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Description: Illinois, Cahokia, Artist's drawing of central Cahokia - stirling phase.
Date of Photo: Sept. 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17434
Image Number: 23348

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Description: North Carolina, Town Creek- Central Area.
Date of Photo: Sept. 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17435
Image Number: 23349

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Description: Lamar Complicated Stamp jar, Bibb County, Georgia. Lamar.
Holdings: 35mm slide: 1097
Image Number: 2335

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Description: Louisiana, Chitimacha cane basket.
Date of Photo: Sept. 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17436
Image Number: 23350

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Description: Plains Prairie Chicken Dance (interpretation)
Date of Photo: Sept. 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17437
Image Number: 23351

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Description: Sioux Hayoka Dance with Long Nose.
Date of Photo: Sept. 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17438
Image Number: 23352

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Description: Zuni Rain Dance (Uroman 1900).
Date of Photo: Sept. 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17439
Image Number: 23353

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Description: Florida, Key Marco, Panther sculpture.
Date of Photo: Sept. 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17440
Image Number: 23354

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Description: Lamar Bold Incised Plate, Bibb County, Georgia. Lamar.
Holdings: 35mm slide: 1098
Image Number: 2336

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Description: Marksville site map. The Marksville site is located on the eastern edge of the Marksville Prarie overlooking Old River and the adjacent floodplain approximately 12 meters below. Other early Marksville sites, such as Helena Crossing and Grand Gulf, are situated on similar high ground with commanding positions above the Mississippi Valley. The Marksville site was mapped and its features named by Gerard Fowke in 1926. (Fowke, 1928)
Date of Photo: 1928
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17446
Image Number: 23361

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Description: Marksville site, aerial view. Many of the main features of the Marksville site can be seen in the aerial photograph taken by Thomas Ryan in 1971. The main portion of the site is defined by a semicircular embankment about 1,100 meters long which now ranges from 1 to 2 meters in height. Within the enclosure are three conical mounds (Mounds 3, 4, and 5) and two larger truncated pyramidal mounds (Mounds 2 and 6). There is a small circular enclosure so
Date of Photo: 1971
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17447
Image Number: 23362

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Description: Marksville Stamped, var. Marksville vessel. Early excavations at Marksville produced ceramics that showed affinity with northern Hopewell. A finely made slender pot found by Fowke in Mound 8 has three repetitions of the raptorial bird motif. The background of the clay tempered vessel is roughen by dentate rocker stamping, another Hopewellian parallel. An almost identical vessel was found in Mound 4 (Toth 1974: Fig. c, d). Height 12.8 cm, diameter
Date of Photo: 1974
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17448
Image Number: 23363

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Description: Marksville crosshatched rim. A small plain vessel from the Crooks site (Ford Willey 1940) has a finely incised cross-hatched rim typical of those found at Marksville and most other early Marksville sites. The diagnostic rim treatment and the hemiconical punctate underneath, provide strong Hopewellian parallels. Vessel is Baytown Plain, var. Marksville. Height 5.6 cm, diameter 5.9 cm, capacity 90 ml. LSU No. 2278, Museum of Geoscience.
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17449
Image Number: 23364

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Description: Reconstructed Marksville Mound 4. The most famous Marksville conical mound was excavated by Fowke in 1926, explored by John R. Swanton in 1930, and further excavated by Frank Setzler and James A. Ford in 1933 (see Toth 1974 for details). The mound, approximately 33 meters in diameter and 7 meters in height, into which a burial vault had been sunk. Somewhere between 35 and 60 burials were located in Mound 4, most of them in the burial vault and on t
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17450
Image Number: 23365

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Description: Marksville earthworks. Originally, the main earthworks at the Marksville site were 2.5 to 4 meters high and had a ditch, or borrow area, along the outside edge (Toth 1974: 15). The earthworks define a broad "ceremonial" area which can be entered through three openings. The Marksville embankment never has been excavated, and thus it is unwise to assign such constructions to the early Marksville period - no matter how strong the parallels to northern
Date of Photo: 1974
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17451
Image Number: 23366

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Description: Mound City earthworks, Ross County, Ohio. Having worked at Ohio Hopewell sites, Setzler (1934) made the obvious, but superficial, connection between Marksville and Ohio Hopewell sites. In terms of their configuration and the burial mounds within, the Marksville earthworks do resemble the pattern at Mound City and other Hopewell sites in Ohio. Until tested, however, the parallel is just an unproved hypothesis.
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17452
Image Number: 23367

