History of Detroit and Wayne County and early Michigan: [Vol. 2]

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H ISTORY OF Detroit;/ WZiayne County AND EARLY A Chronological MICHIGAN Cyclopedia of the I Id -t PAST AND PRESENT By SILAS FdRMER, City Historiograiher "native here and to the manner born" ~o mruhitp anb ito~ortapitmal iqbtitol ~a. PUBLISHED BY SILAS FARMER & CO CORNER OF MONROE AVENUE AND FARMER STREET, DETROIT FOR MUNSELL & CO., NEW YORK 1890

COPYRIGHT, 1884, BY SILAS FARMER. COPYRIGHT, I889, BY SILAS FARMER. COPYRIGHT, I890, BY SILAS FARMER. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Electrotyped and Printed by THe DETROIT FREE PRES8 COMPANY.

PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION. The insertion of biographical sketches in the first edition of this work was suggested to the author, but it was deemed best to postpone the preparation of such material until the subject could be given greater attention. The successful sale of the first edition, and the gratifying demand for a second, has now given opportunity for this addition, which is certainly appropriate in a local history; for without citizens there would be neither city nor history, and brief biographies of representatives of various classes of its business and professional men will give a fairly representative idea of the city. Some of the biographies are of necessity brief, as no other facts could be obtained. In gathering material for several of the biographies, I am indebted to Lanman's Red Book of Michigan, to the American Biographical History (Michigan volume), and to the Magazine of Western History. Many other names might have appeared with propriety; indeed, other biographies were prepared, and other portraits engraved, which, almost at the last moment, were omitted, as it was found that they would increase the volume to an unreasonable size. In addition to the large amount of entirely new matter, the work as a whole has been thoroughly revised. THE AUTHOR.

PREFACE TO THIRD EDITION. In preparing the third edition of this work, the aim has been to embody all the desirable facts that could be obtained, concerning the history of the several townships of the county. Diligent efforts have been made to secure material, very many of the older residents have been interviewed, and all the township records examined. The history of each township is so related to the general history of the county, and to Detroit, that very many facts that might as appropriately have been given in the township histories, are given in various Chapters in the first volume, and to these, and especially to Chapters twenty, twenty-one and twenty-two, the reader is referred. The author assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of the personal sketches at the close of the volume, as they were collected by the firm of Munsell & Co., for whom this third edition is printed. THE AUTHOR.

TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART XIII- BIOGRAPHICAL. CHAPTER XC. Mayors of Detroit.-Solomon Sibley - Elijah Brush - John R. Williams - Henry J. Hunt - John Biddle - Jonathan Kearsley - Marshall Chapin - Levi Cook - Charles C. Trowbridge - Andrew Mack - Henry Howard - Augustus S. Porter, - Asher B. Bates - DeGarmo Jones -Zina PitcherDouglass Houghton - James A. Van Dyke- Frederick Buhl- Charles Howard - John LadueZachariah Chandler - John H. Harmon - Oliver M. Hyde- Henry Ledyard -John Patton-Christian H. Buhl - William C. Duncan -Kirkland C. Barker - Merrill I. Mills - William W. WheatonHugh Moffat- Alexander Lewis-George C. Langdon - William G. Thompson - Stephen B. Grummond - Marvin H. Chamberlain - John Pridgeon, Jr. 1031-1050 CHAPTER XCI. Governors, Senators, Bankers, and Capitalists.-Russell A. Alger - John J. Bagley - Henry P. Baldwin - Lewis Cass - S. Dow Elwood - Jacob M. Howard - James F. Joy -Henry B. Ledyard - James McMillan - Hugh McMillan - John S. Newberry - John Owen - David Preston - Thomas W. Palmer -Francis Palms - Martin S. Smith —William H. Stevens - William B. Wesson - William Woodbridge. 1, 051-1077 CHAPTER XCII. Authors, Editors, Publishers, Physicians and Military Officers.-Hugh Brady-James B. Book - William H. Brearley - J. Henry Carstens - Henry A. Cleland - George Dawson - Arent S. DePeyster - John Farmer - Charles Hastings - Edward W. Jenks - Herman Kiefer - Alexander Macomb - Frederick Morley - Rollin C. Olin - John Pulford - William E. Quinby - James E. Scripps - John P. Sheldon - Morse Stewart - Francis X. Spranger - John Trumbull - William A. Throop - Henry O. Walker - Anthony Wayne - Richard S. Willis - Orlando B. WilcoxHal C. Wyman - Charles C. Yemans. I078-II09

vi TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER XCIII. Judges and Lawyers.-John Atkinson - Levi Bishop -James V. Campbell - Don M. Dickinson - Julian G Dickinson -- Samuel T. Douglass - D. Bethune Duffield - Henry M. Duffield - Edmund Hall - DeWitt C. Holbrook - George H. Hopkins - Willard M. Lillibridge - George V. N. Lothrop William A. Moore - George F. Porter- Ralph Phelps, Jr.- James A. Randall- Charles I. Walker — Edward C. Walker - William P. Wells - Albert H. Wilkinson - James WitherellBenjamin F. H. Witherell. 1110-II34 CHAPTER XCIV. Merchants.-Henry J. Buckley-James Burns -William K. Coyl - Thomas R. Dudley- William H. Elliott-James L. Edson-Jacob S. Farrand-John Farrar-Benjamin F. FarringtonDexter M. Ferry- Aaron C. Fisher - Richard H. Fyfe- Rufus W. Gillett- Henry GloverJeremiah Godfrey — Bruce Goodfellow-Theodore P. Hall-George H. Hammond-Samuel Heavenrich - Emil S. Heineman - Chauncey Hurlbut -- Joshua S. Ingalls - Charles S. Isham - Richard Macauley - Thomas McGraw - Nicol Mitchell - George F. Moore - James V. Moran Cyrenius A. Newcomb - Henry A. Newland - Thomas Palmer - George Peck -James E. Pittman -William Reid- William D. Robinson - Alanson Sheley-Osias W. Shipman — Aaron L. Watkins - Frederick Wetmore -George C. Wetherbee - H. Kirke White. I135-1174 CHAPTER XCV. Manufacturers and Inventors.-William S. Armitage - Absalom Backus, Jr. -Carleton A. Beardsley -Thomas Berry - Calvin K. Brandon - William A. Burt - Wells Burt - John Burt - George S. Davis — Solomon Davis - Alexander Delano - Jeremiah Dwyer -- Jacob B. Fox - George H. Gale - John S. Gray - Thomas F. Griffin - Gilbert Hart - Samuel F. Hodge - F. A. HubelJames McGregor - Joseph B. Moore - Michael J. Murphy - David O. Paige - Hervey C. Parke Hazen S. Pingree - David M. Richardson-Fordyce H. Rogers-Frederick Stearns - Joseph Toynton -J. Hill Whiting. I I75-I207 CHAPTER XCVI. Land Dealers, Lumber Manufacturers, Vessel Owners, Railroad and Insurance Managers, Etc.-Francis Adams — James A. Armstrong- Stephen Baldwin- Edmund A. Brush — William N. Carpenter - John P. Clark- E. W. Cottrell - Darius Cole - Alfred A. DwightEralsy Ferguson - Moses W. Field - George S. Frost- J. Huff Jones- Edward Lyon - Charles Merrill- Franklin Moore - Stephen Moore - John B. Mulliken - Joseph Nicholson - Charles Noble - Charles W. Noble - Charles L. Ortmann - Samuel Pitts - John E. Potts-Henry P. Pulling - David R. Shaw - Elliott T. Slocum - Giles B. Slocum - John D. Standish — Isaac N. SwainAnson Waring- Jared C. Warner - Deodatus C. Whitwood - Eber B. Ward - Emily Ward. 1208-1236 CHAPTER XCVII. Merchants and Manufacturers.-John Brennan - Conrad Clippert- Victor Colliau - Sidney B. Dixon -Walter John Gould - DeWitt C. Gage - John Allen Gray - William A. Gray - Anthony F. Grosfield - Edward W. Leech - Charles H. Preston-John V. Ruehle -Henry Spitzley. 1237-1244

TABLE OF CONTENTS. vii CHAPTER XCVII1. Township and Biographical.-Brownstown.-Canton: Biographies of John Huston, Orlando R. Pattengell, Robert Crawford Safford.-Dearborn: Biographies of Elizur R. Carver, William Daly, James Gardner, Edward Sparrow Snow, John B. Wallace. - Ecorce: Biographies of Jerome Holland Bishop, George Clark, Thomas D. Evans, James T. Hurst, F. A. Kirby, Walter C. Lambert, Theophilus J. Langlois, Hyacinthe F. Riopelle, Alexis M. Salliotte.-Greenfield: Biography of James McFarlane.-Grosse Point: Biography of Amandus Vandendriessche.-Hamtramck: Biographies of Christopher Damitio, John E. Edwards —Huron.-Livonia: Biography of William M. Shaw.-Monguagon: Biographies of James Woodruff Clark, John Clee, Isaac Callendar Saunders, Phineas Earll Saunders.-Nankin: Biography of Ebenezer O. Bennett.-Plymouth: Biographies of Jared S. Lapham, Theodore C. Sherwood, John Marcus Swift.-Redford: Biographies of Felix Gauthier, George C. Gordon, George C. Lawrence.-Romulus.-Springwells: Biography of Joseph H. Clixby.-Sumpter.-Taylor.-Van Buren. I247-1383 Personal Sketches. 1385-1473

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PART XIII. BIOGRAPHICAL.

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CHAPTER XC. MAYORS. SOLOMON SIBLEY was born in Sutton, Massachusetts, October 7, 1769. He came to Detroit very soon after the Territory was surrendered by the English, and in January, I799, was elected a member, from Wayne County, of the General Assembly of the Northwest Territory, and was largely instrumental in procuring the passage of the Act of 1802, incorporating the town of Detroit. In recognition of his services the electors of the town, at the first election, conferred upon him the freedom of the corporation, and after the second election he became Chairman of the Board of Trustees, and under the first city charter of 1806, was made Mayor of the city. He also held numerous other offices, serving as Auditor of the Territory from I814 to 1817, was United States Attorney from 1815 to 1823, and Delegate in Congress, from Michigan, from 1821 to 1823, and one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the Territory from 1823 to 1837. The recital of the offices he filled, is abundant indication of the esteem in which he was held, and in ability he was the peer of any who were then in office in the Territory, or citizens of Detroit. He was married in October, I802, to Sarah Whipple Sproat. They had eight children, as follows: Colonel Ebenezer Sproat Sibley, of United States Army; Katherine Whipple, wife of C. C. Trowbridge; Henry Hastings Sibley, ex-Governor of Minnesota; Augusta, wife of James A. Armstong; Mary, wife of Charles S. Adams; Alexander Hamilton Sibley; Sarah Alexandrine Sibley, and Frederic Baker Sibley, of Detroit. Solomon Sibley died at Detroit, April 4, 1846. ELIJAH BRUSH was born at Bennington, Vermont, and came to Detroit in I798. His father was a Colonel in the Revolutionary Army, and took part in the battle of Bennington. Elijah Brush graduated at Dartmouth College, began the study of law, and was admitted to the bar. He first practised his profession in Detroit. In 1803, within five years after he arrived in Detroit, he was elected a trustee of the town cor poration, and in the same year served also as supervisor. In I805 he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the Legionary Corps of Territoriai Militia, and under the Act of I806 was appointed the second Mayor of Detroit. In 1806 he was also appointed Treasurer of the Territory, and served until December 13, I813, and from i81I to I814 also held the office of United States Attorney. After the surrender of l)etroit to the English, in 1812, Colonel Brush with other citizens was compelled by General Proctor to leave the Territory. Reaching Toronto, then known as York, he met his brother-in-law, a British officer, through whose interposition he was paroled, and sent within the American lines. In October, 1813, with General Harrison's troops, he re-entered Detroit, and in December, 1813, he died. Colonel Brush married Adelaide Askin, a daughter of John Askin, of Detroit, and in I806 became the owner of the Askin, afterwards known as the Brush Farm. He left three sons and a daughter. JOHN R. WILLIAMS was born at Detroit, May 4, 1782, and was the only son of Thomas Williams, a native of Albany, New York, who came to Detroit in 1765, and married a sister of the late Joseph Campau. He received an appointment in the Army in 1796, and entered the service under General Wilkinson, at Fort Marsac, on the Cumberland River, in Tennessee. In 1799 he resigned, at the solicitation of Mr. Campau, and returned to Detroit, to engage in business. They formed a partnership to engage in the Indian trade, and Mr. Williams went to Montreal to purchase goods. While on board a small sloop at Queenstown, he became engaged in an altercation with a Frenchman named La Salle, a descendant of the renowned navigator and explorer. It resulted in their fighting a duel across a table, in LIo311

1032 MAYORS. which La Salle was shot and severely wounded, Mr. Williams was arrested and carried to Montreal, where he remained under bail for several months, but was finally discharged. In 1802 he returned to Detroit, and embarked in the fur trade and general mercantile business. During the war of 1812 he was made Captain of an artillery company. At the time of Hull's surrender he became a prisoner, but was paroled, and moved with his family to Albany, where he remained until 1815, when he returned to Detroit and resumed business. In the year I8I 5 he was appointed Associate Justice of the County Court, and in 1818 was made one of the County Commissioners, and in the same year was also appointed Adjutant General of the Territory, and served until I829. He was the author of the City Charter of I824, and served as the first Mayor under it, and was elected to the same office in I830, 1844, 1845, and 1846. He served as President of the Constitutional Convention held at Ann Arbor in 1835, and was active at all times in all political matters. He was also always interested in military affairs, and at the breaking out of the Black Hawk war was in command of the Territorial troops, and went to Chicago to aid in defending the western settlements. He owned a large amount of real estate, and his name and the names of members of his family are perpetuated in the names of several of the streets of the city. He married Mary Mott, daughter of Major Gershom Mott, on October 25, 1804. They had ten children, viz.: Ferdinand; Theodore; G. Mott; Thomas; John C.; James Mott; J. C. Devereux; Elizabeth, first wife of Colonel John Winder; Cecilia; Mary C. A., married first to David Smart, second to Commodore J. P. McKinstry; she died in 1876. Mr. Williams died at Detroit, October 20, I854. HENRY JACKSON HUNT was the eldest son of Colonel Thomas Hunt, of the Revolutionary Army, afterwards Colonel of the Second Regiment of the United States Army, who died in St. Louis. It fell to the lot of his son, Henry Jackson Hunt, to care for the orphaned children. He came from New York to Detroit soon after the Americans obtained possession, and served as Colonel of the Militia during most or all of the time from 18o0 to 8 r3. He was a leading merchant and also held various offices; was one of the Judges of the County Court in i8I5, City Assessor in 1817, Trustee of the University in 1821, one of the Trustees of the Corporation of Detroit in 1823, and in i826 was elected Mayor of the city, and died on September 15, 1826, before the expiration of his term of office. He was universally esteemed as a citizen and was prominent in all the literary, philanthropic, and religious projects of his time, and few persons in Detroit were as well and favorably known. He was almost universally spoken of as Henry I. Hunt, but his middle name was Jackson. He had but few relatives in Detroit. Cleveland Hunt, a nephew, is the only representative left in the city. JOHN BIDDLE was born in Philadelphia in March, 1792. He was the son of Charles Biddle, Vice-President of Pennsylvania during the Revolutionary War, and a nephew of Commodore Nicholas Biddle, of the Revolutionary Navy. He graduated at Princeton College, and a few years later entered the United States Army. During most of the War of 1812 he served tinder General Scott upon the Niagara frontier, during a portion of the time attached tc his staff, and was promoted from a Captain of Artillery to the position of Major. His brother, Major Thomas Biddle, was also in the United States Army, and served in the same campaigns, and an older brother, Commodore James Biddle, was a noted naval officer. At the close of the war, Major Biddle was stationed at Detroit. After some years he resigned his commission and went east. In 1819 he married Eliza F. Bradish, of New York, and, returning to Detroit, made quite extensive purchases of lands. In 1823 he was appointed Register of the Land Office for the district of Detroit, and held the office until 1837. In 1827 and 1828 he served as Mayor of Detroit, and from I829 to 183I was a delegate in Congress from Michigan, and in 1841 served in the State Legislature. He took great interest in political matters, and was President of the convention which framed the State Constitution of 1835. He was a fine scholar, wrote easily and fluently, and his literary productions were always valuable. HIe was a member of St. Paul's P. E. Church and interested in all the general religious and philanthropic reforms and efforts of his time. He was President of the original corporation that built the Michigan Central Railroad, and also in 1838 President of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank. In his later years he spent much of his time on his farm, which covered the site of the present city of Wyandotte, and also traveled extensively. On his return from a trip to Europe, in 1859, he spent the summer at White Sulphur Springs, Virginia,

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MAYA where he died suddenly on August 25, after taking a cold bath. He had a large family several of whom survived him. Among these were the widow of General Andrew Porter, William S. Biddle, Major James Biddle and Edward I. Biddle. JONATHAN KEARSLEY was born in Dauphin.County, Pennsylvania, on August 20, 1786, and was the son of Captain Samuel Kearsley, an officer of merit and distinction in the Revolutionary war. The son graduated at Washington College, in Pennsylvania, in May, I81I, and about a year later, on July 6, 1812, he was commissioned by President. Madison as a First Lieutenant in the Second Regiment of Artillery. He was soon after appointed Assistant Deputy Quartermaster-General and attached to the staff of Colonel Izard, at Philadelphia. In 1813 he was appointed Adjutant of the regiment commanded by Colonel Winfield Scott, afterwards Lieutenant-General Scott. He accompanied this distinguished officer at the storming of Fort George, crossing the river in the same boat. He was shortly after engaged in the battle at Stony Creek, and was brevetted Captain for his gallant conduct on that occasion. He also served as Garrison Major under General Porter and Brigadier Major under General Williams. He was with the army in the descent of the.St. Lawrence under General Wilkinson, and participated in the action at Chrystler's Field. On April 21, I814, he was transferred to the Fourth Rifles, and during the following summer was in the left division of the northern army, until in a skirmish on August 20, preceding the sortie at Fort Erie, he was so badly wounded that it became necessary to amputate his leg. He was subsequently commissioned Assistant AdjutantGeneral with the rank of Major, to take effect from the day of the action in which he was wounded. Soon afterwards he was appointed to the charge of the State Arsenal at Harrisburg and was also made a Collector of the internal revenue taxes. On March 20, I819, he was appointed Receiver of Public Moneys at Detroit and removed to this city. He held the office until 1850. He also served as Recorder of the city in 1826 and as Justice of the Peace in 1827. In 1829 he was elected Mayor of the city, and from I836 to 1850 served as one of the Regents of the University. Major Kearsley was twice married. The name of his first wife was Margaret Hetich, daughter of George Hetich, of Chambersburgh, Pennsylvania. They had three children, one of whom died in childhood; a son, Edward R. Kearsley, lives in ORS. I033 Crawford County, Ohio, and a daughter, the late Mrs. M. Howard Webster, lived in Detroit. The second wife of Mr. Kearsley, Rachel Valentine, was the daughter of Robert Valentine, of Chester County, Pennsylvania. She died on January 6, 1859. Mr. Kearsley died on August 31 of the same year. MARSHALL CHAPIN, M. D., was born in Bernardstown, Massachusetts, February 27, 1798, and was the son of Caleb and Mary Chapin, who had nine children. His ancestors l:ved in and about Springfield and the Connecticut River Valley for over 200 years. His father was a physician, but owned and operated a farm. The family removed to Caledonia, New York, and after having attended the usual schools of that day Mr. Chapin took a medical course at Geneva. He subsequently studied with his uncle, Dr. Cyrenius Chapin, of Buffalo, New York, and graduated at the age of twenty-one. In 1819 he established, with the help of his uncle, the first drug store in Detroit. Very soon after coming to the city he became prominent in public life. He served as Alderman at large in 1826 and 1827, and as Mayor of Detroit in 1831 and 1833, and as Chief Engineer of the Fire Department in 1832. In 1832, during the first visitation of the cholera, he was appointed City Physician and won golden opinions from all classes by his faithfulness and devotion; and two years later, when the scourge again appeared, he was equally active and efficient. In addition to his professional labors he gave close attention to his drug store, and under the firm names of J. Owen & Co., T. & J. Hinchman, and T. H. Hinchman & Sons, the business has been continuously maintained; but for more than two score of years has been exclusively a wholesale establishment. As a physician Mr. Chapin was greatly beloved, and he invariably refused all compensation for his services from those not readily able to pay. He was married in 1823 to Mary Crosby. They had four children. Their names were: Louisa, who married Theodore H. Hinchman; Helen, who married Norton Strong; Charles, who died when twelve years old; and Marshall, now dead, who served as a Colonel in the Union army. Dr. Chapin died December 26, 1838. LEVI COOK was born December I6, 1792, at Bellingham, Massachusetts, and came to Detroit in 1815. The same year he became one of the Trustees of the city and continued to hold from one to several offices almost every year thereafter. In 1822 he served as City Treasurer; from 1824

1034 MAYORS. to I827 as County Commissioner; as Superintendent of the City Poor in 1827 and 1828, and also as Alderman at large in 1828. He served as Treasurer of the Territory from 1830 to 1836, and as Chief Engineer of the Fire Department during the same period. In 1834 he was Supervisor of Detroit, and in I835 and 1836 Mayor. In 1838 he represented Wayne County in the House of Representatives, and in 1840 and I841 served on the Board of Review of the city. He was prominently connected with various banking organizations, was a Director in the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank in I829, and President from 1838 to 1845. He was a leading and very influential member of the Masonic body, and was tall, portly and commanding in appearance. He married Eliza Sanderson. He died December 2, I866, but left neither wife nor children. CHARLES CHRISTOPHER TROWBRIDGE was born in Albany, New York, on December 29, I8oo, and was the youngest of six children. His father, Luther Trowbridge, who died in 1802, was a native of Framingham, Massachusetts, and when the Revolution broke out was a law student, but immediately volunteered in the army. At the age of seventeen he received an Ensign's commission in the Massachusetts' line and continued in the service until peace was declared, when he retired with the rank of Brevet Captain and Quartermaster. After the war he settled at Albany, where his wife (whose maiden name was Elizabeth Tillman) had relatives. Here he held various offices, was prominent in public affairs, and died greatly respected. After his death the children were scattered, Charles C. finding a friend in Major Horatio Ross, of Owego, who proposed to initiate him into mercantile life. In accordance with this plan his first year was spent at Elmira; the next year he was taken into the family of Major Ross, where he was treated as a favored son. The business troubles that followed the peace of 1815 ruined his patron's business, and the creditors put the property into the hands of Mr. Trowbridge, who was then not quite eighteen years old, and he went down the Susquehanna with a cargo of salt, gypsum and lumber, disposed of it in Pennsylvania and came back safely with the proceeds. The next year Mr. William A. Ely, of Owego, engaged him to go as supercargo to Havre de Grace and Baltimore. Shortly after his return from Baltimore he decided to seek a home in Michigan. Some of his friends, through the intervention of Rev. John Monteith, secured him an appointment under Major Thomas Rowland, who was then holding various offices, and in the fall of 1819 Mr. Trowbridge came to Detroit. He was soon on intimate terms with the best and most inlluential persons in the city, and in 1820 was selected as one of the party to accompany Governor Cass on his exploring expedition to Lake Superior. The trip made Mr. Trowbridge intimately acquainted with Governor Cass, and he became and continued through life a kind and helpful friend. On his return from the expedition Mr. Trowbridge was sent with Colonel Beaufait, an Indian interpreter; to make a payment to the Saginaw Indians, and soon after his return he began to act as private secretary to General Cass, and in that capacity wrote from dictation various public documents and literary productions, and was also employed in other positions of great responsibility. In 1821 he was made Secretary of the Board of Regents of the University, holding the office until I835. In December, 1823, he was employed by the Secretary of War under the direction of General Cass to take down, from the Indians, statements of the relation of different tribes to each other, and the character and resemblance of their customs and languages. In December, Mr. Trowbridge set out for White River to spend the winter with William Conner, a Delaware interpreter and agent who lived about eighteen miles from the town of Indianapolis. On returning from the winter's work he employed himself, at General Cass's request, in visiting the old French people and taking down their recitals of events occurring during the Pontiac War. During this same year he was sent to Fort Wayne to make further investigation among the Miamies. In 1825 Mr. Trowbridge was made cashier of the Bank of Michigan, serving until 1836, and as President in 1839. In 1833 he, with several Boston capitalists, laid out the village of Allegan. He was also interested during the next few years in many similar enterprises. In 1844 he was made President of the Michigan State Bank, and continued to serve until the winding up of its affairs in I853. He then became Secretary and Treasurer and afterwards President of the Oakland & Ottawa Railroad Company, and its successor, the Detroit & Milwaukee Railway Company. The only political offices he held were those of Alderman of Detroit in 1833 and Mayor in 1834. During this period he greatly served the city by the introduction of system in the keeping of the various accounts. The early months of his mayoralty were burdened by cares growing out of the prevalence of the cholera. While the plague remained he gave personal

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MAYORS. I035 attention without stint to the suffering, and when it ceased he resigned the office of Mayor. He was one of the organizers of Elmwood Cemetery-one of the original trustees-and remained actively interested as an officer of the corporation until his death In 1847 he was influential in securing large donations from Detroit and Michigan for the starving poor of Ireland. He took a lively interest in everything which was calculated to promote intellectual, moral and religious culture, was active in the promotion of various local schools and seminaries, served as President of the Detroit Association of Charities, and indeed there seemed no limit to his cheerful helpfulness in any and every department of social and religious reform. He was always attentive to the poor and found time to receive kindly and entertain cheerfully the numerous visitors who sought information or help from him. He was one of the earliest members of St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church and subsequently one of the organizers of Christ Church, and from the time the Diocese of Michigan was organized was a member of the standing committee, and was also a member of every General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church from 1835 up to the time of his death. In all of the affairs and interests of the church of his choice he took a deep and continuous interest, and was also always evidently gratified at the growth and progress of other evangelical denominations; indeed, he did not know how to be narrow or mean-spirited, and his nature was broad and generous in an eminent degree. The esteem in which he was universally held was emphasized in a remarkable manner in the banquet tendered him on the occasion of his eighty-third birthday, and participated in by a class of citizens whose very presence was in itself an honor. Within a few months after this event, on April 3, I883, the public was called upon to mourn his decease. He was married in 1826 to Miss Catherine Whipple Sibley, eldest daughter of Judge Solomon Sibley. She died on March 24, i88o. Mr. Trowbridge left five children, viz.: Mrs. Sidney D. Miller, Mrs. William D. Wilkins, Mrs. George Hendrie, Miss Mary Trowbridge and Mr. Harry Trowbridge. ANDREW MACK was the son of Stephen Mack and was born in New London, Connecticut. In his early manhood he became a sailor and eventually captain of a vessel, and sailed three times around the world. In I808 he took a drove of sheep from the east to Cincinnati and settled there, and in the war of 1812 was captain of a company and subsequently a member of the Assembly of the State of Ohio. He came to Detroit about 1830, and in that year kept the Mansion House Hotel. He was connected with the Territorial militia and was generally known as Colonel Mack. In I830 he was one of the proprietors of the Detroit Free Press, and in 1834 was elected Mayor of the city to fill out the unexpired term of Mr. Trowbridge, who resigned. From 1829 to I839 he served as Collector of Customs, and in the latter year represented Wayne County in the State Legislature. He eventually moved to a farm on the St. Clair River, in the town of St. Clair, and died there in 1857, when seventy-five years of age. The business enterprises in which he was engaged and the positions he held indicate that he was capable, energetic, and well-informed. HENRY HOWARD, who served as Mayor during 1837, came here with Ralph Wadhams from Geneva, New York. They were in partnership in the dry goods trade in the old Smart Block, and subsequently had a warehouse at the foot of Randolph street. Mr. Howard served as Alderman at large in i834, and at the time he was Mayor was in the lumber business and lived at No. 290 Woodbridge street east. He also served as State Treasurer from 1836 to I839. AUGUSTUS S. PORTER was born in Canandaigua, New York, January I8, 1798; graduated at Union College in I818; studied law as a profession, and practiced for twenty years in Detroit. He was Recorder of the city in I830 and was elected Mayor in 1838, and in the same year was one of the proprietors of the Daily Advertiser. In I840 he was elected United States Senator from Michigan and served until 1845. In 1846 he removed to Niagara Falls, the residence of his father. In i866 he was a delegate to the Philadelphia National Union Convention. He died about I873. ASHER B. BATES was born at Le Roy, Genesee County, New York,on May 2, I81o. He came here as early as 1831. In 1833 he was serving as a Justice of the Peace, and in 1835 was City Attorney. In 1838, on the resignation of Augustus S. Porter, he was elected Mayor of the city. In the summer of 1848 he went to the Sandwich Islands, where he became Attorney-General, and remained until 1863 or 1864, when he moved to San Francisco, where he died on June i, I873.

Io36 MAYORS. He was married to Lucilla Beals in Canandaigua, New York, on October 24, I832. She died at Detroit in I839, leaving one son, Dudley C. Bates, now a resident of San Francisco. He was married to Elizabeth G Judd, of Troy, Oakland County, Michigan, on December 6, I843. She was living in 1887. DE GARMO JONES was born at Albany, New York, November I, 1787, and came to Detroit a few years subsequent to the War of 1812, and soon became, and for many years remained, a prominent factor in many of the business enterprises of Detroit and Michigan. It was through his sagacity and means that the plaster beds on the Grand River were first brought to light. He purchased at an early period the farm that bears his name, and it made him and his heirs wealthy. He was one of the first stockholders of the Bank of Michigan, was one of the contractors for the building of the old Capitoi, and was largely interested in vessels at an early date. He was also engaged in the forwarding business and owned and occupied a large warehouse. In 1835 he was one of the first Directors of the Detroit & St. Joseph, now the Michigan Central Railroad. He served as Alderman at large in 1827, I830, and 1838; as Adjutant-General of the State during part of the year I829; as Mayor of the city in I839, and as State Senator in I840 and I841. He was well educated, active in moral reform, a Trustee of the First Protestant Church in I820, and universally esteemed. He died November I4, 1846. His son, bearing the same name, served with credit as an officer during the Rebellion. ZINA PITCHER, M. D., was born at Fort Edwards, Washington County, New York, April I4, I797. He received a common-school education, and at the age of twenty went to the Castleton school to attend a course of medical lectures After having completed his term at Castleton he went to Woodstock, Vermont, where he graduated in 1822, and was shortly afterwards appointed by President Monroe Assistant Surgeon in the United States Army. He was subsequently promoted by President Jackson to the position of Surgeon. While in the army he saw much service in the far southwest, the south and the southeast, as well as in the country of the Great Lakes In 1835 he became President of the Army Medical Board, and upon his resignation, after fifteen years' service, his rank was within two or three of that of SurgeonGeneral. In 1836 he fixed his permanent residence in Detroit, and from 1837 to 1852 served as Regent of the University of Michigan, and took an active part in the organization of the Medical Department. In 1840, I841 and 1843 he served as Mayor of Detroit; in 1845 as County Physician; in 1847 as City Physician, and from 1848 to 1867 he was the physician and surgeon of St. Mary's Hospital, and from 1857 to I86i of the United States Marine Hospital. During all these years he did not neglect his engagements as a private practitioner, and found time to prepare various professional and literary papers for publication, and to attend at least nine of the annual meetings of the American Medical Association, and was president of the meeting held in Detroit. As a physician he was a type of the best ever produced-careful, skillful, gentle, kind and courteous; his very presence was reassuring to his patients, and few, if any, ever had occasion to regret that they were under his care. Throughout his long residence in Detroit he possessed the confidence of the whole people. His integrity. probity and faithfulness to every obligation were proverbial. In social life he was ever the courteous gentleman. He died on April 4, 1872, leaving two children, Nathaniel Pitcher and Mrs. L. E. H igby. His name is fitly preserved in the name of one of our streets and in the Pitcher School. DOUGLASS HOUGHTON was born in Troy, New York, September 2I, I809. He was educated for a physician at the Rensselaer Institute and graduated in 1829. The following year he was appointed Assistant Professor of Chemistry and Natural History in the Institute, and while occupying this position he came to Detroit, by request of a number of citizens, to deliver a course of lectures on scientific subjects. In 1831 he was appointed surgeon and botanist to the expedition sent out by the Government to explore the sources of the Mississippi River. On his return he settled in Detroit and practised as a physician. In 1833 he was elected President of the Young Men's Society, and in 1837 was appointed State Geologist, and continued to hold the position until his death, doing much to develop the resources of the State, and being instrumental in attracting the attention of many capitalists to its mineral wealth. He also served as one of the Professors in the University. He was a member of the National Institute in Washington, of the Boston Society of Natural History, and an honorary member of the Royal Anti

MAYORS. 1037 quarian Society of Copenhagen and of many other scientific and literary associations. He served as Mayor of the city in I842. He was drowned in Lake Superior, near the mouth of Eagle River, during a violent storm, on October 13, I845. The body was recovered and he was buried at Detroit on May 15, I846. His death was deemed a great public loss. Houghton County in Michigan is named after him and fitly perpetuates his memory. Three children are living-Douglass Houghton, Jr., of Detroit; Mrs. Harraun, of Santa Fe, New Mexico, and Mrs. F. E. Morgan, of Coldwater. JAMES A. VAN DYKE, for many years a prominent member of the Detroit bar, and closely identified with the earlier history of the Fire Department, was born in Mercersburg, Franklin County, Pennsylvania, in December, I813, and was the son of William and Nancy (Duncan) Van Dyke. His education commenced under private tutors at Mercersburg, and at the age of fifteen he entered Madison College at Uniontown, Pennsylvania, graduated in 1832, and commenced the study of law in the office of George Chambers, at Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, where he remained one year. He then went to Hagerstown, Maryland, where he continued his legal studies under the direction of William Price, and subsequently went to Baltimore, where he remained some months. In I834 he came to Detroit, entered the law office of A. D. Fraser, and within six months was admitted to the bar, and entered upon the practice of his profession. In 1835 he formed a partnership with Charles W. Whipple, which lasted until the latter's election in 1838 as one of the Judges of the Supreme Court. Mr. Van Dyke then entered into a partnership with E. B. Harrington, which continued until the death of Mr. Harrington in I844, after which Mr. Van Dyke became a partner of H. H. Emmons, which relation lasted until the practical retirement of both gentlemen from general practice in 1852. Mr. Van Dyke was then appointed attorney of the Michigan Central Railroad. In 1835 and again in 1839 he was appointed City Attorney, and in I840 received the appointment of Prosecuting Attorney of Wayne County. During the two years he held the latter office he conducted the criminal prosecutions with such energy and success as to merit public approval. In I843 he was elected an Alderman from the Third Ward, and again elected to the same position in 1844. His public services as chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means at this period, when the city was in financial straits, was especially beneficial to Detroit and did much to avert financial disgrace. His subsequent election as Mayor in 1847 enabled him to perfect the system of recuperation he had so well commenced, and to mature permanent plans for the future prosperity of the city, and his entire administration was marked by close and careful superintendence of city affairs. From 1853 until his death he served as a member of the first Board of Commissioners of the Detroit Water Works. He was best known, however, from his connection with the early history of the Detroit Fire Department. His name was enrolled on the list of members composing Protection Fire Company No. I, the first duly organized company in Detroit, and until his death no man in the city took a more active interest in building up and extending the usefulness of the Fire Department. He served as President of the department from 1847 to 185s, and to his financial tact, energy and determination, no less than to an honest pride in the Fire Department, all citizens are greatly indebted. In I840 he framed and procured the passage of the law incorporating the Fire Department, and it was largely his efforts that secured the erection of Fireman's Hall. His death, which occurred May 7, I855, was an especially severe loss to the Fire Department, the feeling being fitly expressed in the following resolutions adopted by its officers: " Resolved, That in the death of Mr.Van Dyke the Fire Department of Detroit has lost one of its benefactors; that his name is so closely interwoven with its fortune, from its origin as a benevolent and chartered organization, through the vicissitudes of its early and precarious existence until its successful and triumphant development as one of the prominent institutions of the city, that it may with truth be said that its history is almost comprised within the limits of his active participation in its affairs. "Resolved, That as a fireman, beginning and serving his full term in one of the companies of this city, his aim seemed to be rather to discharge well the duties of a private than to accept the proffered honors of this company, save as trustee in the Board. But of those duties he had a high appreciation, deeming it a worthy ambition, as inculcated by him in an address to the department, ' to dedicate one's self to the work with heart brave and steadfast, tenacious of obedience to law and order, with an elevated and stern determination to tread only the paths of rectitude.' " In order to further honor his memory the Fire Department issued a memorial volume containing the proceedings of the department, of the Detroit bar. and of the Common Council, relative to his death, as well as several tributes to his memory from those who knew him best. As a lawyer, Mr. Van Dyke occupied a leading place at the Detroit bar. He early gained notoriety as a ready and powerful debater, and showed marked ability and taste in his public addresses. By his learning, talents and perseverance, and more than all else by his spotless integrity, he rapidly obtained the highest honors of his profession and had an enviable reputation as a sound, judicious lawyer and able and eloquent advocate. Few men had in so strong a degree the

1038 MAYORS. power to win and retain friends; and among his professional brethren he was not only respected for legal ability, but was beloved as a friend and companion. He was courteous in manner and of winning and gentlemanly deportment. The following tribute of respect to his memory was adopted by his associates of the Detroit bar at a time when the bar of Detroit had a larger proportion of worthy and honorable men than it now contains: "Resolved, That we, who have been witnesses and sharers of his professional labors, can best give full testimony of the genius, skill, learning and industry which he brought to that profession to which he devoted the chivalrous fire of his youth and the ripe powers of his manhood, in which he cherished a manly pride, and whose best honors and success he so rapidly and honorably achieved. "Resolved, That while we bear this just tribute to the fine intellect of our deceased brother, we turn with greater pride to those generous qualities of his heart which endeared him to us all as a companion and friend, which left tender memorials with so many of his younger brethren of grateful sympathy and assistance, rendered when most needed, and which made his life a bright example of just and honorable conduct in all its relations. "Resolved, That though devoted to the profession of his choice, yet he was never indifferent to the wider duties devolved upon him in society at large; and he filled the many public stations to which he was called by the confidence and esteem of his fellow-citizens with an earnestness, purity, and ability which were alike honorable to himself and useful to the public." For many years he occupied throughout the State of Michigan a prominent position politically as a conservative Whig, but with the exception of his election to the mayoralty he never suffered his name to be used as a candidate for public office. His sympathies were easily excited. His donations to charitable and religious objects were generous and liberal, and his home life ideal in its domestic happiness. In the early prime of life he had gathered riches, fame, and honors to an extent rarely found save in connection with gray hairs. He left a name dear to his friends and a rich inheritance to his children, consecrated by the remembrance of the genial qualities and virtues with which he was so richly endowed. He was married in I835 to Elizabeth Desnoyers, daughter of Peter J. Desnoyers. They had eleven children. Philip J D., their third son, died in 1883. He was a lawyer by profession and in great measure inherited his father's legal ability. He was Prosecuting Attorney for two terms. The living children are: George W.; Mrs. William Casgrain; Rev. Ernest, pastor of Pro-Cathedral Catholic Church; Mrs. Henry Brownson and Madame Van Dyke, Superior of Sacred Heart Convent, Grosse Pointe. FREDERICK BUHL was born in Butler County, Pennsylvania, November 27, 806. His parents were natives of Saxony and emigrated to this country prior to their marriage. Frederick was the second son in a family of eleven children and received comparatively little schooling. At the age of sixteen he went to Pittsburgh to learn the jeweler's trade, but ill-health forced him into other pursuits, and in 1833 he came to Detroit, where he formed a partnership with his brother, C. H. Buhl, and embarked in the fur and hat business. The firm remained in existence for twenty years. At thetend of this time his brother retired and Mr. Buhl continued alone, until he became one of the largest shippers of furs in the country, as well as an importer and manufacturer of everything pertaining to furs. For many years this house was known under the firm name of F. Buhl & Co., Mr. Buhl being actively connected with the firm until February, 1887, when the business was sold to his son, Walter Buhl, and is now conducted under the name of Walter Buhl & Co. For more than half a century, Mr. Buhl has occupied a prominent position among the active, aggressive business men of Detroit. Possessed of quick discernment, sound business judgment, with the power of close application, accompanied with ceaseless energy, he has accumulated a comfortable fortune. During the years of his business life he has occupied many positions of trust and honor. He and his brother, C. H. Buhl. have both served as Mayors of the city; and it is doubtful if there is another instance in the country where two brothers have both occupied the highest municipal office in the gift of their fellow-citizens. Frederick Buhl served as Mayor in 1848 and C. H. Buhl in 1860 and I86I. Frederick Buhl has been connected with various business enterprises pertaining to Detroit. He has been Director of the State Bank; President of the FortWayne & Elmwood Railway Company; Director of the Second National Bank of Detroit, and President of Harper's Hospital. He was one of the original Directors of the Merchants' Exchange and Board of Trade organized in 1847, and has ever been ready to lend a helping hand to all commendable public projects. A consistent Christian, he has rendered willing and substantial aid to religious and charitable work. From its incipiency he has been a warm friend of Harper's Hospital; as an officer rendering valuable aid in its management by his wise counsel, while his contributions of time and money have been generous and liberal. As a public official his course was marked by good judgment and a firm and inflexible purpose. Public station or official position was not congenial to him, and only assumed when to have refused would have been an evasion of duty. As a business man his life has been marked by singular probity, honor, and high-mindedness. Positive and direct in all things, no one could put a doubtful construction on his actions. He is benevolent and kind of heart and in social life is affable and approachable.

