Maison rustique, or The countrey farme· Compyled in the French tongue by Charles Steuens, and Iohn Liebault, Doctors of Physicke. And translated into English by Richard Surflet, practitioner in physicke. Now newly reuiewed, corrected, and augmented, with diuers large additions, out of the works of Serres his Agriculture, Vinet his Maison champestre, French. Albyterio in Spanish, Grilli in Italian; and other authors. And the husbandrie of France, Italie, and Spaine, reconciled and made to agree with ours here in England: by Geruase Markham. The whole contents are in the page following

CHAP. LIIII.

Of Trees both great and small, as well outlandish as of the same Countrie, being planted or sowne either vpon beds or in vessells, in the Garden.

THe Bay-tree will grow in all places, but it is not as easily preserued and kept in euerie place: for it delighteth especially and naturally in a hot or temperate countrie, for in a cold it groweth not but by constraine▪ but and if you be disposed to haue it to grow in this cold countrie, you 〈◊〉〈◊〉 plant it so vpon the Sunne, as that it may thereby sh••ke off and better passe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the extremitie of the cold; and on the contrarie, in a hot countrie you must plant▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 so, as that the Sunne may come but sparingly to it, to wit, euen when the shadow. 〈…〉〈…〉 be hard at the foot if it: notwithstanding it delighteth much in places neere 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Sea, in leane and thin grounds, where the ayre is warme and temperate of it ••elfe. It must be planted in Autumne and in the Spring time, of sets, of whole plants, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of branches: and in March it is planted verie fitly and seasonably, when as the ••ap ••putteth vp and commeth to the barbe. It may likewise be fowne after the foure. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 day of March in a ground that is well manured, one foot within the ground 〈◊〉〈◊〉 foure berries together: and at the yeares end▪ to remoue it to some other place. The Bay-tree feareth the cold aboue all other things, and for this cause it must be planted in this countrie in a firme and solide ground as hath beene said, to the end that during the times of snow, frost, and freesing vpon raine, the roots may be de∣fended from cold, which although the boughes and braunches should be dead by the cold of Winter, it would yet continue to bring forth new boughes in the Spring time▪ for the fastnesse and closenesse of the ground will haue let and stayed the ayre from hauing pierced vnto the roots. And in ca••e the ground where you haue planted your Bay-tree should be sandie, drie, and barren, then it will be your part during the time of Winter to spread and cast ashes and straw about the roots of the Bay-tree, to preserue the heat of the earth, and to withhold the cold from piercing vnto the roots. Then for to procure a flourishing and faire Bay-tree, two things are necessarie▪ the heat of the ayre, and the fastnesse of the ground, of which, if the one be wanting, the Bay-tree will not grow any thing at all; or if it grow, yet it will be bu•• a small and starued thing, as we may easily make triall and proofe in this ••countrie. The Bay-tree may be grafted vpon it selfe, as also vpon the Dogg-tree, the Ash-tree, and the Cherrie-tree, as we will declare more largely in the third Booke.

The Myr••••e tree is of two sorts, the one is a darke greene, the other is a light greene, the one beareth a yellow flowre; and the other a white, but of these the later is the better: but euerie sort of Myr••le craueth a hot Countrie, a light, sandie, lea••••••, and brittle kind of ground, and yet notwithstanding this, it groweth well vpon the Sea bankes, as also vpon the sides of pooles, lakes, and fennes. It is planted either of young boughs borowed and cut downe for the excessi••e ranknesse of them, after 〈…〉〈…〉 foure or fiue yeares old, or from the shoots putting forth at the root thereof, ••epe••••∣ting them from the maine root so soone as they be put vp, and from after a yeare of their first planting to remoue them: or else of seed, rubbed and cha••ed betwixt your hands, and after thrust into an old band or small cord: the same buried all a∣long according to that length that it is of in a furrow cast a foot deepe, or therea∣bout, and well manured with rotten dung, and watering the place. The myrtle-tree would be planted in the highest part of the Garden, for by his smell it maketh the place most delightsome: it may be ••owne also after the manner of the Bay-tree, but then it will not grow vp till after a long t••me. It will grow both high and faire▪ if you make it cleane and sco••re it often round about, and it will b••ing forth much and great fruit, if you plant Rose-trees neere vnto it, or else plant it neere vnto Oliue-trees,

in the countrie where they grow: for the Myrtle and Oliue trees doe helpe one another greatly. It loueth and craueth to be watred with mans vrine, but especially with sheepes: or when you can get neither of these, with warme water, wherein it de∣lighteth exceedingly, as sometimes appeared by a Myrtle planted neere vnto a bath, which to euerie mans sight grew verie pleasantly and beautifully, though there were no reckoning or account made thereof. Myrtle-berries put in a vessell which is not pitched, but well couered, doth keepe a long time greene and fresh: Some hold it better to put them in, hanging vpon their boughs: The Myrtle 〈◊〉〈◊〉 nothing so much as cold, and taketh delight to be neere vnto pooles, brookes, and maritime places. If you water it oft with warme water, it will beare fruit▪ 〈…〉〈…〉 any kernell.

The fruit is called Myrtle-berries. It must be gathered when it is 〈…〉〈…〉 great while after the Rose is fallen and shaken. It may be grafted vpon another of his owne kind, and the white vpon the blacke, and the blacke vpon the Apple-tre••, Medlar-tree, and Pomegranet-tree.

After vintage time, in the countrie of Prouence, where there is a great number of Myrtle-trees, the birds feed of the fruit of the Myrtle-tree, and thereby become so fat, and their flesh so pleasant to eat, as that men eat birds so fatted all whole, with•••••• pulling out of the garbage: insomuch as it is growne into a common prouerbe, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the excrement is better than the flesh.

The leaues, bayes, or berries of myrtle-tree by their astringent force and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 doe stay all manner of fluxes, whether it be of the bellie, or of the termes, or princi∣pally of the whites: the juice and distilled water of Myrtle-tree are singular good to drinke, to keepe vp the falling fundament. The decoction of the seed of Myrtle-tree, doth blacke the haire, and keepeth it from falling. The berries of the Myrtle-tree may serue in steed of pepper, the sauce made therewith worketh the like effect, and is singular good to comfort a languishing stomach: myrtle berries euen do com∣fort the heart, and cure the beating of the same: the ashes of the drie leaues of myrtle-tree burned within a pot of raw earth, so throughly as that they become white, being afterward washed, haue one and the same vertue that Spodium or Pomphol•••• hath.

If you cannot make the myrtle-tree to grow in your garden, you must content your selfe with the Myrt-tree, which craueth the same ground and manner of orde•••••• that the Myrtle-tree, as being a kind of wild Myrtle-tree) and which may be 〈…〉〈…〉 the steed of Myrtle-tree vvhen it cannot be come by, as hauing the same or 〈…〉〈…〉 vertues.

Butchers-broome is also a kind of wild myrtle, which groweth commonly in Fo∣rests and Vnderwoods, from whence it is better to translate it into your garden, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 either to sow or plant it.

He that is desirous to plant Tamariske in his garden, must make choyce of the moist and wettest ground, and for want of a sufficient moist ground, to water 〈…〉〈…〉 It is likewise seene that Tamariske doth grow faire and tall, by ponds, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and o∣ther standing waters. It is planted either of roots or sprouts, and that from the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of October, till the foure and twentieth of December, yea vntill the beginning of Februarie; but yet it thriueth best being set of roots: there is no frost almost 〈…〉〈…〉 hurt it, especially the root, for when it is once taken, it putteth forth continually 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and boughs along the plant.

The wood is principally commended, for that it assuageth and diminisheth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 spleene in such as haue it stopt too full of melancholicke humours: and hence 〈…〉〈…〉 that many troubled with that disease, doe eat and drinke in vessells made of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 wood thereof. And some likewise doe counsell to giue swine that are troubled 〈◊〉〈◊〉 too much fulnesse of the spleene, water to drinke in their ••••ough••, hauing first ••••••∣ched therein coales made of the wood of Tamariske. The decoction of the 〈…〉〈…〉 damaske raisons in good for leprous persons, and such as haue their spleene 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ as also for the pockes.

Bastard Sene, (called of the Latines 〈◊〉〈◊〉) delighteth in a fat ground, and well

battilled with Sheepes dung. It groweth not planted, but vpon seed: and it is meet that the seed be steeped first a long time in water, euen vntill it begin to sprout. The time to sow it, is about the beginning of the moneth of Iune. It must not haue any of the branches cut off, nor be pruned or touched before the fourth yeare. The fruit serueth to good vse for the fatting of Sheepe, and maketh them to haue much milke: it is good also to fat chickens, bees, goats, and kyne. Some take it to be Sene, but they doe greatly deceiue and beguile themselues.

The Caper-tree in many countries groweth without any tilling, ••n ••arable ground: but where it wanteth, if it must be sowne, it must be in a hot countrie, and a drie, sto∣nie, and sandie place, which shall before hand be inclosed with a little ditch, which shall be filled with stone and lyme, or else with fat earth, for to be a fortresse and▪ de∣fence vnto it, that so the roots of the Caper-tree and thereby all shoots that might grow vp from them, may be kept from breaking forth, and spreading further than this ditch: for if they should be stayed and kept backe from spreading by some such meanes, it would come to passe that within a small time they would ouer-runne the whole Garden, and plant themselues in euerie corner of the same. Notwithstan∣ding the Caper-tree is not so noysome in that respect (because it may be pulled vp) as it is by inueniming (I know not by what venimous humour or juice) the whole ground, and making of it barren. It hath no need (except a ver••e little) to be any way tilled or fashioned: for it groweth well ynough (without any thing done vnto it) in ••ields and desart grounds. It may be sowne in the Spring and Autumne.