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Description: Serpent Mound, Adams County, Ohio. Another famous example of Hopewellian earthwork construction, over 400 meters in length, is the Serpent Mound which also is associated with a conical burial mound. There are no Marksville earthworks of this pattern, although in cross section the earthworks should be somewhat similar.
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17453
Image Number: 23368

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Description: Marksville Stamped, var. Marksville vessel. John R. Swanton was given a small beaker from Fowke's unfinished trench in Marksville Mound 4 that provided a good example of zoned dentate rocker stamping. The roughened background is used to achieve a dual motif which may represent the talons of a bird of prey. Height 7.6 cm, diameter 8.8 cm, capacity 330 ml. Smithsonian No. 364275, U.S. National Museum.
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17454
Image Number: 23369

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Description: Lamar Complicated Stamp, Bull Creek, Bibb County, Georgia. Lamar.
Holdings: 35mm slide: 1099
Image Number: 2337

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Description: Marksville Stamped, var. Old River vessel. Another beaker, built around three lobes, utilizes non-dentate rocker stamping to emphasize halves of a motif resembling a corner notched projectile point. Both dentate and non-dentate rocker stamping have northern Hopewell parallels. The dash-dot rim treatment on this vessel excavated by Fowke in Marksville Mound 4 is an early Marksville diagnostic with no identified comparisons from outside the Lower Mis
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17455
Image Number: 23370

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Description: Marksville Incised, var. Marksville vessel. Wide, U-shaped incised lines are used in both Marksville and Hopewellian ceramic decoration. The Marksville variety, however, has few northern parallels. The width of the incised lines is about the same as the space between lines. Although found in the southern Yazoo and Tensas Basins, var. Marksville is most closely associated with the Marksville phase. This vessel has two diagnostic early Marksville r
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17456
Image Number: 23371

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Description: Marksville Incised, var. Sunflower vessel. Widely spaced incised lines, as used in this simple meander pattern of parallel lines, is a more standard usage in the northern Yazoo Basin and in northern Hopewell. The small beaker was found by Fowke in Marksville Mound 4. Height 6.1 cm, diameter 7.4 cm, capacity 150 ml. Smithsonian No. 331708, U.S. National Museum.
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17457
Image Number: 23372

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Description: Marksville Stamped, var. Marksville vessel. Fowke excavated another vessel in Marksville Mound 4 which exemplifies broad U-shaped lines used to create bands that are alternately roughened by dentate rocker stamping. The vessel combines a tubby pot vessel mode with a tapered pedestal base. The same combination was used on another vessel found in the Pharr Mound in northeaster Mississippi. The Pharr vessel is roughly contemporary and, in fact, may b
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17458
Image Number: 23373

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Description: Marksville Stamped, var. Marksville vessel. A well executed scroll motif is emphasized by zoned dentate rocker stamping on a tubby pot recovered from Marksville Mound 4 by Ford and Setzler. The deeply notched front edge of the lip is another typical early Marksville rim treatment. Height 7.4 cm, diameter 10.9 cm, capacity 400 ml. Smithsonian No. 369003, U.S. National Museum.
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17459
Image Number: 23374

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Description: Baytown Plain, var. Marksville vessel. Plain vessels from early Marksville mortuary contexts are usually small (cup- or pint-sized). A vessel found by Ford and Setzler in Marksville Mound 4 has a characteristic notched lip. The jar was found on top of the burial platform in association with the badly crushed skull of an animal presumed to be a dog. Height 11.8 cm, diameter 10.6 cm, capacity 650 ml. Smithsonian No. 369006, U.S. National Museum.
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17460
Image Number: 23375

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Description: Marksville Mound 6. Conical burial mounds, Hopewell style ceramics, and possibly earthworks are easy enough to identify as Hopewellian horizon markers. Mounds 2 and 6 at Marksville, however, are more of an enigma. Mound 6 is a flat-topped pyramidal structure not normally associated with either Marksville or Hopewell. The mound is about 100 meters in diameter and 4 meters high. The handful of pottery from Mound 6 is associated with the Marksville
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17461
Image Number: 23376

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Description: Effigy Raven platform pipe (length 12.2cm), Rutherford Mound, Hardin County, Illinois. Many diagnostic Hopewellian artifacts have yet to turn up at an early Marksville site. Stone platform pipes, such as the exquisite raven effigy from Rutherford, is one example. Although platform pipes are found at Marksville sites in modest numbers, they are normally crude ceramic copies of the northern originals. Illinois State Museum.
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17462
Image Number: 23377