0< 11, (D / 4-~~~~~~

MAYORS. 1039 He has found leisure amid the cares of business to travel quite extensively through Europe and the United States. Of a robust constitution, which right living has kept unimpaired, his more than fourscore years rest lightly upon him, and he enjoys mental and physical vigor which belies his years. He was married in 1836 to Miss Beatty, of Butler County, Pennsylvania, and has had five children. His wife died March I, I884, The oldest son, Captain F. A. Buhl, entered the Union Army at the breaking out of the civil war. He was wounded and died at Annapolis. Maryland, in September, 1864. The remaining children all live in Detroit. CHARLES HOWARD was born August 7, 1804, in Chenango County, New York. When a lad his parents moved to Port Jervis, New York, where they remained several years. Mr. Howard began business in Sackett's Harbor and afterwards moved to Oswego, where he invested in marine interests, and for a long time was a member of the well-known firm of Bronson, Crocker & Co. In 1840 Mr. Howard came to Detroit and engaged in the forwarding and commission business. Subsequently, he and N. P. Stewart engaged in business as railroad contractors, and constructed a large portion of the Detroit, Grand Haven & Milwaukee Railroad between Pontiac and Corunna. From 1846 to I851 he was President of the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank, and in 1849 became the first President of the Peninsular Bank and served until 1857. In 1848 he was elected Mayor of the city, and his administration was careful and conservative, In business life he was methodical, active and generous. On December o, I834, he married Margaret Vosburg, who was a direct descendant of Everardus Bogardus, the first minister in Manhattan, now New York City. He died November 6, 1883, leaving two children Mrs. William J. Waterman and Bronson Howard, the well-known dramatic author. JOHN LADUE was the son of Peter and Mary (T;allman) Ladue, and was born November, 1803, at Lansingburgh, New York. He was married in 1827 to Mary Angel, daughter of Thomas Angel, of New York. In 1847 he came to Detroit and engaged in the manufacture of mrorocco leather and in wool buying. He soon became popular with the business men, and within three years after his arrival was elected Mayor. During his term of office there was much excitement over the arrest of a fugitive slave, and Mayor Ladue was compelled to request the military to preserve the peace. His action met the approval of many citizens, and a vote of thanks was tendered him by the council, He died in 1854. His wife and the following children are living: John T., E. A., Charlotte M., George N, nd Austin Y. Ladue. ZACHARIAHI CHANDLER was born in Bedford, New Hampshire, December jo, 1813. He came to Detroit in December, 1833, and engaged in the dry goods business. His first store was on the site of the present Biddle House; from there he moved to the block on the west side of Woodward avenue between Woodbridge and Atwater streets. The establishment which he founded has been managed under different firm names, but for many years past has been conducted under the firm name of Allan Shelden & Co. Mr. Chandler was very successful in his business affairs and was known as a wealthy merchant within a few years after his arrival in Detroit. He was also known as a publicspirited citizen, and in 1848 served as Treasurer of the Young Men's Benevolent Society, and in the same year was influential in the building of several plank roads that greatly served the city In I851 he was elected Mayor of Detroit, and in 1857 succeeded Lewis Cass as United States Senator. As an aggressive, fearless Republican he soon made himself felt and feared in the Senate. He had courage of a high order, and a fearlessness and frankness of utterance that were especially needed at the time he took his seat in the Senate. The administration of President Buchanan began simultaneously with his career as a Senator, and the vacillation and shuffling of the President afforded a sharp contrast to the boldness and high patriotism of Mr. Chandler. Among the principal speeches which he made during the administration of President Buchanan were those in opposition to the admission of Kansas under the Lecompton Constitution; in opposition to the annexation of Cuba to the United States; and in favor of appropriations for the construction of a ship canal through the St. Clair Flats. He also made a vigorous protest against the partisan character of the standing committees of the Senate under Democratic rule. Mr. Chandler was re-elected to the Senate in 1863 and in I869, and in all served eighteen years. It was upon his motion in December, I86i, that a joint committee of the Senate and House of Representatives on the conduct of the war was appointed. This celebrated committee was continued until after the close of the war, many changes taking place among its members; but Mr. Chandler remained and was always the ruling spirit, and his abilities and methods were effective in securing the unity of the Republican party in its war measures. When the Republican party obtained control of the Senate, Mr. Chandler was made Chairman of

o040 MAYORS. the Committee on Commerce, and held that position until March 3, I875, when his term expired. He was at all times an earnest and efficient supporter of the administration of President Lincoln and also of President Grant, and possessed their full confidence. The most notable speech delivered by Mr. Chandler was in relation to the conduct of the war. In this he severely criticised General McClellan's military career as Commander of the Army of the Potomac, and his speech undoubtedly had much to do with the transfer of General Grant to that command. Mr. Chandler had no sooner entered political life than he showed that he possessed great ability as a politician, and when his advice was followed, party success was generally assured. He was among the foremost of those who favored the overthrow of slave power, the preservation of the integrity and honor of the country, and the protection by law of all the rights of the humblest citizen. He was Chairman of the Union Congressional Committee for four years, and was a member of the National Republican Committee'in 1876. On October I9, 1875, he was appointed by President Grant, Secretary of the Interior, and held the position until after the inauguration of President Hayes. His careful and personal administration of affairs in connection with the position was a surprise to all, and gained him praise even among those of opposite political faith. He introduced and carried out a series of reforms in the Indian Department, the Land and Pension Offices, and exhibited an amount of personal knowledge concerning the affairs of his office, and displayed a moral courage that were like a revelation to corrupt officials. Mr Chandler died on November i, 1879, at Chicago. He left a wife and one daughter, the wife of Eugene Hale, Representative to Congress from Maine. JOHN H. HARMON was born in Portage County, Ohio, June 21, 1819. His father, John Harmon, a native of Connecticut, emigrated to Ohio in 800oo and was for many years the publisher of a newspaper at Ravenna. The son entered his father's office and became an accurate and skilful printer. In 1838 he came to Detroit and was employed on the Detroit Free Press. Four years later he became one of the publishers, and continued as such until I850. In his career as a publisher and journalist Mr. Harmon was very prosperous, and he personally exerted a wide influence in political matters. He served as an Alderman in 1847, and in I852 was elected Mayor of Detroit, serving two years. In 1853 he was appointed by President Pierce, Collector of the Port of Detroit, and served for four years. From 1857 he spent most of his time in Washington City, and was an influential factor in connection with much of the national legislation. He was always prominent as a Democrat, and his personal acquaintance with the prominent and public men of the nation was probably unequaled. He was married in 1841 to Miss Sarah S. Rood. He died on August 6, i888, leaving three children, namely, John Harmon, Mrs. S. H. Bell and Miss Emma Harmon. OLIVER MOULTON HYDE, born at Sudbury, Vermont, March Io, I804, was the third son of Pitt William Hyde, a descendant of William Hyde, a noted landlord of Norwich, Connecticut, who emigrated to this country in 1633. His earlier years were spent at the homestead acquiring such education as a village school and the seminary at Castleton could afford. When twenty-three years of age he married Julia Ann, daughter of Daniel Sprague, of Poultney, and subsequently engaged in the dry goods business at Castleton, Vermont; but feeling a desire to engage in more extended enterprises, when about thirty years of age he sold out his store in Vermont and removed to Mt. Hope, New York, where he established and successfully managed two large blast furnaces. After a few years he became possessed with what was known in those days as the "western fever," and being influenced by his brother-in-law, Benjamin F. H. Witherell, he located in Detroit. Here, in I838, he first engaged in the hardware trade, opening a store on Woodward near Jefferson avenue. Subsequently he established an extensive foundry and machine shop on Atwater street near Riopelle, where for several years he manufactured engines and steamboat machinery. In 1852 he associated himself with Captain Eber B. Ward in the construction of a floating dry-dock, a venture that was at that time considered of much importance. The dock was launched amid great excitement on December 10 of that year. a Mr. Hyde's personal popularity and admirable capacity for business brought him into official positions that were oftentimes assumed much against his inclination. Being a staunch member of the Whig and afterwards of the Republican party, he was frequently forced to accept office in political emergencies to save his party from defeat. He was repeatedly a member of the Common Council, was elected Mayor of Detroit in 1854, serving again in I856 and 1857, and was Collector of the Port under the administrations of Presidents Taylor and Fillmore. During his term as Mayor, in 1857, he recom

MAYORS. I041 mended the establishment of a House of Correction, and his communication to the Common Council is the first link in the chain of events that secured the establishment of the present Detroit House of Correction, which has a national reputation for its completeness and the satisfactory results it has exhibited. Mr. Hyde had rare energy of character, untiring industry, wonderful application and activity; and with great aptitude for business he accomplished very much more than many persons would have done under the same circumstances. His private life was simple and unostentatious, and his home was at the disposal of any one claiming his acqaintance, however humble, his unbounded hospitality often causing comment. Upon one occasion, while on his way home from the City Hall building, expecting to meet at dinner the Mayor of London, Ontario, who with his son had that morning arrived as guests, he was accosted by a man with carpet bag in hand, evidently just from the country, requesting to be shown the way to Hyde's. Mr. Hyde replied that he was then going in that direction, and as they walked along he engaged the stranger in conversation, and learned that he had been assured by country acquaintances of a hearty welcome if he applied directly to the Hyde homestead. Much to the stranger's surprise, on being seated at the dining-table, he found his companion of a few moments before to be also his host, and upon his right was the Mayor of London. This latter gentleman, not being accustomed to such open hospitality, could hardly understand it. On November 25, I863, in the zenith of his popularity and usefulness, Mr. Hyde was stricken with paralysis. From that time, though only partially disabled by this first shock, he was almost entirely confined to the house. Four years later a second shock resulted in his being made completely helpless. In this condition he remained for three years. Although so suddenly and completely separated from active life and the busy world, he preserved in a remarkable degree the pleasant, genial disposition which characterized his former years. He was cheerful, uncomplaining, interested in the affairs of his household and in the outside world, keeping himself thoroughly posted on what was transpiring. Upon the breaking out of the civil war, he deeply deplored his inability to be of some service. Believing, however, that an earnest expression by the older citizens would result in an increased interest on the part of those younger and more able, he aided in organizing a company of the older citizens, styling them the "Silver Greys." The qualifications for membership were that the applicant should be over fifty years of age, and prepared to enter service, should occasion require. During the entire war the office of Mr. Hyde was at the disposal of the United States Recruiting Service. He lived to see the successful termination of the struggle for national existence, and in the early morning of June 28, 1870, he quietly passed away without pain or struggle. He is remembered chiefly as a kind, charitable neighbor and as a man of warm affections and unbounded liberality. Few citizens who have passed away have been more generally mourned. Hundreds had been aided by him. By advice, by sympathy, by gifts of suitable and necessary articles, by credit, and by the loan of money, he had, in innumerable instances, aided those whom he knew or believed to be deserving. His charities were so large and frequent as sometimes to lead to his own personal embarrassment, but he never closed his hand or heart to the appeal of distress. The relief that he gave was not through public channels, or by recorded subscriptions, or through the instrumentality of societies; he gave directly on personal application, after an examination of the necessities and merits of the applicant. His nearest friends, even his own family, never knew the full extent of his benefactions. The love and esteem of his fellow-citizens were cordial in the extreme, and frequently found expression in gifts of rare value. His intimate friends included the most prominent men of that period; among them were Zachariah Chandler, Lewis Cass, William A. Howard, Horace Greeley, and others. Besides his widow, there survived him two sons and a daughter. The oldest son, Henry S. Hyde, is a resident of Springfield, Massachusetts, and is one of the most prominent men of his State, ranking ahnong the highest in banking and other financial circles. The daughter, Hattie S., is the wife of Asa D. Dickinson, a resident of New York. The youngest son, Louis C., was with his father through his entire sickness, and afterwards joined his brother in Massachusetts in one of the largest manufacturing interests in New England. HENRY LEDYARD, one of the early Mayors of Detroit, was born in the City of New York on the 5th of March, 1812. Among his ancestors were men who had occupied important positions of public trust, and who had achieved distinction in the service of the country. His grandfather, Benjamin Ledyard, was Major of a New York regiment of infantry in the Revolutionary war, and was one of the original members and founders of the New York State Society of the Cincinnati in 1783. He was a cousin of John Ledyard, the traveler, and of Colonel Wil

1042 MAYORS. liam Ledyard, who, while in command of Fort Griswold at Groton, Connecticut, was treacherously killed by a British officer at the time of the memorable massacre of the garrison in 1781. His father, Benjamin Ledyard, was a well-known lawyer of New York City. His mother was Susan French Livingston, a daughter of Brockholst Livingston, who graduated at Princeton in 1774, served as azde-de-camtf to General Schuyler and General St. Clair, and became a Lieutenant-Colonel in 1778. After the close of the Revolutionary war Brockholst Livingston practised law in New York City until I802, when he became one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of New York, an office which he held until his appointment as one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States in I807. He held this office until his death in 1823. Henry Ledyard's great-grandfather was William Livingston, the third son of Philip Livingston, who was the second lord of the manor of Livingston, and whose eldest son was the third and last lord of the manor, and whose second son, Philip, was one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. William Livingston graduated at Yale College in 1741, became a member of the Middle Temple, London, in 1742, a member of the Colonial Assembly of New York in 1759, from his brother's manor of Livingston (which at that time had the privilege of representation under its patent), removed to New Jersey in 1772, was a member of the Colonial Congress from New Jersey in 1774-75, and was recalled from Congress, June 5, 1775, to take command of the New Jersey forces as Brigadier-General. He became Governor of New Jersey in 1776, and held that position continuously until his death in 1790. After graduating from Columbia College in 1830, Henry Ledyard entered upon the practice of the law in the City of New York. When General Lewis Cass was appointed Minister to France, Mr. Ledyard was attached to the Legation. A gentleman of elegant manners and high culture, he was eminently qualified for a diplomatic position. In I839 he became Secretary of Legation, and in 1842 Charge d'Affaires, a position which he filled for about two years with credit to himself and to the satisfaction of his country. On the 9Ith of September, I839, he married Matilda Frances, daughter of General Cass. On his return to this country in 1844, Mr. Ledyard took up his residence at Detroit, where for nearly twenty years he took an active and prominent part in all that concerned the welfare of that city. In 1845 he was one of the founders of the State Bank; in I846, one of the original promoters and trustees of Elmwood Cemetery, serving for many years as its Secretary. In I846-47 he was a member of the Board of Education, and was largely instrumental in introducing and establishing the system of Union Schools which has ever since been in operation. The year 1847 was a memorable one on account of the dreadful destitution which prevailed in Ireland. Contributions for its relief were called for all over the country, and Mr. Ledyard, in conjunction with Mr. C. C. Trowbridge, was especially active and successful in gathering funds and supplies to be forwarded from Detroit and other parts of Michigan. He was one of the first to realize the great advantages to be gained by the city through improved means of communication with the interior of the State. In 1848 he became one of the promoters and corporators of the first Plank Road Company organized in Michigan, and for many years he was a director in the various enterprises of this character. In 1849-50 he was a member of the Board of Aldermen, and when the Board of Water Commissioners was organized he was one of the original Commissioners named in the act creating the Board, of which he continued to be a member from 1853 to I859. In 1855 he was elected Mayor of Detroit, and in I857 State Senator. When General Cass became Secretary of State under Mr. Buchanan's administration, Mr. Ledyard accompanied him to Washington, where he remained until 1861. He then removed to Newport, Rhode Island, and continued to reside there until his death in I880. Mr. Ledyard was distinguished by a deep sense of public duty and a broad and well-considered charity, and during his residence in Newport he found employment for his active and energetic temperament in untiring efforts to promote the public good. Ie became a member of the Commission appointed by the Mayor to prepare a new charter for the city. Chiefly through his efforts, a large fund was raised for the establishment and maintenance of the Newport Hospital, and he became its first President. He also took a prominent part in the organization and maintenance of various societies for the relief of the poor and unfortunate. Although a great sufferer during the later years of his life, his zeal for the welfare of others showed no abatement. No considerations of personal discomfort or inconvenience deterred him from his active efforts of benevolence. He was a daily visitor at the hospital which he had established, and many a sufferer within its walls gained renewed hope and life from his tender sympathy and cheerful words of encouragement. It was said of him that his presence in the hospital was felt as a benediction. A great lover of books, and possessed of a fine

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MAYORS. IO43 and critical literary taste, he was an earnest advocate of the usefulness of public libraries as a means of education for the people, and for many years he took an active interest in the management of that venerable institution in Newport, the Redwood Library, and was at one time its President. In works such as these the last twenty years of his life were passed. His death occurred on the 7th of June, I880, at London, during a brief visit to Europe. JOHN PATTON was born in the county of Down, Ireland, March I, 1822, and is one of the six children of James and Eliza (Cathcart) Patton, both of Scotch descent. At eight years of age John Patton came with his father to Albany, New York, and they were followed by the mother and the rest of the children the ensuing year. At seventeen years of age John was apprenticed to the trade of carriagesmith, and in I843 came to Detroit, followed his calling for two years, and then started in business for himself; the same year, on March 3, I845, he married Eliza J. Anderson. His business grew, and he carried on the business of carriage manufacturing on a large scale, and continued it until a few years ago. Mr. Patton has a genial nature, and that he has the faculty of making friends is evident by the numerous offices he has held. He was Chief Engineer of the Fire Department from 1852 to 1854, and President of the department from 1855 to I857. In I853 and 1854 he was Alderman from the Third Ward, and in I858 and I859 Mayor of the city. From I864 to I869 County Auditor, in 1869 and I870 Sheriff of the county. and since I880 he has been a Justice of the Peace. CHRISTIAN H. BUHL is one of the oldest merchants of Detroit, there being few others having as many years of active experience in mercantile life. His record covers a period of fifty-five years, and during all of that time he has been continuously identified with the city as a leading merchant. His father, Christian Buhl, was born in Germany in I776, came to America in I802, and settled in western Pennsylvania, where he died in 1864. He was a merchant and farmer, and gave his sons not only a common school education, but a business training that has been well improved. Christian H. Buhl was born in Butler County, Pennsylvania, May 9, 1812. The first business he learned was that of a hatter. At the age of twenty-one he was proficient in the trade and set out to explore the west, reaching Detroit in 1833, where he decided to remain, and joined his brother Frederick in the manufacture and sale of hats and caps. Detroit was then too small a town to support two per sons exclusively engaged in the hat and cap business, and the two brothers engaged also in the fur trade, and in this department Christian H. was, at first, the leading spirit. Their operations in furs steadily broadened and strengthened, and ere long covered the entire northwest. In I842 they joined the successors of the American Fur Company in the purchase of furs throughout Canada and the states bordering on the Great Lakes, and for ten years they carried on an extensive and profitable business. The combination then terminated, and in I855 Christian H. Buhl retired from the firm of F. & C. H. Buhl, and with Charles Ducharme established a wholesale hardware store. They soon succeeded to the extensive trade of Alexander H. Newbold and Ducharme & Bartholomew, and created one of the most extensive establishments in the west. In 1873 Mr. Ducharme died, and was succeeded in the firm by Theodore D., a son of Mr. Buhl. A second son, Frank H., was subsequently admitted, the firm since then being Buhl, Sons & Co. In I863 Mr. Buhl and others bought the Westerman Iron Works at Sharon, Pennsylvania, and the name was then changed to the Sharon Iron Works. At these works upwards of one thousand men are employed, and the average daily output is over one hundred tons of merchant bar, sheet and pig iron, and nails. The firm also mine coal quite extensively for use at these works and for the market. In 1864 Mr. Buhl purchased a controlling interest in the Detroit Locomotive Works, and put not only more capital but renewed vitality into the concern, and for fifteen years or more it was largely profitable to the stockholders and of much advantage to the city. In I880 these works were incorporated as the Buhl Iron Works, with Mr. Buhl as President. About I88 he organized the Detroit Copper and Brass Rolling Mill Company, and serves as President. The corporation began in large buildings on the corner of Lamed and Fourth streets, but in a few years outgrew these limits, and in 1887 new works were constructed on the River Rouge, near the city limits, and the business is carried on with greatly increased facilities. In addition to other enterprises, Mr. Buhl has had much to do with Michigan railways. He was chiefly instrumental in the building of the Detroit, Hillsdale & Indiana and the Detroit, Eel River & Illinois Railroads, and for many years was President of both companies. He has also been actively connected with the banking history of the city. In 1845 he, with several others, revived the old Michigan State Bank, and thirty-eight years later took a prominent part in the organization of the Second National Bank of Detroit, and when its charter expired assisted in

1044 MAYORS. organizing its successor, the Detroit National Bank, and in 1887 was elected President of the same. He has large interests in real estate, and has been exceptionally fortunate in securing desirable locations. Mr. Buhl has been a Republican since the birth of the party, and has taken a strong interest in political affairs, but has never in any sense been a politician. In 185I he was elected Alderman from the Second Ward, and from I860 to I862 was Mayor of the city, and it was during his term that the erection of the present City Hall was begun. Mr. Buhl has always responded to the demands of charity, and has made liberal donations to Detroit institutions. He also gave a very valuable and complete law library to the University of Michigan. He was one of the original promoters of the Art Museum, a Trustee of the original Detroit Medical College, and is prominently identified with the Fort Street Presbyterian Church. He was married in 1842 to Miss Caroline DeLong, of Utica, New York. They have had five children, two of whom are now living —Theodore D., who has charge of the firm's interests in Detroit, and Frank H., who lives at Sharon, Pennsylvania, and looks after the branch of their business located in that place. WILLIAM C. DUNCAN was born in Lyons, New York, May 18, 1820. His father's family removed from Lyons to Rochester, New York, about I825, where he remained until I841, when he secured employment on one of the passenger steamers plying on the lakes. While thus engaged Mr. Duncan aided in taking the "Julia Palmer" across the Portage at the Sault Ste. Marie. She was the first side-wheel steamer that ever floated on Lake Superior. In I849 Mr. Duncan became a permanent resident of Detroit and engaged in the brewing business. He was elected an Alderman in I853 and served for five years, and in 186I was elected Mayor of the city, serving in 1862 and 1863. In the fall of I862 he was elected State Senator. In i865 Mr. Duncan engaged in the banking business, the firm being Duncan, Kibbee & Co. They soon dissolved, and he gave his attention to the care of the property he had accumulated, and twice visited Europe for health and recreation. He died December I9, I877. KIRKLAND C. BARKER was born September 8, i8I9, in East Schuyler, Herkimer County, New York. He was the second son of Mason Barker, who emigrated from Massachusetts to Central New York early in this century. The elder Mr. Barker was a practical builder and a contractor for the buiding of canals and railroads. He died at the age of seventy-three years. His wife survived him some years, but also died at the age of seventy-three. The son, Kirkland C. Barker, received the rudiments of an English education in the old red school house of his native village, and when fourteen years of age attended a manual labor school at Whitesboro. After leaving this school he entered a store at Frankfort, New York, and served as clerk for about a year, and then went to Utica, where he filled a similar position. When he was eighteen years of age he went to Cleveland, Ohio, where in the house of a relative he found a home, and obtained employment in a public warehouse. His business ability was soon recognized and he was often sent to New York in charge of a vessel. Leaving the house in Cleveland, he became a traveling salesman for a tobacco house at Logansport, Indiana, but lived in Detroit. After becoming well acquainted with the trade he determined to go into business for himself, and while on his way to New York for goods he stopped at Utica and there entered into partnership, and established stores in Detroit and New York and a factory in Jersey City. The business did not prove successful and the partnership was dissolved. Mr. Barker then concluded to start anew in Detroit. He was successful in his plans, paid off the indebtedness of the old firm, and established the firm of K. C. Barker & Co., the predecessor of the American Eagle Tobacco Company. Mr. Barker served as Alderman of the First Ward in 1863, and in 1864 was elected Mayor of the city, serving two years. -He was married in 1847 to a daughter of Gilbert Bedell, of Ann Arbor. He died on May 20, 1875. His death was in part the result of an accident. While sailing a small yacht opposite his residence at Grosse Isle he had an attack of apoplexy and fell into the water. The boat capsized, and when he was taken out of the river life was extinct. He left a wife, two sons, and a daughter-Mrs. Charles B. Hull. MERRILL I. MILLS was born November 4th, I819, in Canton, Connecticut, and was one of the many sons of the far east who have had much to do with the development and prosperity of the city. In obedience to his father's desire that he should enter a professional life, he took a course at the Connecticut Literary Institute at Suffield, preparatory to a course at Yale. He, however, had little taste for college life, and expressed strongly his preference for a business career, and in 1833 he joined his father in the manufacture of gunpowder. For five years he was actively engaged in the practical departments of that business, and in 1838 went

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MAYORS. 1045 to Southern Alabama, as the representative of his father in a mercantile establishment there located. In 1840 he was called home by his father's illness, and for the next five years remained in Canton, devoting himself to the management of his father's business. By this time New England methods had ceased to suit his ambition. He had gained practical experience as a merchant and manufacturer, and turned to the west as an inviting field for more extended enterprises. He carefully studied the field and its prospects, and, determining to give his attention to merchandising through the west, he set out in 1845 for Fort Wayne, Indiana. The close of navigation stopped the transit of his goods at Detroit, and this fact caused a radical change in his original purpose. He saw in Detroit a promising city, and without much delay decided to locate here. Establishing himself as a dealer in Yankee Notions, he pushed the business energetically, and extended his trade to many points in the west. He employed a number of teams and wagons, and they traversed the interior of several western States, and especially the fur regions. He exchanged his goods largely for furs, and incidentally built up a fur trade of extensive proportions, shipping liberally to foreign markets. Prosperity attended his efforts and he became one of the best known traders in the States of Michigan, Ohio and Indiana. About I850 he began the manufacture of cigars, sold large quantities throughout the west, and continued the cigar and fur business, in connection with later and more important enterprises, up to the time of his death. In 186I he joined the late Frank Nevin in the manufacture of tobacco. This enterprise was prosperous from the beginning, and the firm continued until the death of Mr. Nevin in 1878. Mr. Mills then took as an associate the late W. H. Tefft, and organized the Banner Tobacco Company, of which he was chosen president and manager. He was also prominently identified with other manufacturing interests. In I867, with W. H. Tefft and Jeremiah Dwyer, he organized the Detroit Stove Works, and in I872, with Charles Ducharme and Jeremiah Dwyer, the Michigan Stove Company. He was made vice-president of each company and held both positions until his death. He organized and was for many years president of the Detroit Transit Railway Company. He was also vice-president of the Frankfort Furnace Company, the Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Company, and president of the Eldredge Sewing Machine Company of Chicago, and was for many years a director of the First National Bank of Detroit. He was active in public affairs whenever his aid and counsel were needed. In politics he was a staunch Democrat, and was a prominent factor in the political field. In I857 and 1858 he was chairman of the Democratic State Committee. During the late war he was among the most earnest workers in the cause of the Federal Union. His means, his influence and his time were all enlisted in the recruiting and equipment of regiments in Detroit. He served as Mayor of the city in i866 and 1867, and his administration was marked by watchfulness and a conscientious regard for the promotion of all measures that promised to benefit and develop the best interests of the city. In 1868 he was the Democratic nominee for Representative to Congress from the First District. The District had. in 1866, given a Republican majority of four thousand five hundred. Mr. Mills was not elected, but he won a notable triumph in reducing the Republican majority to fifteen hundred. He was subsequently a member of the. Board of Estimates, and in 1876 was a delegate-at-large to the Democratic National Convention which nominated Samuel J. Tilden for the Presidency. The same year he was appointed by Governor Bagley one of the Centennial Commissioners for the State of Michigan, but except that in I88i he served as one of the first Board of Park Commissioners, the Centennial year marked his retirement from politics. He had participated to the full extent of his inclinations, and was content thereafter to leave to others the winning of honors in that field. About 1880 the cares of a busy life brought indications of failing health, but, like all active spirits, he protested against yielding to the statement that his physical infirmities called for a halt. He did, however, in obedience to the advice of his physician, journey to Manitou Springs, Colorado. The journey proved a fruitless one, and he returned home in a feeble condition, and, amid his family and friends, passed away, September I4th, I882, leaving as survivors his wife and two children. The extended and important business interests left by Mr. Mills fell at once in charge of his son, Merrill B. Mills, who had entered upon a business career at an early age, and his father's death consequently found him fully equipped for the duties which had devolved upon him. He is president of the Banner Tobacco Company and Frankfort Furnace Company; treasurer of the Michigan Stove Company; vice-president of the Detroit Stove Works; a director in the Detroit Transit Railroad and in the Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Company. WILLIAM W. WHEATON was born in New Haven, Connecticut, April 5, 1833, and is the son of John and Orit C. (Johnson) Wheaton, and a direct descendant of Captain William Wheaton, of Revolutionary celebrity. He attended school in Hart

I o46 MAYORS. ford and also in New Haven, and at the age of sixteen entered the wholesale house of Charles H. Northam & Co., of Hartford. In 1853, when twenty years old, he came to Detroit,and entered the employ of Moore, Foote & Co., wholesale grocers. In 1855 he became the junior partner of the firm of Farrand & Wheaton, wholesale druggists and grocers. From I859 to I862 Mr. Wheaton was in business by himself. In I862 the firm name was Wheaton & Peek, and in 1863 he established the firm of Wheaton, Leonard & Burr. the firm changing in I869 to Wheaton & Poppleton. In I867 Mr. Wheaton was elected Mayor of the city, and re-elected in I870, serving two terms. He subsequently served as chairman of the Democratic State Convention. In 1873 and for several years following he served as treasurer and general agent of the Marquette and Pacific Rolling Mill Company, and of late years has been engaged in a variety of enterprises. HUGH MOFFAT, late Mayor of Detroit, was born at Coldstream, Scotland, in the year I8io. Early in life he migrated to the United States, settling first in the City of Albany, New York. In the year 1837 he sought to better his fortune by moving to the City of the Straits. Commencing business here as a carpenter, he soon achieved eminence in his employment through the erection of many of the prominent buildings of other days. Some of these structures still stand as monuments of his honest skill. In later years he was the architect and superintendent of the elegant and substantial building that bears his name. From the building business he, in I852, drifted naturally into the lumber trade, purchasing large tracts of pine land and in his own mill transforming the rough logs into lumber, continuing alone in the business in 1878, when he formed a copartnership with his son Addison, and Florance D. Eatherly, the latter having been, for many years previous, a confidential employee and faithful friend. In connection with his business, one of his last enterprises was the erection of a very extensive and complete saw-mill, one of the best in the State. It occupies the same site as his two previous mills, the first of which was burned, and the second removed to make room for the new structure. In the lumber traffic Mr. Moffat was even more successful than in his previous occupation, and year by year he saw his wealth increase. This, however, did not have the effect of making him either haughty or vain. He always retained a profound sense of a common brotherhood with all sons of toil. Connected with this feeling was an abhorrence of all sham or pretense. If a man was really willing to work and could prove his willingness, he could always depend on fair treatment and honest compensation; but if there seemed a disposition to shirk a duty or conceal indifference, it was sure to be reproved in words that would scorch and wither. He was an early and active member of the old Fire Department Society, and influential in the Mechanics' Society when it was in its best estate. He was also a leading member of and served as president of St. Andrew's Society. A typical Scotchman, he was as sturdy and strong as one of the oaks in his native land. He had little sympathy with the weak and vacillating, but once convince him that a person or a cause was worthy or deserving and his sympathies were warm and active. Always acting upon the idea that what was worth doing was worth doing well, all.who did business with him found that his part was honestly performed-that his word was as good as his bond. He possessed unbending courage, high intelligence and marked firmness of purpose. Enjoying his privileges as a responsible citizen, he acted with the Republican party, but he was in no sense a politician, and his party fealty never interfered with or hindered him in the discharge of any public duty. These characteristics specially fitted him for the position he was destined to occupy. In 1871 his fellow-citizens elected him Mayor, because they thought his firmness and integrity were then particularly needed. It certainly seemed as though he came "to the kingdom for such a time." A crisis was at hand in municipal affairs, and it is certain that no Mayor, before or since, had so good an opportunity to serve the taxpayers of the city, and also to serve the best and purest of all faiths, and no one could have more fully and perfectly met the responsibility than did Mr. Moffat. During the first year of his service as Mayor he undoubtedly saved hundreds of thousands of dollars to the citizens by reason of his numerous vetoes of resolutions for paving the streets, the resolutions vetoed being clearly drawn in the interest of those who would have made large fortunes by foisting upon the public a score of new-fangled and untried methods of paving. A second occasion in which he demonstrated his fitness for the position of Mayor occurred in connection with a proposal and effort to compel the city to purchase grounds in Hamtramck for a park. It seemed clearly evident that a majority of the citizens did not approve of the proposed purchase; and although a majority of the Common Council favored the proposition and ordered the issue of bonds to make the purchase, Mayor Moffat, with true Scotch grit, refused to sign the bonds, declared that the Council could not compel him to do so, and when legal process was invoked to compel him to sign

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MAYORS. 1047 them, he, at his own expense, carried the case to the Supreme Court, and a decision was rendered which clearly stated that the Legislature had no power to direct that the city issue bonds for a purpose not necessarily connected with the government or good management of the city, and that the Council were in error in assuming that the issue of the bonds was mandatory. Mayor Moffat was thus triumphant and unjustifiable legislation was very properly rebuked. The question of Sunday observance and a decent respect for the proprieties of American civilization was also a leading issue during his mayoralty. The subject came up in the form of a resolution passed by the Common Council authorizing the saloons to keep open on Sunday afternoons. Although repeatedly passed, Mayor Moffat did not dodge the issue, but each time vetoed the resolution which authorized and attempted to legalize the business of selling liquors on Sunday. For his action on this question he merits grateful remembrance from all who have at heart the best interests of the city. After having served two terms as Mayor, Mr. Moffat's characteristic traits became so well known that citizens generally spoke of him as "Honest Hugh Moffat," and this cognomen is one of the noblest legacies that he left. He died August 6, 1884. Several of the courts immediately adjourned as a mark of respect and various associations passed resolutions testifying to his worthy life. Mr. Moffat was married three times. His first wife, whose maiden name was Margery McLachlan, was of Scotch descent, and her parents came from Callander, Stirlingshire. They were married at Albany, November 23, 1836. She died June I6, I856. His second wife, a cousin of the first, was Miss Isabella McLachlan. They were married on July 14, 1859, at New York. Ten years later, in August, 1869, she passed away. Her remains were taken to Greenwood, Long Island. On January 21, 1879, he married Mrs. Julia E. Hubbard, sister of Thomas W. Palmer. She died November 20, I88o. His son, Addison Moffat, died about two months before his father, leaving as his widow Mrs. Grace Buhl Moffat. Hugh Moffat left three daughters and one son, viz., Mrs. George McMillan, Mrs. Edward W. Bissell, Miss Alice E. Moffat and William Moffat, all of them residents of Detroit. ALEXANDER LEWIS was born at Sandwich, Ontario, October 24, 1822, and is the son of Thomas and Jeanette (Velaire) Lewis. The family on the father's side were originally from Wales and came to this country early in the seventeenth century. The mother's family, as the name shows, were from France. Thomas Lewis was born at Three Rivers, Canada, and his wife at the locality formerly known as Ottawa, part of which is now Windsor. Alexander Lewis came here when a boy of fifteen on May I, 1837, and began clerking in the store of E. W. Cole & Co., on the corner of Woodward avenue and Atwater street, remaining about two years, and then entering the employ of G. & J. G. Hill, Druggists, on Jefferson avenue, between Woodward avenue and Griswold street. Two years later he left this firm and went to Pontiac, where he remained until 1843, when he returned to Detroit and entered the forwarding and commission warehouse of Gray & Lewis, the firm consisting of his brother Samuel Lewis, and Horace Gray. Two years later, in I845, he went into the forwarding and commission business with H. P. Bridge, under the firm name of Bridge & Lewis. They began at the foot of Bates street on the east side, and from there removed to the foot of Randolph street. The firm continued seventeen years, and then, in 1862, Mr. Lewis established himself in the flour and grain business at Nos. 44 to 48 West Woodbridge street, and continued there until 1884, when he gave up active connection with that line of business, and since then has devoted himself to the care of various property interests. He is one of the directors of the Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Company and of the Detroit National Bank, is President of the Detroit Gas Light Company, and is largely interested in real estate. He served as President of the Board of Trade in 1862, as Police Commissioner from I865 to 1875, as Mayor of the city in 1876 and I877, and as one of the Commissioners of the Public Library from 1881 to 1887. Mr. Lewis was elected as Mayor of the city under circumstances of the highest possible honor. The distinct issue in the election was as to whether the laws should be observed, and especially whether the law providing for the proper observance of the Sabbath, should be enforced. Mr. Lewis, as the candidate of those who favored law and order, was supported almost unanimously by the religious and moral elements of the community, was triumphantly elected, and fully and squarely and repeatedly opposed the violation of law, successfully carrying out the desires of those who elected him. As a leading and influential member of the Democratic party, he thus conferred upon it a lasting laurel. He believes in his party, but evidently holds that the title of true manhood and good citizenship is a higher title than that of a partisan. He is eminently a reliable and responsible citizen, and compels the

Io48 MAYORS. respect of all with whom he comes in contact. He is a member of the Roman Catholic Church and one of the oldest members of the original parish of Ste. Anne's. He was married on June io, I85o, to Elizabeth J. Ingersoll, daughter of Justus Ingersoll. They have had thirteen children, eight of whom are living: Ida Frances, wife of W. P. Healy, of Marquette; Edgar L., of Detroit; Josephine, wife of Clarence Carpenter; Hattie I., wife of Cameron Currie; Harry B., Julia Velaire, Marion Marie and Alexander Ingersoll. GEORGE C. LANGDON was born in Geneva, New York, in 1833. He attended school in Batavia, New York, and afterwards in Farmington, Connecticut, where he remained until he was eighteen years old He then became a clerk in the wholesale dry goods house of Lord, Warren, Slater & Co., of New York. After about a year he returned to Geneva, and his father, who was largely interested in Michigan lands, sent him to Flint to engage in farming. He remained there three years and then came to Detroit and entered Gregory's Commercial College, where he soon mastered the art of bookkeeping. After leaving the college he obtained a position as bookkeeper in the Copper Smelting Works at Springwells, and was afterwards bookkeeper for S. H. Ives & Co., bankers. -From there he went into partnership with Captain Carey in the commission business. In I864, with N. G. Williams, he purchased the Central brewery, which was operated under the name of Langdon & Co. In I870 he became sole proprietor of the business, and a few years later he sold out and engaged in business as a maltster. In I877 he was elected Mayor of Detroit and served during 1878 and I879. He married Miss Fannie Vallee, of this city. She died in May, I887, leaving two daughters. WILLIAM G. THOMPSON was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, July 23, 1842. His father was a lawyer in that city. Mr. Thompson was educated at Amherst College, Massachusetts. In I86I, at the age of nineteen, he enlisted in the Fourth Pennsylvania Cavalry for three months. When his term of enlistment expired he removed to Toledo at his mother's request, who imagined that he would have less chance of contracting the war fever in a western city. But when Colonel Arthur Rankin organized a lancer regiment he came here, received a commission as First Lieutenant, and spent the winter of I861-62 in Detroit. The lancer regiment was disbanded and he went back to Lancaster, and was subsequently appointed an aide-decamp with the rank of Second Lieutenant in the Sixth New Jersey Infantry. He was severely wounded at Chancellorsville and won his grade as First Lieutenant by gallantry on the field. When his regiment was mustered out in 1864 he studied law in New York for a time, and then came to Detroit and entered the law office of D. B. & H. M. Duffield. In 1867 he was admitted to the bar, and in the same year he married Adelaide Mary Brush, daughter of the late E. A. Brush. Mrs. Thompson died in 1875, leaving one daughter. In November, 1878, Mr. Thompson married Adele Campau, daughter of the late D. J. Campau. He served as one of the first Board of Estimates in I873, as Alderman of the Third Ward in 1874 and- 875, and as Mayor of the city from 1880 to 1884. STEPHEN BENEDICT GRUMMOND, of Detroit, widely known in connection with extensive interests in lake navigation, was born near what is now Marine City, on the St. Clair river, September 18, 1834, and is the son of Stephen Benedict and Mary (Harrow) Grummond. His father, who was born in the western part of NewYork State, came to Michigan in I807 and settled near Marine City, where he was engaged in farming, and kept a general store, the first on the river. He was successful in business, accumulated a competency, and was respected as an influential and useful citizen. He died in I856. His wife, who died in 1877, was of Scotch descent, and was the daughter of Alexander Harrow, who came to Michigan while it was under British rule. For many years he was connected with the English navy as commander of His Majesty's sloop "W' elcome" and other war vessels. He became one of the best known navigators of the lakes, and rendered efficient services to the English government. S. B. Grummond's early life was passed in St. Clair county. Possessing a restless and ambitious nature, at the age of fifteen he began his business career by securing a position on a vessel engaged in lake navigation; but when navigation closed, spent the winters at school. At the age of twentyone, with the savings from his own industry and a little aid from his father, he purchased a vessel and sailed her for several years. In 1855 he retired from the command, came to Detroit, bought another vessel, and has ever since been engaged in buying, selling and running vessels of various kinds. His business has extended from year to year, until at the present time he is one of the principal owners of lake vessels, and his line of boats is well known and largely patronized. He is the proprietor of Grummond's Mackinac Line of steamers, and does the largest tug and wrecking business on the lakes. His efforts have resulted in the accumulation of a large fortune, which is invested in Detroit real

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MAYORS. 1049 estate and in various business enterprises. His success can be attributed to thorough mastery of his business, practical experience in all its details, good judgment and judicious management. Originally a member of the Democratic party, ever since the election of Abraham Lincoln he has been an earnest supporter of the Republican party. His connection with political affairs as a public officer has not been the result of any desire on his part for political honors. Official trusts have only been assumed upon the urgent request of friends, and when he honestly believed the public good would be advanced thereby. In 1879 he was elected a member of the Board of Estimates, and at the expiration of his term in I88I was elected a member of the newly created City Council or Upper House for the long term. After two years'service in this capacity he was made without solicitation on his part, and even against his wishes, the unanimous choice of his party as its candidate for Mayor. He was successfully elected, and during his term of office fulfilled the duties of the position in such a manner as to win the approval of the best element of the city. A practical business man, his administration was marked by the same good sense and sound business principles which in his private career had ensured success. He used all his influence towards getting the city affairs into a sound financial condition, and against public clamor had the courage to veto measures he believed against the public good; the result in almost every case has proved that the course he favored was both wise and prudent. His administration met the approval of the people generally, regardless of party. Near the close of his term of office the Detroit Free Press, the leading Democratic paper in the State, said: He has been in the main an excellent Mayor, and has discharged the duties of his office, as he understood them, with painstaking fidelity, entire honesty, and no greater display of partisanship than would be naturally expected of an official chosen by partisan vote." This, from a paper politically opposed to him, was praise indeed. As a business man, Mr. Grummond's main power lies in the spirit of perseverance with which his plans are pursued. That his undertakings, both in public and private affairs, have been sagacious, is undeniable, and his success in various directions has vindicated his business foresight. He is independent and courageous, but modest and unassuming; dislikes publicity, finds his chief enjoyment in the prosecution of his numerous business ventures, but is public spirited and progressive in his ideas, and readily gives his support to deserving public enterprises, and by his ability and integrity commands the confidence of his fellow citizens, He was married December 12, I86I, to Louisa B. Prouty, of Detroit. They have had eleven chil dren, seven of whom are living, four girls and three boys. M. H. CHAMBERLAIN was born in Woodstock, Lenawee County, Michigan, November 5, 1842. His father, Philonzo Chamberlain, was born in New York State in I804, and, at the age of eighty-four, is hale and hearty. Mr. Chamberlain is of the English family of Chamberlain, whose descendants came to America early in old colonial times. His great-grandfather was. a soldier in the Revolutionary war and fought at Bunker Hill and on other bloody fields. The gun used by him at Bunker Hill is now in the possession of the family, who jealousy guard it as a memorial of great value. Mr. Chamberlain's maternal ancestors came from Scotland. His mother was born in New York State in I798 and died in Detroit, January 25th, 1884. Early in life she and her husband settled in Niagara County, New York, and in 1835 removed to Michigan, purchasing a farm in Lenawee County. Their. next home was in Litchfield, Hillsdale County, and in the spring of I869 they located in Detroit. M. H. Chamberlain is the youngest in a family of eight children, six boys and two girls, seven of whom are living. He attended a district school until about fifteen years of age. In the winter of I859-60 he taught school in Lenawee County, and in the spring of I860 entered Hillsdale College. Soon after leaving college he taught school in Oakland County. In I864 he came to Detroit, attended a commercial college until May, I865, and then took a position in the office of F. A. Stokes, on the corner of Jefferson avenue and Wayne street. During the first year he was employed as bookkeeper, and the year following as traveling salesman. In November, I867, he, with his brother, Mr. A. H. Chamberlain, purchased Mr. Stokes' interest in the business, and the firm of M. H. Chamberlain & Co. was formed. Starting with comparatively small capital and only a few months' experience in the business, their success has been quite remarkable, and in their line they are among the leading firms in the country. In the spring of 1873 the Chamberlains organized the Fearless Tobacco Company. Mr. M. H. Chamberlain continued as a partner until March, 1876, when he sold his interest to his brother. In I874 Mr. M. H. Chamberlain, with others, organized the Commercial Travelers' Association of Michigan, and he was elected its first president. In I882 he was elected to the City Council, and in 1885 was made president of that body. In the fall of I885 he was elected Mayor of Detroit on the Democratic ticket by a majority of about eighteen hundred over the Republican nominee. When a boy he was a recognized leader among

1050 MAYORS. his playmates. At school he was always prominent in debate, is said to have been very fond of speechmaking, and is possessed of a remarkable memory. He is agreeable, well-informed, tenacious in following out a purpose, and possessed of excellent judgment. These characteristics, with other advantages, had naturally much to do with his election to the position of chief municipal officer of the city. He was married to Miss Ellen Wilson, of Niagara County, New York, in 1876. JOHN PRIDGEON, JR., was born at Detroit, August I, I852, and is the son of John and Emma (Nicholson) Pridgeon. His father is of English descent and has been for many years largely interested in vessels of various kinds. John Pridgeon, Jr., attended the public schools of Detroit, and about 1871 was first employed as clerk on one of his father's boats, continuing in this position about five years. From 1876 to 1879 he was agent at Port Huron of the Chicago and Grand Trunk line of steamers running between Chicago and Point Edward. When this line was discontinued he came to Detroit and has since been interested with his father in their extensive business of buying, selling, and operating tugs, sailing vessels,and propellers In 1885 he was elected a member of the City Council, serving two years, and in the fall of 1887 was elected Mayor of the city. He was married in December, I874, to Cora Edgar. She was born in Pittsburgh. They have had two sons, neither of whom are now living. His wife is a member of St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church.