The fruit of the Caper-tree, as well the great as the small, is good in a fallade to prouoke appetite, cleanse the flegmaticke stomach, and to take away the obstructi∣ons of the liuer, but principally of the spleene: the rind of the root and leaues haue the like vertue, but more effectually. Capers both the great and the small, whiles they are yet greene and not salted, doe nourish a great deale more, both of them are in request, not so much for that they are fruit, as for their manner of preseruing, which is performed either with vinegar, or else with salt brine: for Capers not pick∣led are of a verie sharpe and vnpleasant tast, but the vinegar wherein they are pre∣serued doth make them verie acceptable vnto the stomach: but the great ones be∣cause they haue both more juice and more pulpe, are a great deale better than the little ones: though the little ones are more delightsome to the tast than the great ones, because they are fuller of vinegar than the great ones.

Agnus Castu••, seeing it commeth verie neere to the nature and condition of the Willow, and of the same colour with the leaues, disagreeing onely in smell, craueth to be planted in a watrie place, where there is much shadow: or at the least to be oft watered. The leaues, seed, and flowers, are singular good for them which would liue chastly, taken inwardly, or applyed, outwardly: for some say, that the leaues, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, or ••lowres, put into little b••gges, and applied vnto the reines in bed, do helpe to keepe the chastitie of the bodie, which is the cause that in many countries it is seene planted almost in all the Monkeries. The decoction of the leaues is good against the sealding and burning Vrine, as well in drinking as in fomenting it, as also against the obstructions of the liuer, spleene, and matrix. If you carrie a branch of Agnus Ca∣stus about you, you shall not grow wearie, no not after much trauell. The fume there∣of taken in at the secret parts of women, doth quench the vnsatiable lust and burning desire vnto venerie and carnall copulation.

Beane-tree, or S. Iohns-bread (bearing a long, flat, and broad fruit, like vnto that of Ca••••ia) would be planted of new shoots, in Februarie and Nouember, in a drie ground, lying open vpon the Sun, and where as there are verie deepe ditches made. It may also be grafted in a Plum-tree, or Almond-tree: in any case you must neuer thinke vpon the sowing of it, because so it would neuer beare any fruit, but would die verie quickly: it must be oft watered.

The Cod•• are good either to fat children or ••win••, but not so fit to feed men with∣all: It is true that the fruit doth loosen the bellie gently, as it were after the manner of Cassia.

There 〈…〉〈…〉 sorts of the Date-tree: some beare fruit, and some 〈…〉〈…〉 and of the fruitfull, some beare a reddish fruit, and some a white, and 〈…〉〈…〉 gray. Furthermore, some are males, and some females, some are high and 〈…〉〈…〉 some are stooping downe, and but low, and therefore called the little or 〈…〉〈…〉 tree; and some of a middle size betwixt both: but howsoeuer they differ, yet 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they agree, that they all desire a hot ayre, a great deale more than temperate: for in a hot Countrey it bringeth forth verie faire and ripe fruit, and of it selfe is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 kept and preserued, without anie f••rther paine or ••are, except it be about the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of it; where, in a temperate Region, it either ripeneth not his fruit, or 〈…〉〈…〉 none at all. It craueth a 〈…〉〈…〉, and nitrous ground, foreseene that it be 〈…〉〈…〉 moist, and this is the cause why it ••ro••pereth well vpon the Sea coast: and if the ground where it be planted, be not such, it must be watered with salt water, 〈…〉〈…〉 brine. It is planted of small Plants, with roots in Aprill and May, the Plant being well layd about with fat earth. Some also sow the new stones of Dates (and they bring forth their trees in October) two cubits deepe in the ground, and that mingled with ashes, and well enriched with Goats dung, and the sharpe side of it must be vp∣ward: it must be watered euerie day, and euerie yeare there must be ••alt shed 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it▪ or else, which is better, that it be oftentimes watered with water that is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 salt. Againe, that it may grow high and faire, it gladly accepteth the watering of hi•• roots with the lees of old red Wine strained.

Note likewise, that (seeing of one Date stone alone there will hardly grow vp any Date-tree, bearing sufficient bignesse in the bole and bodie, to carrie and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the weight of the head) it will be good to put and ioyne together two or three 〈◊〉〈◊〉 stones, sowed vp in a Linnen cloth, in such sort, as that the sharpe sides may behold one another, and so to set them; for by this ioyning of two or three together, your tree may come by a bodie sufficient big to beare the head. Not further, that if you would haue the female Date tree to beare fruit, that then you must plant it neere vnto a male Date tree, and not one onely, but manie, if it be possible, because the neere standing of the one vnto the other, causeth that the vertue of the male is conueyed and impar∣ted vnto the female, and that by the commixtion made by the wind, from 〈◊〉〈◊〉 a∣riseth aboundance of fruit. But and if you haue not the meanes to plant manie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Date trees neere vnto the female, it will be sufficient if you doe but touch the male oftentimes with your hand▪ and then afterward lay the same hand vpon the female•• or you must gather o•• the flowers of the top o•• the male, or of the mos••e of the male, and sprinkle the same vpon the female. Eat but as ••ew Dates as you can, for they make obstructions in the liuer and spleene, and are also of hard digestion, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the head-ach.

The Pine-tree groweth chiefely of a kernell, which must be planted in October or Nouember in warme places: or in cold places in Februarie or in March▪ or a∣bout the fall of the apple, or a little after, and that in pits well digged, and which ha••e lyen vntilled and vnoccupied a g••od time: the apple must not be broken by force of an yron thing▪ to get out the kernels, which must lie in steepe three dayes before hand, and seuen of them set together, and that fiue fingers deepe onely, when they are growne vp, you must not be too hastie to remoue them, because they take 〈…〉〈…〉 but in long time, and verie hardly: nay, they cannot abide at all to be transplanted without their great hurt and hinderance: but yet when time may serue to transplant them, in any c••se beware that you doe not hurt their roots, especially the principall and thickest ones. The Pine-tree groweth chiefely and thr••ueth best, vpon high mountaines, and places that are open vnto the wind, still regard being had, that the place where they shall be planted, be as carefully husbanded and tilled, as if it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 for to beare and bring forth wheat. It will continue the longer time, if the barke 〈◊〉〈◊〉 oft taken from it, because that vnder the barke certaine little wormes do breed, whi•••• fret and destroy the wood.

The distilled water of new Pine-kernells, ••••ake away the wrinckles of the face, and diminish the breasts that are too great and swagging, if there be laid vnto 〈…〉〈…〉

clothes dipped ••n this water as oft as you can: this water also is singular good to draw narrower the secret parts of women being too much distended and enlarged, and to cure them of all manner of rheumes and distillations: but yet their juice ••s more effectuall for these matters, than the distilled water.

Pineapples are a meat of verie easie nourishment, ••nd for that cause are verie good for such as ar••troubled with the cough, for them which are in a consumption, and such as are sicke of an hect••cke ••euer, but they must haue beene s••••••pt sometime in Rosewater to take away their acrimonie, sharpnesse, and oylie substance: it is true that they be hard to digest, and therefore to such as are cold of nature, you must giue them with home; and to those which are hot, with sugar, to helpe out with the hard∣ne••••e of their digestion. They are good for such as haue the palsey, for ach in the si∣news and backe, for heat of the vrine, and gnawing of the stomach, taken with the juice of Purslaine.

Figges (being one of the best fruits we haue, according to the ground and plant whereof they come) are either more or les••e sweet and sauorie, and this commeth of the ayre as it is tempered with heat, cold, or a milder temper: or else in respect of the moisture and drinesse of the grounds, their fatnesse, and leannesse; their rough∣nes••e or smoothnes••e; their s••••ngth or gentlenesse, and easinesse; their sto••••nesse or being without stones, or their scituation amongst some old ruines and rotten stone walls: for in respect of all these, it falleth out that there are great diuersitie of figges, as hauing some great, some small, some round, some sharpe pointed, some white, some blacke, some greene, and some gray. So that this tree loueth to be in places standing open vpon the Sunne, and therewithall rockie or clayie, stonie or mixt much with lyme, neere vnto walls or old ruines, yea within the verie walls being 〈◊〉〈◊〉, or halfe fallen downe, especially that which beareth little figges, verie sweet and white ones, such as are those of Mar••••••llis, for such a figge-tree delighteth in a drie and grauelly place: as on the contrarie, the figge-tree that bringeth forth great, lesse sweet and reddish figs, desireth a fat and well manured ground. It thriueth and prosper••th in a hot and t••mperate aire, so that the ground be somewhat moist: for this tree is verie daintie and quickly wronged and injured by frosts, broken downe by winds, and made thin and leane by drought, by the which the fig will sooner be ouerth••owne and spoyled than the Mulberrie. They are easily hurt by Frosts, Mists, and great Cold: wherefore they must be planted in the Spring, when Frosts are past, vpon the South or East quarter, in great, deepe, and well-digged pits, of shootes and boughes of two yeares growth, being faire and round ones, and full of knots▪ for these are most fruitfull. And to cause them the better to take root, you shall take a∣way their barke at the nether end of the stemme about halfe a foot, and yet lea∣uing it notwithstanding fastened thereunto, that so the said barke may turne into ••ootes.

