which, or who, What? or what, whan, than, Wherefore, because, but onely wherof or within.
Che che	At the least.
Che chi

Pero che	For because, be∣cause that, ther∣fore.
perche
percio che
impero che
impercio che.
Come	As, or euen.
come	How?
O	Or, eyther.
Overo	Or els.
O pure	Or yet.
Ma	But.
Ne	Neither.
Of abhor∣ring.	Oibo	Fy, what the diuel is this?
fih
thi
chiè
puch
che diavol è qvesto?
Of stilling.	Vh	Styl, whist.
zi
vh vh
zito
sta
cheto
sta cheto.
Of calling.	Oh	Oh, or hey. Who is there? Who goeth there?
ola
chi é lá
ohu
chi va lá?
Of vanitie, or vaine.	In vano	In vaine, or to no ende.
in darno
a voto
Senza, pro
inutilmente.

Ofscarsitie.	A pena	Scarsely, with labour, vneasie.
a fatica
a gran pena
a gran fatica
disicilmente.
Of nothing	Nulla	Nothing, no one thing, or nought at al.
njènte
punto
punto punto
nessuna cosa
njuna cosa.
Of praying.	Eh	I pray you, I pray, of courtesie, for Gods sake.
dèh
dèh si
dèh no
eh si
per l'amor di dio
dèh per vostra fe
dèh per vostra cortesia
per corsia
di gratia.
of sorowing	O	Alas, helas, aies me, werie me, werie werie, oh God.
oh
ah
ahi
ohi
oi me
hoime
hei
lassome
ahi lasso
oh Dio.

Del contra∣rio. of contra∣rietie.	Nendi meno	Neuerthelesse.
njènte di meno
njénte di manco
nondi manco.
Tutta via	Notwithstan∣ding.
tutta volta.
Impero che.	For because.
Ben che	How beit, although
se ben che
come che
ancor che
ancora che
avenga che
qvantunqve che
etiandio che
con tutto che.
Del scèma∣mare. Of with∣drawing.	Al meno	At the least.
al manco.
Purche	So that.
tanto	So much.
solo.	Onely.
Di conceder caso. of yeelding case.	Percio che	Because that.
accio	To the ende.
accioche.	to the end that
Concjo sia.	For as much.
Concio sia cosa	For as much as.
concio sia cosa che.
Di conclu∣dere. of conclu∣ding.	Dunqve	Then.
adunqve
Iu summa	In summe, in th'end
in fine
a la fine.
O lire ogni credenza.	Beyond al credit.
Pero	Therefore.
percio
impero.

La onde.	Whereupon.
Ilperche.	The cause why.
Altrimenti,	Otherwise,
alirimente.
Of doubt, vsed to ad∣orne the speach.	Osi, ono.	Eeither yea, or no.
Ora.	Nowe.
Púre.	Yet.
Ben.	Wel.

Of the Prepositions, and Interiections.

THe Prepositions and Interiections, heretofore of some haue been diuided into two parcels, and of other some they haue not, but haue gone together in one. Nowe I considering of them, haue thought it good, to let them both goe together, for so much as many woordes are both Prepositions, and Interiections. And being separated, would as it were (to the vnlearned) breede a kind of con∣fusion. Wherfore I pray you to accept them in good part, and weigh my good wil.

Of the Prepositions, and Interiections.

Prepositioni. Prepositi∣ons.	In, as in cjèlo, & in terra.	In. &c.
Ne, as nel cjélo, & ne la terra.
A.	To.
ad.
Di.	Of.
de.

Da.	From, or of.
Per.	For, by, or through.
Dopp.	After.
Sopra.	Vpon.
Di sopra.	Aboue.
Olire.	Beyond, or beside.
Djétro.	Behynd.
Apresso.	At, with, by, or after
Apetto.	In comparison.
Con.	With, as with∣hym, or her.
Con esso, or essa.
Senza.	Without, as without hym.
Ver	Towardes.
verso
in verso.
Intra	Betweene, amongst or within.
infra
tra
fra.
Sotto	Vnder.
di sotto.
Contra	Against.
contro
incontro.
Accanto	Neare, by the side.
allato
prèsso.
Rimpètto	Oueragainst.
per mèzzo
dirimpètto.
Fin	Vntyl, or vnto.
fino
sino
infino
insino.

Avan••i	Before, or in presēce
Dinanzi
Inanzi
Intorno	About.
Atorao
Circa
Fuori	Without.
Dentro	Within.
Su	Vp.
Giù	Downe.
Di lá	On thother side.
Diqva	On this side.
Lungi	Earre of.
Lunge

Nowe God willing will wee drawe to an ende, and make a conclusion of this little woorke, for I am sure, you are weerie to heare so long a proces.

Not so sir but I pray you proceede.

You are to note that in this language we haue cer∣taine little parcels as it were prepositions, which neuer goe alone, but are alwayes ioyned to other wordes, and speci∣ally to Verbes. And these be they and other such like, as.

Dis	in	Dissare	To vndoe
Di	in	Dissido	I mistrust.
Es	in	Esalto	I exalt.
Mis	in	Miscredere	To misbeleeue.
Pos	in	Pospongo	I set against.
Ra	in	Raccoglio	I doo gather.
Re	in	Respiro	I sigh againe.
Ri	in	Ripiglio	I doo take againe.
Tra	in	Trametto	I doo put betweene.
Fra	in	Frastaglio	I doo hacke or choppe.
Tras	in	Trasporto	I doo transport
Inter	in	Interompo	I doo interrupt.