CHAPTER XCI. GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS, AND CAPITALISTS. RUSSELL A. ALGER, recently Governor of Michigan, was born in the township of Lafayette, Medina County, Ohio, February 27, i836. On the paternal side the genealogy of the family can be traced through English channels to the time of William the Conqueror. The earliest of the name in this country was John Alger, the great-grandfather of R. A Alger. He served in the Revolutionary war and took part in many of its battles. Russell Alger, the father of R. A. Alger, married Caroline Moulton, a descendant of Robert Moulton, of England, who came to Massachusetts in 1627 in charge of a vessel laden with ship-building material and having a number of skilled carpenters as passengers. It is probable that the first vessel built in Massachusetts was constructed by Mr. Moulton. Both in England and America the Moultons are numerous and many of them have attained distinction. The Alger family went to Ohio in 18o0 and took a leading part in the development of that now great State. When he was eleven years old, the parents of R. A. Alger died, leaving dependent upon him a younger brother and sister. With a cheerful and heroic spirit, an important element in his after successes, he at once engaged in farm work, and during the greater part of the next seven years worked upon a farm in Richfield, Ohio, saving his money and applying it for the benefit of his brother and sister. In the winter, during the suspension of farm work, he improved his time by attending the Richfield Academy, and by self-denial and hard work he obtained a good English education, and at the age of eighteen secured a position as a teacher, and taught school during the winter months for several years. In March, i857, he entered the office of Wolcott & Upson, at Akron, Ohio, and began the study of law, remaining until I859, when he was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Ohio. Soon afterwards he removed to Cleveland and entered the law office of Otis & Coffinbury, remaining but a few months, and retiring in the fall of I859 on account of ill-health caused by hard study and close confinement. This retirement from the pursuits of a profession which had proved uncongenial was final, as he soon after removed to Grand Rapids, Michigan. where he engaged in the lumber business. He had but fairly begun to obtain a foothold in business when the war with the South began, and in August, 1861, he responded to his country's call, and from the time of his enlistment until he left the service the record of his heroic military service is a record of honor. He first enlisted in the Second Michigan Cavalry, and in the autumn, when that regiment was mustered into service, he was commissioned as Captain and assigned to the command of Company C. His first important service occurred on July I, I862, at the battle of Booneville, Mississippi. That engagement, which was one of the most important minor battles of the war and fought against tremendous odds, arose from an attack made by General Chalmers, of the Confederate service, with seven thousand mounted men-eleven regiments and portions of regiments-upon Colonel Philip H. Sheridan with two small regiments, the Second Iowa and the Second Michigan Cavalry. Sheridan's command from the start fought desperately. Seeing that he was outflanked and in danger of being surrounded, he sent ninety-two pocked men, commanded by Captain Alger, with orders to make a circuit and charge the enemy upon the rear with sabers and cheers. The cheers were to be the signal for Sheridan to simultaneously charge the enemy in front. The brave ninety-two charged as ordered and Sheridan immediately dashed upon the front, and so well executed were the two movements that the Confederate forces- broke and ran. One hundred and twenty-five of the enemy's killed were buried upon the field, and a large number of their wounded were carried away. The ninety-two sent on this forlorn hope lost forty-two killed and wounded. Captain Alger was both wounded and captured, but escaped in the confusion of the rebel stampede. For his gallant service in the battle he was pro15I1

1052 GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. moted to the rank of Major, and it was in this battle that Colonel Sheridan gained his earliest fame and was soon after promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General. Major Alger continued to merit the approval of his superior officers, and on October I6, 1862, was promoted to the Lieutenant-Colonelcy of the Sixth Michigan Cavalry, and on June 2, I863, to the Colonelcy of the Fifth Michigan Cavalry, his regiment being in General Custer's famous Michigan cavalry brigade. On June 28, 1863, Colonel Alger's command entered the village of Gettysburg, being the first of the Federal forces to reach that place and receive definite information as to the movements of the enemy. In the great battle, then so little expected, which was fought at the very doors of Gettysburg, he with his regiment did most effective service. In General Custer's official report of the part taken by the cavalry at Gettysburg, the name of Colonel Alger frequently appears, and acknowledgment is made of the distinguished part he bore in the engagement. On July 4, 1863, during the pursuit of the enemy which followed the battle, Colonel Alger led the advance with the Fifth Michigan Cavalry, and when near Monterey, on the top of South Mountain, Maryland, with great daring and equally great confidence in his men, he dismounted, crossed a bridge guarded by more than 1,500 infantry, and succeeded in capturing the enemy's train, together with, 500 prisoners. On July 8, 1863, at the battle of Boonsboro, he was so severely wounded as to be unable to assume command of his regiment until the following September. His subsequent famous charge with his regiment at Trevillian Station, Virginia, on June I, 1864, when with only three hundred men he captured a large force of the enemy, is memorable as one of the most brilliant and daring deeds of the war. General Sheridan's report concerning this engagement, on file in the War Department, says: " The cavalry engagement of the eleventh and twelfth was by far the most brilliant one of the present campaign. The enemy's loss was very heavy. My loss in captured will not exceed one hundred and sixty. They are principally from the Fifth Michigan Cavalry. This regiment, Colonel Russell A. Alger commanding, gallantly charged down the Gordonville road, capturing 1,500 horses and about 800 prisoners, but were finally surrounded and had to give them up." During the winter of 1863 and 1864 Colonel Alger was assigned to special service, reporting directly to President Lincoln, and while so engaged visited nearly every army in the field. It was his fortune to serve in or command regiments better armed than most, and they were frequently engaged in fatiguing and perilous service. At first he served in the west and south, but from the invasion of Maryland by General Lee in 1863 until the day of his retirement, Colonel Alger was with the Army of the Potomac and in constant service except when disabled by wounds. His brigade accompanied General Sheridan to the Shenandoah Valley in I864, and served through that campaign. On September 20. 1864, he resigned on account of physical disability, and was honorably discharged, having during his period of service taken part in sixty-six battles and skirmishes. At the close of the war he was made Brevet BrigadierGeneral for gallant and meritorious services to rank from the battle of Trevillian Station, and on June 11, 1865, he was made Brevet Major-General for gallant and meritorious services during the war. When he returned from the field of strife he removed to Detroit, and in company with Franklin and Stephen Moore engaged in the lumber trade, dealing especially in long pine timber, and also in pine lands. After a few years the firm of Moore, Alger & Co. was succeeded by the firm of Moore & Alger and then by R. A. Alger & Co., which continued until 1874, when the corporation of Alger, Smith & Co. was organized with General Alger as President. In these various business associations he has displayed remarkable ability, and the corporation of which he is the head has become the largest operator in pine timber in the world. The corporation own extensive tracts of pine lands in Alcona, Alger, Chippewa,and Schoolcraft counties in the Upper Peninsula, and on the Canadian shore of Lake Huron. In addition to the interests above named, General Alger is President of the Manistique Lumber Company, organized in 1882 with a capital of $3,000,000. He also has large investments in red wood lands in California and Washington Territory, and in the pine lands of Wisconsin and Louisiana, and is largely interested in an extensive cattle ranch in New Mexico, and is President of the company. He is President and the largest stockholder in the Detroit, Bay City & Alpena Railroad, and owns a large amount of stock in the Peninsular Car Company, the Detroit National and State Savings Banks, in which he is a Director; he is also a stockholder in the Detroit Copper and Brass Rolling Mills, and in several other extensive corporations. Coming to Detroit at the close of the war, rich only in honors gained in fighting the battles of his country, he entered the business world, and by his exceptional native abilities he long since gained a foremost place among the business men of Michigan. He is a man of strong will, resolute courage, great tenacity of purpose, a high order of financial generalship and rare administrative ability. When a course of action has been determined upon, he is self-reliant and trustful of his own judgment, and inspires others with perfect confidence in his capacity to accomplish what he undertakes. He is

I. I ~)

GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. '053 not discouraged or baffled even by the most formidable obstacles, but is fertile in resources, prompt in action, energetic in execution and uniformly successful. He has been a Republican ever since he reached his majority, and constantly active in the service of his party. Though possessed of a strong taste for politics, his time has been so completely engrossed by business responsibilities that until recent years he avoided the cares of office. He was a delegate to the Chicago Convention of 1884 that nominated Blaine and Logan, and in 1884 was elected Governor of Michigan. His administration of state affairs was in all respects equally as successful as his management.of his personal interests, and that is almost ideal. Keen, sagacious and penetrating, the business interests of the state were carefully guarded and all the charitable and educational institutions fostered, protected and enlarged. Combining the practicalities of a thorough business man with the training of a lawyer and the experience of a soldier, his state papers were models of clearness, simplicity and force. At the end of his term he laid aside the duties of his gubernatorial position, secure in the confidence of the people, whose good opinion he had so richly earned. In i888 he was a leading candidate for the presidential nomination, and if he had been a resident of a really doubtful Republican State would probably have received the nomination. In personal appearance General Alger is tall, slender in form, with an erect, dignified bearing. He is quick and incisive in speech, never brusque, but approachable, courteous and considerate toward all. He begets and retains warm friendships, and those who are numbered among his friends and confidantes are sure to be profited by his judgment and helpfulness. Although so deeply engrossed with business duties, he is a lover of books and a devoted patron of art, and is among the first to respond to deserving public enterprises. Possessed of a generous and sympathetic nature, he is ever attentive to the needs of those less fortunate than himself, and does not wait for others, but seeks out opportunities for doing good, and thousands of people have reason to feel grateful for timely benefactions received from him. In public life and in his private affairs his achievements, coupled with his irreproachable life, reflect credit upon the state and city of his adoption. Hle was married in I86I to Annette H. Henry, of Grand Papids. Their family consists of three daughters and three sons. JOHN JUDSON BAGLEY, formerly Governor of Michigan, was born at Medina, Orleans County, New York, July 24, I832. He was a descendant of the Bagley family who came from England early in the seventeenth century. His grandmother, Olive Judson, was a daughter of Captain Timothy Judson, a soldier of the Revolution. The Judsons were a prominent family in Connecticut, descended from an old English family in Yorkshire, who came to America in I634 and first settled in Concord, Massachusetts. There were many ministers in the family, among them the Rev. Adoniram Judson, the noted foreign missionary. Mr. Bagley was also a direct descendant of Rev. Thomas Hooker, who came from Hertfordshire, England, and established the first church in Connecticut. John Bagley, the father of Governor Bagley, was born in Durham, Greene County, New York. He established himself in business at Medina, but afterwards moved to Lockport. His wife was a native of Connecticut, a woman of education and refinement, with great strength and force of character. Both parents were devout and active members of the Episcopal Church. John was one of a family of eight children, and his mother intended to educate him for the ministry; but financial reverses came to the family, and they found what in those days was considered a fortune suddenly swept away. Michigan had recently been admitted as a State, and John's father, hoping to regain what he had lost, moved from Lockport to St. Joseph County, in this state, stopping a few months at Mottville, and then going to Constantine, and from there to Owosso, in Shiawassee County. John J. Bagley attended school at Constantine, White Pigeon and Owosso. He began his business life in a country store in Constantine, and after the family moved to Owosso he was engaged as clerk in the firm of Dewey & Goodhue. In these country stores everything was sold from calico to drugs, and here he received his early business training. The hours of work were early and late, but a little time could always be found for reading and study. When fourteen years of age he left Owosso and found employment in the tobacco store and factory of Isaac S. Miller, in Detroit. In 1853, when twenty-one years of age, he established a manufactory of his own on Woodward avenue, below Jefferson, and started the well-known "Mayflower" brand of fine-cut chewing tobacco. As his business prospered he engaged in other important enterprises. He possessed wise forethought, good judgment, and keen perception, grasped great affairs and managed them with a skill that commanded confidence and success. He was one of the organizers of the Michigan Mutual Life Insurance Company, and served as President from I867 to 1872; was one of the original stockholders and for several years President of the Detroit Safe Company; he was a corporator of

1054 GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. the Wayne County Savings Bank, and one of the charter members of the American National Bank; helped to organize the Merchants' and Manufacturers' Exchange, and was actively interested in the creation of Woodmere Cemetery, and served as its first President. Soon after he cast his first vote he was elected a member of the Board of Education from the Third Ward in the City of Detroit, and remained a member from 1855 to I858. He served as a member of the Common Council in I869 and I861, and did much to secure the establishment of the Detroit House of Correction, and was one of its first Inspectors. As a member of the Council he recognized the necessity of a more thorough and efficient police system for the city. For him to see was to act, and he rested not till the plan which he drafted was a law, and the present metropolitan police system organized. He was one of the original Commissioners and remained on the Board from February 28, 1865, to August 24, I872. In all public affairs he weighed carefully the opinions of others, formed his own convictions and followed them. Long before he had attained his majority he was a pronounced Whig, although his father was a Democrat. He was an active Republican from the organization of the party, his name appearing among the signers to the call for the Convention which organized the Republican party, and he was one of the most zealous and efficient in the preliminary work of the organization. In 1868 he was made chairman of the Republican State Central Committee. At the breaking out of the rebellion he was one of the most active citizens of Michigan in everything looking to a vigorous prosecution of the war. During those sad days he seemed to lead a double life. All the time and energy that any man should give to business he gave to his, and yet he seemed to devote all his time to his party, his state and his country. He was frequently at Washington and with the armies in the field, giving aid, comfort and counsel when most needed. In 1872 he became the Republican candidate for Governor and was elected by nearly 60,000 majority, receiving I,400 more votes than the Grant electors, a plurality which at once proved the strength of the party and his personal popularity.. He was renominated in I874, and although the Democrats swept the whole country that year, carrying more than two-thirds of the House of Representatives and electing a Governor in Massachusetts, Governor Bagley's personal popularity saved Michigan to his party by a majority of 6,000 over the Democratic candidate. In January, 1880, he was a candidate for United States Senator from Michigan, and came within one vote of receiving the nomination by the Republican caucus of the Legislature. While serving as Governor he manifested the same intelligent force that had made his many business ventures a success. With a zeal rarely found he gave both time and money to promote the welfare of the various educational and charitable institutions of the state, and his gifts were always made for such definite objects that it was evident careful thought and a well recognized need had prompted the gift. During his administration the State Militia was reorganized, a new life infused into its membership, and for the first time it was placed upon a serviceable footing. He was an earnest advocate of the tax system as applied to the liquor traffic, in place of the then inoperative prohibitory system, and presented strong reasons for the change. The State Reform School was through his efforts relieved of many of its prison features, and made more of an educational institution. The law providing for a Board of Charities and Corrections, and the present system of dealing with juvenile offenders through county agents, was originated during his administration, and received his hearty support. He inspired and directed a wise amelioration in the methods of the Reform School, the State Prison and the House of Correction, and by his personal influence and private benevolence adorned their walls with beautiful pictures, stocked their library shelves, and regaled them with luxuries not provided by the State, the influences of which have left their imprint for personal good upon thousands of characters. He was one of the original Board of Control of the State Public School at Coldwater, and suggested and applied many important changes in its organization. The plans of the building were adopted and the institution located there, when he was a member. He subsequently, as Governor, became an ex-officio member of the Board and acted as such up to the time of the opening of the school for the children in May, 1874. After retiring from the Board he was a frequent and welcome visitor, and every Christmas day the scholars were remembered in a substantial manner. A fountain was given them, to ornament the grounds, illustrative of child life, and one thousand dollars as a perpetual fund, to be held in trust by the Board and its successors, the interest each year to be expended on Christmas for the individual benefit of the children. This gift is known as the Kittie Bagley fund, in memory of'a little daughter of the donor, who died some years before her father. Among the notable measures of his administration was the entire revision of the general railroad laws and the bringing of all the companies under the supervision of a State Commissioner. As

GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. Io55 chairman of the State Centennial Board he worked indefatigably to insure the success of Michigan's representation in Philadelphia, giving largely of his own private means for that purpose. His state papers were models of compact, business-like statements, bold, original and full of practical suggestions, and his administration will long be considered among the ablest in this or any other State. The planting of "Centennial trees " was one of the many "happy thoughts" that he formulated while Governor, and the idea was approved and acted upon all over the Union. During his leisure hours, especially during the last few years of his life, he devoted much time to becoming acquainted with.the best authors, and biography was his delight. He was a generous and intelligent patron of the arts, and his elegant home was a study and pleasure to his many friends, who always found there a hearty welcome. He never flagged in any task he undertook, but worked unceasingly and with a determination that knew no such word as fail. It led him to labor beyond his strength, to do in a brief time what he might better have taken months or years to accomplish. Such determination won rapid success, but it caused the wick to burn low and go out at an age when most men are just beginning to see a bright prospect ahead. His nature was many-sided, and there was something in him with which everybody could feel at home. Every line of his genial face was honest and true, and his clear eyes looked through all hollowness or sham. He had a very tender love of home, and one of his favorite mottoes was, "East or West, Home is best." The city where he lived was his larger home, to which he always returned with satisfaction, and for the welfare of which he loved to labor Although born and educated as an Episcopalian, he connected himself with the Unitarian Church as most nearly expressing his ideas; but his interest was not confined to that denomination. Wherever good men and women met and worshiped the Living God, there was his church; such he was ever ready to join in every good word and work. For many years he was connected with the Unitarian Conference as Vice-President and President. In 1855 he married Miss Frances E. Newbury, of Dubuque, Iowa, whose father, Rev. Samuel Newbury, a Presbyterian clergyman, was one of the pioneers in the establishment of the educational institutions of the State, helping to do in Michigan what his friend and correspondent, Horace Mann, did in Massachusetts. Mr. and Mrs. Bagley had eight children. Seven of them are living and in Detroit, namely: Mrs. Florence B. Sherman, John N. Bagley, Mrs. Frances B. Brown, Margaret, Olive, Paul Frederick and Helen Bagley. With a large, powerful frame and great bodily strength, Governor Bagley seemed the embodiment of health and cheerfulness, until the winter of 1876-77, when he felt the first indications that his strength was giving way, and at no time afterwards was he a well man. In September, 1880, he had a slight stroke of paralysis, and from this he never fully recovered. Early in the spring of i88i he journeyed to California to try the climate of the Pacific coast, but it brought no permanent relief, and he died in San Francisco, July 27, I88I, at the age of forty-nine. Governor Bagley's will was characteristic of the man, containing bequests for many local charities, Catholic and Protestant being alike remembered. He also made generous gifts to all who had been in his employ for five years or more, and left the sum of $5,00oo with which to erect a public drinking fountain in Detroit. The fountain was erected on the open square at the head of Fort street west, and was unveiled on May 30, i887. The hundreds who daily quench their thirst at this elegant memorial are constantly reminded of the liberal donor. HENRY P. BALDWIN. Ex-Governor and ExUnited States Senator, is one of the oldest living residents of Detroit, his residence covering a period of fully fifty years. He traces his ancestry in this country to Nathaniel Baldwin, an English Puritan, who settled in Milford, Connecticut, in I639. One of his descendants was the Rev. Moses Baldwin, who in 1757 received the first collegiate honors that Princeton College bestowed, and for upwards of half a century was pastor of a Presbyterian church in Palmer, Massachusetts, where he died in I813. One of his sons, John Baldwin, who graduated at Dartmouth in 1791, and died in North Providence, Rhode Island, in I826, was the father of Henry P. Baldwin. On the maternal side the ancestry of Mr. Baldwin is traced to Robert Williams, a Puritan, whose place of settlement in 1638 was Roxbury, Massachusetts. The Governor's maternal grandfather was the Rev. Nehemiah Williams, a Harvard graduate. He was pastor of the Congregational church at Brimfield, Massachusetts, for the space 6f twenty-one years, and died at that place in 1796. Henry P. Baldwin was born at Coventry, Rhode Island, February 22, 1814. He received a public school education, supplemented by a brief academic course. The death of both his parents forced him, at an early age, into active service for the gaining of a livelihood. He went into a store as clerk and remained there until twenty years of age, when he engaged in business on his own account at Woonsocket, Rhode Island. Three years later, in 1837, he made a visit to the

Io56 GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. west, and during that trip became so impressed with the commercial advantages of Detroit that, in the spring of 1838, he located permanently in the city. His career as a merchant covered a record of many years. Beginning in a small way, he broadened his business plans and pushed them rapidly forward with unfaltering energy. He became a prosperous and progressive citizen and identified his name with the mercantile history, not only of Detroit, but of the Wtest. Retiring, a few years ago, from active participation in the establishment he founded, he left it to his successors as a valuable heritage. From the year 1860 Mr. Baldwin has been prominently identified with the political history of the State. He was chosen to the State Senate and served during the years I86I and 1852. During his term of service he was chairman of the Finance Committee, a member of the Committee on Banks and Corporations, and chairman of the Select Joint Committee of the two Houses for the investigation of the acts of the State Treasurer. He was likewise chairman of the legislative committee charged with the important work of improving the Sault Ste. Marie ship canal. This was the chief work in the line of internal improvement then under the control of the State, and Mr. Baldwin was influential in the prosecution of the work. In I868 he was elected by the Republican party to the office of Governor of Michigan, and two years later re-elected, thus serving four years as the chief executive of the State. The period of his incumbency was marked by the establishment and improvement of several public enterprises. He assisted materially in the advancement and in broadening the scope of the State Charities. He founded the State Public School for Dependent Children, which is a model of its kind. He also secured the permanent organization of a commission to supervise the State Charities and Penal Institutions. He recommended the establishment of the Eastern Insane Asylum, the State Board of Health, and the State House of Correction. He obtained appropriations for the enlargement of the University and was instrumental in the erection of the elegant State Capitol building at Lansing. He not only recommended the' appropriation for its construction, but the contracts for all the work were let under his administration, and he appointed the building commission under whose direction and supervision the Capitol was begun and completed. During his last term the fires of 187I destroyed the city of Chicago, and other fires swept, with devastating consequences, through the State of Michigan. Governor Baldwin issued a call to the State of Michigan on behalf of the western metropolis, and it is a matter of history that that call was nobly answered. Soon afterwards he issued a similar appeal in aid of the people of his own State,. and supplemented it with such admirable and systematic methods for the collecting of donations and administering relief, that within three months he was enabled to make the gratifying public announcement that no further aid was needed. In I876 Mr. Baldwin served as a member of the Republican National Convention which nominated R. B. Hayes for the Presidency. In I879 the sudden death of Senator Zachariah Chandler created a vacancy in the United States Senate, and Mr. Baldwin was appointed to fill the position, and did so with great credit and ability. In addition to other engagements Mr. Baldwin has, for nearly forty years, been conspicuously identified with the banking history of Detroit. He was a director in the old Michigan State Bank up to the time the charter of the bank expired. In I863, upon the organization of the Second National Bank of Detroit, he was chosen its President and remained so until the reorganization of the institution in 1883, as the Detroit National Bank, when he was again elected President, which position he retained until I887, when he resigned because of proposed absence on on extended tour to the Old World. His connection with the affairs of the Protestant Episcopal Church of Detroit has had much to do with the remarkable prosperity of that denomination. When he first came to Detroit he joined St. Paul's Church, which was then the sole occupant of the Protestant Episcopal field in Detroit. He was soon chosen vestryman and warden, and has ever since filled important positions in connection with the church. In I858 he, with other churchmen, organized a new parish called St. John's. In 1859 work was begun upon the church building, chapel,and rectory, at the corner of High street and Woodward avenue, and a very large proportion of the entire expense of the undertaking was cont ibuted by Mr. Baldwin, with whom it has ever been a principle to bestow a liberal portion of his income in religious enterprises. In the history of the Diocese of Michigan he has been an important factor. For more than forty years he was a fellow-member, with Charles C. Trowbridge, of the Standing Committee of the Diocese, and with him bore the burden of active labors in an endeavor that achieved much in the way of useful and valuable results, and both of them were continuously appointed to represent the Diocese in the General Convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Mr. Baldwin is still a member of the Standing Committee of the Diocese. In I852 his health led him to seek rest and recreation abroad, and he made an extended tour of the European continent. In I864 and 1865, accompanied by the Rev. Mr. Armitage, Rector of St.

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GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. 1057 John's, he made a second European trip. In the winter of I862 and I863, in pursuit of relaxation from business cares, he made a sea voyage to California via the Isthmus. The steamer in which he was a passenger was captured near the West Indies by the Alabama, a Confederate vessel. This mishap resulted in a detention of two days, but the captives were finally released upon the officers of the steamer giving a bond to pay ransom money after the acknowledgment of the independence of the Confederate States; fortunately for the officers of the steamer, and for the country as well, the conditional pledge never became an obligation. In addition to his connection with the political, religious and financial history of the city and State, Mr. Baldwin has -had much to do with the social life of the city. He served as President of the Young Men's Society, and also of St. Luke's Hospital and Church Home, and has for several years been President of the Michigan Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument Association. He has been prominently identified with the Detroit Museum of Art, his interest in art matters is not of a recent date, and for a number of years he has possessed many valuable works obtained by himself, and by Major Cass while United States Minister in Rome. His social qualities make his company desirable. He is frank and outspoken, but dignified, courteous and generous, and any one who has him for a counselor and friend is fortunate indeed. LEWIS CASS, second Governor of the Territory of Michigan, was born in Exeter, New Hampshire, October 9, 1782, and his ancestors were among the early pioneers of that State. His father, Major Jonathan Cass, joined the Patriot Army the day after the skirmish at Lexington, and fought for the independence of the Colonies at Bunker Hill, Trenton, Princeton, Germantown, Saratoga and Monmouth. Lewis Cass received a classical education in Exeter Academy, and after teaching school for some time in Delaware, his father being then stationed there under General Wayne, he set out, in his nineteenth year, for the Northwest Territory and crossed the Alleghanies on foot. He studied law under Return J. Meigs at Marietta, and was admitted to the bar in 1802, His success was rapid, and in 1806 he was in the Legislature of Ohio. The following year he was appointed Marshal of Ohio, and filled the office until the War of I812, when he resigned his commission, and, at the head of the Third Regiment of Ohio Volunteers, marched to the frontier, and there is every reason to believe that, if he had been in command instead of Governor Hull, Detroit and Michigan would not have been surrendered. In the subsequent recapture of the city he rendered efficient service, and at the close of the campaign was appointed Governor of the Territory, serving until 183 r, a period the length of which has rarely or never been equalled in the governorship of any territory. Soon after his appointment as Governor he removed his family to Detroit. One of the earliest acts passed under his administration was the law of 181 5 which restored the control of local affairs to the people of Detroit. In the year I820, with the approval of the Secretary of War, he organized a canoe expedition to Lake Superior and the source of the Mississippi, with the special object of establishing friendly relations with various Indian tribes. The expedition was notably successful, and as on previous occasions Governor Cass proved himself an adept in managing the wily and much-dreaded red men. During his administration he negotiated no less than twenty-one treaties with the Indians. In I831 he became Secretary of War under President Jackson, and served until 1836, when he was appointed United States Minister to France. During his residence at the French court the English Government sought to secure the adoption of a treaty by the several European powers that would have conceded the "right of search " as to American vessels. Mr. Cass was determined to defeat the project and made a formal protest against the ratification of the treaty by France, and wrote a pamphlet on the "Right of Search," which was generally read by European statesmen, and as a result the treaty was defeated. While serving as United States Minister, General Cass visited various portions of Europe and also Palestine. He returned to this country in 1842. In 1845 he was elected to the United States Senate, but resigned in I848 when nominated for the Presidency, but the next year was re-elected as Senator, serving until 1857, and then entering the cabinet of President Buchanan as Secretary of State. The cares and anxieties of the office during the closing period of Buchanan's administration, and General Cass's lack of sympathy with the methods of the President, caused him to resign, and he returned to Detroit quite feeble and broken in health. The writer well remembers a brief interview with him soon after his return. He seemed to be oppressed with the dangers that threatened the Government and with tears in his eyes said: " Sixty years ago I crossed the Ohio river with all that I had in the world tied in a handkerchief. Since then I have witnessed the unparalleled growth of this great nation and have been greatly honored by the people, but now it almost seems as though they were willing to destroy it or let it crumble into ruin." Fortunately for all people his fears were not realized. He grew somewhat stronger physically. and, on April 25, I86I, addressed a public meeting

Io58 GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. in favor of the preservation of the Union and was permitted to witness the close of the war. He died on June 17, i866. For over sixty years he was a prominent figure in the military and political life of the nation and was almost uniformly successful in his undertakings. He was a careful student, an elegant writer, and thoroughly familiar with the literature of his day. While residing at Detroit he was actively interested in various literary endeavors, wrote numerous articles for the North American Review and delivered addresses on a variety of topics. He was the author of a volume, entitled " France, its King, Court, and Government," and the Detroit Gazette, the first successful newspaper in Detroit,was begun and continued under his special patronage. Socially he was warm-hearted and of great service to those privileged with his acquaintance. He was an earnest believer in the Christian faith and was one of the corporators of the First Protestant Society of Detroit. His possession of the Cass farm, the name of one of the public schools and also the name of a leading avenue, perpetuate his memory in Detroit, and the State has recently provided for the placing of his statue in the capitol at Washington. S. DOW ELWOOD was born on Christmas-day, 1824, in Otsego County, N. Y., near the historic Mohawk Valley, and is the son of Daniel and Hannah (Bushnell) Elwood. His paternal ancestors emigrated from Holland early in the seventeenth century; and his mother's family were pioneers in New England. While he was still an infant his father died, and a few years later his mother remarried and moved to Oneida Castle, N. Y., where she died in 1838. His parents were in modest circumstances and after their death he was left alone in the world. Fortune, however, interposed in his behalf and he found a home, with all that the most sacred and tender significance of the word suggests, in the family of a friend and neighbor, by the name of Patten. Though many years have passed he does not fail to cherish the memory of the noble souls who gave him so abundantly of their love and care. Mrs. Patten still lives, and it is one of his valued privileges to contribute to the comforts and pleasures of her declining years. He attended school at Oneida Castle, and a few years later, at the age of eighteen, in the same building, he found himself the proud occupant of the master's chair. That spot is one of the loveliest in the most attractive section of the Empire State, and as the scene of his childish struggles and the arena where his ambitions first took form, it is revisited as often as his busy life will permit, and always with increasing interest. In I844 he moved to Rochester, N. Y., where two paternal uncles, John B. and Isaac R. Elwood, and his two older brothers were living. He soon found employment as clerk in a grocery house, and the following year received an appointment as clerk in the United States Post Office. He remained in this position about a year and was then promoted to the position of U. S. Railway Mail Agent, and continued in this office without interruption until March 7, I849. A Whig administration then succeeded the Democratic under which his appointment was made, and he was removed. In September, 1849, he joined the Argonauts and sailed to California in search of the "Golden Fleece." Reaching California he engaged in trading in the mines and also established an Express between San Francisco and the southern mining region via Stockton. The California episode covered a period of one year, at the close of which he returned to Rochester, and in February, I851, was married to a daughter of the Hon. E. M. Parsons. He soon after came to Detroit and engaged in the book and stationery trade, continuing in it until 1866. He then sold out and visited the Canadian oil region and, as a careful survey of the grounds satisfied him that it possessed favorable business prospects, he opened a banking office at Petrolia, where he remained about four years, prospering steadily. In 1871, having in the meantime resumed his residence in Detroit, Mr. Elwood interested several business men in the establishment of the Wayne County Savings' Bank. This institution has grown to large proportions and is regarded as one of the strongest financial institutions of Michigan's metropolis. Its deposit account aggregates $4,ooo,ooo, and it has been in every sense a notable success. It is due to Mr. Elwood to say that he has been its principal manager from its organization to the present, and to it he devotes all of his business hours and most of his thought. Politically, Mr. Elwood is a Democrat. His earliest remembered affiliations and convictions were of the democratic order, and he has been uninterruptedly loyal to that party. He is extremely averse to notoriety, and it is a matter of common knowledge that he has, more than once, put aside the offer of political preferment and declined many a nomination that would have been equivalent to an election- the sole exception in the way of office holding being a three years' term in the Board of Aldermen-serving from 1863 to I866-most of that time in the President's chair. The sincerity of his political preferences is so fully believed, and so resolutely has he always defended them, that even those most opposed to him in these matters are glad to be enrolled among his personal friends. His sagacity as

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GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. 1059 a politician and his devotion to his principles were abundantly illustrated during his career as chairman for six years, of the Democratic State Central Committee of Michigan. When the Young Men's Society of Detroit was in its best days, he was at its head as President. As the possessor of abundant means, in a characteristic and unobtrusive way, he has all his life been a liberal giver, a bountiful friend. In his personality, he is affable and among his intimates, distinctly "sociable." He never forgets to be courteous, kind and considerate, and not only enjoys the companionship of his friends, but attaches them strongly to himself. For many years he has been an adherent of the Unitarian Church and a regular attendant upon its services. Mr. Elwood's family is composed of his wife and one daughter, now nearing womanhood. JACOB M. HOWARD was born in Shaftsbury, Vt., July 10, 1805, and was educated at the Academies of Bennington and Brattleboro, and at Williams College, where he graduated in 1830. He studied law and engaged in teaching for about two years and in 1832 came to Detroit; was admitted to the bar in 1833, and was soon prominent among the leading young men of the city. In 1834 he was made City Attorney and in 1838 was a member of the State Legislature; from I841 to 1843 he served as Representative in Congress; in I851 he appeared for the people in the great trial known as the Railroad Conspiracy Case; in 1854 he was elected Attorney-General of the State and was twice re-elected, serving in all six years. In 1862 he was elected as U. S. Senator from Michigan, in place of K. S. Bingham, deceased, and in 1865 was elected for the full term, serving until 1871. While acting as Senator he served as chairman of the Committee on the Pacific Railroad, and as one of the Committee on Military Affairs, Judiciary Private Land Claims, and Library, and also as one of the Special Joint Committee on the Reconstructed States. He received from Williams College, in I866, the degree of LL. D., and was a delegate to the Philadelphia "Loyalists' Convention" of the same year. In I847 he published a translation of the ' Secret Memoirs of the Empress Josephine." He drew up the platform of the first convention of the Republican party in 1854, and is said to have given the party its name. Whether this be so or not, there can be no doubt that he was one of the ablest leaders the party ever possessed, and, indeed, his equals were few in number. During the war for the Union he rendered the country great service by his ability and patriotism, and all felt that when he died a statesman had passed away. He died on April 2, 187I. His.wife's maiden name was Catherine A. Shaw. The children living.at the time of his death were Mrs. Mary E. Hildreth, wife of Joseph S. Hildreth, Col. J. M. Howard, of Litchfield, Minnesota; Hamilton G. Howard, Charles M. and Jennie D. Howard, now Mrs. Samuel Brady. JAMES F. JOY, whose name for nearly fifty years has been a household word in Detroit and for nearly the same length of time also well known throughout the country, is of New England ancestry, and was born in Durham, New Hampshire, December 2d, i8Io. His father, James Joy, was a man of much enterprise and intelligence, was decided in his opinions and character, a Federalist in politics, and a Calvinist in religion, whose influence for good was felt by all to whom he became known. He had a large family, and the characters and careers of his children were largely shaped by his influence, teaching, and example. He was a blacksmith by trade, but later in life became a manufacturer of scythes. The maiden name of his wife was Sarah Pickering. James F. Joy attended a common school until he was sixteen and was then sent to an academy, and in two years was well fitted for the college course and able to enter Dartmouth College, He graduated there at the head of his class in 1833 and immediately commenced the study of law in the Harvard Law School at Cambridge, with Judge Storey and Professor Greenleaf as his instructors. After remaining there a year he became principal of the academy at Pittsfield, in his native state, and remained there some months. He was then appointed tutor in the Latin language in Dartmouth College, which position he retained for about a year. He then resumed the study of law at Cambridge; was admitted to the bar in Boston, and immediately went west, landing in Detroit in September, I836. Here he entered the office of Augustus S. Porter, where he remained till May, 1837, when he opened an office for himself, and in the fall of that year George F. Porter became associated with him as a partner in business. They continued in practice for about tweniy-five years, and were eminent in their profession. Their most important early client was the old Bank of Michigan, and subsequently "The Dwights," so-called, then well known men of ability and wealth who were engaged in banking in Massachusetts, Michigan, and Ohio. About this time Gen. Jackson removed the public money from the United States Bank, the state banks became its depositories, and the Bank of Michigan received about $I,2oo,ooo of government money. These public funds were deposited in local banks all over the country, and as a result there

Io6o GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. was vast speculation everywhere, and soon a panic and almost universal bankruptcy. The Dwights undertook to sustain the Bank of Michigan, they loaned it about $40ooo3, and took its suspended debt, secured by mortgages, on the property of its debtors. All of these assets came into the office of Joy & Porter for collection, and the litigation growing out of these collections was a source of much profit and gave the firm a wide reputation as lawyers. In I846 when it was proposed to sell the Michigan Central Railroad to a corporation, Mr. Joy was employed in the interest of the proposed company. He largely framed its charter and organized the company which purchased the road of the State, and undertook to build it through to Chicago. It was the important litigation of that company in Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois which drew Mr. Joy away from his practice in Detroit. He was also compelled to shape the legislation in Indiana and Illinois, under which the road was finally extended to Chicago. The history of the controversy, with regard to the extension of the road to Chicago, is full of interesting detail, and its importance was such as to compel Mr. Joy to make railway law a specialty, and he soon became, and for a long time continued, perhaps the most noted lawyer in railway litigation in the country,and for many years his practice was both extensive and profitable. From serving as their counsel he was drawn into their management, and by degrees became prominent in extending railway connections, and in their management and construction. One of his principal clients was the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and the entrance of their road into Chicago was attended with much difficulty and litigation. The most celebrated suit, however, which he was called upon to manage was that of George C. Bates against the Michigan Central and Illinois Central Railroad Companies, involving the title to all the station grounds of both companies in that city. The occasion of the suit was as follows: In the early days of Chicago, before the harbor was built by the Government, the Chicago River, at its mouth, ran south for more than a mile below where the harbor now is. Outside of the river and between it and the lake was a wide sand bar; this bar had been platted into city lots and contained a good many acres of land. The Government excavated a channel across it, and built its piers directly through it into the lake. As the pier was extended the southward current (produced by the winds on the west side of the lake running south past the end of the pier) caused an eddy on the south side which began to wear away this sand bar, and in the course of six or eight years it entirely disappeared. When the Illinois and Michigan Central Com panies reached Chicago they located their station grounds in the lake exactly where this sand bar had been, deposited earth upon it, raised it and erected freight and passenger houses upon the ground. Mr. Bates bought up the titles to the lots and property located on the sand bar, and brought a suit to recover the grounds. A very interesting and important question then arose as to who really owned this land. Mr. Joy took the position that when the water had gradually worn away the land all private titles went with it, and that when it all had disappeared under the water all private ownership to it, however perfect, was lost, and that the railway companies, having occupied the site under the authority of the State, and filled it up, were the legal owners. The litigation as to its ownership was long and complicated. It was twice tried by and finally settled by the United States Supreme Court, the position of Mr. Joy being sustained. The value of the property involved was about $2,000,000. It is a curious fact that the law relative to riparian rights is based upon a decision made at Rome in the time of Augustus by Trebatius, a learned prator, to whom Hbrace addressed one of his satires. The principles of the decision of Trebatius were adopted by the English courts, and its authority prevailed in the Chicago case, which is one of great celebrity. Mr. Joy now became extensively identified with the railway interests of the country, and was largely engaged in extending their lines. He organized and for many years was at the head of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad Company. Under his charge it was planned and constructed to Quincy and Omaha. The country through which it passed was rich but largely undeveloped, but soon after the road was built, it was rapidly settled, and the enterprise, all the time he was connected with it, was the most successful and profitable to its security holders of any similar enterprise in the country, and it has been good property ever since. The railroad from Kansas City to the Indian Territory is one among many enterprises of the kind that he promoted. With other inducements to build it was a tract of 800,ooo acres, called the neutral lands, belonging to the Cherokee Indians. These lands, by a treaty between the Senate, the Indian Nation, and himself, Mr. Joy purchased. The road was to be built across these lands, which were, to some extent, occupied by lawless squatters, who undertook to prevent the construction of the road unless Mr. Joy would give them the lands they occupied. Their demands led to violence, the engineers of the road were driven off, and ties and timber designed for the road were burned. It was only through the aid of two cavalry companies of United States