It may in like manner be sowne of figges layd in steepe, and bound about with small lines, and then afterward planted in that manner, and watered often and dili∣gently: but it would su••e better, if it were grafted vpon a Plumme tree or Almond tree▪ for so it continueth a great deale longer. But whether it be planted or grafted, it must not be much watred▪ for aboundance of water corrupteth the naturall beautie of the figge-tree, and maketh them verie subiect to rot. It would be a great deale better, to make them grow faire, and become fruitfull, to thrust the plant into a wild Garlick, called in Latine Squilla, and better in English, Sea-Onion: or else to steepe it in Brine, or to set it round about with Oxe dung, or with vnquencht Lime. And to keepe and guard them from Frosts, they must from the eleuenth of Nouember be couered verie well with Straw, or with the stalkes of Line, tying these things to the roots and to the boughes so well and in euerie place, as that there remaine nothing to be seene of the plant. If you would haue the figge-tree to bring forth a late fruit (which is a thing a∣gainst his nature) you must take from it his first small figges which begin to grow great, and the figge-tree will put forth another & second fruit, which will be kept till

Winter. Likewise it will be fruitfull and bring forth a full figge and of a good ver∣dure, if from the time that it shall put forth his leaues▪ there be put to his root 〈◊〉〈◊〉 earth ••eaten and tempered with the setlings of oyle oliues and mans dung: or else when it shall begin to spring, to cut off the tops and ends of the braunches. Figges will be more forward and early, if there be applyed vnto the roots of the trees pige∣ons dung, and pepper brayed and mixt with oyle: or else if when their gros••e and vnripe apples shall begin to grow red, you annoint them with the juice of a great o∣nion, mixt with oyle and pepper, or if when as their fruit shall be reasonably great, you pierce them with a needle, and afterward rubbing them with oyle, you couer them with oliue-tree leaues: for the heat, being nothing hindered through the great moisture of the figge, doth concoct the fruit and ripen it most easily. But if your figge tree grow in a cold soyle or such a soyle as the clime appeareth somewhat vn∣naturall therefore, you shall then when he putteth forth his first or later kno••••, and by reason of his want of Sunne-shine is not able to ripen them, you shall then let them remaine on the tree, and by no meanes pull them away, and the next year fol∣lowing, in the height of Sommer, they will all be ripe and pleasant which you shall know by their shining, softnesse, and transparancie, then will they also put forth other new hard knots which yow shall againe suffer to remaine till the next yeare, and thus allowing them two yeres to ripen in, you may haue in England or elsewhere as good and as pleasant figges as are any is Spaine.

They will be of a diuers colour, that is, white on the one side, and red on the o∣ther, if you tie together in a linnen cloth the seed of two diuers figge-trees, and so planting them, afterward to transplant them. You shall reclaime a wild figge tree, if you water him at the roots with wine and oyle mixt together. Figges will not fall downe from their tree, if you water the bodie ditched round about with salt-brine and water equally mixt together: or if you burie neere vnto the figge-tree the hornes of Rammes or Weathers. You shall keepe them continually greene, if you put them in a pot full of honie and well stopt, in such manner as that one of them doe not touch another, nor yet the pot: or else in a gourd euerie one by it selfe, hanging the gourd in a shadowed place, where neither fire nor smoake may come vnto it. Or if you put them in an earthen vessell, hauing the mouth well stopped, putting the same vessell afterward into another vessell full of Wine: for as long as the Wine re∣maineth vncorrupted, so long the figges will remaine ••ound and safe. You shall pre∣serue drie figges from rotting or corrupting, if you spread them vpon a hurdle in an ouen▪ after the bread is drawne, and put them afterward into a new earthen vessel vnpitch••. You shal haue figges that loosen your bodie, and make it soluble, if you 〈◊〉〈◊〉 at the root of the figge-tree when you plant it some blacke hellebor ••••ampt with spurge, or some other such purgatiue.

Furthermore, the figge-tree hath this vertue, that if you haue a wild and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Bull which you cannot tame by any means, if you tie him to a figge-tree, by and by he will become gentle, forgetting his naturall sauagenesse. Furthermore, to make the hard and rough ••lesh of any beast tender by and by, you must hang it to a branch of a figge-tree; as also, to make it to be boyled quickly, you must stirre it oftentimes in the pot wherein it boyleth, with a ladle of the wood of a figge-tree: for the figge-tree breatheth forth a certaine kind of vapour which drieth vehemently, and dige∣steth the hardnesse of any ••lesh whatsoeuer, whether peacocke, birds of the riuer, or other such like. It is true that there is other meanes to make tender the flesh that is tough, as to put it in a heape of corne. We may further note I know not what se∣cret vertue in the figge, for the horses and asses laden with figges doe easily fall downe vnder their burthen, and loose all their strength, which notwithstanding are as easily recouered of their strength and refreshed, if they haue but giuen them a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of bread. It is also worth the noting how that the juice or milke of the husbanded or ••ame figge-tree (as we haue before shewed in the treatise of the making of chee∣ses) serueth for the turning or changing of the milke into curds, as wel as the 〈◊〉〈◊〉:

figges boyled with Hysope, doe heale an old Cough, and amend the diseases of the Lungs. The fruit doth soften the bellie, nourisheth much, prouoketh sweat: being drie, mingled with the flower of Linseed and Fenugreeke, it killeth or resolueth im∣postumes, and hard swellings: in decoctions it is good for the Cough, and difficultie of breath▪ the flowers are good to eat, notwithstanding that Swine auoid and shunn•• them in all they may.

King Mithridates made an Opiate against all manner of Poyson and danger of the Plague, which was compounded of Figges, Walnuts, and Rue, as we haue said before in the Chapter of Rue.

Figges burnt and made into powder, mingled with a verie little Wax, doe make a verie soueraigne medicine for Kibes. The ••uice of Figges doth heale all Rough∣nesse, ill conditioned Scabbes, small Pocks, Purples, Freckles, Ringwormes, and other spo••s and defilements of the bodie and of the face, being annointed thereupon with the flower of parched Barly. It cureth also the paine of the teeth, a little Cot∣ton wooll being dipped therein, and laid vpon the tooth. It openeth the Hemor∣rhoids.

This Tree is easie to make grow, and delighteth in hot and temperate Countries, as in Languedoc and Prouence, where it may be seene growing (as it were) in little Forests: and it is so long liued, and of such durablenesse, as that though the labour due to be bestowed about it, be left off for a long time, yet it ceaseth not to beare fruit more or lesse: and comming to it selfe againe, being old, it becommeth young a∣gaine, and getting foot liuely, of drie it becommeth marrowish and fattie, and of barren, fruitfull. In these Northerne Countries it groweth not without great paine and labour, by reason of the coldnesse of the ayre. Wherefore if you be minded to plant the Oliue tree in your Garden, chuse out a place standing vpon the South or East quarter, raysed sufficient high, and open to the Westerne wind, and which hath also rested a good while, consisting of Potters clay vnderneath, and aboue min∣gled with Sand and Fullers clay, being also a close, moist, and not leane ground: and in this you shall plant it about mid March, not of sprou••s putting forth at the foot of the Oliue tree, but of sienes, shoots, and branches that are young, faire, and fertile, pulled from the boughes of the tree, as thicke as the wrist, and a foot and a halfe long, verie round, hauing a sleeke and glistering barke, without boughes, and cut downe in the new of the Moone, raysing the thicke barke about the length of a fathome, and letting the greene barke alone, which is more fine and thinne▪ And you shall set them in the ground in such manner as they did grow vpon the tree; as the lower end downward, and the vpper end vpward towards Heauen, as when they grew vpon the tree: for if you set them the vpper end downeward▪ they will hardly grow; but and if they grow, yet they will abide barren for euer. You must lay the root, as also the head, all ouer with dung mixt with ashes, and set them on such a depth in the earth, as that there may be aboue them some foure fingers thicknesse of fine small mould, and afterward tread all close downe together, round about the new-set Plant, and so cast still more earth vnto it, as it sinketh with treading, or else you may beat it downe with a rammer of wood. It must not be transplanted till af∣ter fiue yeares: but in the meane time you must digge it euerie moneth, and dung it with Goats dung euerie yeare in Autumne. You must water it with raine water, ra∣ther than with Fountaine, Riuer, or Well water. And sometimes you must prune and c••t away the superfluous branches, especially the drie and withered shoots, and the branches putting forth vpon it, if so be that the plant be not become old, feeble, and broken, in such sort, as that it standeth in need to be renewed and planted againe, for then it will be requisite to leaue growing one or two of the fairest, and not to cut them downe before they haue growne eight yeares, and then at such time as the Moone is decreasing, and the season drie and faire. And sometimes, euerie eight yeare, you must moisten the root of the Oliue trees, that are lustie and well liking, with the lees or grounds of Oliues, to keepe them from wormes and other vermine, which are oftentimes noysome vnto this Plant. You must also defend them from

Cattell, especially from the browsing of Goats, which would make them altogether barren. You must not plant anie other Plants neere vnto the Oliue tree, except the Figge-tree, or the Vine, whose companie and neighbourhood it reioyceth greatly in, and hateth especially the Oake, yea, euen to be planted in the place where the Oake was standing, and is pulled vp, for there it dieth presently. The Oliue tree may be grafted in the bud with that kind of grafting called the Scutcheon, and that of the thickest and strongest grafts that may be pickt out of the Oliue tree, as we will further shew hereafter: but it were but a lost labour to sow it of his stones and kernels.