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Description: Snyders points, Mackinaw cache, Tazewell County, Illinois. Finely chipped Hopewellian corner-notched projectile points are another artifact class missing at Marksville sites. The closest examples, identified as Gibson or Norton forms (Griffin 1979: 270), are from Mound B at the Bynum site in the northeastern Mississippi which is associated to some degree - by Marksville ceramics - with Mississippi Valley. Lithic technology capable of producing Synd
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17463
Image Number: 23378

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Description: Lamar Complicated Stamp, Stubbs Mound, Bibb County, Georgia. Lamar.
Holdings: 35mm slide: 1100
Image Number: 2338

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Description: Copper earspools, Bynum site, northeastern Mississippi. Another Hopewellian status-related artifact, the copper earspool, is known only from Helena Crossing and Crooks but can be expected to turn up in a few other Marksville mortuary contexts. Like the Bynum earspools, the Marksville specimens date approximately A.D. 150 to 300 and originated in northern Hopewellian centers, particularly the Ohio Valley. National Park Service Visitor Center, Tupelo
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17465
Image Number: 23380

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Description: Sheet copper cylinder, Helena Crossing, Phillips County, Arkansas. An unusual imported copper artifact was found in an early Marksville context on the floor of Tomb E in Helena Mound C. The sheet copper cylinder, which has a cut-out design, is thought to have been a ferrule for a wooden staff (Ford 1963). Bits of wood adhered to the inside of the cylinder. There is a hole at one end through which a pin may have secured the metal sleeve to the staf
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17466
Image Number: 23381

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Description: Village midden, Panther Lake site, northeastern Louisiana. Many Marksville village sites are multicomponent. Favorable locations were reoccupied repeatedly, and Marksville material shows up as a level in what is often a homogeneous midden deposit laid down over many centuries. The Panther Lake site is known primarily as a Tchefuncte site in the Tensas Basin., but early Marksville, Point Lake phase ceramics were found at the site. Photo courtesy of
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17467
Image Number: 23382

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Description: Weeks Island site, coastal Louisiana. Along the Gulf Coast, shell middens constitute the most common type of site. At Weeks Island excavations uncovered a deep deposit which spans many centuries and cultural systems. A strong early Marksville component is present at Weeks Island. Photo courtesy of Robert Neuman, Museum of Geoscience (Museum of Natural Science), Louisiana State University.
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17468
Image Number: 23383

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Description: Marksville Stamped, var. Marksville vessel cast. The Moncla site on Red River north of Marksville once had a mound in which Edward Neild salvaged some copper beads and a fine Marksville beaker (Toth 1977a). The vessel has an alternately roughened loop motif that is emphasized by detate rocker stamping and punctates. The front edge of the rim is notched, an expected occurrence on a diagnostic early Marksville vessel. Height 10.5 cm, diameter 11.5 c
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17469
Image Number: 23384

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Description: Marksville Incised, var. Marksville vessel. Narrow incised lines are used in a concentric circle motif on a soft, chalky early Marksville vessel from the McGuffee site on the lower Ouachita River near Sicily Island in Catahoula Parish, Louisiana. The beaker was found in a conical mound cut by highway construction (Toth 1977a). Concentric circles, rectangles, and triangles are common early Marksville motifs. Height 8.5 cm, diameter 11.0 cm, capacit
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17470
Image Number: 23385

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Description: Distribution of early Marksville sites and phases. Since the early investigation of mounds at Marksville and Crooks, a number of additional early Marksville components have been identified. These have been divided into distinct cultural phases (Phillips 1970; Toth 1977a), primarily on the basis of ceramics. Components of each phase may have been integrated into tribal units that are roughly parallel to the much later "provinces" of the Do Soto narr
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17471
Image Number: 23386

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Description: Marksville Stamped, var. Marksville vessel. Crosshatched rims and raptorial bird motifs provide close parallels with the lower Illinois Valley. A slender pot from Crooks Mound combines these elements in a classic manner. Height 13.5 cm, diameter 11.1 cm, capacity 750 ml. LSU No. 1952, Museum of Geoscience.
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17472
Image Number: 23387

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Description: Marksville Stamped, var. Marksville vessel. An alternately slanted Marksville rim and bird motif on a tubby pot from Crooks provide another example of ceramic parallels. The Marksville vessels were made of local clay-tempered paste and are not imports. Similar ceramics have been found in numerous village contexts. Toth (1977a, 1977b, 1979a) provides detailed discussion of the parallels between early Marksville ceramics and Hopewell style ceramics
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17473
Image Number: 23388