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GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAI'TALISTS. io6t troops, stationed there by the Government, that he was enabled to complete the road. He also built the first bridge across the Missouri River at Kansas City, and the building of the bridge gave a great impetus to the progress of that now large and prosperous city. While he had been acting as counsel for the Michigan Central Railroad Company, he became connected with the project of building the Sault St. Mary's Canal. The Government had granted the State of Michigan 75o,ooo acres of land to aid in the construction of the canal. The grant was several years old and various attempts had been made to induce parties to take the land and build the canal. About I857 Mr. Joy, in connection with J. W. Brooks, then managing the Michigan Central, concluded to undertake the work. The requisite legislation was secured, and they organized a company to undertake the enterprise, and a contract was made with the authorities of the State to build the canal and take the land in payment. The work was undertaken, and within two years from the date of the contract the first ship canal between Lake Superior and the St. Mary's River was open, and the advantages of the route thus opened are not second to those afforded by the more celebrated, but not more useful, Suez Canal. After having been several years connected with roads farther west, Mr. Joy, about 1867, returned to Michigan and became President of the Michigan Central Railroad Company, which had many years before employed him as its counsel. The great civil war was over, and the country was beginning to spring forward to new life. Not much progress had been made in railroads in Michigan for ten years. The Michigan Central was an iron instead of a steel road. Its equipment was about the same as it had been ten years before, but its business had increased very largely, and it was necessary that it be rebuilt with steel rail and newly equipped. It was equally desirable to so shape and control the railway construction of the State, that it should be the least detrimental to, and most promote the interests of the Michigan Central, which was by far the most important road in the State. In accordance with his plans the Michigan Central was rebuilt, largely double-tracked, and every department renewed and enlarged and made adequate to the demands of the times. This was done at great cost, steel rails then costing in gold something more than $I30 per ton. During these. years- Mr. Joy promoted the building, and finally obtained control, of the Jackson, Lansing & Saginaw road from Jackson to Saginaw and Mackinac, and also of the road from Jackson to Grand Rapids. He also raised the money for and built the Detroit & Bay City Railroad, in order to secure the best connection between Detroit and the northern part of the State by connection with the road to Mackinac. All these lines were secured for the Michigan Central, thus continuing its prestige as the most important road in Michigan. While they promote the interest of the country through which they run, these several roads have also largely contributed to build up the city of Detroit. Meantime the parties who had undertaken to build the Detroit, Lansing & Northern road, failed in their effort. Mr. Joy then took up the enterprise, raised the money, built the road, and it has become an important element in the prosperity both of the State and city. Several other enterprises, valuable to the State and the west, are also the result of his efforts and of his ability to command capital. The last public enterprise with which he has been connected is the effort to secure a connection with the Wabash system of railroads for Detroit, and provide adequate station buildings and grounds in Detroit for its business. In furtherance of the object he, with Messrs. C. H. Buhl, Allan Shelden, James McMillan, R. A. Alger and John S. Newberry, of Detroit, furnished most of the money with which to build the road from Detroit to Logansport, and Messrs. Joy, Buhl, Shelden, McMillan and Newberry built the Detroit Union Depot and Station Grounds, and the railroad through the western part of the city connecting with the Wabash road. These local facilities are now partly leased to the Wabash Company, and furnish adequate grounds, freight house and elevator for the accommodation of the business of Detroit in connection with that railway. It rarely happens, that a few men such as Mr. Joy and his associates are able and willing to hazard so much in promoting the interests of the city and State in which they live. Mr. Joy's life has been a very busy and useful one and of great advantage to the city and State in which he lives, and to the city of Chicago and the country west as well. Few men have had it in their power for so many years, to guide and direct the investment of so large an amount of capital. Although Mr. Joy has led so active a life, and been engaged in so many and important enterprises, he has not neglected mental recreation and improvement, but has at all times kept up his early acquaintance with the ancient classics and with those of modern times as well. His large library contains the choicest literature of both ancient and modern times, including all the Latin and French classics. His chief recreation in all his busy life has been in his library, and his case is a rare instance of a busy life closely connected with books, not only in his own, but in foreign and dead languages. He has been often heard to say that he would willingly give $i,ooo for the lost books of either Livy or Tacitus. He attributes much of the

10o62 GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. freshness of his mind, and even much of his health, to his recreation in his library. Notwithstanding he is nearing fourscore his health is robust, and his faculties all seem as perfect as at any time in his life. His strength holds good and he is, perhaps, as active and vigorous in business as at any time in his career. He has had the happy faculty of always putting business out of his mind when the hour for business was past, and has never carried his cares home with him. In his long life he has met with many and large losses, but it is believed that however great they may have been there never was an evening when he would not lose all thought of them in reading the pages of some favorite author. He is a man of regular habits, has never used tobacco in any form, and has never been in the habit of drinking anything stronger than coffee and tea. During most of his life he has been in the habit of taking exercise for an hour or two each day, and his favorite method is walking. He has never sought political honors, but when it became evident that there was to be a great civil war he was elected to the Legislature. He accepted the position and aided in preparing the State for the part it was to take in that great contest. He was in old times a Whig, but in time became a member of the Free Soil party, and afterwards an earnest Republican. Mr. Joy has been twice married. The name of his first wife was Martha Alger Reed. She was the daughter of Hon. John Reed, of Yarmouth, Massachusetts, who was a member of Congress for several years, and served also as Lieutenant-Governor of that State. The maiden name of his second wife was Mary Bourne, who was a resident of Hartford, Connecticut. The children of Mr. Joy are as follows: Sarah R., wife of Dr. Edward W. Jenks; Martha A., wife of Henry A. Newland; James, Frederick, Henry B., and Richard Pickering Joy. HENRY BROCKHOLST LEDYARD, son of Henry and Matilda (Cass) Ledyard, was born at Paris, France, on February 2oth, 1844, during the residence of his father in that city as Secretary of the United States Legation. After the return of his father to Detroit, he attended the. excellent and well known school of Washington A. Bacon. From here he went to Columbia College at Washington, where he spent two years, and from there to the West Point Military Academy. He was appointed as a Cadet at Large by President Buchanan in 1861. He entered as a. cadet on July Ist, I86I, graduated on June 23d, I865, and on the same day, by two different commissions, was appointed Second and then First Lieutenant in the Nineteenth U. S. Infantry. He was first sent to Fort Wayne near Detroit, from thence to Augusta, Georgia, with recruits, and then to Newport Barracks, Kentucky, where he served during October and November, 1865. From November 20th, I865, to September 6th, 1866, he was Quartermaster of his regiment, and from September 6th, 1866, to November 2d, I866, he was Quartermaster of the third battalion. During this period he was at Newport from November, I865, to March, I866, on frontier duty at Little Rock, Arkansas, in May and June, i866, in charge of rebel prisoners at Columbus, Ohio, from June 15th to July loth, I866, and then again at Little Rock in July, August and September, acting during a portion of the time as Chief Commissary of the Department of the Arkansas. From October, i866, to February, I867, he was at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. Meantime, on September 2ISt, I866, he was transferred to the Thirtyseventh Infantry, and served as Quartermaster of the regiment from November 2d, I866, to February 25th, 1867. He was then transferred to the Fourth Artillery and served on General Hancock's staff as acting Chief Commissary of Subsistence of the Department of the Missouri in the field in an expedition against hostile Indians on the plains. In 1867 he was ordered to West Point as Assistant Professor of French, and in I868 joined his battery at Fort McHenry, Maryland. Three years later, in I870, when the army was reorganized, seeing but little prospect of promotion, and acting under the advice of Gen. Sherman, he obtained leave of absence for six months and entered the Engineering Department of the Northern Pacific Railroad, then under construction. His preference being for a connection with the operating of a railway rather than with its construction, he applied for a position with James F. Joy, then the foremost railway manager of the country, being President of the Michigan Central, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and several other important western railroads. Mr. Joy, who had been for many years a warm personal friend of his father's, offered him a position as clerk in the office of the Division Superintendent of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. He entered the service of that company in July, I870, and in November of the same year resigned ITis commission in the army, and was honorably discharged from the service, in accordance with the Act of Congress. Two years afterwards he was made Assistant Superintendent of the road, and in 1873 became Division Superintendent of the Eastern Division. In October, I874, Mr. Joy offered the position of General Superintendent of the Michigan Central to W. B. Strong, then Assistant General Superintendent of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail

GOVIERNORS, SENATORS, B. road (now President of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad). Mr. Strong accepted the position, and persuaded Mr. Ledyard to accompany him as Assistant General Superintendent, and in the following spring he also assumed the duties of Chief Engineer. In 1876 Mr. Strong resigned to accept the General Superintendency of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and Mr. Ledyard was appointed as his successor. The appointment came from Mr. Joy, and Mr. Ledyard ascribes much of his success to the valuable aid and wise counsel of this experienced financier. In 1877, Mr. Ledyard was made General Manager of the Michigan Central Railroad, and in 1883 on the retirement of W. H. Vanderbilt from active railway, management, succeeded him as President of the corporation, being probably the youngest President in the country of so large a corporation. His military and engineering education give him special qualifications for the position he occupies, and these with rare administrative ability, insure method and accuracy in all that he attempts. These qualities largely account for his rapid advancement to his present position. It would be difficult to find in the United States his superior in knowledge in all departments of his work, as he is one of the few skilled railroad presidents in the country. His memory is amazing with regard to the history of railroad agreements, bonds, pools, and other complexities, which during the last twenty years have become such an intricacy that few minds can disentangle or trace them; his memory is equally good in general intellectual and literary matters. It is his nature to be aggressive, and he keeps his railroad in the front rank by instinctively doing in advance what necessity would compel later on. His labors are in the highest degree intelligent, and he mastered all the details of the whole intricate and comprehensive system of railway management. He does not fear responsibility, but having confidence in his own powers, he readily assumes additional responsibilities, his grasp becoming more comprehensive and his abilities rising as occasion demands. Although of a nervous temperament, he is by no means a nervous man, but his feelings are constantly on the alert. It is not his habit to consult others on the bearing of facts and conditions. His natural perception is remarkably quick and accurate; he grasps readily the ideas of others and has a wonderful retentive memory concerning all things brought to his attention, and is always prompt and self-reliant, and there is apparently no limit to his powers of endurance, and yet he is always eminently modest,, neglecting almost constantly rights and honors belonging to him as the president of a great and wealthy corporation. ANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. 1063 He is especially careful of the interests of others, gives patient consideration to all suggestions of proposed improvements and almost by intuition selects those of value. His prompt methods of doing business, and the rapidity with which he arrives at a decision, causes him to be sometimes misunderstood, but this, only for a moment, or by those who have no real opportunity of knowing him. Those who are brought into close relationship with him always learn to appreciate his courtesy and the consideration which he constantly bestows upon the welfare of all the employes of the road, and they know that he is as lenient as is possibly consistent with wise and judicious management. Socially, Mr. Ledyard is distinguished for sincerity and a thorough devotion to his friends. He has little love for the formal round of fashionable living, prefers home to all other places, and at his own fireside, or with a circle of familiar spirits, his kindly sentiments, genial humor, and rare intellectual gifts make him a delightful companion and a universal favorite. He was married on October I5th, 1867, to Mary L'Hommedieu, of Cincinnati, daughter of Stephen L'Hommedieu, the projector, and for twenty-five years the President of the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad. Their children are Matilda Cass, Henry, Augustus Canfield, and Hugh. JAMES McMILLAN was born May 12, 1838, at Hamilton, Ontario, and is the son of William and Grace McMillan of Scotland, who emigrated to Canada and settled in Hamilton in I836. William McMillan was a man of exceptionally strong and symmetrical character and of the highest integrity. His business connections were wide and his identification with many important enterprises made his name well known throughout Ontario. From the inception of the Great Western Railway Company until his death in 1874, he was one of its officers. James McMillan began his educational course in the grammar school at Hamilton, a preparatory institution of the Toronto College, presided over by Dr. Tassie, an able and well known teacher. At the age of fourteen, having acquired a thoroughly practical education, he began his remarkably successful career. Entering a hardware establishment, he spent four years in learning the detail of the business, and then removed to Detroit and obtained a situation in the wholesale hardware store of Buhl & Ducharme. At the end of two years' service he was appointed to the position of purchasing agent of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railway. While performing these duties he attracted the attention of an extensive railroad contractor and was employed by him to secure men, purchase supplies, and care for the finances in connection with the execution of a large

Io64 GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. contract. At this time he was only twenty years old, but proved abundantly able to fulfill the duties required of him, and the experience gained during this period was especially profitable as a preparation for his future career. When the contracts upon which he was engaged were completed, he again obtained the position of purchasing agent of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railway. In I864 Mr. McMillan associated himself with Messrs. Newberry, Dean and Eaton, in the formation of the Michigan Car Company, from which has grown the immense industrial enterprises which have made the names of Newberry & McMillan famous in financial circles throughout the country. Among the most important of their enterprises are the Detroit Car Wheel Company, the Baugh Steam Forge Company and the Detroit Iron Furnace Company. Of all these immense concerns Mr. McMillan is president and the principal owner. The business of these establishments varies from $3,500,0oo to $5,ooo,ooo annually, and the number of employees averages over 2,500. Mr. McMillan's car building enterprises have not been confined to Detroit. He was long prominently connected and heavily interested in car works at London, Ontario, and St. Louis, Missouri, both of which enterprises are indebted largely to his sagacity and administrative ability for their success. He is also largely interested in the Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic Railway, and has been its only president. In addition to this line he is actively engaged in the furthering of other railroad lines that are destined to be of great service both to Northern Michigan and Detroit. He is a large stockholder in the Detroit and Cleveland Steam Navigation Company, in the Detroit Transportation Company, and in other freight and passenger lines, and is a director in the First National Bank, and the Detroit Saving Bank, besides being largely interested in other banks. He is prominently connected with the Detroit City Railway Company, with the D. M. Ferry & Co. Seed Company, the Detroit Railroad Elevator, the Union Depot Company, and with numerous other large enterprises in Detroit and elsewhere. For many years he has owned a large amount of centrally located business property, and the business blocks he has erected have added greatly to the architectural beauty of the city. In fact his aggressive energies have been felt in many directions and wherever exerted have been rewarded with large and merited success, and thousands of individuals and the city at large have been profited by the results of his sagacity. He has not sought to keep his gains to himself, but has always liberally and judiciously expended a large share of them for the promotion of the public good. Added to the strong sense and clear foresight derived from his Scotch parentage, he obtained a business training that step by step has prepared him for every change and made him master of each successive situation. An executive ability of commanding character, with wonderful power of concentration upon any given subject, capacity for complicated details, ability to keep in mind the whole field of his immense interests without losing sight of a single important link in their best and most profitable relation, serve in a measure to explain the results he has secured. He is quick and sure in his judgment of character, trusting fearlessly when he has once given his confidence, thus enlisting' the loyal and sympathetic support of those who labor with him. He is ready in decision, broad, clear and liberal in his views and wise and just in administration. Thoroughly quiet and unostentatious in manner, he has a heartiness of greeting and a genuine love of humor, that makes him an agreeable friend. Despite the arduous work he has performed, he has kept the physical man in the best of conditions, and as a result his natural kindliness of disposition remains unchanged, and he never shows the fatigue or impatience that so often repel. At all times approachable and agreeable, he is an ideal business man. His charities are numerous, unceasing and extensive. He is a member of the Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church and is notably liberal, not only to that church, but to other denominations, and indeed to religious and philanthropic movements of any kind. One of his most recent benefactions is the gift of $1oo,ooo for the erection of a Free Homoeopathic Hospital in Detroit. He is ever ready to lend a helping hand and many young men have cause to remember his timely assistance. A Republican in politics, he has been actively interested and influential in the success of his party, giving freely of both money and time. For several years he was Chairman of the Republican State Committee, and his genius for thorough organization was a valuable factor in securing party victories. He is regarded not only as a consistent and very valuable party man, but as one of no slight authority upon general political matters. He has thus far refused the proffered nomination by party friends to high and responsible official position, contenting himself by aiding effectively in the election of his friends, but it is none the less certain that his abilities admirably qualify him for any position in the gift of the State or Nation. Although only in middle life, he has reaped a princely fortune and is secure in the respect and esteem of his fellow citizens. He was married in I860 to Mary L. Wetmore of Detroit. They have five children living, four sons and one daughter. The eldest son graduated from

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GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. io65 Yale College and is interested in various enterprises in connection with his father. The second son graduated also from Yale and is now studying law. HUGH McMILLAN is among the foremost of the comparatively few young business men of Detroit who have won distinction in the establishment of large business enterprises. His business life has exhibited tireless energy, unyielding perseverance, a keen foresight of events and the intelligent use of definite means to accomplish a well defined purpose. He was born at Hamilton, Ontario, September 28, 1845, and is a son of William and Grace McMillan, both natives of Scotland. His father was born in Glasgow, where for several years he was engaged in mercantile pursuits. In 1836 he emigrated to Canada, settling in Hamilton; became one of the first officers of the Great Western Railway Company, and continued as such until his death in I874. He was a man of broad ideas, great moral courage, perfect confidence in his own judgment, well informed and possessed of a genial sunny disposition, good presence, and ready natural wit. Through his extensive business transactions he became well known throughout Ontario and was everywhere highly esteemed. Hugh McMillan, the fifth son in a family of six sons and one daughter, began his educational course in the public school and continued his studies until he graduated in Phillips' Academy, at Hamilton. Early in life Mr. McMillan determined to devote his energies to a business career and at the age of fourteen obtained a clerkship in the Great Western Railway, and after two years' experience as bookkeeper was induced in I86 to go to Detroit. Here he became a clerk in the office of the General Superintendent of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railway, and remained in the employ of the road for three years, and then thinking that a mercantile life offered greater inducements than a railroad career, he became a clerk in the hardware store of Ducharme & Prentice. In 1872 he became associated with his brother, James McMillan, accepting the position of Secretary of the Michigan Car Company, which was just beginning to assume large proportions. Those essential qualities of executive ability, good judgment and quick perception, so requisite in the building up of extensive enterprises, were soon manifested, and his indefatigable exertions contributed greatly to the success of the company. Some years after he became connected with the company he was made Vice-President and General Manager, positions which he still retains. In the Detroit Car Wheel Company and the Baugh Steam Forge Company, established about the same time, connected with the Michigan Car Company and virtually under the same management, he has been greatly influen tial. He is Vice-President and Manager of the former and Vice-President and Treasurer of the last named corporation In every stage of the rapid growth of these establishments, the personal energy and arduous labors of Mr. McMillan have been manifest. A fair idea of the growth and present condition of the three enterprises with which Mr. McMillan is so inseparably connected can be gained by the fact, that during the first year of his connection with the Michigan Car Company 2,000 cars were built, while of late years the yearly product has averaged over 7,000. The business of the establishments named aggregates several millions of dollars yearly, and thousands of employees are constantly engaged. In the construction of the Detroit, Mackinac & Marquette Railroad, Mr. McMillan was a leading spirit. This road is 150 miles in length, extends through a large part of the upper peninsula of Michigan, and opened up a tract of country practically a wilderness, and to-day flourishing villages exist and valuable land is being rapidly devoted to profitable farming purposes, greatly aiding the material wealth and prosperity of the State. It was commenced in 1877 and finished within two years, and from its inception Mr. McMillan was a director, secretary and treasurer. During I886 a syndicate of Chicago, Detroit and New York capitalists formed the Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic Railway Co., with a capital of $I0,000,000, for the purpose of purchasing the road and constructing some two hundred miles of additional road in order to connect it with the western terminus of the Northern Pacifie line at Duluth and eastern railroads at Sault Ste. Marie. As the financial agent of the syndicate, Mr. McMillan in October, I886, completed the negotiations for the purchase of the Detroit, Mackinac & Marquette Railroad of the bondholders for a sum exceeding $3,000,000. This undertaking is opening for business and settlement a large area of new country and cannot fail to be of great benefit to the State of Michigan. In the organization and development of the Michigan Telephone Company in 1877, Mr. McMillan was actively engaged, and by his personal exertions obtained, fortunately for those who listened to him, many subscriptions to its stock when doubts were entertained of the success of the undertaking. Of this corporation, which owns and controls the entire telephone business of the State of Michigan, he is secretary and treasurer. The establishment and prosperity of the Commercial National Bank of Detroit is also largely owing to his business sagacity and financial direction, and he has been its President from the beginning. When the establishment of this bank was

1066 GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. determined upon, few were able to foresee the success which has accompanied it during the seven years of its life, a success accompanied by so large a share of public confidence that it has been for some time past recognized as one of the leading institutions of Detroit. Mr. McMillan feels a natural pride in the establishment and development of this bank, and it is not among the least of his successes. He is also an active director and large stockholder in the State Savings Bank of Detroit, an institution which is recognized as one of the most reliable and conservative in the country, and is the depository for thousands of mechanics and working people in the city of Detroit and throughout the entire State of Michigan. The various interests enumerated comprise but a small part of the complicated and varied enterprises in which he is engaged. He is Vice-President and Treasurer of the Detroit Iron Furnace Company and of the Newberry Furnace Company; Vice-President and General Manager of the Detroit Pipe and Foundry Co., Vice-President of the Detroit Iron Mining Co., and of the Fulton Iron and Engine Works, and President of the Hamtramck Transportation Co., and Red Star Line of steamers. Mr. McMillan is also officially, or as a director, connected with and largely interested in the following substantial and successful corporations: The Detroit Railroad Elevator Company; Detroit Electrical Works; Detroit & Cleveland Steam Navigation Co.; Duluth & Atlantic Transportation Co.; Mackinac Transportation Co.; and the Detroit Transportation Co. The qualities which have contributed to his success embrace not only the highest order of executive ability, but quick apprehension, easy grasp of details, a retentive memory and keen sagacity. The ability to thoroughly systematize every department of large enterprises and to select capable subordinates has had much to do with his success. Naturally unostentatious, a lover of books and society, his friends find him at all times an affable and agreeable companion. He was President of the Detroit Club for three years. His home on Jefferson avenue and country residence near Lake St. Clair reflect a cultivated and artistic taste. He is a member and officer in the Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church, and takes an active interest in its welfare. He was married May 2, 1867, to Ellen Dyar. They have one daughter and three sons. JOHN STOUGHTEN NEWBERRY, for many years one of the chief factors in the industrial affairs of Detroit, was born at Waterville, Oneida County, New York, November I8, 1826, and was the son of Elihu and Rhoda (Phelps) Newberry, both of English parentage and natives of Windsor, Connecticut. His father was a descendant of Thomas Newberry, who emigrated from England in 1625, and settled in Dorchester, Massachusetts. John S. Newberry, at the age of five, accompanied his parents to Detroit, and a few years after to Romeo, Michigan. His rudimentary education begun at Detroit was continued at Romeo, where he prepared for the Michigan University, and graduated in I845, taking the honors of his class. He early developed a taste and aptitude for the practical sciences, and following the natural bent of his mind acquired a thorough knowledge of civil engineering and surveying, and for two years was employed in the construction department of the Michigan Central Railroad, under Colonel J. M. Berrien. He subsequently spent a year in traveling, and then entered the law office of Van Dyke & Emmons. He was admitted to the bar in 1853, and at once commenced practice with that energy and ability which distinguished him in all his undertakings. At that time the commerce of the lakes was just beginning to assume an importance in maritime affairs, and appreciating the future possibilities of admiralty business, he devoted his attention to that branch of practice, and as the maritime interests increased in importance, he acquired a large practice in the United States Courts. He was one of the first to contribute to the legal literature of the West an authoritative compilation of admiralty cases arising on the lakes and western rivers. This volume was of great practical use, and still serves a valuable purpose as a standard work of reference. At different times Mr. Newberry was associated with several prominent practitioners of the Detroit bar. He was first a partner in the law firm of Towle, Hunt & Newberry, later on he was associated with Ashley Pond, under the firm name of Pond & Newberry, and then as Pond, Newberry & Brown, the latter member being Henry B. Brown, the present judge of the United States Circuit Court at Detroit. After Mr. Pond withdrew from the firm, the style was changed to Newberry & Brown. It was while a member of this firm that Mr. Newberry's attention was turned to manufactures. In I863 James McMillan, then purchasing agent of the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad, became associated with him in a contract with the Government for the building of a large number of cars for use in the Southern States for the transportation of soldiers and munitions of war. This venture proved a success, and was the beginning of the several immense industrial enterprises with which he became connected. In 1864, Mr. Newberry assisted in the establishment of the Michigan Car Works, and at that time withdrew from the practice of law, that his time and energies might be fully devoted to this

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GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. 1067 interest. In this great enterprise his business ability was tested in many ways, and aided by his strict surveillance the business grew rapidly, and at the time of his death was the largest manufacturing establishment in Detroit. He was also largely and influentially interested in the various industrial undertakings operated in connection with the Michigan Car Company, such as the Detroit Car Wheel Company, the Baugh Steam Forge Works, the Fulton Iron and Engine Works, the Missouri Car Company of St. Louis, the Detroit Mining Company, and the Vulcan Furnace Company, at Newberry, Michigan. He was also a director and treasurer of the Detroit, Bay City & Alpena Railroad, a director in the Detroit, Mackinac & Marquette Railroad Company, as well as in the Detroit and Cleveland Navigation Company, the Hamtramck Navigation Company, the Detroit Transportation Company, and the Detroit National Bank, and had a financial and advisory connection in numerous other interests. As a business man he possessed rare ability; his judgment concerning the merits of new and untried enterprises was seldom at fault; his intuitive power of foreseeing the possibilities of every venture, gave him boldness in the execution of plans which needed only time to vindicate their wisdom. His self-control was perfect; he never lost his balance, and no matter how harassed or perplexed he might be, he held himself beyond any exhibition of temper or impatience. He had that magnetic power over men which commands esteem, and is only possessed by men of great character and force. His name was the synonym of business strength and integrity. So well managed were all his business ventures, involving millions of invested capital, that at his death they were in a condition to be continued without change. In political affairs he was at first a Whig, but from i856 was a member of the Republican party. In 1862 he was appointed by President Lincoln the first Provost Marshal for the State of Michigan, with the rank of Captain of Cavalry. This position he held for two years, and during that time he had charge of two drafts, and enrolled and sent to the field the drafted men and substitutes. During his busy life he had little time had he possessed the ambition for political position. He sought political preferment but once, when he was elected to Congress from the First District, and served with credit for a single term, his most notable effort being an able speech on the national finances. At the end of his term of service he declined a renomination, and from that time until failing health compelled him to desist, his time, energies and ability were given entirely to the management of his various business interests. About two years before his death, Mr. Newberry was attacked by a complication of ailments, which baffled medical skill. After traveling extensively to vai. ds health resorts, in hope of receiving relief, he returned home, where the last few months of his life were passed, surrounded by his family and friends. He died on January 2, 1887. The death of one who had been so thoroughly identified with the greatest industrial enterprises of his city and State, called forth widespread expressions of genuine sorrow; and this was especially true in Detroit. For many years his life had been closely interwoven with the city's growth and prosperity, while his active mind, tireless energies, and rapidly accumulating wealth gave him a prominent place among the citizens of Michigan, and his honest and high-minded business methods inspired unlimited confidence and trust. At the age of fourteen he united with the First Congregational Church of Romeo, but during the entire period of his residence in Detroit he was a member of the Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church, to which denomination he was a most liberal contributor, and for many years a worker in benevolent enterprises. He accumulated one of the largest estates in Michigan, and his wealth was invested in channels which gave prosperity and comfort to thousands of his fellows. He was generous in support of every public enterprise, and one of the last acts of his life was to join with James McMillan in the establishment of a Homoeopathic Hospital in Detroit, to the endowment of which he contributed $roo,ooo. By his will more than half a million was bequeathed to various charitable objects. Of his personal characteristics much indeed might be said. He was a man of fine attainments, and by study and extensive travel had acquired a wide and varied education. In social life he was generally regarded as austere and unapproachable, but those who enjoyed his friendship knew that he possessed a kindly disposition, and his family life was pleasing in its love and devotion. He lived a pure and noble life: was brave, generous, and true to his convictions of duty, and the work he accomplished for the good of his city and State gives him a worthy place among the most distinguished citizens of Michigan. He was twice married, first in I855 to Harriet Newell Robinson, of Buffalo, who died within a year, leaving one son, Harry R. Newberry. In I859 he married Helen P., daughter of Truman P. Handy, of Cleveland, by whom he had three children, Truman H., John S. and Helen H. Newberry. JOHN OWEN was born near Toronto, Canada West, March 20, I809, His father died when Mr. Owen was quite young, and in the year I818, with his mother, he came to Detroit. Soon after coming here he began to attend school in the old University

io68 GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. building on Bates street, paying for his tuition by services rendered the preceptor. When twelve years old he became an errand boy in the drug store of Dr. Chapin, remaining with him several years, and mlaking himself so useful that when only twenty years old he was taken in as a partner, his energy and faithfulness being placed against the capital of his former employer. Subsequently the firm became J. Owen & Co. In 1853 he retired from trade, and the present firm of T. H. Hinchman & Son is the successor of the old firms of Chapin & Owen and J. Owen & Co. After he retired from mercantile life, Mr. Owen gave 'his attention largely to vessel and banking interests. He was one of the earliest and largest stockholders in the Detroit and Cleveland Steam Navigation Company, and for many years president of the corporation. He is also largely interested in the Detroit Dry Dock Company. He was president of the Michigan Insurance Co. Bank, and of its successor, the National Insurance Bank, and in 1857, while serving as president of the first named institution, it was the unbounded personal confidence that the people had in him that enabled the bank to go safely through those perilous times, and his integrity and good name was the wall that prevented the financial breakers from overwhelming not only the bank but scores of individuals as well. It was also fortunate that he was at the head of the State treasury from I86 to I867, for in the first years of the war, without his personal credit and well known honesty, it would have been almost impossible for the State to have met the demands then made upon it in paying for the equipment of the troops. Aside from the office of State Treasurer, the only public offices he has held were those of Alderman at Large in 1836, and of the First Ward in 1844 and I845. He also served as one of the School Directors in 1839 and 1840, as Commissioner of Grades from 1859 to I870, and as one of the Board of Water Commissioners from 1865 to I879. From I841 to 1848 he was one of the Board of Regents of Michigan University. During his earlier years he was a member of the Volunteer Fire Department, serving as foreman of Company No. I in I837, and as president of the Department Society from 1841 to I843. He has also been actively interested in various philanthropic and patriotic societies, serving as treasurer of a State Temperance Society in 1837, as president of the Michigan Soldiers' Relief Society in I864, and as trustee and treasurer of the corporation of Elmwood Cemetery from its organization, for over forty years. His connection with the Central Methodist Episcopal Church as trustee and treasurer covers even a longer period, and he dij more than any other person during a period of nearly fifty years to protect and preserve its credit, by the prompt payment of all bills, without regard to the possession of church funds at the time. During all this time he was recognized as the foremost member in the State of the church of his choice, and contributed very largely to its building up, not only in Detroit, bht. in the State at large. He is one of the principal trustees of Albion College, and has given largely to that institution. His benefactions have not been confined within denominational lines, but whenever time and influence and means could help solve social problems, he has been ready to help. His long residence in the city, his upright life and careful judgment, and the many services he has rendered the public, have made his name a synonym for character and worth, and he occupies a position that comparatively few attain. DAVID PRESTON was born September 20, 1826, in Harmony, Chautauqua County, N. Y., and was the son of Rev. David Preston, for thirty years a member of the Erie Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He was educated in that vicinity and his earliest occupation was that of a teacher, in which he continued four years. In I848 he came to Detroit and found employment in the banking office of G. F. Lewis. He remained with him four years, his total salary for that time being $950. Out of this amount he saved a few hundred dollars, and in May, I852, began business as a banker and broker. From the very outset he was successful, and from time to time was compelled to change his location in order to obtain room to meet the demands of his growing business. His longest tarry and most successful years were while located on the southeast corner of Woodward avenue and Lamed street, and while there located, in connection with S. A. Kean, he established a banking office in Chicago. During his stay in the location named, John L. Harper was a partner with him, the partnership being dissolved in i88I. The Chicago bank was organized as a National bank in 1884, and the Detroit bank as the Preston Bank in 1885, and after his death reorganized as the Preston National Bank. During his entire career as a banker Mr. Preston possessed the almost unlimited confidence of the public, and even those who differed from him in judgment were compelled to respect his evident sincerity and honesty of purpose. In addition to his banking business he was a very large dealer in pine lands as well as in city real estate. The only municipal office he ever held was that of Alderman of the Fifth Ward of Detroit in 1872 and 1873. He voted and worked with the Repub

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GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. o69 iican party until a few years prior to his death when he gave his time, and money, and influence, to the full, to the cause of Prohibition, and this not as an office-seeker, but because he believed that through that party the liquor traffic could be destroyed. His labors were ardent, unceasing, and laborious, especially in trying to promote the adoption of a constitutional amendment to prohibit the sale of liquors, and there is little doubt but that those labors were the immediate cause of his death. His health had been poor for several years and he had made two trips to Europe to secure needed rest. Both journeys resulted in good, but he was not strong enough to endure the fatigue of the duties which his prominence in the church and in the cause of prohibition imposed upon him, and he might have said truthfully, " the zeal of thine house hath eaten me up." It is safe to say that up to the time of his death no other person in Detroit was as widely known, for general and generous benevolence. He gave liberally, he gave unostentatiously, he gave systematically, he gave constantly, and it may be doubted whether he ever refused any legitimate call for aid. The local charities, patriotic memorials, and benevolences of every kind were all gladly aided. In his own denomination he stood at the head of all the givers in the State. Through his own efforts, in 1873, he raised $60,00o for Albion College, and in the raising of funds for the building of the various Methodist Episcopal churches of Detroit he was particularly useful. His manner of presiding and his methods at any meeting where money was to be raised were peculiarly his own. His appeals were unique and sometimes wonderfully thrilling and persuasive, and he not only induced others to give, but always gave himself. Although a zealous member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, he was large hearted in his feelings towards those of other creeds and often helped in their plans. In 1869 and 1870 he served as president of the Y. M. C. A., and was always interested in its work. Personally he was simple hearted and approachable, with a warm and kindly nature. He was-often humorous in his remarks and yet apparently always devotional and considerate. His place was rarely vacant, either in the public services or in the prayer meeting. He held for many years the offices of trustee and class leader in the Central Methodist Episcopal Church, and his departure was regarded as a personal loss by the entire membership. He died on Sunday, April 24, I887. He was married to Jane B. Hawk, of Conneaut, Ohio, on May 5, 1852. They had a large family of children of whom seven are now living. Their names are: William D., Frank B., and Ellery D., Mrs. F. W. Hayes and Misses Minnie, Mabel and Bessie Preston. THOMAS WITHERELL PALMER was born in Detroit, January 25th, 1830, and is the only surviving child of the nine children of Thomas and Mary A. (Witherell) Palmer. Part of his boyhood was spent in the village of Palmer, now the city of St. Clair, where he attended a school taught by Rev. O. C. Thompson. He subsequently entered the University of Michigan, but owing to ill health did not fully complete his course and received no degree until he had proved his fitness for it by travel and experience in the broader university of the world. On leaving Ann Arbor he visited Europe, traveled through Spain on foot, and subsequently spent several months in South America. Returning to Detroit in 1853, he engaged in buying and selling pine lands, and soon became a partner with the late Charles Merrill, a large operator in pine lands and lumber. Mr. Merrill, Mr. J. A Whittier and Mr. Palmer were engaged for years in the manufacture of lumber at East Saginaw, and on Mr. Merrill's death the business was continued under the old firm name of C. Merrill & Co., Mrs. Palmer inheriting her father's interest. Mr. J. B. Whittier has since been added to the firm. In addition to other business interests, Mr. Palmer is a director in the American Exchange National Bank, the Wayne County Savings Bank, and the Security and Safe Deposit Company, and the Gale Sulky Harrow Company, and is interested in the Detroit Steam Navigation Company, the Michigan Lake Navigation Company, the Frontier Iron Works, the Michigan Mutual Life Insurance Company, the Iron Silver Mining Company of Leadville, Colorado, and other important and profitable enterprises. He is fortunate in being able to have no less than three residences. One of them, an elegant house with extensive grounds is in Detroit, another a log house, that cost many thousand dollars, is located a few miles out of the city in Greenfield, on his farm of about a mile square, a third, a palatial establishment, is located in Washington. His log house, and the 657 acre farm upon which it is located, are his especial pride. Here he has scores of valuable Percheron horses, and Jersey cows, and all the appurtenances of a large stock farm, which is kept up in the most admirable manner. Mr. Palmer's natural disposition did not lead him into public life, but he has been gradually pushed into it, and once in the arena he has been kept there. His first political office was as one of the first Board of Estimates elected from the city at large in 1873. In 1878 he was elected to the State Senate from the city of Detroit, and while there he introduced, and pushed to its passage, the bill creating the reform school for girls, and aided by Representative E. W. Cottrell, he secured the passage of the bill providing for a bouleva d about the city of Detroit. He

GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. 1070 also served as chairman of the caucus which nominated Z. Chandler to the United States Senate. In 1883 he was elected by the Legislature as the successor of Thomas W. Ferry in the United States Senate. In this body he ranks easily with its best speakers and most influential members. One would think that with means to gratify every wish, and with strong literary tastes, he would be unwilling to serve in any position involving so much self-denial and labor. He, however, seems to enjoy what to many would be martyrdom, and being independent in all his thoughts and actions, he is able to serve his native commonwealth as well as any of its previous Senators could have served it in the same period. A thorough philosopher, he accepts the inevitable gracefully, and somehow or other reaches the goal. Some would say of him he is "lucky," but his luck is of the kind that is born of sound judgment and a general mastery of the situation. His addresses give evidence not only of wide reading but of extensive travel, thoughtful observation and a clear conception. His thoughts and words are neither plain nor monotonous, but full of brightness, beauty, and vigor, and abundant in sentiment and sagacity. His language is always clear, choice, forcible, elegant, and especially noticeable for perfect classical allusions and abundant historical references. His illustrations and figures are his own, and always appropriate, effective, and pleasing. He is by turns humorous, grave, and pathetic, and his addresses withal are packed with facts, and if need be, with statistics, in support of his positions. His principal addresses, and the occasion of their delivery, have been as follows: Oration on Decoration Day, May 30, I879, at Detroit; speech on Universal Suffrage in the Senate, February 6, 1885; response at reunion of the Army of the Cumberland, at Grand Rapids, on "The Soldier as a Schoolmaster," September 17, 1885; speech on " Governmental Regulation of Railroads," in Senate, April 14, I886; speech on "Dairy Protection," in Senate, July 17, i886; eulogies on "John A. Logan, of Illinois, and A. F. Pike, of New Hampshire," in Senate, February 9 and I6, 1887; address on "Relation of Educated Men to the State," delivered at the semi-centennial celebration of the University of Michigan, June 29, I887; "The Soldier Dead," a response made at the banquet of the Army of the Tennessee, at Detroit, September I5, 1887; speech in support of his bill for the restriction of immigration, January 24, 1888; address at Arlington Cemetery, Virginia, May 30, I888, on "The Nation's Dead and the Nation's Debt." Ile was the first to suggest the erection of a soldiers' monument in Detroit, and was the first secretary of the organization that secured the erection of that memorial. Mr. Palmer has also for many years served as president of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. In his social life he is an excellent conversationalist and entertains generously. He is broadly philanthropic, earnestly patriotic, and thoroughly democratic in all his thoughts and doings. In religious views he is a cosmopolite, believes in all the virtues, and practices most of them, and perhaps all. An ardent admirer of his mother, he commemorated her memory in a church largely erected at his expense. He makes friends, not through his wealth, but because his wealth does not prevent him from acting the part of a whole-souled, manly man. He is so universally esteemed, that nothing but strict party discipline would prevent those of opposite political faith from praising and endorsing him. He was married on October I6, I855, to Miss Lizzie P. Merrill, who makes and retains friends universally, and although they have no children, they contrive, by gathering in young and old, to keep the spirit of youth in their home. FRANCIS PALMS, for many years the largest land owner, and one of the most prominent factors in the commercial affairs of Michigan, was born at Antwerp, Belgium, in IgIo. His father, Ange Palms, was a commissary in the French army, while the first Napoleon was in the zenith of his power. Mr. Palms followed the fortunes of his great commander until the disastrous battle of Waterloo put an end to the Emperor's career. He then returned to Antwerp, and engaged in manufacturing and conducted an extensive business. In I831 the entire establishment was destroyed by fire, and he gathered the remnant of his fortune and with a family of four sons and two daughters came to America, settling in Detroit in the summer of I833. The father remained here a few years, and then with all his family, except Francis and his daughter, the late Mrs. Daniel J. Campau, he removed to New Orleans. Establishing himself in a manufacturing business, he remained there until his death, in I876, at an advanced age. Of his children the only one now living is Ange, who resides in Texas. Francis Palms received a liberal education in the public schools of Antwerp, and when a young man of twenty-three began his business career in Detroit as a clerk for a Mr. Goodwin, but soon after commenced the manufacture of linseed oil at the corner of Gratiot Avenue and St. Antoine Street. Discontinuing this enterprise in 1837, he entered the employ of Franklin Moore & Co., wholesale grocers, and remained in their service until 1842, when he became a partner in the reorganized firm of Moore, Foote & Co., remaining four years, and