The Oliue tree is lesse subiect vnto vermine than anie other, because of his strong ••auour, insomuch, that it is as good as a shield vnto all other hearbes that are about it: as also by his bitternesse it killeth Coleworts, Lettuces, and other moist hearbes which are sowne in the same ground with it. Some hold (which is a maruelous thing) that the Oliue tree groweth more fruitfull and aboundant in encrease, if it be planted and looked vnto by such as are virgins, and haue not vnlawfully abused their bodies, and other mens beds, or otherwise: and that therefore in some Countries the pla••ing of it is committed vnto such youths as are certainely knowne to be chast, as also 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ordering and gouerning of them, and that there they grow faire, and bring 〈◊〉〈◊〉 much fruit.

You must gather them with your hand, when you are got vp into the tree by a lad∣der: you must not hurt the branches, for that might make the Oliue tree barren: it must be done in Nouember, when they begin to change their colour, and are verie blacke: this time must be faire, and not rainie: yea, and if it haue rained sometime before your gathering, you must see that it be dried vp againe verie throughly. Som•• gather their Oliues after another fashion: They beat them downe with long slender Poles, or Pearches of Reed, not of Wood, and are carefull not to strike against them for feare of beating downe some of the branches, together with the fruit: but such manner of gathering Oliues is not good, because the Oliues beaten downe, or struc∣ken, doe wither incontinently, and doe not yeeld so much oyle: put also vnto this dis∣commoditie, that other; which is, that the tree is bruised, and manie of his branches broken, which is a great hinderance in the yeares following.

Furthermore, Oliues are gathered for two ends, either to make Oyles, or to sent as dishes at Banquets, to the end that they may prouoke appetite: notwithstanding, wee must not thinke that all sorts of Oliues indifferently doe serue for these 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vses; for the greatest, for the most part, are better for Banquets, and the lesse to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Oyle out of. But those which are intended to be reserued for Ban∣quets, must be carefully preserued with salt Brine, or salt Vineger, or Oyle, or the grounds of Oyle, or with Cure, or the drosse of Grapes, or Honey, or Veriuice, in manner as followeth.

They must be gathered with the hand, hauing got vp into the tree with a ladder, in faire weather, when they begin to be black, and are not as yet throughly ripe: than afterward to spread them vpon a hurdle of Oziers, and there picke and cull the•• out at your pleasure, putting aside all such as are spotted, corrupted, or verie small, and reseruing onely those which are grosse and great, fashioned like an egge, full, fast, hauing a long and slender stone, a close pulpe, or flesh, and in good quantitie. This done, they must be clouen in foure places, or without anie such cleauing, be put whole into an earthen pot, and salt Brine or Veriuice powred vpon them, or else Honey with Vineger and Salt, or Oyle, with Salt beaten small, or else with Wine new from the Presse, or such other liquor as hath beene alreadie spoken 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Some put in the bottome of the earthen pot, vnder the Oliues, or into their 〈◊〉〈◊〉, the leaues or ribbes of Penyryall, Min••s, Annise, Masticke tree, Oyle tree, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Rue, Parsley, Fennell, and Bay tree leaues, and the seeds of Fennell, 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪ and Rue. Finally, you must keepe the vessell well stopped, and put it in some C••l∣lar to keepe: but he that would keepe Oliues a long time, must change his 〈…〉〈…〉 euer••e quarter of a yeare.

As concerning Oliues to make Oyle of, they must be gathered when they are somewhat more ripe than those which are to be preserued, and when as there are ma∣nie of them become alreadie blacke, but yet not so manie as are white: in other re∣spects they must be gathered in such manner as wee haue said that the others should be gathered, that is to say, with the hand, and when it is faire weather, except it be those Oliues which by tempests and winds haue beene blowne to the earth, and such as must needs be gathered, as well because of wild, as ••ame and house beasts. There must no moe be gathered at one time, than may be made into Oyle that night and the day following: for all the fruit that is gathered in a day, must presently be put vpon the Milles, and so into the Presses. But before that they be put into the Presse, they must first be spread vpon hurdles, and picked and culled: as likewise, that their 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and waterish liquor may runne out a little, and spend it selfe; for it is a great enemie vnto the Oyle: insomuch, as that if it remaine, abide, and stand with the Oyle, it spoyleth the tast and sauour of it. And therefore in this respect, when sometimes the quantitie of Oliues is so great, as that there want Presses and workmen to dis∣patch them, you must haue a high and well-raysed floore, where you must prouide partitions to keepe asunder euerie daies gatherings: and these partitions, in the bot∣••••me, must be paued with Stone, or with Tyles, or Squares made somewhat sloping, that so the moistnesse of the Oliues may conuey it selfe along the channels which shall be there prouided. And thus much concerning the preparing of Oliues to make Oyle of: it remaineth now to speake of the making of Oyle; but wee will re∣serue that for the end of the third Booke, where we will make a large discourse of the making of Oyles.

Finally, there is a verie astringent and binding facultie in the Oliue tree: for the decoction of the leaues in a Clyster doth stay the flux of the bellie: the iuice pressed from the leaues, with white Wine and Raine water, doth stay all manner of fluxes of bloud: the liquor which droppeth from the greene wood of the Oliue tree when it is burning, doth heale the Itch, Ringwormes, and Scabs. Oliues yet greene and vn∣••ipe, doe stirre vp and prouoke an appetite, being eaten, and cause a good stomacke, but they make the bodie costiue, and are hard of digestion. Ripe Oliues doe ouer∣turne the stomacke, and make boylings therein: they cause also headach, and hurt the eyes. As concerning the vertues of Oyle, wee will speake of them in his place. See more of the Oliue-tree in the third Booke.

Pistates require as great toyle and diligence about them as the Oliue-tree, and would be sowne about the first day of Aprill, as well the male as the female, both ••oyntly together, or at the least one verie neere vnto the other, the male hauing the backe turned to the West: for being thus ioyned, or neere neighbours one vnto the other, they beare better and greater store of fruit, especially if they be sowne in a fa•• ground, and well ayred: and there you may graft them at the same time vpon them∣selues, or vpon the Turpentine tree, notwithstanding that some doe graft them on the Almond tree. They may in like manner be set of Plants; and the manner of planting them is thus: You must make Pits sufficient deepe in some place where the Sunne shi∣••eth verie hot, and chuse new shoots of the tree which are in verie good liking, and ••hese bound together, put into the Pits the second day of the moneth of Aprill, after∣ward bind them together from the earth vp to the boughes, and couer the roots with good dung, watering them continually for the space of eight daies. And after the ••odie of the Tree is three yeares old, you must lay open the Pit neere vnto the root••, ••nd set the bodie somewhat deeper in, and then couer it againe with good dung, to the end, that when the Tree shall be growne great, it may not be ouer-blowne with ••••eat winds.

This Tree was rare and hard to be come by in this Countrey, before the most reue∣••end Lords, Cardinall du Bellay, and Reue du Bellay, Bishop of Mants, brethren, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 worthie of eternall memorie for their incomparable knowledge, alone, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 all other Frenchmen, had brought into this Countrey the knowledge, not onely of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 which were altogether vnknowne vnto vs, but also the ordering and figure••

of strange Hearbes and Trees, the fruits whereof we are greatly in loue withall, and doe highly commend; notwithstanding, that as yet we doe scarce know themselue••▪ But surely herein this whole Nation is bound to acknowledge an euerlasting 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vnto them for the same.

The fruit of Pistates (as A••icenne saith verie well, not sticking at the scruple and doubt which Galen casteth in the way) doe comfort the stomack, and nourish 〈…〉〈…〉 and this is the cause why they are prescribed them which are leane and worne away with sicknesse, and which desire to be strong and mightie in performing the act of Venerie.

Citron-trees, Orange-trees, Limon-trees, and Citron-trees of Assyria, require 〈◊〉〈◊〉 like manner of ordering, by reason of their like nature, whereunto, in respect of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 great tendernesse and incredible daintinesse, it is needfull to giue great heed▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 o∣therwise there is no hope of reaping any profit or pleasure of them. And for as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 as they are best dealt withall, and found to prosper most, when they are gotten 〈◊〉〈◊〉 growne great from some other place (it being so difficult a thing, and exceeding toyle, to make them breake the earth, and grow vpon the seeds in this Countrey) I will make a briefe discourse concerning whatsoeuer is requisite for the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, planting, remouing, and gouerning of them in our Countrey and Grounds. And therefore to speake (in the first place) of the manner of transporting of them, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 must thinke, that these Trees get no good by changing their place, but that they would doe a great deale better in their naturall and natiue soyle and ground, when they were first planted, sowne, or grafted, than to be remoued else whither. Not∣withstanding, if it please the Lord of the Farme to procure them from 〈…〉〈…〉 must doe it in the Spring time rather than in Autumne: because euen as in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the wood thereof groweth hard and solide, being ripe, and for that the ••appe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to comfort it with his warme moisture, by reason of his approaching cold; so i•• the Spring time, on the contrarie, they begin to bud by and by after that they are 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and planted, and bring forth leaues, yea and flowers, if the Plants be great and strong ynough.

