Maison rustique, or The countrey farme· Compyled in the French tongue by Charles Steuens, and Iohn Liebault, Doctors of Physicke. And translated into English by Richard Surflet, practitioner in physicke. Now newly reuiewed, corrected, and augmented, with diuers large additions, out of the works of Serres his Agriculture, Vinet his Maison champestre, French. Albyterio in Spanish, Grilli in Italian; and other authors. And the husbandrie of France, Italie, and Spaine, reconciled and made to agree with ours here in England: by Geruase Markham. The whole contents are in the page following

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Title
Maison rustique, or The countrey farme· Compyled in the French tongue by Charles Steuens, and Iohn Liebault, Doctors of Physicke. And translated into English by Richard Surflet, practitioner in physicke. Now newly reuiewed, corrected, and augmented, with diuers large additions, out of the works of Serres his Agriculture, Vinet his Maison champestre, French. Albyterio in Spanish, Grilli in Italian; and other authors. And the husbandrie of France, Italie, and Spaine, reconciled and made to agree with ours here in England: by Geruase Markham. The whole contents are in the page following
Author
Estienne, Charles, 1504-ca. 1564.
Publication
London :: Printed by Adam Islip for Iohn Bill,
1616.
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Subject terms
Agriculture -- Early works to 1800.
Hunting -- Early works to 1800.
Cite this Item
"Maison rustique, or The countrey farme· Compyled in the French tongue by Charles Steuens, and Iohn Liebault, Doctors of Physicke. And translated into English by Richard Surflet, practitioner in physicke. Now newly reuiewed, corrected, and augmented, with diuers large additions, out of the works of Serres his Agriculture, Vinet his Maison champestre, French. Albyterio in Spanish, Grilli in Italian; and other authors. And the husbandrie of France, Italie, and Spaine, reconciled and made to agree with ours here in England: by Geruase Markham. The whole contents are in the page following." In the digital collection Early English Books Online. https://name.umdl.umich.edu/A00419.0001.001. University of Michigan Library Digital Collections. Accessed May 13, 2024.

Pages

CHAP. VIII.
That the second or next dutie to be performed to the ground is to enrich it by manuring it: that so of a leane ground, it may become fruitfull.

BVt all grounds vvhich are appointed for seed or corne ground, whether they be such as are new broken vp, or such as haue oftentimes alreadie borne corne, must be enriched and repaired by manure in the begin∣ning of Winter about the eighteeenth of Nouember, or the begin∣ning of December, vvith Sheepes dung that is three yeares old, or else vvith Cow and Horse-dung mingled together, for the helping of it to a temperate heat▪ or vvith other manure such as the soyle affoords, or the Farmers yard can breed, and yet although I speake thus of Nouember and December, being a time much vsed vvith vs in France, where the vvaies are faire, the journey little, and the labour easie, yet you shall know that you may leade your manure either in the Spring, or in Sommer at all such vacant seasons vvhen you cannot follow more necessarie la∣bour, at when by vvet or other vveather you cannot lead your hay or corne, then you may lead your manure: for albeit husbandmen hold, that the later you lead your manure, the better, yet it is not good to driue so long, for feare of preuention, but to

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take anie fit time or leisure that is offered you through the whole yeare. The dung is to be laid on in hills, little lumpes, or heapes, and that along as you meane to cast vp your furrowes in plowing, and after to spread it in his season, whether it be rotten dung, or marle. And it shall chiefely be done in Winter, that so the raine and snow dropping and falling downe vpon it, it may be ourcome and caused to re••••nt. The vnskilfull and bad husbandman spreadeth it all hot, but he lacketh not a faire forrest of weedes, as reward of his hastie paines: for dung being thus at the first sowne and spread, though it be ouercome afterward; notwithstanding, see what weedes it hath receiued from the beasts houses, as being there scattered, it yeeldeth for his first fruits backe againe vpon the land, and therewithall impaireth much the first crop of corne that shall follow after, howsoeuer others following may proue more naturall and plentifull by it, and further, hindereth both the ground and hinds in heir working. And this is the cause why the inhabitants of Solonge and Beaux, the bst husband∣men, cause their Rosemarie to be rotted in Summer, and made manure of in Au∣tumne; and yet manie times not hasting, but deferring the vse for a longer time. Fur∣thermore, they continue and hold it from father to sonne as a receiued veritie, That nothing is more deare and precious than dung, taken in his season, for the enriching of ground.

Some take dung as it were hot and halfe rotten at the end of their field; but that doth much harme: because such dung not being ouercome of the snow, raine, and other helpes of the heauens, but remaining crude or raw, doth likewise ramaine vn∣profitable, especially the first yeare, doing nothing it selfe, and keeping the better fruit from profiting and comming on as it would; though the second yeare it may helpe well, and hinder nothing.

It is true, that if you would enrich a poore field, that it is better done by the dung newly gathered out of the beasts houses, than with such as is old: and it would bee spread in the new of the Moone, a little before the seed be sowne, prouided yet, that it be then plowed and turned vnder the earth. They seeme vnto me not to doe worst, who hauing gathered their corne in August or September, and cut it somewhat high, doe burne the stubble and other weedes which are in the fields, whereby they make a manner of dunging of it by the helpe of raine falling thereupon. This stan∣deth in stead of the first sort of enriching of their ground, especially in barren and sandie grounds, and such as stand vpon a cold moistish clay, or such as haue a strong new broken vp ground. True it is, that they doe not this yearely, because of their need to couer their houses, and of hauing litter for their beasts. And yet those may seeme vnto me to be lesse deceiued, who hauing left their stubble long and high, in the shearing and cutting of it downe, doe presently thereupon bestow an earing vp∣on such ground, and so vnderturne the said stubble and weedes, there to let them rot with the Winter raine.