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GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. 1071I during this period acting as financial manager of the house. His connection with this firm proved a profitable one, and upon his retirement, with the capital he had accumulated, he began buying and selling land. Perhaps the largest of his early land transactions was the purchase of 40,000 acres of government land in Macomb and St. Clair counties, a venture made when the State of Michigan was still suffering from the panic of 1836-7. In the tide of prosperity ten years later his lands were readily sold, and it is said he realized from this transaction alone between $300,000 and $400,000. The success of this venture was the stepping-stone to great wealth. It revealed to him the vast possibilities lying in the pine forests, which then covered nearly three-quarters of the State of Michigan. He immediately invested all his means in pine lands, obtaining the title to immense tracts in the States of Michigan and Wisconsin, and became not only the largest land owner in the northwest, but possibly the largest individual land owner in the United States. At one time he owned a large tract of timber land in Wisconsin, on a river which another company unlawfully assumed to control and obstructed, rendering navigation impossible. Mr. Palms ordered his foreman to get force enough to cut away the obstructions. The foreman replied that the opposing company had 250 men. Mr. Palms then said, "get I,ooo men if necessary, but the river must be opened." The contest cost him $250,000; but the river being opened his lands increased in value $800,000. In many cases he sold only the timber, and retained the fee interest, especially when there was any evidence of mineral deposit. His foresight in this was evinced by the subsequent discovery of many valuable mines in lands thus retained. All of his vast property was under his personal care and supervision. Aided by careful and thorough methods, and a wonderful memory, with little assistance he was able to thoroughly grasp and manage every detail. A few years ago, finding his business very much extended and involving an immense amount of attention, he began contracting his land business and investing in Detroit city property. He built the block on Jefferson Avenue now occupied by the Heavenrich Brothers, and also the large block occupied by Edson, Moore & Co., on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and Bates Street; the block opposite the Michigan Exchange; two large blocks on Gratiot Avenue, and numerous smaller business buildings in various parts of the city. -He was also largely interested in manufacturing enterprises and touched the business life of Detroit at many points, and wherever his energies were directed he was a helpful factor. For many years he was the president and largest stockholder in the People's Savings Bank, and in the Michigan Stove Company; president of the Michigan Fire and Marine Insurance Company, and interested in the Galvin Brass and Iron Company, the Union Iron Company, the Vulcan Furnace and the Peninsular Land Company. His largest railroad investment was in the Detroit, Mackinac & Marquette road, of which he was vicepresident and director. He also had large interests in other railways in the Upper Peninsula. In I875 Mr. Palms was prostrated by a paralytic stroke, and from that time his physical force gradually declined. His mind, however, remained vigorous, and to the very end he participated in numerous business projects. For several weeks preceding his death he suffered from disease of the heart, but attended to his usual business, and only two days before his death walked from his residence to the People's Savings Bank, to attend a meeting of the directors. He died on Wednesday, November 4, I886. Long one of the most prominent characters of Michigan, his death called forth wide comment. The officers and stockholders of the People's Savings Bank, with whom he had been long and intimately associated, adopted the following tribute to his memory: Resolved, That we learn with deep sorrow and regret of the death of our late president and associate, Francis Palms. He was a man of high honor, strict integrity of character, and "honest in allthings," diligent in the fulfillment of every duty, and punctual in the discharge of every obligation. Characterized by gentleness and amiability of manner, and of a modest and retiring disposition, he was incapable of inflicting injury on any man, yet in defense of justice and fair dealing he exhibited cool and stern determination, unflinching courage, and remarkable strength of character. Clear-headed and prompt in arriving at conclusions, patient, persevering and resolute in purpose, he was a man of indomitable will, of great intellectual force, of broad and comprehensive mind, and of unusual foresight. Physically Mr. Palms was of slight figure and rather below the medium height. The expression of his face indicated a man of great character and force. He was polite, affable, and approachable, never haughty or arrogant, and self-conceit or false pride was foreign to his nature. Every person intent upon, business, no matter how trifling the matter to be presented, was invariably treated with attention. Among his friends he was social, and being a man of classical education and an accomplished linguist, he was a delightful companion with those who shared his full confidence. In religious faith he was a Catholic, and a regular attendant at the church of SS. Peter and Paul. He was married in I836 to Miss Martha Burnett, a lady of refinement and culture. They had one son, Francis F. Palms; shortly after his birth Mrs. Palms died, and three years later Mr. Palms married the daughter of the late Joseph Campau, by whom he had one daughter, Clothilde Palms. Soon after his father's second marriage, his son became an inmate of his grandfather's family at New Orleans, and on

1072 GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. the outbreak of the war of the rebellion he entered the Confederate Army, and remained in the field until the war ended in I865. For several years prior to his father's death he was closely associated with him in the management of his various enterprises, and inherits his father's genial and careful nature. The Palms estate, aggregating in value several millions of dollars, was equally divided between Francis F. Palms and his sister, Clothilde Palms. MARTIN S. SMITH was born at Lima, Livingston County, New York, November, 12, 1834. His parents, Ira D. and Sarah Smith, were natives of Columbia County, New York. When M. S. Smith was but a small child his parents removed to Geneseo, Livingston County, New York, and when he was ten years old, he accompanied them to Michigan.. where they located near Pontiac. His early education was received in the district school. When fourteen years old he commenced work in a clothing store at Pontiac and was afterwards employed in the office of the Pontiac Gazette, then owned by William M. Thompson. At end of two years he left the Gazette to accept a position in the dry goods store of J. C. Goodsell, where he remained about a year. In I85I he came to Detroit, and after one year's service in the dry goods house of Holmes & Co., he became a clerk in a jewelry store, and after nearly eight years' experience in this line of trade, during which he became proficient in every department of the business, he purchased with limited capital the stock and business of his employers and began business for himself. As the result of his diligence and thoughtfulness his success was rapid and uninterrupted, and for many years the house of M. S. Smith & Co., of which he was long the recognized head, has held the first place among the jewelry firms of Michigan. From the small trade of 1859 the business has increased to about half a million dollars yearly. Their first store was located at No. 51 Woodward Avenue. In I863 it was moved to the northwest corner of Woodward and Jefferson Avenues, remaining there until 1883, when the fine building on the corner of Woodward Avenue and State Street was completed and occupied. In 1879 the firm was incorporated under the name of M. S. Smith & Co., and at that time Mr. Smith retired from its personal management and has since devoted his time to other important business interests. His substantial and well earned success in the jewelry trade gives but a limited idea of the versatility of his business capacity. For many years his active energies have been directed to other channels, where his success has been even more marked. In 1874 he became a member of the lumber firm of Algef, Smith & Co., which owns extensive tracts of land in Alcona, Alger, Chippewa and Schoolcraft Counties, in the Upper Peninsula, as well as in Canada, on the north shore of Lake H-uron, and deal very extensively in long timber. Mr. Smith is also one of the directors and treasurer of the Manistique Lumber Company, which was organized in I882 with a capital of $3,000,000 and owns 80,000 acres of timber land. He is president of the American Eagle Tobacco Company, president and treasurer of the Detroit and St. Clair Plank Road Company, vicepresident of the Detroit, Bay City & Alpena Railway Company, vice-president of the American Exchange National Bank, and also vice-president of the State Savings Bank, and a director in the Michigan Mutual Life Insurance Company, and in the Woodmere Cemetery Association. In all these various enterprises the force of his personal efforts and wise counsel have been helpful factors and have largely conduced to their success. Indomitable will and energy, unflagging industry and clear perception, have placed him among the foremost of the business men of Michigan. In the conduct of his business he has been always progressive, almost to radicalism, and has gained the first and largest profit from the adoption of new lines of policy, in which others followed after their safety had been proven by his success. He possesses the business courage which comes from faith in his own abilities and judgment. A self-made man in the best sense, he is unassuming in demeanor, but firm and persevering in a course he decides to be right. Thorough and earnest in every undertaking, all his affairs are conducted with systematic exactness. There has been nothing sensational or speculative in his career, and he has used his large fortune in ways that have contributed much to the material advancement of Detroit, and is enthusiastic in every undertaking by which the best interests of the city can be advanced. A natural lover of art and a discriminating critic, his daily occupation for many years compelled an attention to its details which would have educated a less sensitive eye and he has naturally given generous encouragement to the art movement in Detroit, aiding in securing the erection of a permanent museum. Personally he is an agreeable, courteous gentleman, and easily makes warm friends. Generous and warm hearted, and possessing a kindly and sympathetic spirit, he has been a liberal contributor to all worthy and benevolent enterprises. He is a regular attendant at the Fort Street Presbyterian Church, but is in no sense denominational in his sympathies and gifts. In sterling good sense, genuine public spirit, thorough integrity and a private life above reproach, he is one of the very best

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GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. I0o73 representatives of Detroit's most honored citizens. He is prominently identified with the masonic fraternity and has filled the office of Grand Treasurer of the Grand Commandery of Michigan. His political affiliations have been with the Republican party, but he has manifested no ambition for political honors and has never held an elective office. In I872 he was appointed Police Commissioner to succeed the late Governor John J. Bagley, and has held the position ever since. He was married in 1862 to Mary E. Judson of Detroit. WILLIAM H. STEVENS is the grandson of Phineas Stevens and the son of Phineas Stevens, Jr., and was born September I3, 1820. Phineas Stevens served as a soldier in the Revolutionary War, and after the war settled in the city of Geneva, New York, and there became the proprietor of a large landed estate, upon which he raised his family. In the war of 1812 he and four of his sons enlisted, served during the war,and were honorably discharged in 1816. One of the sons, Phineas Stevens, Jr., married Rhoda Glover; entered into the lumbering business on the Chemung, Canisteo, Conhocton, and Tioga rivers and their tributaries, and from year to year increased his business until he became one of the largest lumber and timber dealers in western New York. His first son Alexander C. Stevens, was born in 18i8, and was also engaged in the lumber trade, and about the year 1827, when he had a very large stock of lumber, timber and shingles, a financial panic swept over the country, and his stock, which he had rafted to tide-water, would not bring what it cost at the point where it was manufactured, and within two or three years the falling off in the price of his goods, caused him to lose all that he had made and left him in debt, and under the iniquitous laws of that period, as he could not pay, he was sent to jail, and his family left in such straitened circumstances that his wife was obliged to engage in various sorts of employment in order to support the family. His son, William H. Stevens, at the age of eleven engaged with a farmer and worked for his board for two years. When thirteen years old he commenced to learn locomotive engineering; served four years in the shop and on the road and was soon promoted to run a wrecking train. He then secured a freight train, and finally, before he was eighteen years old, ran a passenger train. Afterwards he served as head fireman on a steamboat plying between Horseheads and Geneva, and followed that occupation during the season. At the close of navigation he commenced to learn the business of a locomotive fireman on a railroad running between Geneva and Rochester, New York, and in the spring of 1839 was again employed as fireman on a steamboat running between Buffalo and Chicago. In all these operations Mr. Stevens was not merely learning a business, but was employed in solving the problem of burning Blossburg bituminous coal for steam purposes on locomotives and steamboats, and he solved the problem so successfully that the Blossburg coal interests became of immense value. During the year I839 he quit steamboating and in the spring of 1840 began taking cattle and horses from Ohio, Indiana and Illinois to Wisconsin. In the winter of 1841 he returned with the remnant of his herd to Chicago, and wintered them on prairie hay. After selecting and breaking a team for his own use, he traded off the remainder of his herd for land warrants and located government lands near Chicago and also near Big Foot Prairie, on Geneva Lake. At the last named place he broke up the prairie and farmed for about three years, and then went on an exploring expedition in the Northwest, and finally settled in the Lake Superior region, where he remained for twenty years, being employed in exploring timber lands and in mining. After being identified with explorations as a woodsman and axeman for some time, he became an explorer of pine lands, becoming acquainted with scientific and experienced men and gathering valuable information in regard to timber, minerals and the geology of the district. His abilities were soon recognized, and he entered into an arrangement with several parties, under which he was to explore for, select and obtain the title to valuable lands and become jointly interested with the parties who furnished the capital, they agreeing to give him twenty-five per cent. of the profits arising from said explorations. This arrangement continued until I86I, during which period he gave his undivided time and attention to the exploring, working, opening and developing of the mines that he had discovered. Between i86I and 1864 he closed up Jhis accounts after a faithful service of about twentyfive years with the parties forming the association, his proportion of the profits during the period amounting to about $300,000. In the meantime, in I857, he was married to Ellen Petherick, and in 1862 he concluded to wind up his mining business and remove to Philadelphia, his wife's first home in this country. After living a retired life for a year or two, he again entered into active business, and hearing very favorable representations of the mines and minerals in the Oregon mountains, and after studying the mineralogy and vein phenomena of that great range, he again entered the field, and with rare energy and determination he for many years endured great risks, privations and dangers in making geological examinations in search of metalliferous

Io74 GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. zones, mineral deposits and lodes, examining a range of country extending north and south from Oregon Territory to Old Mexico, and east and west from Colorado to Nevada, traversing a range of mountain country of an area of about a thousand miles in length by about six or seven hundred miles in breadth, which for the most part was an unbroken mountain wilderness. During his explorations he met with many hostile tribes of Indians, with whom he had to contend for the right of way through their country, and he was often involved in skirmishes with their war parties, greatly delaying his plans and sometimes reducing him almost to starvation. During his travels for weeks and months he depended for his support entirely upon his pistol and fish-hook. He was also oftentimes in great peril from the desperadoes of the West, who lie in wait upon the trails, and who do not stop at murder if necessary to secure their booty. In what was literally the " wild West;" he traveled hither and thither in search of mineral deposits with varied success, experimenting with various kinds of minerals, gold, silver, lead and copper, and considering their accessibility and prospective value, sometimes settling down at certain points for one, two, or three years, and making it profitable, and at other times losing. He also often experimented with new methods of separating, refining and treating ores of various kinds and frequently made a perfect failure of what was represented as a very available process. His success in the discovery and development of argentiferous lead mines in Montana was quite satisfactory in quality and in value, but not quite so in points of accessibility, as it was about four hundred miles over the mountain ranges, valleys, canyons and rocks, and the locality could be reached only with mule teams. Concluding to make further researches for minerals more accessible, he left the Montana mines for future consideration and development and visited Utah, New Mexico and Colorado. While in Colorado he discovered several valuable locations and in 1873 located the most accessible and promising one near Ore City, now known as Leadville, and between the years 1873 to I876, he built an extensive canal or ditch, some fourteen miles in length, for the purpose of placer mining. In the meantime, in I875, he discovered the so-called carbonate of lead mines in that district. In I875-6, he continued his explorations in the placer mines and also to some extent developed his carbonate of lead mines. The development proving satisfactory, he made application to the government for title, made expenditure sufficient to comply with the law, secured his government title and began to ship ore from the mine. When it was discovered by others that he had secured the title to mineral lands of value, opposition began to be manifested by the bunkos, mine-jumpers and highwaymen who had flocked to that country during the war. Their endeavors caused much litigation and heavy expenditure to defend the rights of the legal and moral owners of the mining estates, as well as of the corporations which succeeded them. In the end, however, the company which had been organized was successful not only in defending their rights, but in the management and working of the mine. The company which Mr. Stevens organized is known as the Iron Silver Mining Company, and has realized from the sale of ore over six millions of dollars. Over $2,444,000 of this amount has been earned profits and dividends, and has been divided among its shareholders. In the meantime, during all the period alluded to, Mr. Stevens was engaged in various other enterprises. He is a large land proprietor, with heavy interests in steamboats and in manufacturing concerns, and has an extensive stock farm near Detroit. He is also a leading stockholder and the President of the Third National Bank. Notwithstanding the great amount of hard work that he has performed and the many privations he has endured, he is still active and vigorous, and while he has accumulated a large fortune he has exercised so much self-denial in obtaining it that he is entitled to all the satisfaction and comfort it can bring. Personally he is rather blunt in his address, but is thoroughly reliable and is using his means in a way that is an advantage to others as well as to himself. WILLIAM BRIGHAM WESSON was born in Hardwick, Worcester County, Massachusetts, March 21, I820, and is the son of Rev. William B. Wesson, who for many years was pastor of the Congregational Church of Hardwick. The family is easily traced for two hundred years in New England, and some of the name have lived in the same town, and in the same homestead, for nearly a century. The English ancestors are traced for several centuries. The ancient records of the English cathedral of Ely show their names in regular order back to the twelfth century. The American branch of the family dates from the arrival of Wm. Wesson, who came from Ely in I636, and settled in Hopkinton, twenty miles from Boston. His descendants participated in the French and Indian wars, and in the war of the Revolution, and were engaged in many skirmishes with the Indians, and as the country grew prosperous and settled, numbers of the family established new homes here and there in various parts of New England and the west. Mr. W. B. Wesson's connection with Detroit dates from the year 1833. He came when a lad of thirteen with his brother-in-law, the late Moses F.

GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALIsT1S. 1075 Dickinson. Soon after his arrival he attended a private school taught by D. B. Crane, in the old University building, on Bates Street, and when a branch of the University was opened in the same building, he continued his studies under the same roof, and, in 184I, entered the literary department of the University at Ann Arbor, being the first member of the Sophomore class, and the only one that year. Before he had completed his studies he was taken ill and compelled to take a rest at his old home in Hardwick, where he remained for six months. On his return he entered the law office of Van Dyke & Emmons, at Detroit, and two years later was admitted to the bar. His attention, however, was almost immediately attracted to the possibilities connected with the real estate business, and he soon formed a partnership with Albert Crane, and entered actively upon an uninterrupted career of success. Their business early assumed such proportions that, practically, they had no competitors. They became the pioneers in the business of subdividing large tracts of land and disposing of the lots, and were the first to sell lots upon long time, with only a small payment down. This method not only created a brisk demand for their property, but by encouraging persons of limited means to become lot holders, they stimulated habits of thrift and industry, and thereby greatly served hundreds of their fellowcitizens. There are many persons in Detroit to-day owning comfortable homes who probably would not be so well situated but for the opportunities offered them by Messrs. Crane & Wesson. Their methods also greatly aided the manufacturing interests of the city, because of the encouragement afforded to laboring men to obtain a home, and many were drawn hither and remained here because of these opportunities. So widely and favorably known did their firm become, that they soon had their hands full of business, investing for others as well as for themselves. They operated not only in Detroit, but in Chicago as well; and after twenty years, when they dissolved partnership, Mr. Wesson's share of the business amounted to over half a million dollars. Mr. Crane removed to Chicago and Mr. Wesson retained the Detroit business, and continued it with constant success, increasing his capital several times over. He has himself erected over a thousand buildings, and probably owns more improved and productive property than any other person in Detroit. The names of scores of streets, dedicated without cost to the city, fitly perpetuate the record of his extensive landed transactions. His long experience in real estate matters has made his judgment almost infallible as to present and prospective values of real estate in any part of Detroit or its vicinity, and his knowledge is frequently utilized in the settling of landed estates, and in the determining of values for various purposes. His investments, however, have not been wholly in the line of real estate, and he has found time to engage in various public enterprises. He was for several years president of the Detroit, Lansing & Howell Railroad, and aided materially in securing its completion, and it may be stated, as a remarkable fact, that his services were rendered to the company for a series of years without drawing the salary attached to the office, and he declined to receive any pay for his services. He was also prominent in the building of the Grand River and Hamtramck street railroads. He has served as president of the Wayne County Savings Bank and of the Safe Deposit Company since the organization of these corporations. He is also president of the Detroit Safe Works, and director and large stockholder in the First National Bank. He is also a large holder of railroad stocks, and owns both wild and farming lands in many counties in Michigan, besides real estate in other States, and hundreds of pieces of valuable property in Detroit, which he is continually improving. His political faith is that of a strong Republican, but he takes little active part in political life. He has been frequently solicited to run for Congress, and could have easily secured a nomination if he would have accepted. In I872 he was nominated for State Senator, and although the district was strongly Democratic, he was elected by a large majority, carrying every ward and town in the district. As State Senator he proved so useful a friend to the University that the faculty, without his previous knowledge of their purpose, conferred upon him an honorary degree. Notwithstanding the care of his varied and extensive business interests, Mr. Wesson never seems to be hurried; each item of business receives its proper share of attention, and each caller as well; he treats all with uniform courtesy, and no one is ever made unpleasantly conscious of the fact that he is dealing with a person possessed of large wealth. He is apparently always even-tempered, friendly, and has no hard lines in his face or disposition. He is always liberal, kind-hearted, generous, and scrupulously unostentatious. He is a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church. In his intellectual life he keeps pace with the best thought of the day, and his library gives abundant evidence of personal and skilled selection. His residence at Wessonside, on the river, in the extreme eastern part of the city, is unsurpassed by any in Detroit in its elegance and in the beauty of its location. The grounds embrace eight acres, slope gently towards the river, and include all that one could wish in way of trees and flowers, with boat

1o76 GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. ing facilities and various other enjoyments amply arranged for. Mr. Wesson married Lacyra Eugenia Hill, eldest daughter of the late Lyman Baldwin, in I852. His only surviving child is Mrs. Edith W. Seyburn, wife of Lieutenant S. Y. Seyburn, of the Tenth United States Infantry. Mr. W.sson died June I8, I890. WILLIAM WOODBRIDGE was born in Norwich, Conn., August 20, I780. His father, Dudley Woodbridge, was a graduate of Yale College, and educated for the bar, but the breaking out oi the Revolutionary War about the time he was ready to practice, closed the courts of justice, and he abandoned his profession, and became one of the " minute men " of Connecticut. After the war he emigrated from Norwich, Conn., to the Northwest Territory, and became one of the earliest settlers of Marietta, removing his family there as soon as a residence could be provided. Three of his children, including William, were left at school in their native State, until a few months before St. Clair's defeat in I791, when William was brought to Marietta, and for a time attended a school in the Block House, taught by a Mr. Baldwin. IHe remained four or five years in the Territory, spending a year at school among the French colonists, at Galliopolis. From there he went back to Connecticut, where he remained until I799. He then returned to Marietta to assist his father, who was then engaged in mercantile affairs. As the population increased his father's business enlarged, and he constructed a vessel, loaded it with furs, and, taking advantage of the freshets, sent it to France, making a successful voyage. This ship was the first square-rigged vessel that ever descended the falls of the Ohio. In I802 William commenced reading law and subsequently entered the celebrated Litchfield, Conn., law school, where he remained nearly three years, and was then admitted as a member of the bar of Connecticut, and soon after, upon his return to Ohio, he was admitted to the bar of that State, and immediately commenced his professional career. In I807 he was sent as a Representative to the General Assembly of Ohio, and took a leading part in the discussion of many important questions. Early in 18o8 he was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for the county in which he resided, and held the office until he removed from the State. In I809 he was elected a member of the State Senate, an office which he continued to occupy for five years. - Late in the autumn of I814 he received notice of his appointment, by President Madison, as Secretary of the Territory of Michigan, and in addition was also appointed Collector of Customs at Detroit. In I819 he was elected delegate to Congress from the Territory of Michigan, and during his term in Congress the project of fitting out an expedition for exploring the Indian country around the borders of Lake Superior and along the valley of the upper Mississippi was matured and determined upon. Through his efforts also, Congress made appropriations for the Chicago and Grand River Roads, and for the road through the Black Swamp. After his return to Detroit in 1820, he again became Secretary of the Territory of Michigan, holding the office altogether for eight years, and oftentimes in the absence of Governor Cass, performing the duties of Governor. In the beginning of 1828, Judge James Witherell, who had been for many years the presiding Judge of the Territory, resigned his position, and Mr. Woodbridge was appointed by President John Quincy Adams as his successor. Mr. Woodbridge entered upon his duties in 1828, was made the presiding Judge of the court, his associates on the Bench being Henry Chipman and Solomon Sibley, both of whom were men with whom it was a source of gratification to be associated, and it has been said that the Bar of Michigan, at that particular period, was not surpassed in ability by that of any State in the Union. The term of office of Mr. Woodbridge expired in January, I832, and he resumed the practice of his profession. In I835 he was elected a member of the convention to form a State constitution, and was the only Whig elected in the district in which he resided, and one of the only four members of that party in the convention. He was also a member of the first State Senate of I837, and two years later was elected Governor of the State. He entered upon his duties as Governor in January, I840. In I84I he was elected as United States Senator from Michigan, and took his seat on the fourth of March. From the beginning of the session he entered with activty into its proceedings. He was made chairman of the committee on the Library of Congress, and was appointed a member of the standing committees on Agriculture, Claims, Commerce, Manufactures, and Public Lands. The reports submitted by him on various subjects were numerous and invariably commanded attention, and the Journal of the Senate shows that during his six years of service, he was attentive and industrious. His senatorial term ended in I847, and he returned to Detroit, resumed his professional pursuits and cultivated the extensive farm that still bears his name. In addition to the offices named, he held various city, county and State offices and served as Trustee of the University. He was always interested in the educational and religious welfare of the city, was one of the first officers of the local Bible 4

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GOVERNORS, SENATORS, BANKERS AND CAPITALISTS. 1077 Society, president of the association that established the first Sunday school in Detroit, and one of the corporators of the First Protestant Society, and in later years gave several lots in order to encourage the erection of churches of various denominations. In his business career he was actively connected with the organization of the Bank of Michigan, the first successful bank in Detroit. It is a notable fact that with his own hand, as Collector of Customs, he noted the arrival at this port of the first steamboat that ever moved through the river. A deep grief came to him by the decease on February 19, I860, of his talented wife. They were married on June 29, I8o5, at Hartford; his wife's maiden name was Juliana Trumbull; she was a daughter of John Trumbull, the author of "McFingal," and other poems. She was born in Hartford, Connecticut on April 23, 1786, was highly educated and inherited a large share of the genius of her father. Mr. Woodbridge had a frail constitution and did not long survive his wife; he died on October 20, i86I. The United States District Court, then in session, the Bar of Detroit, the Grand Jury, and other public bodies immediately adopted resolutions in testimony of the public bereavement. In one of the addresses Senator Howard gave the following personal testimony as to his worth: " He was a man of very thorough professional attainments, familiar with all the standard English writers, and with the principles of English and American law. He loved law books, and especially old ones, and delved with alacrity into the oldest reports and treaties. But it must not be inferred that he was inattentive to modern decisions, whether English or American, or to the general progress of the science of jurisprudence. He was a scholarly, able man. In the conduct of a case at the bar, though always earnest and persevering, he was uniformly courteous. No opponent ever had cause to reproach him with the slightest remissness in his intercourse as counsel. His learning, his wit, and his gentlemanly manner always won for him the admiration of the bench, the bar, and the bystanders. He was not, perhaps, the most powerful advocate in analyzing testimony and exposing falsehood or improbabilities, but rather relied for success upon his points of law, which he certainly put with great force and clearness, and yet his efforts before a jury were so persuasive, kind and smooth that he seldom lost a verdict. His taste was highly cultivated and refined, and rather easily offended by coarse expressions or unbecoming conduct." He was always prominent at the term of the Supreme Court, and took part in most, if not all, the important cases of his time. In writing, his style was clear, perspicuous and attractive, and in all his literary productions he represented the best intelligence and most cultivated thought of his New England ancestry. His law library was very complete and valuable, and he prized it as the apple of his eye. He was uniformly distinguished for courtesy, integrity, fidelity, learning, industry, and great ability. As a lawyer, he was faithful to his clients, but always in subordination to his conviction of what was required by law and justice; strong in his dislikes and frank in the expression of them, they were always founded in his own sincere views of what was equitable and proper. He possessed great social and conversational powers, and could sit for hours at a time and discuss a subject with the utmost vivacity. His love for his family was deep, strong, fervent, almost passionate. He was a great lover of the quiet of home and was eminently kind, patient, and loving in all his intercourse with his family and with his neighbors also, and was sincerely loved by all who knew him intimately. At the time of his death he had three living children, namely: Mrs. Ienry T. Backus, Dudley B. Woodbridge, and Wm. Leverett Woodbridge. A daughter, Mrs. Lucy M. Henderson, died about six months before her father.

CHAPTER XCII. AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. HUGH BRADY, Major-General U. S. A., was born at Standingstone, Huntingdon County, Pennsylvania, July 29, I768, and was the fifth son of John and Mary Brady. His father was a Captain in the Twelfth Pennsylvania Regiment of the Revolutionary army. He, with two of his sons, was killed by the Indians,and his wife left a widow with two sons. As he grew to manhood, Hugh frequently joined small parties who retaliated on the Indians for their misdeeds, and early gained an insight into their manners and habits of warfare. In I792 he received from General Washington a commission as Ensign in General Wayne's army, was made Lieutenant in I794, and took part in his celebrated western campaign of that year. In I799 he received from President Adams an appointment as Captain, and subsequently undertook the improvement of a lot of land located on a branch of the Mahoning river, about fifty miles from Pittsburgh. He remained there until 1807, and, becoming convinced that his fortune could not be made at farming, he removed to Northumberland, where he remained until I812, whef he received a commission from Mr. Jefferson, and again joined the army. He was soon promoted to the command of the Twentysecond Regiment of Infantry, and received, at the battle of Lundy's Lane, a wound which disabled him for further service during the war. In I819 he was transferred to the Second Infantry, then stationed at Sackett's Harbor, New York. In 1822 he was promoted to the rank of BrigadierGeneral for ten years' faithful service. In 1828 he was in command at Detroit, and in 1837 was placed in command of Military Department No. 7, having his head-quarters at Detroit. He continued in command seven years, and during this time superintended the removal of several tribes to the country west of the Mississippi river, and did much to allay the troublesome border difficulties known as the "Patriot War." At the breaking out of the Mexican war, although past the age for active field service, he took a prominent part, superintending the raising and equipment of troops and shipping supplies to the seat of war. He was made a Major-General in 1848. As a soldier, he was eminent for his bravery and faithfulness; and as a citizen, he was free from reproach, and won the esteem of those with whom he was associated. He was married in October, I805, to Sarah Wallis. They had six children, namely: Sarah Wallis, wife of Colonel Electus Backus; Samuel Preston; Mary Laithy, wife of Colonel Electus Brady; Elizabeth Hall; Jane, wife of Captain James L. Thompson; Cassandra, wife of B. J. H. Witherell. He died at Detroit, April 15, I851, his death being caused by his horses running away. JAMES BURGESS BOOK, M. D., was born at Palermo, Halton County, Canada, November 7, 1844, and is the son of Johnson and Priscilla Book, both of German descent. His father was an extensive speculator in real estate and laid out several towns in Halton County. The son received his education at the Milton County Grammar School, from which he graduated in I858. The same year he entered the literary department of the Toronto University, and at the end of the Sophomore year began a course of study in the Medical College connected with the University; but before completing the course, having decided that it would be to his advantage to graduate elsewhere, he left that institution and entered the Jefferson Medical College at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He graduated from there in March, I865, and then returned to Toronto and completed his medical course at the University. In the fall of the same year he began the practice of his profession at Windsor, Ontario, but after a few months he crossed the river, settled in Detroit,and for a year pursued professional duties with good success. Anxious, however, to still further perfect and extend his knowledge of medical science, he went to Europe in 1867 and attended a full course of lectures at the celebrated Guy's Hospital Medical School, one of the oldest medical institutions in London or the [CI781

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AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. 1079 world. His studies were further supplemented by a year's attendance at the tcole de Medecin of Paris, and with three months' practical experience in the General Hospital at Vienna. In I869 he returned to Detroit,and as a result of thorough preparation, coupled with exceptionally good professional judgment, his practice has grown to large proportions. He served as Professor of Surgery and Clinical Surgery in the Michigan Medical College until that institution consolidated with the Detroit Medical College, forming the Detroit College of Medicine. After the consolidation he continued to serve as Professor of Surgery, and' is one of the largest stockholders in the college. From 1872 to 1876 he was surgeon of St. Luke's Hospital and is now attending surgeon of Harper Hospital, and has been surgeon-in-chief of the D., L. & N. R. R. since 1882. He is a member of the Wayne County Medical Society, of the Medical and Library Association, and of the State and American Medical Associations. He is also medical director of the Imperial Life Insurance Company of Detroit, organized in I886. He is a frequent contributor to the medical journals,and among the more important of his contributions may be named, an article on "Nerve Stretching," recounting a series of experiments in this comparatively new departure in surgery. The titles of some of his other articles have been as follows: " Old I)islocations, with Cases and Results," "The Influence of Syphilis and Other Diseases," "Fever Following Internal Urethrotomy," "Idiopathic Erysipelas," "Malarial Neuralgia," and "Inhalation in Diseases of the Air Passages." Although his practice is general in its character, it is more especially in the difficult and delicate branches of surgery that he excels. In this department he has gained deserved distinction and has an enviable reputation in his profession. A notable instance of his skill was furnished in 1882, when he successfully performed an operation before the students and faculty of the Michigan College of Medicine, requiring the removal of the Meckels ganglion. It was the only case of its kind ever treated with success in the west and but few similar instances are reported in surgical history. Dr. Book is a close and careful student of medical subjects and professionally a hard worker. A sincere liking for his profession, an extended and diversified course of instruction in this and other countries, and the experience of many years of practice, have given him a prestige equalled by few among the many notable physicians of Detroit. Dr. Book has taken an active interest in home military organizations and was elected Surgeon of the Independent Battalion of Detroit in I88r, and since that organization became a part of the Fourth Regiment of the State militia, he has served as Regimental Surgeon. He is a Republican in politics but has never taken an active interest in political affairs. In 1881 he was elected an Alderman of the Third Ward at the first election held under the present division of the city wards. He resigned his aldermanic position in i882 to accept the position of Police Surgeon, an office he still retains. Socially agreeable, frank and candid in his manner, he makes friends easily, and retains their esteem. WILLIAM HENRY BREARLEY was born July I8, 1846, at Plymouth, Michigan, and is the son of Joseph and Hannah (Van Etten) Brearley, who were both natives of Lyons, New York. Their children were John Harrison who died in 1832, E. Cordelia, Kate, Sarah A., who died in I842, a son who died in infancy in 1844, William H. and Minnie. James Brearley, an early English ancestor, was born at York, England, in 15I5. One of his descendants, John Brearley, the great-great-greatgrandfather of Joseph Brearley, came to America with the Duke of York about I680, and became the possessor of several thousand acres of land between the Three and Five Mile Runs on the Assanpink River, midway between Trenton and Princeton. and also of a tract of sixteen hundred acres ten miles south of Newton, New Jersey, besides a 500 acre plantation on the Delaware river, near the Washington Crossing. He died near Trenton, New Jersey. in I710. He was a slaveholder and his house is still standing five miles west of Trenton and is over two hundred years old a "new part " was added to it by General Joseph Brearley in 1784. The most prominent representative of the family was Judge David Brearley, who was born in 1745 and died in 179o. He was a Colonel in the Continental Army and afterward the first Chief Justice of New Jersey. He was a grand master of the masonic bodies of that State, and one of those who, in 1787, framed and signed the Constitution of the United States. Joseph Brearley and Hannah Van Etten were married May 12, 1830, and removed to Plymouth, Michigan, in 1837, and there, on August 8th, 1852, the mother died, leaving the care of the two younger children to the two older sisters, who continued this responsibility until I859, when the eldest, Cordelia, married Rev. A. C. Merritt, now of South Haven, Michigan, and the next in age, Kate, now Mrs. H. A. Ford, of Detroit, went with the two younger children to the State Normal School at Ypsilanti. The instruction of his sisters at home and about three years in the public school at Plymouth, enabled W. H. Brearley, at the age of thirteen, to enter the second class at the Normal School, he being several years younger than any other member of the class.

1080 AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. On account of delicate health, the summer of 86o was spent on a farm near Coldwater. He returned to the Normal School in the fall, but as his health again failed he resumed farm work, this time with his brother-in-law, Rev. A. C. Merritt, near Flint, Michigan. On the breaking out of the war in the spring of I86t, he attempted to enlist in the I4th and then in the I6th Michigan Infantry, but his father's permission could not be obtained, as he was but fourteen years of age. He, however, felt an increasing conviction that his duty required him to become a soldier,and walked four miles several times a week, in the evening, to Flushing, to get the Detroit daily papers, that he might obtain and devour the war news. In May, 1862, when fifteen years old, he learned through Professor Austin George of the organizing of a company among the students of the Normal School. This time permission to enlist was reluctantly given by his father, and on August 15th, he was enrolled as a member of Company E, I7th Michigan Infantry, being smuggled in through an "error" of the enlisting officer, who entered his age on the rolls as 18. The day of large bounties had not then been reached, and the company was officered by an election at a company meeting when the older and more advanced pupils were complimented with being selected as officers. On August 27 the regiment took part in the demohstration in honor of the return, on that day, of General 0. B. Wilcox, and in the evening, after having been well drenched by a heavy fall of rain, they embarked on the Cleveland steamer en route for Washington, sleeping on the wet lower deck. Reaching Washington, the 17th Michigan began active service at once by participating in the battles of South Mountain and Antietam on September 14 and 17, 1862, and continued with the 9th Army Corps, going in January to Newport News, thence west to Kentucky, and then down the Mississippi to Vicksburg, back again to Kentucky and over into Tennessee, and finally back to the Army of the Potomac in the east, where Mr. Brearley participated in all the engagements of the "Grant" campaign. This service included the twenty-four battles of South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericksburgh, the siege of Vicksburg, Blue Springs, Lenoire Station, Campbell Station, siege of Knoxville, Wilderness, Ny River, Spottsylvania, North Anna, Bethesda Church, Cold Harbor, Petersburgh, The Crater, Welden Railroad, Ream's Station, Poplar Springs Church, Pegram Farm, Boydton Road, Hatcher's Run, Fort Steadman, and the final assault on Petersburgh, besides many skirmishes. At the close of the war the regiment returned to Detroit, arriving June 7, 1865, and on July 10 following it was paid off and discharged. Soon after his return Mr. Brearley entered Gold smith's Business College, went through the course of studies and was subsequently engaged in the office of the Detroit Locomotive Works, afterwards known as the Buhl Iron Works, where he remained nearly five years. He spent the winter of I870 and 1871 in Kansas, and after returning to Detroit visited New York, Philadelphia, and Boston in the interest of the Detroit Tribune, Post, and Free Press, and three months later he was offered and accepted an engagement on the Tribune, by which he was to receive a stipulated salary and a percentage upon all the advertising receipts in excess of the highest average received for several years preceding. The year following the receipts of the Tribune were nearly doubled. His success and income, however, led to complications that were followed by the withdrawal of both Mr. J. E. Scripps and himself, and they united in establishing August 23, I873, the Detroit Evening News. Mr. Scripps edited and printed the paper and Mr. Brearley was its sole customer for advertising, paying his own canvassers, bookkeeper and collector, and taking his own risk upon all accounts. The paper was started about two weeks before the "panic" of 1873, which brought scores of business houses to bankruptcy and nearly swamped the new enterprise. The point of danger was, however, at length passed and the tide of success set in. After being connected with the paper fourteen years, on May I, I887, Mr. Brearley withdrew from the News,and seven days later purchased the entire stock of the Detroit Journal, a rival evening paper, which had been established September ISt, 1883, and which under Mr. Brearley's management and an editorial force that is second to none in Detroit, has achieved a leading position. Mr. Brearley's connection with the Detroit Museum of Art is indicated elsewhere in this work. He began by interesting Thomas W. Palmer, James McMillan and others in the project,and on December 6, 1882, at a meeting of ladies called at the residence of Mrs. James F. Joy, Mr. Brearley gave an outline of his plans for an Art Loan Exhibition, to awaken an interest in art, to be followed by the raising of money and establishing a permanent Museum of Art. He personally advanced the $io,ooo needed to erect the building,and the exhibition was carried through successfully, and created an interest in art that was before unknown in the city. Mr. Brearley was subsequently the principal instrument in raising $roo,ooo for the erection and endowment of the Museum, giving about one tenth of the whole amount himself. There can be no question but that to him more than to any other person is to be attributed the successful completion of the project, and he succeeded by dint of sheer purpose and untiring determination.

AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. I08i He is a member of the First Baptist Church and is active in various departments of church and Sunday school work. In 1878 while Associational Superintendent of Sunday school work, he visited the thirty-three Sunday schools of the lichigan association, and noticing the lack of convenience for holding their services, he designed and copyrighted a set of six church plans, which have been adopted by over I20 churches in all parts of the country. In 1872 he invented for the use of newspaper men a diary of peculiar construction which he calls an "office systematizer," and over fifteen hundred are in use in various newspaper offices. In I877 he inaugurated a series of summer excursions to the White Mountains and sea-shore, and during the seven years ending in I 883, he took east thirteen largely patronized excursions. He originated and planned the successful national organization, known as the American Newspaper Publisher's Association, with head-quarters now at I04 Temple Court, New York. Its first meeting was held at Rochester on February I, 1887, and during its first year he was one of the executive committee and served as secretary. He also suggested the idea of a Press Brotherhood, prepared a ritual for the same, and an organization was effected on July 26, 1887, and at this and also at the meeting of June 30, i888, he was elected president of the society, which is in a prosperous condition and expected to spread throughout the United States. He is a member of the Detroit, Grosse Pointe and Rushmere Clubs, and of the Michigan Yacht Club; also of Detroit Commandery of Knights Templars, and of Detroit Post G. A. R. His business career abundantly evidences his business foresight and push, and his success in overcoming obstacles in various directions, shows that he possesses high courage and an obstinacy of devotion to whatever he undertakes, that could hardly fail to win. As is usually the case with those who possess such marked persistency of purpose, he does not count upon every person as a friend, but his record will bear examination, and he has proved a better citizen for Detroit than many who have had larger opportunities. He is genial among his friends, liberal in his gifts to worthy objects, and zealously' alive to all the interests recognized as contributing to the well-being of society. He was married August 27, i868, to Miss Lina De Land, of East Saginaw, daughter of Milton B. De Land. Their oldest son, Harry C., born October 2, 1870, is assistant manager of the Detroit Journal. Their three other children are named Rachel, born May 30, 1873, Benjamin W., born September i, 188I, and Margaret, born September 2, 1883. J. HENRY CARSTENS, M. D., of Detroit, was born June 9, I848, in the city of Kiel, in the German province of Schleswig-Holstein. His father, John Henry Carstens, a merchant tailor, was an ardent revolutionist and participated in the various revolts in the memorable years of I848-49. He had been captured and was in prison when his son was born; after some months he was released and began attending to his business, but fearing that he might be again imprisoned, he packed up a few goods, and with his family left in the dead of the night for America, and on his arrival settled in Detroit, where he has since remained. One of his grandfathers was an architect and builder, another a ship builder; many of his uncles, with other relatives, were officers in the army and navy, and nearly all of them participated in the revolution and were forced to leave Germany and come to the United States. J. H. Carstens is the eldest of two children. His earlier education was received in the public schools of Detroit, supplemented by six years' attendance at the German-American Seminary. While receiving instruction at the latter institution, his parents lived on a farm four and a half miles from the city, which distance he was compelled to walk twice a dav. He evinced even as a boy an eager desire for intellectual work, excelled as a student and took high rank in his studies, especially in those pertaining to natural sciences and mathematics. Before he had attained his fifteenth year, he was compelled to engage in business, and after some time devoted to lithography, he entered the drug store of Wm. Thum, and afterwards served in Duffield's drug store, and with B. E. Sickler. He became proficient in the various details of the business, served one year as prescription clerk in Stearns's drug store, and then began the study of medicine, his name being the first on the matriculation book of the Detroit Medical College. Even before graduation he had charge of the college dispensary, and after his graduation in I870, he was immediately put in charge of the dispensary, and a few years later held the same position in St. Mary's Hospital Infirmary. He was appointed lecturer on Minor Surgery in the Detroit Medical College in 1871, and afterwards lecturer on Diseases of the Skin, and Clinical Medicine. He has lectured on almost every branch of medical science, the most important subjects so treated being, Diseases of Women and Children, Differential Diagnosis, Nervous Diseases, Physical Diagnosis, Pathology, Chemistry, Materia Medica, and Therapeutics. His taste and practice gradually tended to the diseases of women. and after holding the professorship of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the Detroit Medical College for some ycnrs,

1082 AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. in i88I he accepted the professorship of Obstetrics and Clinical Gynecology, a position he has ever since held, and on the consolidation with the Michigan College of Medicine, he was appointed to the same position in the Detroit College of Medicine. As a lecturer on medical subjects he has performed most satisfactory labors, is thorough in his investigations and in the application of knowledge gained by practical experience and unremitting research. He is terse, clear, and practical, and easily wins the respect of those who come under his teaching. In view of the experiences of his father, it is but natural that Dr. Carstens should have a strong taste for politics. Ever since he has been old enough to understand the political situation in this country he has been a staunch Republican. Before his twentieth year he delivered political speeches, and this he continued for many years, speaking in either English or German in many parts of the State of Michigan. In 1876 he was elected chairman of the Republican City Committee, and at the same time was a member of the County Committee. During the year he held these positions, he materially assisted in securing Republican control of the city and county. Both as an organizer and as an earnest, effective worker, he has rendered valuable aid in gaining victories for his party, and has been often tendered party nominations. He has, however, thus far refused to become a candidate for office, with the exception of a nomination as member of the Board of Education, to which he was elected in I875 and re-elected in I879. In 1877 he was appointed president of the Board of Health, and during his term of office rendered valuable assistance in checking the spread of small-pox, which was then prevalent. On the organization of the Michigan Republican Club, he was elected a director. His rapidly increasing professional duties, of late years, have prevented active political work, and with the exception of an occasional speech, his whole time has been devoted to his profession. His contributions to medical literature have been various and extended. He has reported many clinical lectures and has translated various articles from German and French medical journals. Among the more important of the articles written by him may be named: Cleftpalate and Iodoform, Medical Education, Embolism, Vaccination, Household Remedies, Phantasia, Clinical Lectures. A Case of Obstetrics, Dysentery cured without Opium, Strangulated Hernia. Hemorrhoids, Clinical Lectures on Gynecology, A Case of Epilepsy caused by Uterine Stenosis, Three Cases of Battey's Operation, Uterine Cancer, Menorrhagia and Metrorrhagia, Cancer, Ergot in Labor, Mechanical Therapeutics of Amenorrhoea, A Different Method of Treating a Case of Freshly Rup tured Perineum, Fibroid Tumor Removed by Laparotomy, Vesico-Vaginical Fistula, Loewenthal Theory of Menstruation, Mastitis, Laceration of the Cervix Uteri, A small Book on Amenorrhoea, Dysmenorrhoea and Menorrhagia. Nearly all of his articles have been extensively copied by medical journals in this country, and some by European journals. He holds the position of gynecologist to Harper Hospital, attending physician at the Woman's Hospital and obstetrician of the House of Providence. He is a member of the American Medical Association, and of the Michigan State Medical Society, of which he was vice-president in I885, president of the Detroit Medical and Library Society, a member of the Detroit Academy of Medicine, and of the British Gynecological. Society, honorary member of the Owosso and Kalamazoo Academy of Medicine and the Northeastern District Medical Society, and vice-president of the American Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. His advance as a physician has been steady and sure; he has been a'continuous student and a hard worker; his practice has grown into an extensive and remunerative one and he finds his time and hands fully occupied. He has given to certain diseases close and special attention and has worked out for them peculiar, independent, and successful modes of treatment. Among his professional brethren he holds the place due to his talents and manly character, and is ever ready to aid any enterprise that may be originated for the good of the public. Although his professional duties are onerous, he finds time for general reading and keeps well informed in a wide range of intellectual culture; is thorough and earnest in all that he undertakes, and has the undivided good will and respect of the community in which he dwells. He was married October I8, I870, to Hattie Rohnert, who had for some time been a teacher in one of the public schools. HENRY ALEXANDER CLELAND, M. D. of Detroit, was born in Sterling, Scotland, March 14, I839, and is the son of Henry and Mary Young) Cleland, and a lineal descendant of William Cleland, the covenanter, who during the sixteenth century was a conspicuous character in the war of the covenanters, having great influence as a leader of the West country Whigs. In 1689, when the extortion and persecutions of Viscount Dundee, to whom King James entrusted the management of affairs in Scotland, had justly aroused the anger of the covenanters, it was William Cleland, then living in Edinburgh,who became the recognized head of the movement which for a time threatened to destroy the forces of Dundee. At that time, says Lord Macauley in his History of England, " the enemy whom

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AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. 1083 Dundee had most to fear was a youth of distinguished courage and abilities, named William Cleland. * * * Cleland had, when little more than sixteen years old, borne arms in the insurrection at Bothwell Bridge. He -had since disgusted some virulent fanatics by his humanity and moderation, but with the great body of Presbyterians his name stood high. With-the strict morality and ardent zeal of a puritan he united accomplishments of which few puritans could boast: his manners were polished and his literary and scientific attainments respectable. He was a linguist, a mathematician, and a poet, and his poems written when a mere boy, * * * showed considerable vigor of mind." He was killed in 1689, at the age of twenty-seven years. His namesake, an uncle of Henry Cleland, was for many years a prominent merchant of Wishaw, Lanarkshire. The ancestors of Dr. Cleland's mother were farmers for many generations in the town of Stirling of the immediate vicinity. Henry Cleland spent the earlier years of his life in London, England, where he learned the business of a cutler and instrument maker. At the age of twenty-five he went to Stirling and began business for himself, and died there in 1844, at the age of forty-five, leaving his widow with eight children and with but limited means for support. The family remained at Stirling until 1851, where Henry A. received his rudimentary education in the grammar school. The family then removed to Glasgow, and here for one year young Cleland attended St. James's Parish School. He then became an errand boy in a paint and music store, but diligently pursued his studies, attending the evening schools and the Mechanics' Institute, and later, the Andersonian University, and managed to secure not only a good English education, but a fair knowledge of the classics, physics, and natural sciences. Believing that superior advantage existed in America for advancement, he left Scotland in I858 and came to Detroit, where an elder brother, named William, had located a few years previously. Here he at first secured employment in the insurance office of M. S. Frost, but after a few months' service, he entered the office of Dr. Richard Inglis, to take charge of the financial management of his practice, and upon his advice soon began the study of medicine, and in 1859 became a student in the Medical Department of the University of Michigan. He graduated in I861, and soon after enlisted as a private in Co. I, 2d Regiment of Michigan Infantry, and after a short period of service was made hospital steward. During the Peninsular Campaign of Gen. McClellan he acted as assistant surgeon of his regiment, and was slightly wounded at the battle of WiJliamsburgh. At the battle of Charles City Cross Roads, he was taken prisoner,and for four weeks was confined at Libby Prison, when he was exchanged, rejoining his regiment just prior to the second battle of Bull Run. lie continued with his regiment until the battle of the Wilderness, when he resigned his commission and returned to Detroit to take charge of the medical practice of Dr. Inglis, who on account of ill health desired to retire from professional work. Since then Dr. Cleland has been constantly engaged in the practice of his profession, and it has steadily grown in extent. He has a natural liking for his calling, and possesses an untiring, painstaking, and studious nature; these qualities with a high order of skill, good judgment, and pleasing address, attract confidence and trust, and easily account for his success. He is modest and retiring in his nature, and his patients esteem him,not only as a physician but as a friend. He has cultivated a family practice, and his professional labors have resulted in securing a large competence which has been judiciously invested in real estate in Detroit. His time is thoroughly engrossed in his professional duties and he finds little opportunity for any projects not connected with his profession. He is a member of the State Medical Association, and is a charter member of the Detroit Academy of Medicine, the oldest medical society of Detroit. In 1873 he went to Europe, and remained one year, spending considerable time in the hospitals of London, Edinburgh, and Paris. At one time he was a member of the staff of St. Mary's Hospital, and is now connected with Harper Hospital. He was married in I865 to Agnes M. Cowie, daughter of Wm: Cowie, President of the Detroit Dry Dock Engine Works, and sister of Dr. Henry Cowie, Dentist, of Detroit. GEORGE DAWSON was born at Falkirk, Scotland, March 14, 1813. His father was a bookbinder, and resided near Edinburgh. He was married in I8Io to Mary Chapman and removed to Falkirk, where George was born. The father came to America in I816, and found employment in New York. Two years later he removed to Toronto, and subsequently to Niagara County, New York. While there, when he was eleven years old, George was entered as an apprentice in the printing business in the office of the Niagara Gleaner, and remained two years. In 1826, with his father, he went to Rochester, where he entered the office of the Anti-Masonic Inquirer, then conducted by Thurlow Weed, and in March, 1830, he aided Weed in starting the Albany Evening Journal. In 1836 he became editor of the Rochester Daily Democrat, but in September, 1839,left it to become editor and proprietor, with Morgan Bates, of the Detroit Daily Advertiser, and continued to manage that paper nearly three

1084 AUTHORS, EDITORS, PIUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY Oi: FICERS. years, and his labors on the Advertiser had very much to do with the prosperity of the W hig cause in Michigan. After the fire of 1842 had destroyed the Advertiser o:fice, he sold out to his partner,and returned to Rochester to resume control of the Democrat, and subsequently went to Albany and again connected himself with the Journal. In I861 he was appointed postmaster of Albany, and served six years. He retired from editorial work on the Journal on September 2, I832. He ranked high as a journalist, was elegant and and graceful in his style, and made a very honorable record. He was domestic in his tastes, fond of angling, and wrote a little work "On the Pleasures of Angling." As a politician he firmly adhered to his principles, but was always gentle and pleasant in asserting them. He became a member of the Baptist church in I831, and ever remained an earnest and consistent Christian. He married Nancy M. Terrell in June, 1834, and died on February 17, 1883. COLONEL ARENT SCHUYLER DE PEYSTER, whose name is associated with Detroit during its early occupancy by the British, was the second son of Pierre Guillaume de Peyster, of New Amsterdam. His ancestors were driven from France by the persecutions of Charles IX. and several of them settled in Holland. Johannes de Peyster,the founder of the family in this country, was an eminent merchant in New York in the seventeenth century. He was born at Harlem early in that century, and in 1653, although he had just arrive:l in this country, he offered an amount only exceeded by twelve of the richest settlers, toward erecting the city palisades. He died about I686, after a long life of activity and usefulness. His second son, Isaac, was for many years a member of the Provincial Legislature, and one of the aldermen of New York from I730 to 1734. His third son, Johannes, in I698-9 was at the same time Mayor of the City of New York and a Representative of the municipality of the Provincial Legislature. The fourth son, Cornelius, was the first Chamberlain of the city, and was Captain of the Fifth Company of Foot, in the regiment of which his eldest brother was Colonel. Colonel de Heer Abraham de Peyster, the eldest son of Johannes, was a prominent politician, and possessed of great wealth, being one of the largest owners of real estate in his native city. He was born in New Amsterdam, July 8, I657. On April 5, 1684, at Amsterdam, in Holland, he married Catharine de Peyster. He filled many prominent offices, and died on August 2, 1728. His eldest daughter, Catharine, married Philip van Cortlandt, whose son was the well-known Lieutenant-Gov ernor Pierre van Cortlandt, of Croton. His second daughter, Elizabeth, married John Hamilton, Governor of the Province of New Jersey. His seventh son, Pierre Guillaume, married Catherine Schuyler, sister of Colonel Peter Schuyler, famous for his influence over the five nations of Indians. The second son of Pierre Guillaume was Colonel Arent Schuyler de Peyster, whose picture accompanies this article. His nephew, namesake, protege, and intended heir, was a veritable rover, by sea and shore. In the course of his wanderings, he sailed twice around the world, doubled the Cape of Good Hope fifteen times, visited most of the Polynesian Islands, and in passing from the western coast of America to Calcutta, discovered the group of islands since known as the DePeyster or Peyster Islands. He married Sarah Macomb, the sister of Major General Alexander Macomb, of the United States army. He had in his possession an elegant testimonial given by the merchants of Michilimackinac to his uncle, as a token of their grateful appreciation of his efforts to protect and prosper commerce, and conserve the English interests in that region. The funds collected for the testimonial were sent to England to secure a service of plate, but the gift never reached the hands for which it was intended. By the time the silver was shipped, the Revolutionary War was raging throughout the thirteen colonies, and a privateer belonging to Salem, Massachusetts, captured the vessel and the silver also. The service remained in the family of the owner of the privateer for some years and was eventually distributed among various persons. The punch bowl forming part of the service was sent to New York to be sold, and was purchased by Captain de Peyster; in the course of its wanderings the cover had been lost. The bowl is about fifteen inches high and nearly fifty inches in circumference; it is said to have cost a hundred guineas, and a more beautiful specimen of the silversmith's art is seldom seen. It bears a figure of a tortoise or turtle, which was the emblem of Mackinaw, and in French the following inscription: Thine image, Tortoise, ever will a fond memorial be, My sphere of duty and my home were six long years with thee. FROM THE MERCHANTS TRADING AT MICHILIMACKINAC, To A. S. DE PEYSTER, ESQ. Major to the King's or 8th Regiment, as a testimony of the high sense they entertain of his just and upright conduct, and the encouragement he gave trade during the six years he commanded at that post. Colonel de Peyster came to Detroit in I776. and

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AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. Io85 was here most of the time up to 1784, and his connection with this city is alluded to in various places in other parts of this work. Soon after the conclusion of the Revolutionary war he settled in Dumfries, the native town of Mrs. de Peyster. Iuring the French Revolution, his zeal and talents were called into exercise for the training of the first regiment of the Dumfries volunteers, Robert Burns himself being a member of the company, and a warm friend of the commanding officer. Colonel de Peyster was tall, soldier-like, and commanding; in his manners, easy, affable and open; in his affections, warm, generous and sincere; in his principles, and particularly in his political creed, firm even to inflexibility. He died on November 26, 1822. The remains were interred in St. Michael's churchyard. The late Frederick de Peyster, President of the New York Historical Society, was a relative; his son, the well-known author, General J. Watts de Peyster, has preserved many memorials of his distinguished ancestor. JOHN FARMER, engraver and publisher, was born at Half Moon, Saratoga County, New York, on February 9, 1798. His paternal ancestors for two generations bore the same christian name and were natives of Boston, Massachusetts. His father removed from Boston to Long Island about I770. He was a staunch, warm and zealous friend of the American cause, and upon the British invasion of Long Island in 1776 he was captured and confined, at first in a dungeon and then on one of the British prison ships, and when released was so nearly dead that only the most careful medical attendance preserved him. In order to secure his release, Richard Sands, of the well-known firm of Prime, Ward & Sands, of Brooklyn, with Joshua Cornwall and Henry Sands, gave bonds in the sum of L,5Soo, for his continuance within the British lines during the war. After the war he married Catharine Jacokes Stoutenburgh, widow of Dr. Abraham Stoutenburgh, and settled in the town of Malta, Saratoga County, New York. Iiis son, the engraver and publisher, was educated in the vicinity of and at Albany, New York, and taught a Lancasterian school in that city. By invitation of Governor Cass and the Trustees of the University of Michigan, he came to Detroit from Albany in 1821 to take charge of one of the University schools, the said schools being the nucleus of the present University of Michigan. Within two or three years after his arrival at Detroit, Mr. Farmer was engaged in surveying and preparing hand-made maps of the territory. In 1825 he published the first map of Michigan, and the certificate of copyright bears the signature of Henry Clay, who was then Secretary of State. He subsequently published, under various titles, twelve different maps of Michigan, Lake Superior, and Detroit, most of them being engraved by his own hand, and all who are acquainted with his works concede that they have never been excelled, and rarely if ever equaled in accuracy and completeness. He was a remarkably elegant penman, and as a surveyor and draftsman had no superior in his day. In I831 he compiled and drew for the Governor and Judges the first and only map transmitted by them to Congress, and that map is to this day the only legal authority and guide as to the surveys in the older portions of the city. It was accepted by Congress as authoritative and is reproduced in Volume V of the American State Papers, Public Land Series. In January, 1835, he issued the first published map of the city, which showed the size and correct outlines of the several lots, Iis early maps of the Territory and State were sold by the thousands in all the leading eastern cities, and are conceded to have been greatly influential in promoting the extensive immigration to Michigan between the years 1825 to I840. In I83o, at Albany, New York, he issued the first Gazetteer of Michigan, a work relatively as complete as any gazetteer since issued. He served repeatedly as District, City, and County Surveyor, and laid out many of the earlier roads and villages. He had much to do with early educational matters in Detroit and was the first chairman of the first Board of School Inspectors in the city and was continued in the office of chairman for four successive years, retiring in I842. He subsequently served as a member of the Board of Education, and also as City Treasurer in I838. He was one of the corporators of the first Methodist Episcopal Church of Detroit and one of its earliest trustees. He took an active part in discussing the interests of, and in moulding the affairs of the city, especially during the years from I830 to 1850, and was energetic and successful in whatever he undertook. He was intense in his convictions, and in expressing his opinion was always clear and forceful. He was an early advocate of the abolition of slavery, and would have sympathized with any and every effort made by the slaves to secure their freedom. In his profession as an engraver and publisher, he had a passion for accuracy and a tireless energy that hesitated at no expenditure of time or money to secure perfection of detail, and accuracy of information, and it may well be doubted whether any person ever labored more assiduously in the prosecution of their vocation. He seemed to love work for work's sake and seldom spent less than twelve to fifteen hours per day at his desk.

IO86 AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. As a neighbor and friend he was trusted and esteemed, and to him home was the most desirable of all places. He was married on April 5, I826, to Roxana Hamilton, of Half Moon, Saratoga County, New York. Her father, Dr. Silas Hamilton, with his father and brother, were in the Revolutionary army and participated in the battles of Bennington, Ticonderoga, and in other campaigns. Mr. Farmer died on March 24, I859, leaving three children, John H., Esther A., and Silas Farmer. His wife is still living, and has been a resident of Detroit for over sixty years. CHARLES HASTINGS, M. D., was born in Junius, Seneca County, New York, September I, 1820. In early youth he was thrown upon his own resources, and by his industry and studious habits acquired the education which fitted him for his chosen profession. He studied medicine with Dr. N. W. Bell, at Geneva, New York, and graduated at the Columbian (allopathic) College of Medicine, and also at the Cleveland Homoeopathic Medical College. After practicing for some time in Cleveland and going through the cholera epidemic at Sandusky, where he was at one time reported as dead, he came to Detroit in 1852 and practiced here for over thirty-four years, and at the time of his death was the oldest homeopathic physician in the city. In 1853 he was appointed by the Board of Auditors, County Physician, and was the first of his school to receive an appointment to that position in Detroit. He was subsequently an officer of the Detroit Homceopathic Institute, and did much to sustain it. He was also a prominent member of the State Homoeopathic Medical Society. His practice was large and required close and laborious application, but in the midst of exhaustive professional duties he devoted much labor to the defense of the principles which underlie his school of practice, and was among the ablest exponents of those principles, both in professional success and in the strength and cogency of the arguments which he employed. He wrote many letters and articles which bear marks not only of his scholarship and comprehensive knowledge, but above all, of that candor and courteous demeanor toward opponents which always distinguished him. He read many papers upon different medical topics before the societies to which he belonged, and took a leading part in their discussions and always aimed to elevate the standard of the profession. He was an avowed opponent of all superficial and sensational methods in connection with the profession of medicine, which he ever regarded as a sacred trust, and was always planning for the welfare of the profession and particularly of his patients. Possessing a knowledge of both schools, he was free from the prejudices of either,and was liberal and catholic both in his sentiments and aims. He was influential in getting the homceopathic department established in the State University, and by his weight of character, no less than by his success in practice, did much to remove the prejudice which had existed against the system he represented. Though known as a strict homoeopathist, he had the respect and confidence of the profession generally, and was often called to consult with allopathic physicians. He had a quiet and somewhat retiring disposition and made but few intimates, but by those who knew him best and in his family, where he was a kind father and devoted husband, he was dearly loved. St. John's commendation of Gaius; " Thou doest faithfully whatever thou doest to the brethren and strangers," applied with truth to Dr. Hastings. The characteristic of his self-centered, well-poised, reticent nature, was faithfulness. To his patients, his steady, discriminating watchfulness, was a source of comfort and confidence.-. It was no unusual thing for him, when anxious about a patient, to go during the time between midnight and morning, when the tide of life runs low in the human frame, to the house, and whatever the weather, to watch outside. If all seemed quiet and the indications favorable, he returned to his house, and the patient was never conscious of the visit. The tenderness and enduring patience endeared him in an unusual degree to those that depended upon his skill for themselves or those dear to them. During his many years of practice in Detroit, many of the families to whom he had ministered continuously had experienced various vicissitudes of fortune; to those to whom reverses had come he was an unfailing friend-sympathy, counsel, medical service and help were given as freely and cheerfully as though prompt payment and future reward depended upon it, and he possessed the love and veneration of many of his patients. Into his inner religious life few were admitted, but it is known that the desire for a higher faith was ever present. The integrity of his life and intense scorn of sham or cant, gave to his manner, at times, an austerity that might have impressed strangers with an idea of harsh judgment and impatience of opposing opinions, but those that knew him, knew how instantaneously and genially he responded to any truth or goodness in the lives or words of others, and how strongly he held to truth wherever found. Those who knew how bravely he responded in his early manhood to the urgent call from cholera infected Sandusky, and how unselfishly, without thought of reward, he gave weeks of work and

AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. 1087 nearly gave his life, honor him as his heroism deserves. It may be said of him that he was faithful to every trust, faithful in every relation of life, faithful to his own clear idea of right, and faithful to the end. He was married in 1849 to Miss Anna E. Coman, of Luzerne, New York. She died in Detroit in I859, and in I86I he was married to Miss Mary L. Kirby, daughter of Geo. Kirby of Detroit. He died May 23, i886, leaving his widow and four daughters, Mrs. Louis Hayward and Misses Louise M., Lizzie K. and Sarah B. Hastings. EDWARD W. JENKS, physician and surgeon, was born in Victor, Ontario County, New York, in 1833, and is the son of Nathan and Jane B. Jenks. His father was of Quaker descent and a leading merchant of Victor for many years, and became the purchaser of large tracts of land in Northern Indiana, particularly in LaGrange County, where he laid out the village of Ontario. In I843 he removed there with his family, and established and endowed the LaGrange Collegiate Institution, which for many years maintained a high reputation in Indiana and adjoining States. At this institute Edward W. Jenks received his earlier school training, which was supplemented by instruction under private tutors. He began the study of medicine in the medical department of New York University, but before completing the course his health failed and he was obliged to return home. In July, I855, he left home, expecting, after spending a vacation in New England,to resume his studies in New York University, but was induced by friends to attend the Castleton Medical College, which he did in the latter part of the summer and autumn of I855, graduating in November, I855, and immediately proceeding to New York to carry out his long cherished purpose; but after remaining at the University about a month he found himself so much enfeebled by long confinement and study that he followed the advice of friends and returned home, and was soon employed in a country practice, which greatly improved his health. From 1853 to 1864 he was engaged in the practice of medicine in LaGrange County, Indiana, in the adjoining county of St. Joseph, Michigan, and in Warsaw, New York, then the home of some of his family. After the establishment of Bellevue Hospital College in New York, chiefly owing to the fact that his former preceptor, the distinguished surgeon Dr. James R. Wood, was one of the professors in its faculty, he entered this institution instead of returning to the New York University. In I864 he received the Ad Eundem degree from Bellevue Hospital College, and during the same year removed to Detroit. Here he rapidly secured a large practice and re ceived the recognition genuine ability is sure to command. He was one of the founders and for four years one of the editors of the Detroit Review of Medicine, the predecessor of the present American Lancet, and in 1868 was elected Professor of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women, and President of the Faculty of the Detroit Medical College, of which institution he was the projector and one of the founders. He held the chair of surgical diseases of women in Bowdoin College, Maine, lecturing in that institution each year in the spring months after the close of the college session in Detroit. He resigned in 1875, owing solely to the labor it involved. He was for many years surgeon in the department for diseases of women in St. Luke's and St. Mary's Hospital and consulting surgeon of the Woman's Hospital of Detroit. From its organization till his resignation in I872 he was one of the physicians of Harper Hospital. For several years he was Surgeon-in-Chief of the Michigan Central Railroad and President of the Michigan State Medical Society in 1873, and after his removal to Chicago was elected an honorary member thereof. He has also been President of the Detroit Academy of Medicine, is an honorary member of the Maine Medical Association, of the Ohio State Medical Society, of the Toledo Medical Association, the Cincinnati Obstetrical Society, the Northwestern Medical Society of Ohio and of several minor medical organizations. He is corresponding member of the Gynecological Society of Boston, a Fellow of the Obstetrical Society of London, England, an active member and one of the founders of the American Gynecological Society, and of the Detroit Medical and Library Association. In I878 he was chairman of the obstetrical section of the American Medical Association. In 1879 Albion College conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D, and in the same year he was selected to fill the chair of medical and surgical diseases of women and clinical gynecology in the Chicago Medical College, which the distinguished surgeon, Dr. W. H. Byford had resigned, to accept a similar position in another medical college. The selection of Dr. Jenks was warmly endorsed by medical journals all over the country. The Michigan Medical News said: " During the past year a similar position has been offered him in no fewer than three of the leading medical colleges in the country, and his conclusion to go to Chicago is the result of mature deliberation. While congratulating Dr. Jenks on his advancement, we cannot but regret the removal from our midst which his appointment will necessitate. During his residence of fifteen years in this city Dr. Jenks,besides establishing a national reputation in his specialty, has not been ' without honor in his own country,' but

0o88 AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. has by his uniformly courteous demeanor and his scholarly attainments won the respect and admiration of the profession of this city. In leaving for his new and enlarged field of labor he will carry with him the kindest regards and the best wishes of all with whom he has had either professional or social relations. Few men remove from a place and leave so few enemies behind." Dr. Jenks removed to Chicago and entered upon his new field of labor in October, 1879, and in addition to his college duties, opened an office and soon established a lucrative private practice. His health now became impaired, and in I882 he was obliged to resign his position in the medical college. During the same year he established a private hospital for the treatment of the diseases of women at Geneva, Illinois,^but continued to reside in Chicago. Success followed his labors, but his health was not equal to the strain, while the climate of Chicago did not agree with him or with his family, and in 1884 he returned to Detroit, where he has since resided. In I888 he was nominated by the Medical Faculty of Michigan University to fill the chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology. While Dr. Jenks has been successful as a general practitioner, it is to the departments of obstetrics and gynecology that he has devoted special attention, and in these departments he has gained a national reputation as a skillful operator, teacher, and author. His numerous articles on these subjects have been widely circulated, and are considered valuable additions to medical literature. Among the most important of these contributions may be named: "The use of Viburnum Prunifoliumn in Diseases of Women," a paper read before the American Gynecological Society, and reprinted by nearly all American and very many European medical journals; "The Cause of Sudden Death of Puerperal Women," a paper read before the American Medical Association; " Perineorrhaphy, with Special Reference to its Benefits in Slight Laceration and a Description of a New Mode of Operating," "On the Postural Treatment of Tympanites Intestinalis following Ovariotomy," "The Relation of Goitre to the Generative Organs of Women," "Atresia," a paper read before the Chicago Medical Society in 1880; " The Treatment of Puerperal Septicemia by Intra-Uterine Injections, "The Practice of Gynecology in Ancient Times," translated and published in the Deutsche Archiv fiir Geschichte der Medicin und Med. Geographie, by Dr. Kleinwachter, to which an extended introduction is given, warmly commending the research and investigation of Dr. Jenks; "On Coccygodynia," a lecture before the Chicago Medical Society in 1880; " New Mode of Operating in Fistula in Ano," "Report of a Successful Case of Caesarean Section after Seven Days' Labor," "Contribution to Surgical Gynecology," read before the Illinois State Medical Society in I882. He is also one of the contributors to 1'epper's System of Practical Medicine, one of the largest treatises by American authors. During the last year he has written two articles for the System of American Gynecology, a work of two volumes just prepared by well known specialists in this branch of medical science. He is also a contributor to the Physician's Leisure Library Series on the "Disorders of Menstruation." Some of the most distinguished members of the medical profession have expressed in high terms their appreciation of his professional excellence. Said Dr. I haddeus A. Reamy,of Cincinnati: "His reputation as a writer is so thoroughly international that we need not speak of it, for I could add nothing to it. His articles show great research, especially in classic history along the line of obstetrics and gynecological art and literature. He has long since proved himself an able teacher. He is a skillful operator in gynecological and obstetric surgery." " I have known Dr. Jenks," says Dr. W. H. Byford. "for many years as a writer, teacher and gynecologist. His reputation in all these is national in extent." In 1887 Dr. Jenks established a private home for the medical and surgical treatment of diseases of women, at 626 Fort Street West, known as "Willow Lawn," putting into execution a plan which he has long entertained. He has given himself to his profession with undeviating attention, and has not allowed the allurements of public or political life to come between him and his work. His chief relaxation from professional duties is found in study and investigation, ranging through a wide range of literary subjects. His extensive medical library is the result of patient, careful work of years, and his varied collection of books reflects a cultivated literary taste rarely found in one who has gained distinction as a specialist. Naturally a student, a lover of books, a great reader, and possessed of a fluent command of language, he is a graceful writer, an entertaining lecturer, and an instructive conversationalist. He is a strong, positive character, arrives at a conclusion after careful deliberation, but has the moral courage to readily change a line of action when convinced he is in the wrong. The social element in his character is strong and conspicuous. Not that he cares for what is generally termed society. but in the little coterie where friend is knit to friend by sincere affection, his light is always brilliant. He is charitable, but with judicious selection and from a sense of duty, and never with vulgar and ostentatious parade. His home. his family, and all the quiet comforts of the domestic circle are dear to him. Here all the reserve of his nature among strangers vanishes and he reveals the genial, social

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AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. IO89 side of his nature and that kindness of heart which endears him to those who know him best. He was first married in 1857 to a daughter of J. H. Darling, of Warsaw, New York, who died soon after his removal to Detroit. In 1867 he married Sarah R. Joy, eldest daughter of James F. Joy. They have two children, a son and a daughter. HERMAN KIEFER, M. D., was born November I9, I825, at Sulzburg, Grand Dukedom of Baden, Germany, and is the only son of Dr. Conrad and Frederica Schweyckert Kiefer. His academic and professional studies were thorough and liberal. He first attended the high school of Freiburg, beginning at his ninth year, and afterwards in turn those at Mannheim and Carlsruhe, completing his preparatory course at the age of eighteen years. He then began the study of medicine at the University of Freiburg, continued the following year at Heidelberg, and later attended the medical institutions at Prague and Vienna. At various times he was under the instruction of such distinguished masters of medical science as Arnold, Henle, Oppholzer, Stromeyer, Pitha, and Scanzoni, and in May, 1849, was graduated with the highest honors upon his examination before the State Board of Examiners at Carlsruhe. Such a degree received from such a source implies a prolonged and assiduous study, which America is but now beginning to appreciate, and, in a modified degree, to imitate in its requirements. The venerable institutions at which Dr. Kiefer spent fifteen years of his boyhood and young manhood, stand before the educated world as favorable examples of the vast and perfect machinery, by the agency of which, Germany has so well earned the name of being a nation of scholars. There is very slight probability that Dr. Kiefer would ever have become an American but for one agency-the same which has given to the United States much of the best blood and best brains of Germany -that of revolution. He had scarcely received his doctorate when the revolution of 1849 occurred. In common with thousands of his fellows among &he educated youth of his country, he embraced the side of the people with all the ardor and enthusiasm of his years, flinging his future carelessly aside to espouse the cause of a downtrodden race, against the almost invincible power of organized authority. He joined the volunteer regiment of Emmendingen, and was at once appointed its surgeon. With that regiment he was present at the battle of Phillipsburg, on June 20, 1849, and at that of Upstadt, on the twenty-third of the same month. It was at the former engagement that Prince Carl, afterwards Field-Marshal of Germany, was wounded and narrowly escaped cap ture by the regiment to which Dr. Kiefer was attached. When the revolution was suppressed, Dr. Kiefer, in common with thousands of others, was compelled to flee the consequences of his patriotic service. He took refuge in the city of Strasburg, then under the dominion of the French Republic, of which Louis Napoleon was President. Even there he did not find a safe asylum, for the Republic declined to shelter the refugees from Baden. The spies of Napoleon-a tyrant under the cloak of popular leadership- discovered his place of concealment, arrested him, and he was again compelled to fly. Making his way to the sea-board he took passage upon a sailing vessel for the United States, leaving port August i8, and arriving in New York on the nineteenth day of September, I849. America was then far less cosmopolitan than now, and lacked much of having attained its present advanced standard of professional and general scientific attainment. It did not present a promising field to a highly educated German, and we can imagine that the necessity for leaving behind him the possibilities of success and distinction in his' own country must have been a bitter one to an ambitious young man, fresh from the scholastic atmosphere of Heidelberg and the gaiety of Vienna. Still, there was no question of the necessity, and he made the best of it. After a brief sojourn in New York, he turned his face westward, intending to establish himself permanently in St. Louis. On the way, however, he met a countryman who had lived for several years at Detroit, and was led to change his intention and turn aside to that place. The population of Detroit in the autumn of 1849 was little more than twenty thousand. Michigan was still provincial, and neither social nor business methods had outgrown the crudity of its earlier days. Less than five months before, Dr. Kiefer had stood before the state examiners at Carlsruhe, and received his diploma, with no other thought than that he should live, work, and die in Fatherland. Since then he had been a soldier, a fugitive, and now found himself, by force of circumstances, an alien in tongue and blood, facing fortune in a very American western city. He opened an office for the practice of his profession on October 19, 1849, and, in spite of all his disadvantages, soon won a pronounced success. His practice, almost from the first, was sufficient for his needs, and grew year by year, until it came to be exceedingly absorbing and lucrative. Dr. Kiefer has always held very dear, and given every effort to preserve the spirit and the literature of the Teutonic race. That he is also a thorough and loyal American is only an apparent anomaly. His devotion to the country which gave him shelter in

IC90 AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. his exile, is not at all impeached by his desire to see the language, the grand literature, and the social and historical traditions of Germany, perpetuated among his compatriots. He has always taken a deep interest in educational matters. He was one of the founders of the German-American seminary, a school incorporated by the State for finished instruction in all departments of learning, to be given equally in the German and English language, so far as practicable or desirable. Of this institution he was President and Treasurer from the time of its foundation,in I86I, until 1872, when he resigned, and severed all connection with it, because of a disagreement with other members upon what he regarded as a vital matter of educational ethics. It has always been his belief that no teaching of religious doctrine or creed should be introduced into school instruction. His associates proposed to make tle seminary a sectarian institution, and his withdrawal was the consequence. During the years 1866 and 1867 Dr. Kiefer was a member of the Detroit Board of Education, and used his utmost influence to induce that body to introduce the teaching of German into the public schools of the city. He made repeated efforts in this direction, urging his point upon the grounds of the practical utility of the language, and also as a right which German citizens were justified in demanding. In spite, however, of his utmost efforts, he failed to secure the desired legislation. In I882 Dr. Kiefer was elected a member of the Public Library Commission, to fill a vacancy for a period of one year; in 1883 he was re-elected for the full term of six years. When he assumed this office there were very few German books in the library, and the fine and thoroughly representative collection of works in that language now upon the shelves, was almost entirely selected and purchased under his personal supervision. Considering the number of volumes and the sum expended, it would be difficult to find a library which better illustrates the thought and literary methods of Germany, in science, history, and the belles lettres, and Dr. Kiefer deserves thethanks,not only of Germans, but of all scholars and investigators, for the important service thus rendered. Dr. Kiefer is a member of the Wayne County and the State Medical Societies and the American Medical Association. He is recognized at home and by physicians throughout the country as a skillful, successful, and scientific physician. Until recently he has been devoted to his practice with the greatest assiduity, finding time only for the public services mentioned. This close attention to his professional duties has prevented his making any elaborate contributions to medical literature, but his papers in various periodicals devoted to the interests of his profession, have been many, and have done no little to spread his reputation in other cities and States. For many years Dr. Kiefer has held a representative position among the German citizens of Detroit and Michigan, and has, upon all occasions, been their champion. In all his public life he has endeavored, by tongue and pen, to convince the public that the German born population of the United States should be respected as fully equal to the native born people. He claims nothing for his countrymen as Germans, but as citizens of the United States defends their rights to the fullest political and social recognition. Among the claims which he makes for them are recognition of their language and social customs, and the right to pursue their happiness in any way which shall not infringe upon the equally sacred rights and liberties of others. In his own family Dr. Kiefer has paid a tribute to Germany by insisting upon the exclusive use of its language, and this influence he has supplemented by educating several of his children in the schools of his native land. He has been an active member of many of the German societies of Detroit, and has represented his countrymen upon various important occasions. He took a prominent place at the Singers' Festival held at Detroit in 1857; at the festival commemorative of Schiller's centennial in the year I859; at the festival of Humboldt in 1869; and in 1871, when all German America was wild with joy at the successful ending of the Franco-German war, he acted as President and orator of the day at the peace celebration held by the German citizens of Detroit on the first day of May. In politics Dr. Kiefer has been a steadfast and consistent Republican since the organization of that party in I854. There is nothing in his character that would render "trimming" or vacillation possible to him, no matter how dearly his political allegiance might cost him. During the futile campaign made by the Republicans in 1854, he was chairman of the German Republican executive committee of the State of Michigan. In 1872 he was one of the Presidential electors of the State, and in 1876 was a delegate to the Republican National Convention held at Cincinnati. At that convention, when after four ineffective ballots the delegates were seeking to unite upon a compromise candidate, he was influential in inducing the Michigan delegation to give their united support to Rutherford B. Hayes. In every Presidential campaign from I854 until I880, he worked actively for the success of the Republican party, going upon the stump and exerting his influence very effectively among the German citizens of the State. He is an

I

AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. 1091 eloquent speaker, recognized by all as holding his opinions with as much honesty as tenacity, and his leading position among his compatriots gives him an influence which has been invaluable to the Republican party. In spite of his long and arduous service, Dr. Kiefer has held but one federal office, and that very recently. During the month of July, I883, he was appointed by President Arthur Consul to Stettin. Once before, in 1873, he had revisited his native land, spending six months in travel, but his return as an official representative of the United States to the Fatherland, which he left as a political fugitive less than twenty-five years before, was an especial gratification to him. The office, too, was much to his taste. He did not make a holiday of his residence at Stettin, but gave a close attention to his duties and an intelligent study to political, social and trade conditions, the results of which he transmitted to the Secretary of State in a large number of valuable reports, many of which were published by the Government. Among these may be named his "Report on Beet Sugar," published in Volume XXXIX of the United States Consular Reports; "Report on Base Burners," in Volume XL; "Report on the Extension of European Trade in the Orient," in Volume XLII; " Report on American Trade with Stettin," in Volume XLVI; " Report on Agricultural Machinery," in Volume XLVIII; " How Germany is Governed," in Volume L; "Report on Labor in Europe," published by the Department of State in a separate volume. These are by no means all the reports made by Dr. Kiefer, during an official service of but eighteen months, and they furnish a sufficient evidence of the activity and zeal with which he performed his duties. Upon the election of a Democratic president, Dr. Kiefer was one of the first officials to resign his office. This he did in a characteristic letter, addressed to the Department of State immediately after the election, and while the cabinet, of course, was still Republican, in which he expressed his unwillingness either to be "a. victim of the political guillotine or to see civil service reform managed by the Democrats." On the twenty-first of January, 1885, he retired from his office. For several months thereafter he remained in Europe, traveling extensively upon the continent. In September of the same year he returned to America, and, upon his arrival at Detroit, was complimented with two formal receptions-one tendered by his fellow physicians and the other by German residents of the city. He brought with him, from his brief official life, an enviable reputation for the zeal and ability with which he had dis charged its duties. During I886 he made a prolonged visit to California. Dr. Kiefer was reared a Protestant, but his views have greatly changed, and he now disavows any religious belief, holding that every individual must be judged purely by his own acts. Soon after coming to America, Dr. Kiefer was joined by his mother, who was accompanied by Francesca Kehle, to whom he was affianced in Germany. The two were married July 21, 1850. During the year I851 his father also came to Detroit, but both father and mother returned to the old country after a brief residence in America. Dr. and Mrs. Kiefer have passed together nearly thirty-six happy and prosperous years. They have had seven sons and two daughters, and of these five sons and one daughter are now living. These children are: Alfred K. Kiefer, who is connected with the Wayne County Savings Bank of Detroit; Arthur E., Manager of the Detroit Edge Tools Works; Edwin H., a resident of New York; Edgar L., of the firm of Kiefer & Heyn, of Detroit; Minnie C., the wife of Dr. C. Bonning, Dr. Kiefer's partner, and Guy Lincoln, now at Ann Arbor University. For the foregoing biography we are indebted to the Magazine of Western History. ALEXANDER MACOMB, Major-General U. S. A., was born in Detroit on April 3, 1782, and was the son of Alexander Macomb, a prominent merchant of Detroit in Revolutionary days. His mother's maiden name was Catharine Navarre. He received a good education and in 1779 was enrolled as one of the " New York Rangers," a volunteer colonial corps. He subsequently served on the staff of General North, and with General Wilkinson in the southwest, and was for a time connected with the Academy at West Point, where he compiled a treatise on martial law, which was published in 1809. He became a Captain in I805, a Major in I808, commanded an artillery corps in 1812, and won special renown at the battle of Plattsburgh in September, 1814, receiving the thanks of Congress, accompanied by a gold medal. From 1815 to 1821 he was in command of Military District No. 5, with head-quarters at Detroit. In 1821 he was made Chief Engineer of the Army and removed to Washington. Before leaving Detroit he was presented by the citizens with a silver tankard and several engravings as a testimonial of their esteem and regret at his departure. In 1835 he was made Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the United States. He was universally respected as a model and accomplished soldier, a worthy and honorable