The way to transport them, is in such sort to ••it the rootes with ••lothes or 〈…〉〈…〉 that you may bind therein vnto them so much of the earth, from which they 〈…〉〈…〉, as may defend them from being hurt either by the Wind or Sunne: and hauing thus done, to fit them further with Barrels, or Sere-clothes, the better to keepe 〈◊〉〈◊〉 from all the iniuries of the ayre, as also from the raine, and to cause them to be ••••••∣ueyed vpon Horses, Carts, or Waggons: so soone, euen the same night that they shall come to the place where you would set them, you must well aduise and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they be altered (which will be knowne by the change of the leaues and barke) 〈◊〉〈◊〉 then to prouide for that accordingly: for in such case you must take away the earth, and temper it soft anew, water them, cut them, and take away the blasted or 〈◊〉〈◊〉, vntill such time as the pits where you intend to set them, be seasoned in such sort 〈◊〉〈◊〉 manner as shall be said hereafter.

You shall in the day time view well your ground, and see that it be a good substan∣tiall blacke, open, tender, sweet, light, fat, and cleane earth, without anie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 stone whatsoeuer, neere vnto the Sea coast, if it be possible, where moisture 〈◊〉〈◊〉: and furthermore, that it be easie to be stirred, to the end it may drinks in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 water in aboundance where you meane to set these Trees. For these Trees 〈◊〉〈◊〉 much watering, if the water should stand aboue the earth, and not sinke 〈◊〉〈◊〉, the roots would become sicke, discoloured, and by little and little would looke the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 colour of pale, blacke, or blew. If the earth be not easie to be stirred, you 〈◊〉〈◊〉 couer it with Horse dung verie well rotted, or else with Oxe or Sheepes dung, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by this meanes it will become easie to be pierced or stirred. The place where 〈◊〉〈◊〉 are to be planted, must be open vpon the Sunne, a high place, and sheltred 〈…〉〈…〉 the quarters from whence fro••tie winds doe blow, but principally the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 wind, which is alwaies most contrarie vnto those Plants. It must be also open vpon the South (because contrarie to the nature of all Trees they feed vpon this 〈◊〉〈◊〉,

and starue through that of the North) and a little vpon the West, in such sort, as that they may be guarded on the back part, and both sides, but specially the Citron-tree, which is the most tender of all the other. For which considerations, it will not be a∣misse to set them neere vnto some wall; of a conuenient height, to the end they may haue a rampart against the Northerne parts: and for the more certainetie, to make them a hood and flankers of Bay trees, for the encrease both of the beautifulnesse, as also of the profit of the same: for some hold, that the companie of the Bay tree doth keepe the Orange tree from frost. These Bay trees shall be planted in double chesse, that so the thinnest places of the first may be amended by the thickest places of the second: but and if you haue not Bay trees to doe it withall, then you may take Cy∣presse trees. And here you must learne, that Orange-trees loue not the companie of anie other tree but of the fore-named, and of the Myrtle-tree. The best of all, and most assured for profit, were to plant the said Orange-trees, Citron-trees, and other such like Trees, in halfe Barrels or Vessels, of earth made for the purpose (they being the chiefe pleasures of Princes and great Lords) or else in Cases, that are wide below, and narrow aboue, builded of clouen boords, verie well ioyned and fitted together, in such sort, as that no shoots may grow through them: for the earth, by reason of the oft watering of it, doth not cease continually to cause them to put forth and breake out one way or other. But that such watering may be conueyed in best sort for their growth, it must be prouided and brought by some low conduit and passage, and the surplusage carried away by some such cocke as is vsed in Lee tubs: and such, or the like Vessels, must be made to carrie into anie place whatsoeuer a man will: for seeing that these Plants doe die, if they be touched neuer so little with frost, as being most tender and daintie of their naturall inclination, it must be loo∣ked vnto in Winter, after that they are well couered and compassed about with straw, or the stalkes of Gourds (for by a naturall contrarietie they are giuen to let and hinder the frost from hurting them) that they be conueyed vpon small Wheele-barrowes into vaulted Caues, and when Summer is come, to returne and bring them backe againe into the full and open Sunne, to be nourished and refreshed by the heat thereof. Then hauing found out such a place in the Garden (as wee haue spoken of) there shall Pits be cast with distances betwixt: and whereas the Orange-tree doth shoot out his roots deepe into the earth, you must cast the said Pits a good fadome deepe, and a fadome and a halfe in compasse, which shall be well broken and made soft, that so the root may rest and spread it selfe at pleasure: which Pits shall grow narrower by little and little towards their top, and where they are to embrace and close in the foot of the tree. These Pits, to doe well, should be kept open a yeare, or thereabout, if it were possible, for the well seasoning of them, which by manie Sunne-shines, and manie Raines, would be effected: but there may more speed be made with them, either by couering the places of the said Pits with well rotted dung and new ashes, which neuer were wet, and watering it with a little wa∣ter, if the time and season be not rainie, or by filling vp the said Pits with Wheat straw, or with small Vine branches, burning it all, and afterward watering the ashes which shall remaine, if the season be drie, and without raine: for within eight or tenne daies after this preparing of it, the said Pits will be well seasoned. About the end of the same time, you must againe breake and soften the earth of the seat of the said Trees, and the sides thereof, and lay into them a finger thicknesse of dung, and againe, vpon this dung, the like thicknesse of good mould, and then vpon it to set the Tree, in the verie same aspect of the Sunne, if it be possible, that it stood in be∣fore the taking vp; that is to say, that euerie part of the tree stand vpon the same quar∣ters of the Heauens that it did before: for otherwise it would not serue, if the ••ide be∣holding the North before, should now behold and stand vpon the East or West. And this obseruation is of great moment: for as much as they which faile in this, doe oftentimes see their Trees dead, or else (notwithstanding whatsoeuer other meanes vsed) bringing foorth verie late and vntimely fruit, with like vntimely growth and blossoming, which they would not haue fallen into, if they had beene see

againe after the manner they stood, before they put forth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 budde 〈…〉〈…〉 of the earth. And this di••aduantage likewise happeneth vnto them, which 〈◊〉〈◊〉 planted their Trees in Pots or Cases, vse to carrie them into houses and vnder 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in the Winter time, and out againe at the Spring, vvithout an••e ragard••ed in them after the same si••uation and state of standing wherein they stood the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 before.

Thus the Tree being seated vpon the ground in the like aspect of the 〈…〉〈…〉 it was, you must dresse it about the foot with a leuelled bed of good earth, or the thicknesse of halfe a foot, and trample it downe: and againe, vpon this, 〈…〉〈…〉 bed of the same thicknesse of good made earth, and for want thereof, with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 newly mixt with good dung, and to tread and trample it downe, and thus by 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the one and the other to continue till the Pit be filled vp euen with the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 swarth, and then to water it. All these said and seuerall workes shall be ended before the full of the Moone, and the better, if it be in the encrease of the day, that 〈…〉〈…〉 about nine or ••enne a clocke in the morning: For some hold, that if these things 〈◊〉〈◊〉 done in the full Moone, that then there would grow Wormes and Ants 〈…〉〈…〉 bodie and barke of the Orange tree. Being thus planted, you shall order and go∣uerne them both in Summer and Winter in manner as followeth: In Summer 〈◊〉〈◊〉 shall be watered euerie three daies, morning and euening, and ofter too, if the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the heat doe require it: For the Orange tree, aboue all things, doth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 water, and standeth in need of two buckets of water at the least vnto euerie 〈…〉〈…〉 tree root; and therefore the Gardiners are happie in this case, which in their 〈◊〉〈◊〉, or not farre off, haue water at commandement, because commonly they 〈◊〉〈◊〉 both more fruit, and that also more beautifull and faire, and better seasoned. Such 〈◊〉〈◊〉 water them, must beware of touching the stocks or trunkes of the tree, or else the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 therewith, but rather that they cast it a pretie way off, and that round about, that so it may sucke in and sinke downe equally vnto and vpon the rootes: And to this 〈◊〉〈◊〉 you shall make a little furrow, digged some three fingers deepe round abou••, and in∣to this you shall poure your water, and when it is sunke, you shall fill vp the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 againe. In Winter the care and labour is the greater, in keeping them from being tainted of the Frost: and therefore, so soone as the Frost shall begin, you shall 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them in good time, about the first of October, with good store of boughes, held vp with props, or else to make for euerie one of them a lodging of Mass, with a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in it open vnto the South. Some vse to couer them with Corke, and it is a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 good couering for them. Some, as hath beene said before, remoue them into 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vnder the earth, carried thither vpon little Wheele-barrowes, and fitted of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 or Cases, But which of these cour••es soeuer it shall be that you shall take, you must al∣waies see, that their tops and outsides be at libertie, and not pinched of due 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by that which couereth them, and that this coueret be not taken away till 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be past. It is true, that before you couer them, or set them in vaulted caues, you must see, that they be not wet anie manner of way: for if the cold should seize vpon them in that pickle, both the tree and the fruit would be easily spoyled by the 〈…〉〈…〉 that, this wetnesse would cause the flowers and fruits to corrupt and rot when they were vnder their couert: but good and wise Gardiners, before they co••er these 〈◊〉〈◊〉 doe take from the Citron trees (being the least able to endure cold of all the rest) 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the flowers, buds, and tender boughes of the same. You must beware that it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 not into their lodging or place of couert, especially vpon the thaw of Snow, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Snow water is more hurtfull vnto them than anie other. Likewise, if anie 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Snow or Sleet come thwart their lodging, or that anie trade wind doe bring it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them, you must shake it off from their branches, and take it from the foot of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, for it would scorch them. And therefore, to meet with these inconueniences, if 〈◊〉〈◊〉 be anie cleft or hole in the couering, you must make it vp close, and stop it well 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dung, or vvispes, so as they may be taken out when it is a faire and cleere weather, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 that the Sunne shall cast forth his beames, that so it may shine vpon the 〈…〉〈…〉 dispell the ill, corrupt, and infected ayre, and take away and drie vp the 〈◊〉〈◊〉