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Description: Marksville Stamped, var. Crooks vessel. The raptorial bird and other Marksville motifs often are emphasized by zoned dentate rocker stamping. Zones scallop shell impressions offer one variation used to create the same effect, as on this ovoid bowl from the Crooks Mound. The Crooks variety is well associated with the Marksville phase and with phases to the south. Height 7.0 cm, length 16.7 cm, width 11.9 cm, capacity 780 ml. LSU No. 2280, Museum o
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17474
Image Number: 23389

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Description: Lamar Complicated Stamped with square base, Bibb County, Georgia. Lamar.
Holdings: 35mm slide: 1101
Image Number: 2339

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Description: Marksville Incised, var. Sunflower vessel. Sometimes the bird design is not highlighted by zoned background roughening, and sometimes the bird is broad-billed rather than raptorial as on one tubby pot from Crooks. Height 10.1 cm, diameter 11.3 cm, capacity 640 ml. LSU No. 5533, Museum of Geoscience.
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17475
Image Number: 23390

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Description: Marksville Stamped, var. Marksville vessel. On another pot from Crooks, the broad-billed bird motif is linked with the diagnostic early Marksville crosshatched rim. Height 5.3 cm, diameter 7.3 cm, capacity 120 ml. LSU No. 5717, Museum of Geoscience.
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17476
Image Number: 23391

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Description: Marksville Stamped, var. Marksville vessel. On an unusual U-shaped vessel from Helena Crossing, the head of the bird motif is achieved through the use of multiple incised lines. A multiple line variation of the bird motif also is present at the Coral Snake Mound in the Texas-Louisiana border region. The striking dual mouthed vessel form has no known Lower Mississippi Valley parallels, but a similar form from Pierce Mound A in the Apalachicola regi
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17477
Image Number: 23392

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Description: Conch shell container, Helena Crossing, Phillips County, Arkansas. Large marine shells presumably were traded along the Gulf Coast on their way into the Southeast. Three Cassis and six Busycon shells found in the Helena Crossing log crypts make the Apalachicola, Florida parallel for the Helena U-shaped vessel a little less far fetched. Helena is the only early Lower Mississippi Valley site with a good representation of marine shells, thus hinting t
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17478
Image Number: 23393

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Description: Drilled red wolf canines, Helena Crossing, Phillips County, Arkansas. Beads made of marine shells were found with 15 red wolf drilled lower canines in the waist area of a burial in Helena Mound C. Mortuary use of large carnivore canines is not limited to a Hopewellian horizon. Canines are rare, however, in Marksville context. An unidentified large carnivore canine, also drilled, from Saline Point provides the sole parallel with Helena Crossing. A
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17479
Image Number: 23394

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Description: Mabin Stamped, var. Mabin vessel. Zoned cord-wrapped stick impressions are also found in the Lower Mississippi Valley. A square beaker from Crooks utilizes cord-wrapped stick impressions to emphasize a strange motif which possibly involves a plant/germination theme. Height 8.4 cm, diameter 9.7 cm, capacity 44 ml. LSU No. 1944, Museum of Geoscience.
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17481
Image Number: 23396

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Description: Mabin Stamped, var. Mabin vessel. An unusually large jar from Crooks again utilizes zoned cord-wrapped stick impressions. The Mabin variety is present at Marksville sites throughout most of the Lower Mississippi Valley, but particularly associated with Point Lake phase in northeastern Louisiana. Height 26.1 cm, diameter estimated 25.0 cm, capacity estimated 8000 ml. LSU No. 2279, Museum of Geoscience.
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17482
Image Number: 23397

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Description: Marksville Stamped, var. Marksville vessel. Another diagnostic decoration shared by Marksville and Illinois Hopewell is the vertically bisected circle motif. A tubby pot from Crooks combines the vertically bisected circle with a crosshatched rim. The sloppy execution and the soft, thick ware of which the pot is fashioned, when compared to the very fine Hopewell vessels in the Illinois Valley, suggest that the direction of diffusion of ceramic ideas
Date of Photo: 1982
Holdings: 35mm slide: 17484
Image Number: 23399

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Description: Grinding cornmeal, ca. 1900. A frequent task for Pueblo women was the grinding of cornmeal for meals. Special rooms with sets of metates that ranged from coarse to fine-grained stone were often set aside for this task. Starting with the coarse metate, a woman would use successively finer metates until a fine meal was produced.
Date of Photo: c. 1900
Holdings: 35mm slide: 18223
Image Number: 234

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Description: Lamar Bold Incised, Bull Creek, Muskogee County, Georgia. Lamar.
Holdings: 35mm slide: 1102
Image Number: 2340

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