1092 AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. citizen and a useful and agreeable friend. He was married on July t8, I803, to his cousin, Catharine Macomb, the third daughter of Wm. Macomb, of Detroit. She died in September, 1822, and on April 27, 1827, at Georgetown, D. C., he married Mrs. Harriet Balch Wilson. He had twelve children, as follows: Catharine, wife of John Mason, of Virginia; Alexandrine, wife of General Henry 4tanton, U. S. A.; Czarina Carolina, wife of General John Navarre Macomb, the sixth child of J. N. ilacomb and Christina Livingston; Alexander Saranac, husband of Susan Kearney, daughter of General Philip Kearney, of New York; William Henry Alexander, husband of Mary Eliza Stanton, second daughter of General Henry Stanton; Jane Octavia, wife of Lieutenant Morris L. Miller, U. S. Artillery, and Sarah, married first to Captain H. W. Stanton, of the U. S. Dragoons, and after his death to J. C. Devereux Williams, of Detroit. The other children, Robert Kennedy, Alexander Catawba, Anna Matilda, Francis Alexander Napoleon and Octavia Eliza were unmarried. Only Mrs. Alexandrine Stanton and Mrs. Jane Octavia Miller are living. General Macomb died in Washington on June 25, 1841. FREDERICK MORLEY, the Nestor among the newspaper publishers of Detroit, was born in Derby, England, December 23, 1821. His father was a Baptist minister and with his family came to this country in 1830. Their first home was in Wayne County, New York, and in an adjoining county, at Seneca Falls, Mr. Morley learned the "art preservative of all arts." In 1841, when only nineteen years of age, he became one of the publishers of the Wayne County Whig, issued at Lyons, New York, and four years later, in May, 1845, at Palmyra, in the same county, he established a new paper named the Courier. In 1853 he left New York State and came to Detroit, and a few months later engaged with Rufus Hosmer in the editorial management of the Detroit Inquirer, which was first issued on January I8, 1854. During his connection with the Inquirer he had much to do with the work that inspired the Republican movement of 1854 and brought it to the front, and in point of fact is one of the several fathers of the Republican party. Mr. Morley retained his position with the paper until a month or two prior to its consolidation with the Free Democrat, when he left to engage in the book and stationery trade, under the firm name of Kerr, Morley & Company. His love for the editorial tripod soon took him back into the profession, and in I858 he became editor and publisher of the Daily Advertiser, and continued in the position until near the close of the year I861, when he sold out his interest to Messrs. Geiger and Scripps. In May, 1862, he was appointed Assistant Adjutant General under the administration of Governor Blair, and initiated and organized the system which gave to the State its detailed military record, and after five years in the office, in April, 1867, he retired. In the meantime the Daily Post had been established as a Republican paper by persons who were dissatisfied with the management of the Advertiser and Tribune. It was edited by Carl Schurz, and the first issue was dated March 27, I866. Differences, however, arose between him and the stockholders, and after serving one year, on March I, 1867, Mr. Morley became his successor and also had the care of the business management, continuing in charge of the paper for nine years, or up to January I, I876. During this period it is safe to say that no other paper in Detroit approached the Post in completeness of its news, attractiveness of its make-up and general typographic excellence, and as a stalwart Republican organ it was never excelled. While at the head of the Daily Post, Mr Morley also from 1871 to 1876, served as Register of the United States Land Office of Detroit. After leaving the paper he was appointed by President Grant and confirmed by the Senate, as Consul General to Egypt, but personal reasons induced him to declne the position. During 188I and 1882 he served as Commissioner of Immigration for the State of Michigan, and in the discharge of his duties aided by the efficient and accomplished Assistant Commissioner, Charles K. Backus, prepared the most complete compendium of the advantages and resources of the State ever issued. It was circulated very extensively, especially in the Eastern States, and probably no public document was ever of more service to the State. In the fall of 1883 he became editor and business manager of the Post and Tribune, and held the position until August, I, 1884, when he withdrew from active participation in the conduct of any newspaper. He ever and anon, however, finds himself writing out some interesting reminiscences, and his matter is so instructive and entertaining, and style so clear and captivating, that whatever he is willing to write, the public are willing to read. Always unpretentious and always able and ready to convey information upon many subjects of interest, he is an excellent conversationalist and has the rare gift of being an equally good listener, and is thus doubly qualified to serve his friends and associates. He was married at Lyons, New York, on January 12, 1843, to Eleanor Ninde, daughter of Rev. Wm. Ninde, a Protestant Episcopal minister

I I

AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. IO93 of Maryland, and aunt of Bishop W. X. Ninde of the Methodist Episcopal Church. ROLLIN CHARLES OLIN, M. D., of Detroit, was born near Waukesha, Wisconsin, August 17, 1839 His parents, Thomas H. and Sarah (Church) Olin, were of Welsh-Irish descent, and their ancestors settled in Vermont at an early date. The great-great-grandfather of R. C. Olin settled in Rhode Island. and was a revolutionary soldier under General Greene. Thomas H. Olin was a farmer, and when his son was five years old, removed with his family to Waukesha, and was for several years engaged in the milling business. He afterwards settled on a farm in Northfield, Minnesota, where he remained until a short time before his death, in July, 1883. His wife is still living and resides with her son in Detroit. R. C. Olin remained at home during his earlier years, receiving the best educational advantages that the schools of his native place afforded, and subsequently attending for one year Carroll College at Waukesha. He then decided to adopt the calling of a teacher, and as a preparation to that end entered the State Normal School at Winona, Minnesota. At the end of his second term the war of the rebellion began, and in August, 186I, he enlisted as a private in Company B, of the Third Minnesota Infantry. Promotions to a Second Lieutenancy and then to a First Lieutenancy soon after followed, and while acting in the latter capacity he took part in the battles of Pittsburgh Landing, Shiloh, and Murfreesboro. In the last named engagement his regiment was captured, and all of the officers then present except Lieutenant Olin and two others, were sent to Libby Prison. Lieutenant Olin was paroled with the regiment and sent to the parole barracks at St. Louis, remaining until September, 1862, when the regiment, with himself as the only commissioned officer present for duty, was ordered to the Minnesota frontier to aid in subduing an insurrection of the Sioux Indians, his command forming part of the Army of the Northwest, commanded by General Pope. During the campaign Lieutenant Olin was appointed Judge Advocate of the military commission which tried four hundred Sioux Indians for insurrection, twenty-eight of whom were executed. While acting as commander of the regiment in the notable encounters at Yellow Medicine and Lone Tree Lane, where many Union soldiers were killed, Lieutenant Olin attracted the favorable attention of General Sibley, and after this campaign he was appointed on his staff as Adjutant General, with the rank of Captain, and served in this capacity during General Sibley's subsequent expedition against the Indians on the Missouri River in I863, in which three pitched battles were fought. In the winter of 1862-3, General Sibley took up his headquarters at St. Paul, Minn., where he remained until the opening of the campaign in May, 1863. In September he returned to St. Paul, where he remained until relieved by General John M. Corse, to whose staff Captain Olin was transferred. In February, 1865, Captain Olin resigned from the army and in the spring of the same year he went to Savannah, Georgia, with the intention of embarking in the lumber business, but being unable to secure a favorable opening, returned to St. Paul, and in partnership with E. H. Burrit established a bookstore, which was continued until 1868, when he went to Owatonna, and for four years was employed as teller of a bank. He then came to Detroit and began the study of medicine, and after a full course of instruction in the Medical Department of the University of Michigan, he graduated in I877. He adopted the homceopathic school of medicine, and immediately after graduation entered upon the duties of his profession in Detroit, and in a comparatively few years has gained an extensive practice, being remarkably successful. He is possessed of unusual power of application, quick discernment, and is ready in analysis, qualities that are specially helpful in medical practice. He is essentially a family physician, and enjoys in a marked degree the confidence and respect which should be possessed by those holding such a relation. His success is largely due to the devotion with which he has adhered to his work, and to the trust his ability and conscientious fidelity, have inspired in his patients. The tenets of his medical principles are founded on broad, liberal, and honest convictions, and he is far removed from the unjustifiable prejudices which animate many of his profession. He is a member of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Michigan, and of the Homoeopathic Medical Society. His standing, and the regard in which he is held by his professional brethren in the State, was attested by his election as President of the State Society in May, 1887, and he is also a member of the military order of the Loyal Legion. The rapid growth of his practice, and the demand it has made upon his time,have given him little opportunity for work outside of his professional duties, but he takes a commendable interest in all projects of a public nature. He is a Republican in politics, and is in hearty accord with the efforts of his party. He is of a sanguine temperament, kindly and genial in nature, and a citizen of irreproachable character. Among the members of the medical fraternity of Detroit, of every school of practice, he is no less respected for professional attainments than for his personal worth. He was married at St. Paul, Minnesota, on Octo

1094 AU''HORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. ber 30, 1865, to Georgie A. Dailey. She died at Detroit on September 8, I88I, and on June 15, I887, he married Grace Eugenie Hillis, of Syracuse, New York. JOHN PULFORD, Colonel United States Army and Brevet Brigadier-General, was born in New York City, July 4, 1837, and is the seventh son of Edward and Sarah Lloyd (Avis) Pulford; the former a native of Norwich and the latter of Bristol, England. They emigrated to New York City in 1833, and in 1838 removed to Essex county, Ontario, and engaged in farming. John Pulford was educated in the public schools and when thirteen years of age came to Detroit; sailed on the lakes in the summer and in the winter read law. In 1854 he became proprietor of a hotel and continued the business until the breaking out of the civil war, when he and Edward T. Sherlock organized a military company, tendered their services to the General Government and Mr. Pulford was appointed First Lieutenant in the Fifth Michigan Volunteer Infantry. He entered upon service June 19, I86i, in the camp of instruction at Fort Wayne, Michigan, where he remained until September 1, and was then with his regiment ordered to the front. During the fall and winter following he aided in constructing Forts Richardson and Lyon, part of the defenses of Washington south of the Potomac. In March, I862, he left with the Army of the Potomac for Fortress Monroe, Virginia, doing camp and picket duty in front of Hampton. In April, 1862, he moved with his company and regiment to Yorktown and assisted in the construction of earthworks, preparatory to laying siege to that place, and while there performed important picket duty. At Williamsburgh,Virginia, on May 5, he participated in a charge on the' enemy at the point of the bayonet, and captured the works and a number of prisoners. In this charge over three hundred Confederates were killed by the bayonet in front of his regiment, and soon after this engagement he was promoted to a Captaincy. He took part in the battle of Fair Oaks, his company acting as skirmishers, and losing heavily. He was also engaged in all the movements of the Army of the Potomac in the seven days' fight before Richmond, including Peach Orchard, Charles City, Cross Roads, and Malvern Hill. Soon after he went into action on the morning of July I, he was struck by a partially spent cannon-.ball which fractured his collar-bone and broke his jaw. He was left on the battle-field for dead, captured by the enemy and taken to Richmond, where he was kept a prisoner for eighteen days, when he was exchanged and taken to the hospital at Baltimore. After ten weeks spent in the hospital, he was so far recovered as to be able to return to duty. His friends had procured a detail for him on the recruiting service, but he refused to listen to any proposition which would take him away from his command and active field duty. On the 13th of December he was in the battle of Fredericksburgh, remaining on the battle-field until the I6th. His company and regiment suffered severely during this engagement, and the regimental commander having been killed, Captain Pulford, although one of the junior captains, -was soon afterward appointed Major, the officers of the regiment having petitioned the Governor for his promotion. He took part in what is known as Burnside's mud march, in the Battle of the Cedars, on May 2, 1863, in which he assisted in the capture of the Twenty-third Georgia Infantry; and in the brilliant night charge when Stonewall Jackson was killed. This was one of the shortest and most terrific encounters of the war, as the charge was made to reopen communication with the army from which the Third Corps had been cut off late in the evening. The next day he was engaged in the battle of Chancellorsville, where Lieutenant-Colonel E. T. Sherlock was killed, after which Major Pulford assumed command of the regiment, although suffering severely from a wound he had received. The officers of his regiment now petitioned the Government to appoint him Lieutenant-Colonel of the regiment, and he was appointed, his commission dating from May 3, 1863. He was next engaged with his command in several skirmishes with the enemy on the march to Gettysburgh, and opened the engagement at that place in front of the First Division, Third Corps. After the regiment had been assembled from the skirmish line, they fought as heavy infantry in almost a hand to hand conflict, and Colonel Pulford was severely wounded in the thigh and slightly in the right hand, and his horse was killed, but the Colonel did not leave the field nor his command. Of the fourteen officers of his regiment present in this battle, eleven were either killed or wounded. The brigade commander, in his report of this engagement, says: " The unflinching bravery of the Fifth Michigan, which sustained a loss of more than one-half of its members without yielding a foot of ground, deserves to be especially commended." Colonel Pulford with his regiment, also participated in the battle of Wapping Heights, the regiment acting as flankers and skirmishers during the march from Gettysburgh to White Sulphur Springs. On the 16th of August, 1863, he went in command of his regiment, to New York City, as a guard against threatened resistance to the draft, and thence to Troy, for the same purpose, returning to the Army of the Potomac, September i8, 1863. He was in command through the actions at

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AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. 1095 Auburn Heights, Kelly's Ford, Locust Grove and Mine Run. His regiment having re-enlisted as a veteran organization, Colonel Pulford took it to Detroit, where a public reception was given them. They returned to the Army of the Potomac on the 19th of February, 1864, and Colonel Pulford participated in all the actions and movements of that army, including the battle of the Wilderness, at which time he was severely wounded, his back being broken and both his arms partially disabled. On June Ioth, I864, he was appointed Colonel of the Fifth Michigan Veteran Volunteers Infantry, Colonel Beech having been mustered out of the service on account of having been absent from duty two years by reason of wounds received. The Third Michigan Infantry Volunteers having been consolidated with the Fifth Michigan Infantry, Colonel Pulford commanded the regiment in the siege of Petersburgh, from June 27, 1864, to April 3, I865. During the greater portion of the time he was in command of Fort Davis, having as a garrison the Fifth Michigan Infantry, the First Regiment of United States Sharp-shooters, the One Hundred and Fifth Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry and a battery of artillery. He was general officer of the day for the Second Corps at the engagement at Deep Bottom, Virginia; was engaged at Petersburgh, July 30, commanding the Second Brigade, Third Division, Second Corps; he commanded Birney's Division of the Tenth Corps, for a short time, at the battle of Strawberry Plains, Virginia; the Fifth Michigan at the Battle of Poplar Springs' Church; the first line of battle of the Second Brigade, Third Division, Second Corps, at Boydton Plank Road, October 27, 1864, where hewas wounded in the right knee. At Hatcher's Run, on March 25, I865, he commanded the Fifth Michigan, together with the First Massachusetts Heavy Artillery, and at Sailors' Creek and New Stone, Virginia, the Fifth Michigan Infantry, and was general officer of the day for the Third Division, Second Corps, at the surrender of the insurgent armies at Appomattox Court House, April 9, 1865. In June, of the same year, he was appointed by the President, Brigadier-General of the United States Volunteers, by brevet, to rank as such from the 30th of March, I865," for gallantry in action and efficiency in the line of duty and commissioned to date, March 13, I865, for good conduct and meritorious services during the war." After the general review of the armies of the United States at Washington, he proceeded in command of the Fifth Michigan and several other Western regiments, to Louisville, Kentucky, and commanded the First Brigade, provisional division, Army of the Tennessee, at Jeffersonville, Indiana. The Fifth Michigan Regiment, having been mus tered out of service on July 5, 1865, he brought it to Detroit, where it was disbanded on July 17th. Returning to private life, in October following Colonel Pulford was admitted to the bar, but having acquired a strong taste for military life, he applied for a commission in the regular army, and on February 23, I866, was appointed Second, and afterwards First Lieutenant, Nineteenth United States Infantry, being assigned to the command of Company G., third battalion of that regiment. On the 28th of April following he was stationed at Newport Barracks, Kentucky. He was in command of his company en route to and at Little Rock, Arkansas, until August 3, and was soon after assigned to the command of the post at Duvall's Bluff, Arkansas. On the 2ISt of September he was transferred to the Thirty-seventh United States Infantry, stationed at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and engaged in General Hancock's expedition against hostile Indians, and commanded a detachment of troops who were guarding the United States mail route from Indians, between Forts Lyon and Aubrey, Kansas. He was Acting Quartermaster, Commissary of Subsistence and Disbursing Officer from November I, 1867, until May 31, 1869. He was awaiting orders and on reconstruction duty in Mississippi until December I3, I869; on recruiting duty at Newport Barracks and Atlanta, Georgia, and awaiting orders until December, I870. Under section 32 of the Act of Congress, approved July 28, I866, on a record of six wounds received in action, he was retired on the rank of Colonel United States Army. He risked his person, as an officer, in double as many engagements and actually commanded a regiment in more battles than the oldest regiment of the regular United States army ever participated in from the time of the original organization of the army in I790. He received four out of six wounds while doing another olfficer's duty in battle. In 1873 he was appointed by Governor Bagley as Judge Advocate of Michigan. He was reduced to the rank of a LieutenantColonel by the operation of the so-called " Crawford Act," of March 3, 1875, and unjustly remained for several years under the mortification of being reduced from a rank fairly won by conspicuous gallantry and a steady fidelity to duty which resulted in a permanent disability of the severest and most painful character. His disability being fully proved by the testimony of the late Dr. D. O. Farrand, as well by other eminent surgeons, on a showing of the facts to Congress, that body very justly, by a special act on March 13, 1878, restored him to the rank of Colonel United States Army retired. It is eminently true that he possesses an army record that many a

IC96 AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. West Pointer might covet. In 1856, he married Sarah L. Lee, daughter of Peter Lee, of Detroit. She died in 1875, leaving one son and three daughters. In 1883 Colonel Pulford married Mrs. Emma Cady, daughter of Alexander Cady, a merchant of Rochester, New York. They have one son, John Pulford, Jr. WILLIAM EMORY QUINBY was born in the town of Brewer, Maine, December 14, 1835. His father's name was Daniel Franklin Quinby and his mother's maiden name, Arazina Reed. They were married in 1834 and moved to Detroit in 1850, where he, in connection with J. K. Wellman, established a periodical known as Wellman's Literary Miscellany. Mr. Quinby had charge of the editorial department and secured a list of contributions that would be notable even in this day of greatly increased literary activity. In I851 Mr. Quinby became one of the owners and in 1853 sole proprietor. The magazine was subsequently sold to other parties and finally discontinued. These facts indicate a natural beginning of the literary tastes of William E. Quinby. Coming with his father, he attended the literary department in connection with Gregory's Commercial College, in the Odd Fellows' Hall on Woodward Avenue, and was also employed in the office of "The Miscellany." After his father sold the magazine he entered the University at Ann Arbor and graduated in the class of i858. He then took up the study of law and the following year was admitted to the bar, and for part of two years practiced his profession. His inclinations, however, were towards literary work, and when in i86I Wilbur F. Storey, then publisher of The Free Press, tendered him a~position on the paper, he gladly accepted the offer and since then his connection with the paper has been continuous. In I86I Henry N. Walker became proprietor and he made Mr. Quinby managing editor, and in 1863 Mr. Quinby purchased a quarter interest in the paper. In 1872 Mr Walker retired from the active business management and Mr. Quinby was chosen general manager. He soon purchased another quarter of the stock of the corporation and in January, 1875, bought a large part of the remaining stock, and since that date has been the chief owher and manager, and under his direction The Free Press has attained a circulation and influence enormously in advance of any previously possessed. His plans and management have made the paper and the city in which it is published a household name, not only in all parts of the United States, but in the British Isles as well, and indeed all over the world where there are any large number of English speaking people, and in this respect it is without a rival in either England or America. The success attained by Mr. Quinby indicates the possession of extraordinary executive ability, rare literary and commercial foresight, great comprehensiveness of detail, a fine sense of adaptation of means to an end, and a distinct and definite grasp of all the forces needed to insure success, and the paper of which he is the head. with its Detroit and London editions, has achieved a success that is without a parallel. Only clear, practical and well devised plans could have secured the result that has been obtained. Personally -Mr. Quinby is as modest as he is energetic. He seems destitute of self-assurance but is full of nerve and confidence; is always suave, patient, methodical and at the helm. He is a warm friend, an agreeable companion, a graceful writer and reliable in judgment. He was married on April 4, I860, to Adeline Frazer. They have six children, namely: Theodofe E., who is one of the editorial staff of the Free Press, Henry W., Winifred, Herbert, Florence and Evelyn. JAMES E. SCRIPPS was born in London, England, March 19, 1835, and is the son of James Moggs and Ellen Mary (Saunders) Scripps. The records of Trinity parish, Ely, Cambridgeshire, England, as far back as 1609, contain the names of members of the family, who then spelled their name Crip and Crips, but as early as 1633 they began to spell it as it is now written. The father of J. E. Scripps was a bookbinder and emigrated to America with his family in 1844, settling in Rushville, Illinois, where,on November 26, 1844, he married, as his third wife, Julia Adeline Osborn, who was born at Ogdensburgh, New York. He possessed great mechanical ingenuity, coupled with rare skill, a high order of intelligence, and was of irreproachable character; he died at Rushville on May 12, I873. James E. Scripps came to Detroit from Chicago in 1859. In October, I86I, he, with M. Geiger and S. M. Holmes, became proprietors of the Daily Advertiser, and in July, 1862, Mr. Scripps was made general manager. In February, 1865, he purchased a large amount of additional stock, and under his management the paper was very successfu. Believing that he saw a favorable opening for a cheap evening paper, he retired from the Advertiser. and on August 23, 1873, issued the first number of the Detroit Evening News. The paper was almost immediately successful, and its circulation increased so enormously and constantly that he soon made an ampfle fortune, and his wealth is constantly increasing. He is inclined to liberality, and has made large gifts to the Museum of Art, and in many ways has

AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. 1097 been a helpful factor in promoting the growth of the city. In addition to his regular literary work, he was one of the publishers in I873 of a very complete State Gazetteer, and the same year issued an outline History of Michigan in pamphlet form. His letters from Europe, printed in the Evening News during I881, were republished in book form in 1882, under the title of "Five Months Abroad." He was married at Detroit on September I6, I862, to Harriet Josephine Messinger. They have had five children, four of whom are now living. Their names are Ellen Warren, Anna Virginia, James Francis, and Grace Messinger Scripps. JOHN P. SHELDON, founder of the Detroit Gazette, the first successful newspaper published in Detroit, was born in 1792, and came to the city from Rochester, New York, in I817. Prior to his arrival here, he had served in the militia during the war of I812, and in 1814 was working as a printer in Utica, removing from there to Rochester, and then to Detroit. During Mr. Sheldon's management of the Gazette, he maintained a very independent attitude, and on one occasion, for certain strictures upon the Supreme Court of the Territory, he was fined, Put refusing to pay the fine he was arrested and confined in jail. The fine was subsequently paid by his friends, and he was released. \Vhile in jail he continued to edit his paper, and his connection with it was continuous until 1830, when the office of the paper was destroyed by fire, and the publication ceased. On June 2, i831, within a month after it was first issued, Mr. Sheldon became editor of the Detroit Free Press, remaining about six months. In 1833 he was appointed Superintendent of the lead mines west of the Mississippi, and removed to Willow Springs, Wisconsin. From 1835, to I840 he served as Register of the United States Land Office, at Mineral Point, Wisconsin, and subsequently for many years was a clerk in one of the departments in Washington, resigning in I861. During his residence at Detroit he held various public offices, serving as one of the Trustees of the city, in 1823, as one of the County Commissioners from 1822 to I825, and as Alderman at Large in 1828. He died at the residence of his daughter, Mrs. Thomas Drummond, of Winfield, Illinois, on January I9, I871. MORSE STEWART, A. M., M. D., was born July 5, 1818, in Penn Yan, Yates County, New York. He is the third son of George )orrance Stewart, a lineal descendant in the third generation of Robert Stuart, who came from the north of Scotland to Connecticut in 1725, with his wife, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Dixon. 'Iheir first and only surviving child was Samuel Stewart, of New London, Connecticut, who married Elizabeth Kennedy. Of this marriage there were twenty-four children, eighteen of whom reached mature life, and ten lived to be over seventy-three years of age. Samuel Stewart was a man of liberal fortunes and godly life. He was hospitable and brave and lived upon his estate in the comfort and luxury of his time, and established well his many children around him, or on less stubborn soil. His second son, Samuel Stewart, Jr., with the enterprise that was in the blood, located in St. Lawrence County, New York, near Ogdensburgh, where nine children grew up about him. The eldest son, George Dorrance, having the true spirit of a pioneer, pushed westward into Yates County, New York, where he laid the foundation of a great fortune, in lands and business enterprises. He died at the age of forty-two years, leaving four sons and three daughters, the eldest but nine years of age. Morse Stewart, when eleven years of age, was sent by his mother, Mrs. Harriet Benham Stewart, to the High School at Pittsfield, Massachusetts, an admirable and justly celebrated academy for boys, established by Rev. Chester Dewey, D. D., who had attained a wide reputation as a scientist. At the end of three years he passed from the hands of this gentleman into those of Professor David Malen, whose training fitted his pupil to enter Hamilton College at the age of sixteen. Four years later he made choice of the medical profession, and after some preliminary study with Dr. Samuel Foot, of Jamestown, New York, he attended two courses of lectures in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, of Western New York. His third course was taken at the Geneva Medical College. At the close of the session of 1840-41, he passed an examination for his degree of Doctor of Medicine, and soon after came to Detroit and spent some months in professional study under Dr. Zina Pitcher, returning to the Geneva Medical College in the autumn of the same year, and taking a further partial course. After this thorough preparation, on November I5, 1842, he left his home for Detroit, where he had decided to locate. Arriving here on the i9th, he found the late Wm. N. Carpenter on the dock waiting to welcome him, and the friendship which began at the time of his first visit continued until they were separated by Mr. Carpenter's death. At that early day the medical profession of Detroit was represented by a most distinguished looking body of men, all of them in their prime. 'Under these circumstances it was not easy for the young physician with his painfully distant and cold manner to gain a foothold, but being in possession of means and indomitable perseverance, they carried

1098 AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. him through seven years of waiting and then he stood secure. During those first seven years his patients were almost exclusively the extremely poor, who often needed pecuniary assistance as well as medical attendance. Realizing to the full these needs of the poor, Dr. Stewart in 1848 was one of the prime movers in establishing the Young Men's Benevolent Society of Detroit, and for several years it accomplished great good among worthy emigrants who had stranded here during their first winter in America. Upon his arrival in Detroit Dr. Stewart made the acquaintance and secured the friendship of the late Rev. George Duffield, D.D., became at once one of his parishioners, and in 1852 married his only daughter, Isabella Graham Duffield, who after thirty-six years of a notably useful life, having been instrumental in the establishment of many useful charities, and all through her life having been full of deeds of charity, on May 27, 1888, was called from earth. The year previous to his marriage Dr. Stewart had purchased a home on the corner of Congress and Brush Streets, and there five of his children were born. Morse Jr., George Duffield, Isabella Graham Bethune and Mary Bronson. A sixth child, Robert, was born after the removal of the family to the Stuart homestead, at No. 440 Jefferson Avenue. On Congress Street Dr. Stewart's practice grew to very great proportions. It is said that every generation has its doctor, but in this case three generations have had the care of the same physician. Dr. Stewart's cases for forty-five years show that many a mother. daughter, and granddaughter have known his skillful aid, and side by side with the record of new lives runs the sadder duty of closing forever the eyes of the aged, or speeding some parting soul with the breath of prayer. The minister or priest and the doctor went hand in hand through the cholera season of I849 and 1854, and through the various epidemics of small-pox, contagious fevers, diphtheria, etc. When Dr. Stewart came to Detroit there were no medical societies, and no protective legislation in Michigan for medical men, and therefore no means of ascertaining a man's fitness for, or worthiness of, fraternal relations. To meet this deficiency the profession came together and organized the Sydenham Society. After its demise in I848, the Wayne County Medical Society was organized. Of this society Dr Stewart was repeatedly president and continuously a member until 1876, when it disbanded. His political views like his religious convictions are the result of earnest thought and thorough principle. In his youth he saw manifested in the church of which he was a member, the bitter and malignant spirit of abolitionism, and so cast his first vote and interest with the Whig party, and when the affiliation of the Whigs with the Abolitionists brought forth the Republican party, he enrolled himself as a member of the Democratic party, believing that it represented the only conservatism in the country. He was one of the "sixty-nine" who, in 1856, publicly came out and declared and defined their separation. During the years from I86o to I870, the political intolerance of the party in power amounted almost to ostracism, but in those very years Dr. Stewart found the largest measure of success and usefulness. In 1868 Dr. Pitcher waited upon Dr. Stewart and tendered him in the name of the truest men in the medical profession, an invitation to prepare and read an article on criminal abortion. It was a distasteful subject and involved sharp definitions of right and wrong that were sure to prove offensive, but his paper met with the warmest encomiums from eminent medical men and journals, and placed him mentally, morally, and as a scientist, in the front rank of his brethren. His hard and increasing labors, however, left him no time for the literary work he was so well calculated by his experience and attainments to perform. A few monographs and addresses indicate what it might have been. To him the advancement of scientific benevolence has always been an object of practical interest and desire. It was as the result of a suggestion made by him that the Rev. Dr. Duffield turned the contributions of Walter Harper from the channel of a trades' school for boys, to that of a Protestant hospital. Dr. Stewart also furnished the data for the medical requirements of a well conducted hospital, and they are embraced in the deed of trust. He also aided in inducing Mrs. Nancy Martin to bestow her gifts in the same direction. Even when most occupied Dr. Stewart found time from I860 to 1862 to act as a chairman of the Board of Trustees of the First Protestant Society (First Presbyterian Church). Assuming this duty when the church was in an unfinished state and the society in debt, at the end of his term of office he tendered his resignation with the building in perfect order and full provision made for the debt. In I874 the burden of work which had been carried day and night for thirty-three years, with scarcely a week's intermission, began to tell even upon his wiry and elastic constitution, and his medical advisers ordered a period of positive rest abroad. The year from the spring of I875 to 1876 was therefore spent with his family in England and on the Continent. During this season of rest he studied the system and teaching of the medical

I i I i i i -j "I I - \1

AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. I0)99 universities of Wurtzburg and Heidelberg, and took a prolonged course of the water and baths of Kissengen. Wintering in Dresden, his tastes led him to a somewhat close observation of that admirable art gallery, which was supplemented during his stay in Paris by an equal interest in the gallery of the Louvre. Returning home with entirely restored health, he has since been enabled to pursue his profession with undiminished vigor. In 1874 he was largely instrumental in perfecting the organization of the Association of Charities, and has greatly furthered public interests on many occasions, but he has never sought personal honors, and such as he has received were pressed upon him. In 188o an epidemic of small-pox having broken out in Detroit, Drs. Stewart,. Flinterman, and Foster were named by the Common Council as a temporary Board of Health, and asked to look after the thorough vaccination of the city, as well as the management of the small-pox cases. There being at that time no hospital for infectious diseases, one of tents was at once extemporized, which, with the nursing and care of the Sisters of Charity, gave very successful results. The succeeding year the Mayor named Dr. Stewart as one of the three physicians constituting the permanent Board of Health. Here as elsewhere he has been faithful to his duty, and tenacious as to the rights and responsibilities of that Board, and has spared no pains or personal service to preserve the city from pestilence, and to establish sanitary regulations to prevent the introduction or spread of disease. Believing in the high and dignified value of the profession of medicine, he early determined to see it recognized and respected in his own city as both a science and an art, and knowing that men valued what they paid for, he led off in I864 by increasing the standard of his own charges a hundred per cent., which example resulted in the adoption of a Fee Bill by the Wayne County Medical Society, which has continued to be the standard of charges. Dr. Stewart began life as he will close it, with a nervous temperament, that has often made his words sharper than the thought behind them. Governed by a self-sacrificing singleness of purpose that demanded his own work to be honest, clear and thorough, he has been content with nothing less in others. Intolerant of shams, no trimmer, fearless in maintaining what he believes to be the side of justice and truth, it is scarce to be wondered that he has often found arrayed against him the influence of money and place. Integrity and truthfulness have been in all his transactions with his fellows, a high and scrupulous sense of honor governing every thought, as well as act. Success with such a character is achieved in spite of preju dice, and the many antagonisms it is sure to encounter. Dr. Stewart stands secure in the esteem of his patients and of the public as well, because he has gone forward promptly, habitually, and conscientiously during all the years to his daily duty, with an eye single towards God and towards man. FRANCIS XAVIER SPRANGER, M. D., is the son of Lawrence and Mary (Schuster) Spranger and was born in the kingdom of Bavaria, Germany, on March 13, I840. His parents emigrated to America when he was nine years old and soon after he entered the Benedictine College at Carrolltown, Pennsylvania. He then took a course in Latin and at seventeen years of age commenced the study of medicine under the direction of Dr. H. Hoffman, and afterward became the pupil of Dr. J. M. Parks, of Cincinnati, Ohio. In August, I862, he graduated with the degree of M. D. at the Cleveland Homceopathic College, and immediately established himself in Detroit, where he has since continued the practice of his profession. He was one of the organizers of the Detroit Homoeopathic College, and Professor of Pathology and Physical Diagnosis during its four terms, and President of the college during the last term. He believes that "szinilia simzilibus curantur" is an essential, but not the only law of cure, and also believes that no physician should adhere exclusively to one theory or mode of practice, but should be cosmopolitan in his profession, accepting all facts which experience furnishes, regardless of the source from which they emanate. Like other sincere physicians, he is conscious of the fact that his first duty is to his patient, and that "pathics," " isms " and ( ethics " are only of subordinate importance. Dr. Spranger has a very large practice, to which he devotes his entire time, and among his patrons he has a large number of the wealthiest and most influential citizens. His consulting practice is very large and possibly unrivalled in the city, and many patients come from distant places. He has always made a special study of diseases of the heart and lungs, and his large practice and many years of experience have furnished him sufficient material for the practical study of diseases to make him a diagnostician second to no other. He is a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, the State Medical Society, and the Detroit College of Physicians and Surgeons, and is connected with a number of benevolent, musical and social societies. An ardent lover of music, he introduced and made the zither popular in Detroit, and as an amateur performer on that instrument has few equals. In social life he is of an affable, genial temperament, and is sure to win the confidence, esteem and even warm regard of those who become acquainted

1100 AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. with his abilities and character. He dislikes all sham and pretense, has never taken any prominent part in politics or sought for public position. In 1868 he was appointed one of the city physicians and held the office for six months, or until the term expired. In I854, in company with his parents, he visited Nicaragua, and was present at the bombardment of Greytown, on July 14 of that year. He was married in 1858, at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Miss Mary Sattig. They have had seven children, four of whom are living. JOHN TRUMBULL, author of "McFingal," and the only son of a Congregational minister, was born April 24, I750, at Watertown, Connecticut. He was an exceedingly precocious child, and at the age of seven years was qualified to enter Yale College, but on account of his youth did not enter until he was thirteen years old. He graduated, in 1767, with the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and for the three years following served as a tutor, turning his attention chiefly to polite literature, and the Greek and Latin classics. He and Timothy Dwight were tutors at the same time, became intimate associates, and were lifelong friends. In 1772 he published the first part of a poem entitled "The Progress of Dullness," but having determined to enter the legal profession, he was admitted to the bar in I773. He then went to Boston and continued his legal studies under John Adams. While in Boston he wrote an " Elegy on the Times," in sixty-eight stanzas. It treated of the Boston Port Bill, the Non-importation Associations, and the strength and future glory of the country. In 1774 he went to New Haven, where he remained and practiced his profession until he moved to Hartford, where he became distinguished for his knowledge and ability as an advocate. His "McFingal" was completed and published at Hartford in 1782. Mr. Trumbull was soon afterwards associated with Humphreys Barlow and Dr. Lemuel Hopkins in the production of a work which they styled "The Anarchiad." It contained bold satire, and exerted considerable influence on the popular taste. In 1789 Mr. Trumbull was appointed State Attorney for the county of Hartford, and in 1792 represented that district in the Connecticut Legislature. His health failing, he resigned his office in 1795, and until 1798 refused all public honors. In May, i8oo, he was again elected to a seat in the State Legislature, and in the following year appointed a Judge of the Supreme Court of Connecticut. From that time he abandoned party politics, as inconsistent with judicial duties. In 18o8 he was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of Errors, which office he held until I819. In 1820 he revised his works, and they were published at Hartford by Samuel P. Goodrich. I-e removed to Detroit with his wife in 1825. They made their home with their daughter, Mrs. William Woodbridge, wife of Governor Woodbridge. The maiden name of Mr. Trumbull's wife was Sarah Hubbard. She was the daughter of D. Leverett Hubbard, and it is a curious and well authenticated fact that she was a lineal descendant of William the Conqueror, King of England. Mr. Trumbull died on May 10, 1831, and his remains are now in Elmwood Cemetery. He is recognized as being, after Phillip Freneau, the earliest American poet, and his "McFingal" was the most popular of all the poems of revolutionary days. It passed through thirty editions in America, and was twice reprinted in England. The city of Detroit was honored by his residence here for the last six years of his life, and honors itself by preserving his memory in the name of one of its finest avenues. WILLIAM A. THROOP, was born at Schoharie Court House, Schoharie County, New York, July 26, 1838. Seven years later, with his parents he removed to Syracuse, New York, and in 1855 came to Detroit, where his parents had removed some years previously. Soon after his arrival in Detroit, he entered the bookstore of John A. Kerr & Co., and retained this position until President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers, when he was the first citizen in Detroit to respond, enlisting for three months as Second Lieutenant of Company A, First Michigan Volunteer Infantry, on April 16, 186I, four days after the first gun was fired upon Fort Sumter, and the next morning after the President's proclamation. His regiment arrived in Washington on May I6, 186i, being the first troops west of the Alleghanies to arrive at the capital. It was assigned the honor of leading the Union forces on the soil of Virginia, and on May 24, i86, drove in the enemy's picket, capturing x50 rebel cavalry and the city of Alexandria. In the battle of Bull Run on July 2I, Lieutenant Throop and his comrades in General Heintzelman's division, were in the hottest of the fight. Lieutenant Throop's period of enlistment expired on August 7, 186I, and ten days later he again enlisted and was mustered in as Captain of ( ompany F, of the First Michigan Volunteer Infantry. IDuring the winter of 1861-2, this regiment was assigned to duty at Annapolis Junction, to guard the railroad between Washington and Baltimore. In the following spring his command moved to Fortress

AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. 1 IO Monroe, and joined the Army of the Potomac, and Capt. Throop thus shared in the engagements which followed at Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mills-where he was severely wounded-Peach Orchard, Savage Station, Turkey Bend, White Oak Swamp, Malvern Hill, and Harrison's Landing. At Gainesville, on August 29th, 1862, Captain Throop was especially distinguished in the heroic charges made upon the enemy's batteries on the Warrenton and Centerville turnpike, where eight officers and half of the regiment fell. For his bravery and daring in this engagement he was promoted on August 30, I862, to the rank of Major. He subsequently participated in the battle of Antietam and Shepard's Ford, and in the fierce winter contests of the same year at Fredericksburgh and United States Ford. At Falmouth, Virginia, on March I8, 1863, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel of the First Michigan Regiment and at the same time his command was assigned to the first brigade, first division, fifth Army Corps of the Potomac. This brigade, by eleven successive days of continuous field service, before and during the hard fighting at Chancellorsville, won the appellation of the " Flying Brigade." This service was followed, after a few days' rest, by participation in the battles of Kelley's Ford, Aldie, Ashley Gap and Gettysburgh. In the latter battle the Colonel of the First was wounded soon after the opening of the engagement, and the command of the regiment was assumed by Lieutenant-Colonel Throop. In this battle the First Michigan did most effective service, and as a part of the Fifth Corps, against overflowing numbers, stubbornly resisted the enemy, and thus enabled General Howard to hold Gettysburgh, Lieutenant-Colonel Throop, though wounded in the first day's fight, not only held his place on the memorable July 3d, but joined in the pursuit of the enemy on July 5; shared in the action at Williamsport, July 12; recrossed in Virginia, July I8th; and aided in driving the rebels through Manassas Gap in an engagement at Wapping Heights, on July 2ISt. He afterwards took part in the battles of Beverly Ford, and a few days later, with his command, joined the Eighteenth Massachusetts, and with a squadron of the Second Pennsylvania Cavalry crossed the Rappahannock, and occupied the town of Culpepper, doing provost duty. In February, 1864, he, with two hundred and thirteen of the First Michigan, re-enlisted as veterans, and in the following April returned to their former camping ground at Beverly Ford, and formed part of the Third Brigade, first division, in Grant's great campaign of 1864. At the battle of Cold Harbor, Lieutenant-Colonel Throop received a third wound, and at the siege of Petersburgh, July 30, I864, his fourth wound in action. Two days after the latter battle he was commissioned Brevet Colonel of United States Volunteers, for brave conduct and efficient service in the battles of the campaign, and took command of the First Brigade, first division, of the Fifth Corps. On November, 30, 1864, he was appointed acting inspector of the first division of the Fifth Corps, and on January 6, 1865, was honorably discharged. He faced bravely the dangers of more than fifty battles, and bore the scars of four wounds. The first, received at Gainesville, proved more serious than at first suspected, and was lasting in its ill effects. Never a day of his subsequent life was he free from pain on account of this injury. On March 13, I865, he was commissioned Brevet Brigadier-General United States Volunteers, for attention to duty and discipline, and in i866 was tendered by the Secretary of War an appointment as Captain of the Twentyeighth Infantry, regular army, but declined on account of business engagements. After the war he returned to Detroit, and engaged in the stationery business., On September 12, 1870, he was appointed by Governor Baldwin, Quartermaster-General of the State of Michigan. This office he efficiently filled for five successive years, and during this time devoted much time and attention to bringing into existence the State museum. In 1873 he was appointed Receiver of Taxes of the city of Detroit; held the office for four years, and then devoted himself principally to real estate business and the collection of war claims. A few months prior to his death he again engaged in the stationery trade. He was highly esteemed as a business man, was scrupulously honest in every transaction, and possessed the warm friendship of many of Detroit's best citizens, while his heroic services as a soldier entitle him to grateful remembrance. He was married July 30, I866, to Mary J. Porter, only daughter of the late George F. Porter. He died October 2, 1884, leaving his wife and one child, who bears his name. HENRY O. WALKER, M. D., was born in Leesville, Michigan, December x8, 1843, and is the son of Robert E. and Elizabeth (Lee) Walker, both of whom were natives of Yorkshire, England. His father was born February 22, 1816, came to America in I837, and settled in Wayne County. He was a farmer and brick manufacturer, and was for many years engaged in both avocations at Leesville, where he still resides. His wife was born December 13, i818. She came to America with her parents in 1833, and they were among the earliest settlers of Leesville, which is named in honor of her father, Charles Lee, who died at an advanced age in I869. He was highly respected, a man of