moisture rising of the continued shadow: and then againe, when the Sunne goeth downe, and falleth off, you must stop them vp againe, that so the cold may not take hold vpon them. It will not likewise be amisse to make a fire there, during the ex∣treame cold times, of good drie Wood, or Coale, because the heat thereof would be great, and continue well, without working anie annoyance vnto the plants, either by his flame or smoake: and this to be most chiefely performed in the behalfe of the Ci∣tron-trees, which are most subiect vnto the cold of all other, the cause being, for that they haue in them greatest store of iuice and substance; as on the contrarie, they are least subject to cold which haue least iuice and substance in them. Againe, you may not be too hastie in vncouering of them, vpon some shew and promise of gentle, meeke, and faire weather, because the cold oftentimes faining it selfe to be gone, re∣turneth againe in more vehement manner than before, threatning the killing of them, onely it will be the best and safest to open some boord or window of their lodging, that so the tree•• may enioy the present heat of the Sunne for certaine houres. In the time of the couering of these new translated trees, you must not forget to renew them at the foot a cubit height with good earth, enriched with good rotten dung, and that to lye round about the said foot the breadth of a good fadome: and this will serue and stand in stead, in case that by extremitie of cold the bodie of the tree should be frozen, to refresh and repaire it againe from below, where the frost shall not haue pierced it; notwithstanding, if in such extraordinarie cold seasons you couer and lay ouer their former couering with other dung well rotted, you shall preserue the said Orange trees. Their grafts (whereof wee are to speake hereafter) are a great deale more tender and more easie to be broken by the cold and frost, and therefore they must be couered at the foot, and layd high with earth, and as it were cloaked or hoo∣ded, and double couered and cloathed, as hath beene said, and that a great deale higher, that so it may not be pinched in the place of the setting in of the graft. But and if the cleft, or other receit made for the setting in of the graft, be so high, that the said prouision and defence cannot conueniently be applyed vnto it, you must then couer such chase with thicke new cloth, being well woolled, or else with straw, and to tye the one or the other fast to, by wreathing it about with one of the breadths of a Mat, and stay it vp with a prop, if need be. In hot Countries, as Spaine and Portugall, it is held as an approoued opinion, That by how much the more Orange trees are watered in Winter, so much the lesse subiect are they to frost; because their water is either out of the Well, or fresh drawne from some Fountaine, or of water broken out of the earth, and made warme with the Sunne, or with the fire, and for that it is drunke vp all into the earth: but I feare me, that it would not fall out for well done, if so be that in this cold Countrey one should take that course: notwith∣standing, if you will vse the same order, you shall doe it either by the helpe of the foresaid Sunne beames, or by a pipe of Lead, laid good and deepe in the earth, a farre off from the root of the tree, powring of the said water into it, that so it may descend and reach vnto the roots: but so soone as you haue thus powred in your water, you must stop verie well and couer the said pipe with earth and dung, that so the cold ayre may not runne along it vnto the roots, for so they would be frozen. They must be vnder-digged and cast at the foot from moneth to moneth, if the season will suffer it, and the earth made light and soft, mingling it with dung, and watering it as hath beene said. And for the better preseruing of the branches of these plants, and keeping of them in their strength and force, they must be cut euerie yeare, more or lesse, accor∣ding as the good and expert Gardiner shall iudge it necessarie, in as much as these trees, being both daintie and precious, doe require a verie carefull regard to be vsed in this cutting. It must not furthermore be forgotten to take from them continually all manner of superfluitie, filth, and grasse, growing at their foot, or elsewhere; and likewise thornes or pricks, and that with the hands, or some other cutting yron: And if anie branch, through ••rost, or otherwise, grow drie, pale, or blacke, you must cut off the dead part at the Spring in the decrease of the Moone, in faire weather, and calme and temperate, and vpon the putting of it forth againe, and this must be

done with a Garden Sickle or Knife well sharpened, and the cut must be well 〈◊〉〈◊〉 together, and couered ouer, that so it may put forth branches againe. You must also bow the boughs as shall be necessarie, and to raise some higher, and pull some lower, as occasion shall require: cut the ends and sprou••s which put forth at the toppes of the tree: take away those that grow too high, to the end they may be proport•••••••• in an equall measure of growth: for these trees, especially the Citron tree, growing in anie great height, and hauing anie great store of boughes, doe neither bring 〈◊〉〈◊〉 so much nor so good fruits, as when they are otherwise fitted and freed from their vn••necessarie boughes: and further, if need require, to se•• some store of p••les to hold vp the boughs. If notwithstanding all the paine and preseruation spoken of before, they fall now and then into mislikings and diseases, then you must burie at their 〈◊〉〈◊〉 some Sheepes hornes: for some are of opinion, that by these they are maintained is ••ound estate and good plight.

And thus much as concerning the ordering of these Trees, when they be brought out of other Countries: but as for those which wee procure to grow and spring out of the earth here in this Countrey, wee must know, that they grow either of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, boughes, grafts, or ••eeds. But to speake of these particularly, the Orange tree grow∣eth not, but verie hardly, either vpon shoots or grafts: for hauing a verie hard 〈◊〉〈◊〉, it hardly taketh root. It is true, that some vse to prepare a Plant of it in such man∣ner: They picke and prune from an Orange tree bough his sprigges and 〈◊〉〈◊〉, plant it the small end downeward, wrapt in a Linnen cloth, hauing within it 〈◊〉〈◊〉 dung that is verie new: and of such plants haue beene seene to grow Orange trees, growing indeed lower than the other, but hauing a well spread and large 〈…〉〈…〉 yet it is better to sow it, so that it be in a good soyle, notwithstanding it be long be∣fore it bring forth fruit: but he that will helpe that, and cause it to hasten to bearing, must graft it. The manner of sowing all these sorts of trees, is, first to prepare and manure the ground verie well with Horse dung about the moneth of May, or else with Oxe or Sheepes dung, and to mixe therewith some Wood ashes, or which were better, some Cucumber ashes: then making pits in the said ground, of the breadth of halfe a foot, to put three seeds together, and the sharpe end vpward, and the high∣er part of the seed toward the earth: after this, they must be oft watered with 〈◊〉〈◊〉 water, or with Sheepes milke, for so they will grow better and sooner. And yet 〈◊〉〈◊〉 not, before you sow them, to lay them in steepe in Cowes milke that is warme: and if you desire to haue them sweet fruit, put to the liquor wherein you steepe them, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Sugar cand••e.

You shall plant their shoots after the same manner, in a well husbanded and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ground, as also their boughes and grafts, about mid May, setting the great ends vp∣ward, and filling the pits with ashes made of Cucumbers. These bring forth 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and the middle part of the apple will be sweet, if the bodie of the tree be pierced with a Piercer in the moneth of Februarie, and that there be made therein an oblique and sloping hole, which must not goe through, and from out of this the sappe is let distill, vntill such time as the apples come to be formed, and then you must stop vp the said hole with Potters clay or mortar: or else giue a slit in the thickest branch of the tree, and in the place where you haue giuen the slit, make a hollownesse of the depth of a good foot, which you shall fill with honey, and stop vp with mortar, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 feare of raine and of the heat of the Sunne: when as the tree hath drunke in all the ••on••y, you shall put in more, and water the root with vrine: in the end, you shall 〈◊〉〈◊〉 off all the little shoots which shall put forth of the tree, letting those alone which shall grow vpon the slit branch.