There is nothing so good as the first manuring and dunging of the ground, which if it be neglected, it will not recouer it for two yeares space againe: so that for uch space he shall gather nothing but Rye in stead of Wheat, and Fetches for Oates, and wild Fethes for kind and naturall ones. It is true, that the first is not sufficient of it selfe for to dung and enrich the earth sufficiently, and to make fruitfull those that are barren and leane: but there must be other meanes vsed for to effect such a worke: and amongst them all, that seemeth vnto me the principall, which is the letting of the field to lye a yeare or two vnoccupied, not ceasing the while to husband it both Winter and Summer: as also the first time when you would haue it beare, to sow it with Lupines, or rather with Pease, prouided that the ground be not ouer-cold, for then it would profit those Pulse but a little. And if all these meanes should fall out to be insufficient, it will be good to spread Quicklime vpon the plowed ground in the end of Februarie: for besides that it enricheth a ground greatly, it cleanseth it also, and killeth all bad and dangerous weedes: whereupon it commeth to passe, that the haruest after it is more plentifull, than after anie other dung that a man can inuent to vse. Furthermore, if the ground be light, it will be good to cause some water to

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ouerflow the corne for the space of ten daies or thereabout, which will likewise stand in stead of a manuring or dunging.

The dung or marle is to be spred in the increase of the Moone, about the eighteenth of Nouember, after such time as the rested ground hath passed his time of recreation: but if it bee in such grounds as wherein the chiefest kindes of corne are to bee sowne, then they must be dunged presently after the end of Autumne, that so the ground may haue leasure to receiue the raine therewithall▪ which will serue to help the seedes the better to rot, thereby prouiding an aid for the weakenes of the earth. In like sort, if this should be for Rie, or for Messing, the ground would be dunged in the heart of Winter, or a little before, notwithstanding that some doe stay for the moneth of March, that it may presently after receiue the showers of Aprill, which may do much good towards the later end of September, at which time they sowe in fine dust, and windie drowthes, looking for the first raine, and the purifaction to be wrought by the same. But howsoeuer the case standeth, seeing it is better to manure the ground, than not to manure it; so it is better to dung it oft, than much at once: for as a field starueth, if it be not dunged at all, so it burneth if it be ouer-dunged: in considera∣tion whereof, the ground must be well weighed; for a good ground hath no such need to be dunged as a leane ground. The moist field would be much more dunged: for seeing it is frosen continually by reason of his moisture, it commeth to passe that the dung by his heat doth resolue and thaw thesame againe. The drie ground requireth lesse, because it is hot ynough of it selfe by reason of his drinesse: and if you should bestow great store of dung vpon it, it might be a cause to make it burnt. Againe, your exceeding rich and stiffe clayes desire little or no manure at all, because it is so rich and fat of it selfe, that hauing anie more addition, it presently mildeweth the corne, and makes the kernell thereof as blacke as soot: and therefore the good Hus∣bandman sayth, That the manure which is best for these rich soyles, is good plowing in due time, and ripening the mould.

There must likewise consideration be had of the goodnesse of the dung: for good dung would lye fast and close together for a season, and rest it selfe a yeare: if it be elder, it is so much the worse. The Pigeons dung is the best of all: and next there∣to is mans dung, especially if it be mixt with the other filth and sweepings of the house: for of it owne nature it is verie hot. Next vnto this is Asses dung, which is the best of all beasts dung, because this beast doth chew and eat his meat with great leysure, and digesteth it best, and thereupon also maketh a dung most prepared and fitted to be put presently into the earth. Next vnto this is the dung of Sheepe: then that of Goats: and alike of all others, as Horses, Mares, Oxen, and Kine. The worst of all is Swines dung, by reason of his great heat, for therewith it presently burneth the earth. For want of dung, the stalkes of Lupines cut downe, haue the force and efficacie of very good dung: or else to sow Lupines on Corne-ground which is leane, and after that they be come vp, to put them into the earth againe, turning it ouer them.

There are manie Farmes of which one can keepe neither bird nor beast to make dung of: and yet the painefull Farmer, in this scarcitie of manure, may make some of the leaues of Trees and Thornes, and dyrt, or parings of the earth gathered out of the streetes: hee may also take Ferne, and mingle them with the filth and myre of the vtter court: or make a deepe pit, and gather into it ashes, stubble▪ and stumps of hay or straw, the dyrt hanging about spouts, and all other manner of filth that may be scraped and raked together in paring or sweeping the house, or else howsoeuer. And in the midst of this ditch you must set a piece of wood of Oake to keepe away Ad∣ders and Snakes, that they come not to breed or abide there. If you haue no other but arable grounds, they will not need, that you should diuide your dung into diuers sorts: but and if you haue Vineyards, Medowes, and Corne-ground, you must lay euerie sort of dung by it selfe, as that which is of Goats and birds must be stirred euerie sum∣mer, as if you would digge it with Pick-axes or Spades, to the end it may not the soo∣ner, and be better for the ground.

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The cleansing of Ponds, Ditches, or standing Lakes, is a compasse or manure not inferior to anie before spoken of: and Marle may haue preheminence before all, in as much as the best before named doth not last aboue foure yeares at the most; and some but two; and some but one: yet Marle will keepe the ground rich twentie yeares, and better. All sorts of ashes, either of Wood or Coale, is a good manure, chiefely for ground that is apt to chap or riue: So is also Lyme, or Chalke, especi∣ally for cold soyles; yet your Lyme would be scattered verie thinne vpon the same, and your Chalke layd in greater aboundance. Also Sea-sand is a verie good kind of manure, and both fasteneth a loose mould, and also maketh it a great deale more fertile.

Notes

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