Then are there other such little parcels which are vsed often, marieas, it were, for an ornament of the speech then for necessitie, and they be these,

Egli, as, Egli non é ancor gran tempo passato,

It is not yet long time passed.

Ei, as, Ei no'l sapr a mai persona,

No person shall euer knowe it.

Ne, as, Io me ne parti e me n'andai,

I parted and went awaye.

E, as, E mi pare vna gran cosa, che,

Me thinkes it is a great thing, that.

Ben, as, Ben mi pareva di strano, che,

It seemed strange vnto me, that.

Pur, as, Sta pur avedere,

Saie, staie, and see, or beholde.

There resteth but one thing to showe, and that is to showe the strange, diuers, and sundrye meaninges of the worde, che, and the conioyning of it, with other wordes, of the which I haue ben requested diuers times of sundry my friendes, and also I thinke it a good thing, and necessarie to all men. Although somewhat we haue spoken of it aboue yet wee came nothing neere it. There is no voyce so much, and so often vsed in the Italian tongue, as is, che, and that is because it hath so many significations, for sometimes it is Relatiue, and other whilest not, and accordeth with all, Cases Numbers, and Genders, and when it hath an Arti∣cle it hath the nature of the Latine Neuter as we haue sayd aboue in the Pronounes. Sometimes, it serueth as a begin∣ning of a naration, after the preface as thus, Dico adunqve: che, Wherefore I saye that, che, sometimes serueth as it were for a forewarning, as, T••iprégo, che'l tuo nemieo del mto mal non rida. I pray thee, that they enemie laugh not at my euill, sometimes it doth as it were answeare vnto that, that is spoken afore and hath the meaning of perche, as.

L'anima, ch'e sol da Dio è satta gentile,

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Che giá d' altrui non puo venir tal gratia.

My soule that onely of God is made gentle,

For that such grace can come from no other.

Sometimes it showeth as it were what may happen, as thus,

Non fare; che non te ne avenga qvalche male.

Do not; to thend there happē not some mischance to thee.

Sometimes it dooth as it were, showe the matter and sub∣stance, of that, that we talke of, as thus,

Qvesta novèlla djede tanto che ridere,

This newes gaue cause of such laughter,

Sometimes it showeth the meaning of, il medesimo, but after another manner, as thus,

Io voglio, che tu sappi, che io ti porto grandissimo amore,

I wil, that thou know, that I beare thee very great loue.

Sometimes it is dobbled and signifieth, cjas cuna cosa che, any thing that, and we say, che, che.

Sometimes it is set as a beginning of euery chapter or else diuers parcels, as thus,

Che'l diamante è pju duro di tutte l'ltre pjètre,

That the Diomond, is harder then all other stones, or els thus,

Che'l cjélo è pju duro che 'l diamente,

That the heauen is harder then a Diomond.

Sometimes it maketh as it were a comparison, as thus,

Pju duro che'l Diamante.

More harder then Diomond, or els,

Alessandro fu pju fortunato, che alcun' altro signore del mondo,

Alexander was more fortunate, then any other Lord in the worlde.

Againe it is dobbled and ioyned to many other woordes and sayings, as partly we haue showed afore and partly will showe here, and then make an ende.

Accjoche	To the end.	Per ben che	although that
An corche	Although that.	Solche	Only that or except that.
Avenga che	Salvo che
Come che	Euen as.	Eccetto che
Cō tutto che	For al that.	Fuor che
Cōcjosia che	For as much as	Subito che	As soone as.
Séndo che	Beyng that.	Tantosto che
Esséndo che	Tosto che
Perche	Wherefore.	Prima che	Afore that.
Oltra che	Besides that.	Avanti che
Ilperche	The cause why	Fin che	Vntill that
forse che	Perhaps that.	Tanto	So that.
Peril che	Wherfore that	Si che
ogni voltache	Any time that.	Tal che
Pressoche	After that	Talmēte che
Impero che	for so much	Posto che
Non che	Not that.	Pur che
Percjoche	For because	Peró che
Mentre che	Whiles that.	Dunche che
Da che	Since that.	Di modo che
Poi che
Dopo
Da poi che
Poscja che
Gia che

And thus I ende beseeching all curteous gentlemen to accept my good will, and still remember it is not my pro∣fession, that which I haue doone, I haue doone for good will, and did it onely to pleasure a priuate friend of myne, not thinking it shoulde haue come to lyght, for if I had I woulde haue taken greater heede, if it bee well accepted I aske no more, if it bee not; blame not mee, but blame my friend that was the cause thou seest it. If I can see or per∣ceyue by any meanes thou doest pleasure in it, I promise

thee a better, if not, here I end for euer. If perchance thou finde among the Aduerbes, Coniunctions, Prepositions, and Interiections any worde twisē, consider the sundryē meaninges of them, for as they haue diuers natures so diuersly they are placed. And thus I; commit thee to the Almighty, who prosper & keepe theè, and me to his wil, and pleasure, and send vs grace to serue him. From his lodging in Woster place, thine to his power. I. F.

Patisco il male, sperando il bene: Sperando vivo, vivendo mvoro.

FINIS.