At the same time Orange trees may be grafted chiefely vpon the Pom••-〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••tree, for vpon this they thriue maruellously (especially the Orange tree) both in good∣nesse, greatnesse, beautie, and thicknesse of such fruits as they bring forth, in respect and comparison of those which they bring forth when they are grafted one 〈◊〉〈◊〉 another: that is to say, the Orange vpon the Citron, or the Citron vpon the O∣range tree. They may be grafted likewise vpon themselues, as the Citron-tree vpon

the Citron tree, and sometimes vpon the Pomegranate, Peare, Apple, and M••lberrie tree, but seldome betwixt the barke and the wood, but vpon the head of the trunke or bodie of the tree, cut off neere vnto the root. In the grafting of them, you must make choice of the fairest grafts which may be found, as ••o graft a good Citron tree vpon a better. The Limon grafted vpon the Citron, doth beare fairet fruit than the Citron grafted vpon the Limon, because the Citron tree is a great deale more ••appie and full of iuice for to make nourishmen•• of than the Limon tree, Citrons and Li∣••••ons, grafted vpon an Orange tree, doe beare more fruit than vpon their owne ••••umpe and bodie, and are not so subiect vnto the cold, because they enioy and par∣••••cipate so largely of the Orange tree his properties and qualities which consisting of a hard wood, without sappe, doth resist the cold a great deale the more. 〈…〉〈…〉 way to graft them, is by cleauing the stocke, and then it must be done in Aprill, or in March: or by way of crowning; and that must be done in May: or by cutting a ••ound hole in the barke of the tree, and this must be done in Iuly. When they be grafted into the barke of the tree, you must cut away whatsoeuer is superfluous, or more than needeth, of buds or sprouts which are not grafted, and withall, take away all the shoots which grow thereupon afterward. When they are planted, you shall ••ot suffer anie weeds to grow there about them, except it be the Gourd, whereof they are refreshed, if it grow neere vnto them, as being much succoured by them, and protected from the cold; as also for that the ashes thereof sowne and cast about ••he roots of Citrons, doe make them more faire and fruitfull: And se••ing that the Citron tree is verie fruitfull, and bear••th a heauie fruit, after such time as it hath brought forth his fruit, you must gather the greater part, and leaue but a few remaining, and so the remainder will proue verie faire ones, and a great deale the better.

The Orange tree will neuer freese nor die with a cold wind, nor yet with the frost, if it be grafted vpon Holly, being an approued thing: but then indeed the fruit will not be so naturall as that of the others.

Citrons, Oranges, Limons, and Syrian Citrons, must be gathered in the night, with their leaues, in the change of the Moone, not before they be ripe, but when the O∣range is of a golden colour all ouer, if you purpose to keepe them long: and you must not tarrie till they be become pale before you gather them. You may keepe them fresh and vncorrupt all the yeare, if you hide them in heapes of Barly, or Millet: or else if you annoint them ouer with plaister well temp••red: or if you close them vp in vessels euerie one by it selfe. You must not in anie case lay Citrons neere vnto hot bread, for it would make them not.

To haue Oranges of a mixt nature, and as it were halfe Oranges, halfe Citrons, you must about the beginning of March cut a sience or branch of the Citron tree, whiles it is yet young, of the thicknesse of three fingers, and plant the same in a conuenient time, giuing it all his orders and best helpes of husbanding: at the end of two yeares, or thereabout, when it is well taken, and betwixt March and Aprill, you shall sow it of a finger within the earth, and closing the cut fast, you shall graft, by way of cleft, a graft of a young Orange tree thereupon, as of some two yeares old, proportionable and sutable vnto the Citron tree in thicknesses afterward you shall rub and annoint the said cut, and cha••e or cleft for the receit of the graft, with the root of the hearbe called Aron, and you shall couer it well with a good cappe, after the manner of other grafts, putting therewithall vnto the foot thereof well rotted dung, or the ashes of Gourds: after that, you shall lay it about with good earth, a rea∣sonable height, and vnderprop it, till such time as it shall grow great and strong: but know, that the graft must be taken of the side of the Orange tree which standeth to∣wards the East, and it must be done in the encrease of the Moone and day, for so it will prosper more effectually.

The Citron will be red and sweet, if it be grafted vpon a Mulberrie tree, and will grow in such forme & after such manner as a man will haue it, if before it be growne to his bignesse, any way it be closed vp in a frame or mould, cut after the shape you would

haue it 〈…〉〈…〉 may grow 〈…〉〈…〉 quantitie therein. By the 〈…〉〈…〉 it be put into a vessell of earth, or glasse, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 it be fully growne, it will 〈…〉〈…〉 fashion of the vessell, and become as great as the vessell: but, in the 〈…〉〈…〉 is haue ayre, you must make some small holes in the vessell.

The fruits of these Trees are alike differing, both in colour, disposition, 〈…〉〈…〉 for Oranges haue a more yellow and golden rind, a sowre or 〈…〉〈…〉 sowre and sweet together, being round as an Apple, and fitter for the Kitchin 〈◊〉〈◊〉 for Medicine. The Limon hath a longer shape, a paler rind, a sowre-tast, and is good for the Kitchin, and in Physicke, to coole, cut, and penetrate. The Citron is long, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the fashion of an egge, the rind thicke, yellow without, sowre, good for 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and preseruatiue medicines. Syrian Citrons are twice so great as 〈…〉〈…〉 fa∣shioned like Cucumbers, and the rind an 〈◊〉〈◊〉 thicke.

The leaues of the Citron tree doe cause a good smell amongst clothes, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them from the fre••ting of Moathes. The rind, iuice, and seed of Citrons, are all of them verie soueraigne against all manner of Poyson, and danger of the Plagues 〈…〉〈…〉 also that of the Limon. And for this cause there may a whole Citron and 〈…〉〈…〉 boyled in Rose water and Sugar, vntill such time as all be consumed away to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 iuice, and after to vse euerie morning, to the quantitie of one or two 〈…〉〈…〉 this decoction, in the time of the Plague. The rind and iuice of Citrons doe pro∣cure a sweet breath: the rind preserued heat••th the stomacke, and helpeth dig••••••••▪ The iuice pressed from the rind of an Orange, is quickly set on fire: it 〈…〉〈…〉 by his great subtlenesse, through the glasse, euen into the Wine that is 〈◊〉〈◊〉 therein. The iuice of Limons killeth S••abs, Itch, and Fre••kles, and taketh away the spots of Inke out of Cloth. The same distilled through a Limbeck, maketh 〈◊〉〈◊〉 countenances smooth and beautifull, and taketh away all filthinesse from all the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the bodie: being giuen to children to drinke, it killeth the Wormes which are in their bodies. If one bring the Limon neere vnto the fire, the thinne iuice that will come forth, doth cleanse the faces of young girles, and taketh away red pimples i•• the same, as also other manner of spots like vnto them. Likewise, the iuice of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 distilled in a Limbeck, besides that it helpeth and polisheth the countenances of wo∣men, is furthermore good to take away, out of the face, and other parts of the bodie, all white Spots, Warts, and other such like things. The iuice of a Limon is of such vertue, that if you straine it twice or thrice, and then wash in it whole Pearles, and af∣terward s••eepe them in it, and after lay them in the Sunne, within fiue or six daies they will become so soft as honey, so that you may make anie shape with them that you will. Furthermore, the iuice of Limons is so corrasiue, as that if you steepe in it a piece of Gold some certaine houres, you shall find it diminished, and become light: and as much will fall out, if you sticke a piece of Gold in a Limon. See more of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 matter in the third Booke.

The flowers of Oranges are preserued with Honey or Sugar, and those are verie cordiall: therewith likewise is made a very precious water, of rare and singular sweet∣nesse, which is called the water of Nafe.

Pomegranate trees craue a hot or temperate ayre, for they cannot beare fruit 〈…〉〈…〉 cold Countrey: and albeit their fruit be of one of these three tasts, as sweet, sowre, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 both sweet and sowre, notwithstanding, all manner of Pomegranates doe craue 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and the same ayre, ground, and manner of ordering. They maintaine themselues 〈◊〉〈◊〉 good state in all manner of ground, whether it be far, or strong, or grauellie, or 〈◊〉〈◊〉, or sandie, foreseene that the sand be somewhat grosse and moist. They refuse not 〈◊〉〈◊〉 situation of anie ground, be it hill, valley, or plaine: yea, they refuse not to grow well in stonie, drie, and rough grounds, for a little nourishment doth content them: And for these causes they need not to be so carefully husbanded as the former; and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 rather, because they will grow if they be but prickt downe, and doe well beare ei∣ther to be planted or grafted. Further, if you will take the paines to picke and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 them whiles they are young, and in due time, the fruit will be a great deale the big∣ger, and of a better fashion: but it must be looked so, that they be planted vpon 〈◊〉〈◊〉

South Sunne, but neuer vpon the East, nor yet vpon the West, for this quarter doth most hurt them, as well as the Vine. Note notwithstanding, that the young bran∣ches which you shall cut off from them must be taken when the tree hath put forth his buds, and not before (which is contrarie to the branches of other trees) as also that the si••nces, with barke and all, be of the thicknesse of the helue of a knife. And before that you plant them, you must make sure and close both ends of them, and annoint them with Swines dung, which is more familiar vnto them than anie other, and then lay them ouerthwart or crosse in the earth. they delight in a ground that is no•• leane, nor moist, but indifferent fat: and they grow the more easily and faire, if there be planted and set by them the Sea Onion, or especially some Mulberrie tree. The time to plant them, is from after March vntill May: betwixt the same times it is good to graft them vpon themselues, but to better successe vpon the Myr∣tle tree, wherein they delight greatly. The Citron tree, the Willow, and the Mul∣berrie tree are not so good, howsoeuer that sometimes they may be grafted vp∣on them.

The manner of grafting them, is to put into the bodie of the tree the graft of the Pomegranate tree, so soone as euer it shall be cut off from it, and after to poure vpon it some oyle, and to plaster and couer it with earth: and as concerning the graft, it must be taken from the Pomegranate tree after it hath budded, after the same manner that we haue said of the branches. Furthermore, the craue to be often watred when the Sunne is in Libra.

Pomegranate trees, by mightie raines, excessiue dewes, and great fogges, doe easily loose their flowers and fruits before it be ripe: but to preuent this mischiefe, they would be planted neere vnto some wall, and haue their boughes bowed downward, to the end they may not so easily take wet, which is so noysome vnto them. They en∣dure clefts and chaps in their bodies, without anie danger: and therein they are like vnto the Figge-tree and Vine. If the Pomegranate tree bring forth sowre, or scarce sweet fruit, you must water the roots thereof with Swines dung and mans dung, mixt with old vrine: or temper a little Beniamine with wine, and therewith to bath and wash the top of the tree, or to spread vpon the roots Asses dung, and after to couer them and water them with mans vrine.

The seeds of the Pomegranate will be white, if the roots of the tree be compassed about with Potters and Fullers clay, and one fourth part of Pla••ster, for the space of three yeares. The barren Pomegranate tree will become fruitfull, if the bodie thereof be often washed with ashes and lees. The Pomegranates will become red, if the roots of the Pomegranate trees be often watered with lee, or couered with the ashes of Acornes.

The Pomegranate will grow grosse and thicke, if you put much Swines dung at the foot of the tree: againe, looke how much more of this dung you put there, by so much the more sweet will the great sowre ones become. Pomegranates will haue no seedes, if you take away the greater part of the sappe of the boughes of the tree, and lay them in the ground all shiuered, and after that they haue take, cut that part of the Plant which spreadeth furthest, and hath alreadie put forth his buds. Pomegranate trees will be fruitfull, if you stampe Pur••••aine and Spurge together, and therewith annoint the bodie of the tree.

Pomegranates will not breake nor open vpon the tree, if there be three stones put at the root of the t••ee when it is planted: but and if the tree be alreadie planted, then neere vnto the tree roots you must plant the Sea Onion. But indeed, all these helpes, and such other, doe but little preuaile: and therefore it were better to plant or graft them onely which will not bring forth a fruit that will breake when it commeth to ripenesse. The Pomegranate tree will not fall his flowers, it the roots be watred eue∣rie yeare thrice with old vrine mixt with as much water.

Pomegranates will keepe and continue, if you dip them in faire warme water, and take them out again by and by: or else if you put them apart in drie sand, or in a heape of corne in the shadow, so long as till they become wrinkled: but yet better, if when

they be ripe, and yet hanging vpon the tree, you wrythe the small bough a little, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the start by which the Pomegrana••e hangeth: or else lay Pomegranates in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 clay tempered with water, and after drie them in the Sunne. It is good likewise 〈◊〉〈◊〉 lay them in dust, or scrapings, or sawings of the Poplar tree, the Holme tree, or the Oake, in a new earthen pot, and within it to set them in order, in manner of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and then afterward to couer the pot, and lute it verie well. But whatsoeuer way 〈◊〉〈◊〉 take, the principall end must be to keepe Oranges in a cold and drie pla••e▪ and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 they be gathered with their stalkes, as also with their little branches, if possibly it may be done without hurting the tree, for this helpeth much to keepe them long. They must likewise be gathered in the old of the Moone, so that they be then 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ve∣rie drie, and not being wet from aboue: and then, after that, to keepe them •• day 〈◊〉〈◊〉 two in the Sunne, their flowers lying downeward: then, after that, to clo•••• them 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in a pot verie well stopt, and well pitcht or ••eared, that the ayre may not get in▪ 〈◊〉〈◊〉 doe couer them and worke them ouer verie thicke with Potters earth, verie well bea∣ten and tempered, and when it is drie, then they hang them in a cold place: and wh•••• they will eat them, they steepe them in water, and take away the earth. Others doe wrap euerie one of them alone by it selfe in hay or in straw within cases. The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Pomegranate trees doe driue away ven••mous beasts: and this was the cause why men in auncient time were wont to put the boughs of Pomegranate trees both v••de•• and aboue them in their beds.

The Plane tree is more commended for the beautie of his leaues and shadow, than for his fruit: it groweth of shoots and siences drawne and taken from the tree, and planted in a verie moist ground, and such as is neere vnto some Fountaine or Riu••••▪ and yet besides this, it delighteth to be wa••red oftentimes with neat Wine, and some∣times with mens Vrine, to helpe it to shoot vp and grow high, and to put forth larg•• and ample branches, and long leaues, for to make the better shade. In this Coun••••ey we cannot see manie faire ones. I remember, that I haue seene one at Basil in 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Peters place, betwixt the height of fifteene or sixteene cubits, vnder the shield and shadow whereof, the people betooke themselues, for their refreshment, during the time of great and scorching heat. Some make dishes of Plane tree wood, to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 paine and wringings in the bellie, being applyed thereunto. You must beware of the dust which hangeth vpon the leaues: for being taken into the bodie, by drawing in of your breath, it hurteth the rough arterie and voice, and in like manner, the ••ight and hearing, if it fall into the eyes or eares.

The Nettle tree is well ynough knowne in Languedoc and Prou••n••e, especially in a borough neere vnto Mompelier, called Bontonnet: it groweth in a fat ground, well man••red and toyled, open to the South or East Sunne. The wood is good to make Flutes, Cornets, and other Instruments of Musicke: it is good also to make handles for Kniues and Swords. The fruit is verie much desired at the Tables of great States, of his great sweetnesse, and most pleasant and delightsome smell which they find in it that doe eat or smell to it. Likewise, some doe presse a Wine out of this fruit, being stamped and beaten, which is verie sweet, and seemeth like vnto other new pressed sweet Wines, but it lesteth not aboue tenne or twelue daies.

The Masticke tree delighteth in moist places, and is planted after the first day of Februarie: it beareth fruit thrice a yeare. The leaues, barke, and wood in decoctions haue power to restraine, strengthen, and comfort. And this is the cause why it is vsed to make Tooth-pickes thereof.

The Turpentine tree delighteth in a low and moist ground, and withall, in a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and warme ayre, open vpon the Sunne. The leaues, barke, and wood, haue the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 vertue that the Masticke tree.

The Iuiube tree, and others, as well foraine as growing in our owne 〈…〉〈…〉 further to be seene and read of in the third Booke.

Notes

• The Bay-tree.
• The Bay-tree cannot endure cold.
• 〈…〉〈…〉.
• The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 tree.
• 〈…〉〈…〉
• The Myrt-tree.
• Butcher-broome.
• 〈◊〉〈◊〉▪
• Basterd Sene.
• The Caper-tree.
• 〈…〉〈…〉
• Chastitie.
• Heat of Vrine.
• The burning beat of the se∣cret parts.
• 〈…〉〈…〉.
• To ••eed swine.
• The Dat••-tr••e.
• The Pine-tree.
• 〈…〉〈…〉.
• The vertue of the Pin••••pple.
• The Figge-tree.
• 〈…〉〈…〉.
• A fruitfull figge-tree.
• 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and timely figges.
• Figges of di∣uers colours.
• To make a good figge of a wild.
• Greene figges.
• Soluble figges.
• To ••ame a wild Bull.
• 〈…〉〈…〉
• The Plague.
• 〈…〉〈…〉
• The Oliue tree.
• A maruellous thing about the Oliue tree.
• Virginitie. 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• The gathering of Oliues.
• Oliues serue to make Oyle of, and to serue as Table.
• The gathering of Oliues to serue in Ban∣quets.
• The gathering of Oliues to make Oyle of.
• Flux of the bellie.
• Flux of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Itch.
• 〈…〉〈…〉.
• 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• Citron-trees.
• Orange-trees.
• Limon-trees.
• Citron-trees of Assyria.
• The manner of transporting Citron-trees, &c.
• Taken 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of the remembrances of Monsieur Nicot, sert from Portugall vnto 〈◊〉〈◊〉 mother, and to the C••rdinall of Lorraine.
• Ground fit for these Trees.
• Holes, or Pits.
• The ••itting of Citron and Orange trees of Plants.
• To sow Orange trees.
• To graft Orange grafts.
• Gourds a friend vnto the Citron.
• To keepe Citrons &c. long.
• Oranges of a mixt nature.
• Citrons.
• Citrons of 〈…〉〈…〉.
• The difference betwixt O∣range, Citron, and Limon trees.
• The leaues of the Citron tree. The iuice, seed, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of Ci∣tron trees.
• A sweet breath.
• Rednesse of the face.
• Warts.
• To soften pearls.
• To diminish Gold.
• The water of Nafe.
• To graft Pome∣granat••.
• Pomegranate trees loosing their flowers.
• Sweet Pome∣granats.
• White Pomegra∣nate seeds.
• A fruitfull Pomegranate tree.
• Red Pomegra∣nat••.
• Thick Pome∣granat••.
• Pomegranat•• without anie kernels.
• Open Pome∣granats.
• Pomegra•••••••• flowers.
• The way to keepe Pome∣granats.
• The Pla•••• tree.
• The Lot•• or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 tree.
• The Masticke tree.
• The Iui••be tree.