I 102 AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. devout religious convictions, an influential member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and well known in all the community as "Father Lee." Until his sixteenth year Henry O. Walker lived at home assisting in the labors of the farm and in the manufacture of brick. His rudimentary education was received by attendance at the district school during the winter months. In 1859, when the Detroit High School was established, he was one of the first students. After remaining at the High School two years he attended Albion College, returning home at the end of a year, and for a year following taught a district school, after which he returned to Albion College and pursued his studies through the Sophomore year, and then after spending one term at the Medical Department of the Michigan University, he entered the office of Dr. E. W. Jenks, and at the same time received a practical experience in surgery and medical practice at Harper Hospital, then used by the United States for invalid soldiers. In January, 1866, when the hospital was opened for ordinary patients, Dr. Walker became its first house surgeon. After several months' service he entered Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York, from which he graduated on February 28, I867. Returning to Detroit he immediately opened an office, and has been in continuous practice ever since. He was appointed Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Detroit Medical College in I869, and served until 1873. From 1873 to I879 he was Lecturer on Genito-Urinary Diseases in the same institution, and in I881 was elected Secretary of the College, member of and Secretary of the Board of Trustees, and in the same year was appointed Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Genito-Urinary Diseases, and Clinical Surgery, positions which he retained until the amalgamation of the Detroit and Michigan Medical College and the creation of the Detroit College of Medicine. In the new College he was elected a member of and Secretary of the Faculty and Board of Trustees, and was appointed and still retains the same professorship he had so ably filled in the Detroit Medical College. In 1873 and I874 he was City Physician. He has also served as County Physician and member of the city Board of Health. He was for several years a member, and has served as Secretary and President of the Academy of Medicine. He is a member of the Detroit Medical and Library Association, and was President in 1887. At the annual meeting of the Michigan State Medical Society, in 1887, he was elected one of its Vice-Presidents. He is also a member of and one of the Vice-Presidents of the American Medical Association, and at the meeting held in 1884, at Washington, D. C., was Secretary of the Surgical Section, and at the meeting of the medical editors at New Orleans, in I885. was elected President. He is surgeon of Harper and St. Mary's Hospitals, and of the Polish Orphan Asylum, and consulting surgeon in the Detroit Sanitarium. From 1872 to I874, he was surgeon of the Michigan Central Railroad, and for several years has been surgeon of the Wabash Railroad. While Dr. Walker has been engaged in a general medical and surgical practice, it is more especially in the line of surgery that he excels, and in many instances of perilous delicacy, requiring the highest order of skill, he has performed successful surgical operations, which have attracted wide attention, and deservedly given him a leading position in his profession. In 1882 he established the Detroit Clinic, a medical journal, with which the Detroit Medical News was subsequently merged in the Medical Age. His contributions to medical literature have been numerous, and have mostly pertained to surgery, especially in the line of genito-urinary subjects. In the latter branch of medical science he has been a most devoted student, and the results of his investigation and practical experience have greatly enriched the field of surgical science. The high standing he enjoys for professional abilities has been attained by patient, persistent endeavor, allied to natural aptitude for his calling. No member of his profession has pursued his work with more singleness of purpose, and to the exclusion of conflicting interests, and the position he holds, both as a physician and citizen, has been attained by his own exertions. Affability and congeniality, with trusted friends, are prominent traits in his character, and his frank and candid nature invites trust and insures warm attachment. In every relation of life he has made an honorable and manly record. He was married November 13, I872, to Gertrude Esselstyn, of Detroit. They have one son, Elton, born December I5, I874. ANTHONY WAYNE, Major-General U. S. A., was born at Waynesborough, Chester County, Pennsylvania, January I, 1745. His grandfather, Anthqny Wayne, a native of Yorkshire, England, commanded a squadron of dragoons under King William, at the battle of the Boyne, and held various civil offices. He emigrated to Pennsylvania in I722, and his son, Isaac, was a member of the Provincial Legislature, and served as an officer in several expeditions against the Indians. He was a man of great industry and enterprise, and not only carried on an extensive farm, but a tannery as well, which was probably the largest in Pennsylvania. Both the farm and tannery became the property of Anthony Wayne on the death of his father, in 1774. Anthony was educated at a school kept by his

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AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILI IARY OFFICERS. I o03 uncle, and at noon, in place of the usual games, he had the boys engaged in throwing up redoubts, skirmishing, and other warlike practices, and was inclined to neglect his studies. His uncle complained to his father, and he reprimanded Anthony severely, and from that time there was a marked change for the better in his habits. From his uncle's school he went to the Philadelphia Academy, where he remained two years, devoting most of his time to his favorite studies of mathematics, mechanics, optics,and astronomy. When he was eighteen years old he returned to Chester County and began business as a surveyor. While thus employed, he became acquainted with Dr. Franklin, and a strong friendship soon sprung up between them, which continued through life. Through the influence of Mr. Franklin he secured an appointment as agent of a Philadelphia association, formed to purchase and settle a tract of land in Nova Scotia. He visited there in 1765, and again in 1766, and superintended the affairs of the colony until the following year, when he returned to Pennsylvania, married a daughter of Bartholomew Penrose, an eminent merchant of Philadelphia, and established himself on a farm in his native county. He was soon holding various county offices, and took an active part in the troubles between Great Britain and the colonies. In 1774 he was one of the Provincial Deputies who met in Philadelphia to deliberate upon the affairs of the country. In the same year he was elected a member of the Legislature, and in the summer of 1775 was appointed a member of the Committee of Safety, with Dr. Franklin and others; but in S'eptember he relinquished an civil employment, and devoted his time to military drill and the study of tactics.. He then set about raising a regiment of volunteers, and was elected their Colonel. Meantime the congress, sitting at Philadelphia, called upon each of the colonies for a certain number of regiments to reinforce the Northern army, and Wayne's regiment was selected as one of the four required from Pennsylvania, and he was commissioned by Congress on January 3, 1776. Early in the spring he proceeded with his regimentalready one of the best disciplined in the service-to New York, and soon after was ordered to join General Sullivan in Canada. His first engagement with the enemy was at Three Rivers, and in that disastrous battle his intrepidity in attack, and his skill in covering the retreat, were equally conspicuous. On the withdrawal of the American army from Canada, the fortresses Ticonderoga and Mount Independence were committed to his care, with a garrison composed of his own and four other regiments. He remained in charge of these posts until May, 1777, and in the meantime was promoted to the rank of Brigadier-General. He then joined General Washington in New Jersey, and assisted him in driving the enemy from that province. At the battle of Brandywine, on September 11, he commanded a division of the army, and was stationed at Chadd's Ford to oppose the crossing of the river by Howe's right wing. He fought until after sunset, and was then compelled to retreat to escape being flanked by Cornwallis. Nine days after, while seeking an opportunity to cut off the baggage train of the British army, he was attacked by superior numbers, guided by American tories, and defeated near Paoli, with some loss. The disaster was, at Wayne's request, made the subject of a court-martial, and he was found to have done everything that could be expected of a brave and vigilant officer. During the ensuing winter, when the American army was suffering intensely at Valley Forge. Wayne was dispatched to New Jersey, within the British lines, for supplies, and succeeded in bringing into camp several hundred head of cattle, together with a number of horses suitable for cavalry service, and a large quantity of forage. His bravery and skillful maneuvering at the battle of Monmouth also contributed largely to the success of the American arms. On July IO, 1779, an interview took place between Washington and Wayne, in which they discussed the project of storming Stony Point. In the course of their conference, Wayne expressed his willingness to undertake the perilous enterprise, and is said to have remarked, " General, if you will only plan it, I will storm Hell." No record has been found of his storming the latter place, but, on the night of July I5, 1779, he surprised the fortification at Stony Point, and took the entire garrison prisoners. This was the most brilliant affair of the war, and for desperate daring has never been excelled. It occurred at a gloomy period in the colonial struggle, and greatly revived the patriots of the revolution. The victory was deemed so great that resolutions of thanks were passed by Congress, and the Legislature of Pennsylvania, and Wayne was greatly applauded. His services in the north were exceedingly valuable, and in January, 1780, he displayed remarkable skill and decision in the suppression of a mutiny which broke out at Morristown, because of the poor food and clothing supplied to the troops. In February of that year he was ordered to join the Southern army, and at the battle of Green Springs, Virginia, July 6, I780, by a prompt attack with a part of his brigade, he prevented a meditated maneuver that would probably have been disastrous to the force under Lafayette, and by this move he aided in the subsequent capture of Cornwallis at Yorktown. Soon after that event General Wayne

1104 AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. received orders to prepare to join the Southern army under command of General Greene. He reached the camp of the army about June I, 1782. On February 19, 1782, he crossed the Savannah river, and effected a landing in Georgia, and after routing large bodies of Indians, on their way to re-enforce the British, he succeeded in driving the enemy from the State. For these services the Legislature of Georgia gave him a vote of thanks, and granted him a large and valuable tract of land. He continued with the army at the South until the month of July, 1783, when he took passage for Philadelphia, and subsequently retired to his farm at Waynesborough, and also took measures to improve his Georgia lands. He began the movement to improve the navigation of the principal rivers of Georgia, and proposed the connection of the waters of the Delaware and Chesapeake Bay by canal. He was brevetted a Major-General by Congress, October 10, 1783, and in 1784 and 1785 served in the General Assembly of Pennsylvania. In 1787 he was elected a member of the convention which adopted the Constitution of the United States. In April, 1792, after the defeat of Generals Harmar and St. Clair, he was appointed commander-inchief of the United States Army. On May 25 he was furnished by the Secretary of War with the instructions from the President to conduct a war against the hostile Indians in the West, and on August 20, 1794, he gained a brilliant victory over the Miamis, compelling them to sue for peace. He was shortly afterwards appointed commissioner to treat with the Indians of the Northwest, and to take possession of all forts held by the British in that territory. The ability, determination and promptitude with which he managed affairs, impressed the hostile tribes with a dread, which operated as a wholesome restraint long after his death. In pursuance of his duties, General Wayne reached Detroit early in August, I796, and was presented with an address by the citizens, who selected the name of Wayne for the new county established during his stay in Detroit. This was doubtless the first county in the United States named after him, but now there are numerous counties by this name in the Western States. Having put things in a proper state, he left Detroit between November 14 and 17, 1796, for Presque Isle. On the way, on the 17th, the day before he landed, he was seized with an attack of the gout, and on December 15, 1796, he died. His remains were temporarily deposited at Presque Isle, from whence they were removed in 1809, by his son, Isaac Wayne, to the cemetery of St. David's Church, near his old farm in Chester County. General Wayne was one of the most brilliant officers of the revolution, and brave to a fault, insomuch that he gained the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony," yet he was really discreet and cautious, fruitful in expedients, quick in detecting the purpose of an enemy, instant in decision, and prompt in execution. In person he was above what is termed the middle stature, and was well proportioned. He had dark hair, his forehead was high and handsomely formed, his eyes were of a dark hazel color, intelligent, quick, and penetrating. His nose approached the aquiline. The remainder of his face was well proportioned, and his whole countenance fine and animated. His natural disposition was exceedingly amiable. He was ardent and sincere in his attachments, of pure morals, and his manners were refined. RICHARD STORRS WILLIS is a descendant of George Willis, a Puritan of distinction, who arrived from England as early as 1626, took the Freeman's oath in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was elected as deputy to the General Court in I638. Richard Storrs Willis was born in Boston, Massachusetts, February I o, 819, and is the son of Nathaniel and Hannah (Parker) Willis, and the youngest brother of Nathaniel Parker Willis and "Fanny Fern." He belongs to a long line of editors and authors whose record extends back in unbroken succession for one hundred and twenty-five years and includes many of the most popular writers our country has produced. It is a singular coincidence that from 1776 to I800 his grandfather, Nathaniel Willis, edited, three newspapers: The Independent Chronicle, The Potomac Guardian and the Sciota Gazette; from 1803 to I860 Nathaniel Willis, his father, founded and edited three newspapers: The Eastern Argus, The Boston Recorder (the first religious newspaper in the world) and The Youth's Companion (the first newspaper for youth); from 1830 to I866 Nathaniel Parker Willis, his brother, edited three papers: The New York Mirror, The Corsair and The Home Journal; and from I851 to I863 Richard Storrs Willis edited three papers: The Musical Times, The Musical World and Once a Month. Richard Storrs Willis was a student at Chauncey Hall, later was at the Boston Latin School, and entered Yale College in I837. In his sophomore year he was chosen President of the Beethoven Society, which was composed of all the musical talent of the college, its members doing service at the chapel choir, and furnishing the music at the annual commencements. Mr. Willis composed industriously for the college choir and orchestra, and arranged and harmonized many German partsongs, the words of which were translated for the purpose by the poet Percival. Among other

AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. IIO5 instrumental pieces he wrote the "Glen Mary Waltzes," which for a quarter of a century were published by Oliver Ditson & Co. After graduating in I841 Mr. Willis went to Germany and devoted himself to the study of musical science at Frankfort-on-the-Main. He completed an elaborate course in harmony and musical form under the direction of the venerable Schnyder von Wartensee, and in Leipzig a course on counterpoint and instrumentation with Hauptmann, Professor in the conservatory, and Cantor of the "Thomas Schule." Subsequently he had the good fortune to pass a summer in the Taunus Mountains in company with Mendelssohn, the poet Freiligrath, Gutzkow, the dramatic author, and the.professor-poet, Hoffman von Fallersleben. Mendelssohn reviewed some of the work Mr. Willis had done with Schnyder, and revised his compositions. These manuscripts bearing Mendelssohn's pencil marks, together with a canon which the great composer wrote in Mr. Willis's album at parting, form a highly valued souvenir. While passing a winter in Homburg, Mr. Willis's familiarity with German enabled him to do some literary work for Gustav, the reigning landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, who conferred upon him a diploma with the honorary title of Professor. Returning to America after six years of absence, Mr. Willis visited Yale College and for a time occupied himself with a class of tutors and professors who desired to practise colloquial German. He afterwards went to New York, where he became connected with the press, and wrote for the Albion, the Tribune, the Musical Times and the Catholic World. He subsequently bought and edited the Musical Times, which later on was consolidated with the Musical World. After some years he started a magazine called Once a Month. It was devoted to the fine arts. He also wrote a work entitled "Our Church Music," which met with high commendation from the London Athenaum. He next brought out a volume of " Church Chorals " and numerous " Student Songs," and " Miscellaneous Lyrics." During the war he competed for a prize offered for the best national song, and his "Anthem of Liberty," to which he also composed the music, was pronounced best by the committee. Richard Grant White, in his subsequent collection of these songs gave it enthusiastic praise. Mr. Willis afterwards wrote the song "Why, Northmen, Why?" and others of a patriotic type which were rehearsed in schools and sung at public gatherings. In 1851 Mr. Willis married Miss Jessie Cairns, of Roslyn, Long Island. Mrs. Willis died in I858. Her pure and lovely nature is tenderly delineated in her husband's "Memorial," and the pages also contain lines from William Cullen Bryant, "Fanny Fern" and other eminent persons. In I86I Mr.Willis married Mrs. Alexandrine Macomb Campau, of Detroit. During a four years' residence in Europe, where he went for the education of his children, while residing in Nice, he collected his national songs and miscellaneous lyrics into a volume, entitled " Waif of Song," which was published by Galignani, of Paris. The first volumes of the book were sold during the Nice carnival of 1876, for the benefit of the poor, by Mrs. Willis, who presided over the American Kiosque in the public square. While in Europe, Mr. Willis's three daughters Annie, Blanche and Jessie, married three officers of the United States flag-ship "Franklin," then lying near Nice, under command of Admiral Worden. Annie married Lieutenant Ward; Blanche. Lieutenant Emory (since then widely known as commander of the " Bear" in the Greely relief expedition); and Jessie, Lieutenant Brodhead, son of the gallant Michigan cavalry colonel in the War of the Rebellion. During late years Mr. Willis has resided almost continuously in Detroit, and has devoted his time to literary pursuits, publishing among other works a volume of lyrics, entitled " Pen and Lute." In 1887 he was elected one of the Commissioners of the Public Library. He is thoroughly identified with the city, and his recognized ability, high social position and pure character, have made him a wellknown and esteemed citizen. ORLANDO B. WILCOX, Brigadier-General, and Brevet Major-General United States Army, was born at Detroit, April i6, 1823. He graduated from West Point in 1847, was appointed Second Lieutenant Fourth Artillery and served in the Mexican war as Lieutenant in Lloyd Tilghman's Maryland Volunteer Battery, and in Lovell's Fourth Artillery Battery on expedition to Cuernaraca, Mexico, and in I850 was with the same battery under General Sumner in his campaign against the Arrapahoe Indians, and was then on sea-coast and lake artillery service up to I856. During the Burn's Riot in Boston, in 1854, he rendered valuable service in preserving the peace. On January I, I858, he resigned his commission and commenced the practice of law at Detroit, and continued therein until the war with the South began. He was among the first to offer his services to the Government, and on May I, I861, was appointed Colonel of First Michigan three months' volunteers, and with his regiment left the city for Washington on May 13. He participated in the capture of Alexandria and Fairfax Court House, and at the first battle of Bull Run, on July 21 st, commanded a brigade composed of the First and Fourth Michigan, the Eleventh New York Fire Zouaves, and the Thirty-fourth Pennsylvania.

I IO6 AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. In this engagement he was badly wounded, captured, and held as prisoner of war, being part of the time in the hospital at Richmond, at Charleston, S. C. Jail, Castle Pinkney, Columbia Jail, Libby Prison and Salisbury Prison as hostage for privateers, etc. He was released on August I8, I862, and returned to Detroit on August 27. His return being anticipated, arrangements were made for giving him a public welcome, and it is safe to say that no such hearty and general welcome was ever before extended to any citizen of Detroit. There was an immense procession, arches were erected and an address of welcome delivered. In testimony of his gallantry at Bull Run he was appointed Brigadier-General August 20, 1862, to rank from July 2I, I86r. After his release he served with distinction at the battles of South Mountain and Antietam, in command of the First Division of the Ninth Corps, and in command of the Ninth Corps at the first battle of Fredericksburgh. He marched in command of the Ninth Corps to Kentucky and commanded successively the Ninth Corps and the District of Central Kentucky and the District of Indiana and Michigan during the drafts riots and Morgan's Raids, and the District of the Clinch, in Cumberland Mountains, East Tennessee, holding communication open between Kentucky and East Tennessee, during the siege of Knoxville and successfully repulsing separate attacks at Walker's Ford and Strawberry Plains, and remained in command of the Division of the Ninth Corps to the end of the war. He fought in the battles of the Wilderness and at Spottsylvania; was in skirmishes on the Talopotomy, battle of Bethesda Church and participated in attacks on and operations around Petersburgh, and in actions on Norfolk and Weldon roads, and at Gurley House; was at Pegram Farm and Hatcher's Run, and at the seige of Petersburgh, his division was the first to break through and receive the actual surrender of the city. He commanded the Detroit Department of the Lakes, with headquarters at Detroit, from December 26, 1865, to January 15, 1866. He was brevetted Brigadier-General for "gallant and meritorious service in the battle of Spottsylvania Court House," and Major-General "for services in the capture of Petersburgh," and MajorGeneral of volunteers for his participation "in the several actions since crossing the Rapidan." On January 15, I866, he was mustered out of volunteer service and returned to Detroit. On July 28, following he was reappointed in the regular service as Colonel of the Twenty-ninth Infantry, and was afterwards transferred to the Twelfth Infantry. From November, 1866, to March, 1869, he commanded the District of Lynchburgh, Va. From April, 1869, to April, 1878, except fifteen months' recruiting service as Superintendent, he commanded a regiment on the Pacific coast and then served in and commanded the Department of Arizona for four years and a half, suppressing Indian hostilities of Chimehuevas, Apaches, etc., in Arizona and Southern California, operating in New Mexico, on Mexican frontier, Colorado and Gila Rivers, etc., and received therefore the thanks of the Legislature of Arizona. From September, 1882, to October, I886, he was in command of his regiment and post at Madison Barracks, New York. He was promoted to be a Brigadier-General on October 13, 1886, and assigned to command of the Department of the Missouri. On April I6, 1887, he retired from active service and returned to Michigan, stopping for a time in Ann Arbor and then going to Washington, D. C., where he is acting as Superintendent of the Army and Navy Bureau Department of the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York. In his earlier life he found time to indulge in literary pursuits and is the author of stories entitled, "Walter March" and "Foca." He also wrote "Instruction for Field Artillery." He was first married in August, 1852, to Marie Louise Farnsworth, daughter of the late Elon Farnsworth. His children by this marriage are Lieutenant Elon F. Wilcox, Sixth Cavalry, United States Army; Marie Louise, wife of Lieutenant S. C. Miller, Twelfth Infantry; Grace North, wife of E. T. Comegys, Assistant Surgeon United States Army; Orlando B. W., Jr., law student at University of Michigan, and Charles McAllister, cadet at Orchard Lake M ilitary Academy. After the death of his first wife in November, 188I, he married Julia Elizabeth Wyeth, daughter of John McReynolds, of Detroit. They have one child, Julian Wilcox. HAL C. WYMAN, M. D., was born March 22, 1852, at Anderson, Indiana. His ancestors emigrated to New England in 1638, and his father, Dr. Henry Wyman, was one of the early physicians of Michigan, and gained distinction not only by his successful practice, but more especially as a sanitarian. He was the chief originator of the so-called " Swamp Land Laws" of Michigan, under which the swamps were drained and the healthfulness of the peninsula vastly improved, and among the early benefactors of Michigan there was no man, perhaps, to whom the inhabitants are more deeply indebted. Hal C. Wyman was educated in the public schools and at the Michigan State Agricultural College. He began the study of medicine with his father, and subsequently attended the medical department of the University of Michigan, and

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AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. I 107 graduated in I873. He then went to Europe and studied medicine and surgery in the schools of Edinburgh, Berlin, and Paris, and on his return commenced practice at Blissfield, Michigan. Leaving Blissfield he assisted in the organization of the Fort Wayne Medical College, in Indiana, in which he held the chairs of Pathology and Clinical Surgery until I879. He was then invited to Detroit to fill the chair of Physiology in the Detroit Medical College, and after a time accepted the same chair in the Michigan College of Medicine, and discharged the duties it involved until 1885, when he resigned in the interest of a large and increasing practice, which has since occupied his entire time. In i886 he was appointed by the Trustees of the Minnesota Hospital College, at Minneapolis, Special Lecturer on Surgical Physiology, and early in the same year Governor Luce, of Michigan, appointed him a member of the State Board of Charities and Corrections. The Michigan State Board of Agriculture conferred upon him the degree of Master of Science for researches and investigations in animal physiology. He is full of philanthropic zeal, and is the founder and President of the Board of Trustees of the Detroit Emergency and Accidental Hospital, one of the most useful humanitarian institutions in the city. He is also Professor of the Principles of Surgery and Operative Surgery of the Michigan College of Medicine and Surgery, established in i888. He is a member of the local State and National medical societies, and holds honorary titles from leading foreign medical and scientific societies. In all that pertains to medical science, Dr. Wyman is a close and thorough student, and is a notably successful practitioner. W hile familiar with the various branches of medicine, his special studies have been in surgery, and his writings and numerous scientific papers have been mainly upon surgical subjects. His practice is also largely surgical, and by his skill and success he has attained;high rank in the profession, both at home and abroad. Professionally and socially he is one of the most genial of men, and society loses much from the unremitting labor which his large practice imposes upon him. He is thoroughly conscientious in his practice, carefully, zealously and studiously considers the welfare of his patients, and is large-hearted in all his dealings with them. He has large capacity for the discharge of professional work, and is a ready, fluent, and effective speaker, as well as an able, scholarly, and vigorous writer. He was married October 30, 1879, to Jennie L. Barnum, of Adrian, Michigan. They have three daughters, Gladys Prudence, Carrie Louise, and Jennie Abigail Wyman. CHARLES CHESTER YEMANS, M. D., was born at Massena Springs, St. Lawrence County, New York, May 24, 1834. His ancestors were among the pioneers of New England. His grandmother Yemans was a daughter of Judge Daniel Carpenter and sister of Governor Dillingham, of Vermont. His father, William Yemans, was born at Norwich, Vermont, in I8io. He was a builder by profession and erected rolling m'ills at Wyandotte, Chicago, Milwaukee and in other cities. His mother's maiden name was Nancy Lockwood. At the time of her marriage she was teaching school at Massena Springs. The name Yemans is prominent among the original settlers of Taunton, Massachusetts, and Tolland, Connecticut, and as early as 1742, the name was spelled interchangeably Yemans, Yeomans or Youmans. The grandfather of C. C. Yemans moved from Tolland, Connecticut, to Norwich, Vermont, and from there in I836, his son William Yemans moved with his family to Russell, Geauga County, Ohio, and thence in the following year to Chagrin Falls, Cuyahoga County, Ohio, where the family remained ten years. His wife died at Chagrin Falls in 1846, and the next year the father removed to Cleveland, Ohio, leaving C. C. Yemans at the home of a farmer, where he was expected to work for his board and have the privilege of a few months' schooling during the winter. Not relishing this arrangement, the son during 1847 secured the position of cabin boy on board the screw steamer Boston, Captain Munroe, plying between Buffalo and Chicago, and continued on the lakes for seven years, becoming acquainted, by actual experience, with all the hardships and privations connected with a sailor's life. During the winter months of this period he' lived for the most part at Chagrin Falls and attended the public school and Ashbury Seminary. In 1854, by means of money saved from his pay as a sailor, he entered a private academy at Chagrin Falls, conducted by the Rev. F. D. Taylor. From this institution he graduated in April, I855, sailed part of the following season as master of a vessel and in the autumn began teaching a winter school in Flat Rock, Wayne County, Michigan. The following summer he resided at Wyandotte, superintending for his father the erection of the rolling mill at that place. The succeeding winter he taught school at Ecorse, and afterwards in Wyandotte and Trenton, pursuing as best he could the preparatory studies for the University. At this time valuable assistance was rendered him by Dr. E. P. Christian, of Wyandotte, with whom he began the study of Latin, and also by Dr. Nash, with whom he studied algebra and logic. In the fall of I859 he began a classical course in the Ypsilanti -Union Seminary,

108 AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. under the tuition of Prof. Estabrooke, remaining two terms and then going to Dearborn, where he taught for one year. Returning to Ypsilanti he pursued his studies until the fall of I86I, and was then prepared to enter the University, but not having sufficient means he was compelled to abandon his cherished plan and instead thereof he entered the ministry the same fall as a member of Detroit Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, his first pastoral appointment being at Southfield, Oakland County. In the fall of 1862, before his pastoral term had ended, he volunteered as a private soldier, and was soon afterward mustered into the Union service as Second Lieutenant of Company D, Twenty-fourth Michigan Infantry, commanded by Colonel Henry A. Morrow. The Twenty-fourth Regiment was brigaded with the Second, Sixth and Seventh Wisconsin and Nineteenth Indiana, which brigade was known as the Iron Brigade, and took part in the battle of Fredericksburgh. In February, 1863, Lieutenant Yemans was appointed anaide-de-camp on the staff of General Meredith and acting assistant inspector general, and as such participated in the battles of Fitzhugh Crossing and Chancellorsville. After the battle he was taken ill with a fever and sent to Georgetown Hospital, and in July, I863, to St. Mary's Hospital, Detroit. In August following, though far from well, he rejoined General Meredith at Cambridge City, Indiana, and after remaining about a month, his health continuing feeble, by the advice and recommendation of ExSurgeon-General Dr. Tripler, he resigned his staff commission, a step he has since regretted as illadvised. After his resignation he resumed his. ministerial duties and was appointed pastor of the Methodist church at Minnesota Mine, Lake Superior, and was subsequently stationed at Commerce, Plymouth, Negaunee and Ishpeming. At the two latter places he secured the erection of churches that now have large and prosperous congregations. In 1867 he served as secretary of Detroit Conference, in session at Ann Arbor, and in I870 was appointed associate pastor with Rev. W. X. Ninde. D. D., at the Central Methodist Episcopal Church, Detroit, and in this year Lawrence University, at Appleton, Wisconsin, conferred upon him the honorary degree of A. M. Having previously studied and practiced under preceptors during his residence in the Lake Superior country by assisting the mining surgeons, during his pastorate at Detroit he continued the study of medicine in the Detroit Medical College and graduated in 1872. The same year he was appointed city physician, served for three months, and was then appointed assistant surgeon under Dr. James A. Brown to the Detroit House of Correc tion, serving as such until 1876. He was then made surgeon-in-chief, a position he retained until 188o, when he resigned his commission in order to devote his time to private practice. During his term as assistant surgeon he rendered especially valuable service to the institution through two epidemics of small-pox. In 1873 he was appointed assistant demonstrator of anatomy, and in 1875 lecturer on chemistry in the Detroit Medical College, and in 1882 was appointed United States Pension Surgeon. He was one of the organizers of the Michigan College of Medicine and held from the first the position of professor of diseases of the skin, resigning May ist, 1887, for the purpose of devoting his entire time to special practice in dermatology. He is a member of the Detroit Academy of Medicine and was its Vice-President in 1876, and in September, 1887, was elected President He is a member of the Wayne County Medical Society, and was its President for two successive years; and is also a member of the Detroit Medical and Library Association and of the Michigan Medical A ssociation. His practice has been general in its character, but has pertained largely to the diseases of the skin, a branch of medical practice to which he has given attention, and in the treatment of which he has been very successful. He has written several articles pertaining to this subject which have been widely circulated and favorably noticed by several medical journals. He is a member of Fairbanks Post No. 17, G. A. R, and of the military order of the Loyal Legion, and President of the Twenty-fourth Michigan Veteran Association. During the period of the great Chicago and Michigan fires in 1871 he had charge of the contributions made by the Young Men's Christian Associations of the State in aid of the sufferers, and was very energetic and successful in securing and distributing the needed goods and money which relieved thousands of cases. Of late years he has been an extensive purchaser of real estate in the northeastern part of the city, and numerous advantages in the way of new streets and other improvements have been obtained as the result of his exertions and good judgment. While these improvements have contributed to his own financial advancement, his projects have been of a character to profit others also; and as a business man his counsel is often sought. In 1887 he was the Republican candidate for Mayor of Detroit. It is greatly to the credit of Dr. Yemans that he has obtained his position solely by his own exertions. He had neither patrimony nor influential friends to aid him, but he has been persistently studious and laborious, and these qualities have perhaps served him better than would other ad

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AUTHORS, EDITORS, PUBLISHERS, PHYSICIANS, MILITARY OFFICERS. 1109 vantages. During the years when he was slowly building up the present large practice, he made substantial use of his knowledge of Greek, Latin, German,and mathematics, supporting his family in part by giving private instructions to a number of young men in Detroit who have great reason to thank him for his patient care and attention. He has rare powers of persuasion, penetration and push, and has triumphed over obstacles that would have conquered hundreds of weaker spirits, but aided by a competent helpmate and with unfaltering courage, he has gone steadily forward, and though he may have enemies there can be no doubt of his ability to win and retain the friendship of many persons who are as warm and appreciative as any could desire. He was married at Flat Rock, Michigan, in April, i856, to Miss Mary Chamberlain; they have had four children. Dr. Herbert W. Yemans, their eldest son, was born in I857; graduated from the Detroit Medical College in 1878, and the same year was appointed surgeon of the English steamship Palestine. Resigning his position when on the other side of the Atlantic, he entered the medical department of Strassburg University, where he remained a year and a half, becoming an accomplished German scholar. He then returned to Detroit and for a year continued his medical studies. In July, I877, he was appointed surgeon in the United States Marine Hospital Service, and was assigned to duty at Sitka, Alaska. He has made two voyages into the Arctic Ocean under the direction of the government, and is now located at Galveston, Texas. A daughter, Thena, now Mrs. Robert Henkel, resides in DIetroit. A son, Charles, was killed in 1875, in a railroad accident. A third son, C. C. Yemans, Jr., is in school at Saratoga Springs, N. Y.

CHAPTER XCIII. JUDGES AND LAWYERS. JOHN ATKINSON was born at Warwick, Lambton County, Canada, May 24, 1841. His father, James Atkinson, was born in Ireland, January I, 1798, and was a man of liberal education and a surveyor by profession. He married Elizabeth Shinners in 1823. She was born in the County of Clare, near the city of Limerick, Ireland. Her mother, Lucy O'Brien, was a distant relative of William Smith O'Brien, the distinguished leader in the Irish Rebellion of 1848. In 1832 James Atkinson, with his family, emigrated to the New World, first settling at Prescott, Canada, afterwards at Toronto, then at Warwick, and finally at Port Huron, Michigan. During the earlier years of his experience in the West, his profession afforded him but limited employment, and with all the vigor and energy of the early pioneer, he turned his attention to clearing land. During the latter years of his life, especially while at Port Huron, where he located when his son John was thirteen years old, he devoted his time entirely to surveying. He had eleven children, nine of whom reached maturity. Patrick, the eldest, during the War of the Rebellion, was a member of Company C, Twentysecond Michigan Volunteer Infantry, was captured at the battle of Chickamauga, September 20, I863, and died in Andersonville Prison, June 22, I864. O'Brien J., the eldest living son, was the first graduate of the Michigan Law School, and is practising law at Port Huron. Thomas is a carpenter, at the same place. William F., a lawyer at Detroit, served in the Rebellion as Captain of Company K, Third Michigan Volunteer Infantry. James J., also a lawyer in Detroit, was Adjutant of the regiment in which his brother William served. The early education of John Atkinson was mostly obtained at home, under the direction of his father and mother, both of whom were liberally educated, and had taught school in Ireland. He commenced the study of law when he was less than sixteen, in the office of William T. Mitchell and Harvey McAlpine, of Port Huron. He took care of the office and did all the copying required in an ex tensive business, receiving a salary running chrough the years of his minority, of from $60 to $Ioo per year. Through the kindness of the firm he was allowed to be absent for two terms of six months each, which he spent at the law school at Anni Arbor, where he graduated in 1862. The day he became of age he was admitted to practise in the Supreme Court, sitting in Detroit, and immediately began business in partnership with William T. Mitchell, with whom he had previously studied. He, however, had hardly entered upon the duties of his profession before the War for the Union began to assume the magnitude of a great conflict, and to engage the attention of every well-wisher of his country. On July 25, 1862, Mr. Atkinson was commissioned Second Lieutenant, and in the following ten days he organized Company C, of the Twentysecond Michigan Infantry, of which company he was elected Captain. This company left for the front September 4, I862, under the command of ex-Governor Moses Wisner, became a part of the brigade of General Judah, and was placed on the heights of Covington for the defense of Cincinnati, then threatened by General Kirby Smith, of the rebel army. At the end of a month it was sent upon an expedition against General John Morgan, passing through Williamstown, Cynthiana, Mount Sterling, and Paris, reaching Lexington, Kentucky, about the last of October. It was then assigned to the brigade of General Green Clay Smith, and to the division of General Q. A. Gilmour. Up to this period several skirmishes had taken place, but no pitched battles. While with General Gilmour, the regiment took part in the battle of Danville, and in the campaign which followed, including the slight engagements at Lancaster and Crabb Orchard. In the early part of I863, the Twenty-second regiment was sent to Nashville, and joined the Army of the Cumberland, serving in the division of General James E. Morgan. At the time of the advance upon Chattanooga, Captain Atkinson was assigned to staff duty on the staff of General R. S. Granger, which position he held at the time of the [II~o].

JUDGES AND LAWYERS. I I I I battle of Chickamauga and therefore did not take part in that engagement. Immediately after this battle he rejoined his regiment at Chattanooga, as Captain of Company C, and was in command at the siege of that place. The first important battle participated in by his regiment occurred during the efforts made to open up communication with General Hooker's army, approaching from Alabama. The Twenty-second regiment had charge of the pontoon bridge where General Sherman and his army crossed the Tennessee river, but was in the reserve during the battles of Mission Ridge and Lookout Mountain. After the latter battle it was assigned to the reserve brigade, and attached to General Thomas' headquarters, and with him participated in all the fighting from Chattanooga to Atlanta. In front of Atlanta Captain Atkinson was promoted to be Major of the Twenty-second regiment, and assigned to recruiting service in Michigan. He came to Detroit, and late in the summer of 1864 was placed in command of the camp at Pontiac, with instructions to organize the Thirtieth regiment Michigan Volunteers. During the following thirty days he organized seven companies, four of which were assigned to the Fourth Michigan Volunteers, then being reorganized at Adrian, and the remaining companies to the Third Michigan, being reorganized at Grand Rapids. Major Atkinson was made Lieutenant-Colonel of the latter regiment on October 13, 1864, the rank to date from July 29, 1864. He accompanied the Third regiment to the Army of the Cumberland, stationed at Nashville, and participated in the engagements with Hood's army, on its way to Nashville, at Decatur, Alabama. His regiment formed a part of the force defending Murfreesboro against General Forrest's cavalry, during the battles of Franklin and Nashville. After the battle, the Third regiment moved with the Army of the Cumberland to Chattanooga, and into East Tennessee as far as Jonesboro, and was at the latter place at the time of the surrender of General Lee's and General Johnston's armies. From there the Third returned to Nashville, and was immediately sent to New Orleans, to take part in the campaign against General Kirby Smith. It remained at New Orleans until August, I865, when it was sent to Indianola, Texas. From there it was ordered to San Antonio, Texas, where it remained until mustered out of service in the spring of 1866. Colonel Atkinson participated in all these marches and maneuvers, and while at Austin, Texas, served on the staff of General Custer as Judge Advocate. He was mustered out of the service February 24, 1866, and his military career then ended, except as he served as Captain of the Detroit National Guards in I872. Shortly before leaving the service, on February I, I866, while at San Antonio, Colonel Atkinson married Lida Lyons, a native of Texas, daughter of Dr. James H. Lyons, a surgeon in the Southern army, and at one time Mayor of San Antonio. He now returned to Port Huron and renewed his law practice in partnership with John S. Crellen and his brother, O'Brien J. Atkinson. Mr. Crellen died soon after, and Cyrus Miles took his place as partner, but the partnership was soon dissolved, and Colonel Atkinson entered into partnership with Anson E. Chadwick, under the firm name of Chadwick & Atkinson. They continued together until 1870, when Colonel Atkinson came to Detroit. Here for one year he practiced alone, after which he formed a partnership with General L. S. Trowbridge, which continued until 1873, when Colonel Atkinson became editor and manager of the Daily Union, a Democratic journal, of which he had become the principal owner. He proved himself to be a fearless and able journalist, but the venture was not a financial success, and at the end of three months the publication was discontinued, leaving Colonel Atkinson deeply in debt, and although he could have legally avoided liquidating certain obligations, his sense of honor would not permit such a course, and he eventually discharged every dollar of the indebtedness. Returning to the practice of law he became a partner with John G. Hawley, under the firm name of Atkinson & Hawley. In I875 James J. Atkinson, his brother, was admitted to the firm, and in 1876, having been elected Prosecuting Attorney, Mr. Hawley retired from the firm. J. T. Kenna was next associated with the firm as partner, remaining until I88I, when he retired, and William F. Atkinson was admitted, and the next year Colonel Atkinson retired. In 1883 he formed a partnership with Judge Isaac Marsden, who had just resigned his position as one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of Michigan; this last partnership continued until March i, I887, when Colonel Atkinson retired from the firm and gave up office practice. At present, while still active in the profession, he confines himself entirely to the trial of important cases. He takes an active interest in politics, and acted with the Democratic party until I88i, although he frequently protested against and sometimes actively opposed its candidates. He was appointed Collector of Customs at Port Huron by Andrew Johnson in i866, served until March 4, 1867, and was rejected by the Senate on purely political grounds. He was nominated for Attorney-General in 1870, and for State Senator in 1872, but declined both nominations. He was, however, left upon the ticket, and defeated with his party. He was elected a member of the Board of Estimates, and served one term, during which he

JUDGES AND LAWYERS. I I I2 opposed the abolition of the Central Market and advocated the purchase of Belle Isle. In I88I Mr. Atkinson assisted the Republicans in their municipal campaign, and helped to elect William G. Thompson Mayor over William Brodie. In 1882 he supported the Republican State and local ticket, and in 1883 received the unanimous vote of the delegates of Wayne County in the Republican Convention for Justice of the Supreme Court, but declined to be a candidate. In I884 he was nominated for Congress in Wayne County on the Republican ticket, but his opponents used the fact that he was a Roman Catholic very successfully against him, and he was defeated by a large majority. In 1887, Wayne County, after a spirited contest, gave him fifty-nine out of her sixty-nine votes in the Republican Convention for Justice of the, Supreme Court. He received nearly three hundred votes in all, but was defeated by Judge James V. Campbell. In his profession Mr. Atkinson has never followed any specialty. He has been engaged in many important land cases, has gone through several great will contests, and has been particularly prominent in defending libel cases. He defended the News in its great case with Hugh Peoples, in which it was successful, and in its equally great case with Dr. Maclean, in which it was beaten. He has defended Luther Beecher in many cases brought by ex-Mayor Wheaton, and has always succeeded in preventing a recovery. One of Mr. Atkinson's most important cases was the defense of Mr. Babcock, of St. Johns, for accusing a Congregational minister of not believing the Bible to be the work of God. Under his crossexamination, the plaintiff made such admissions that the jury found the charge sustained. In the practice of his profession, as in his political life, Mr. Atkinson has provoked some strong antagonisms. Like most men of warm temperament, he is sometimes unnecessarily severe, using words which he afterwards deeply regrets. Other characteristics, however, coupled with his really superior abilities, make him a desirable friend, and among his associates he is deemed a most agreeable companion. For the land of his ancestors he cherishes the most tender feelings of sympathy, and as a member of the American Land League has taken a warm and active interest in the struggles made by the conservative leaders of Ireland, to'mitigate, if possible, by peaceful measures, the horrors of English misrule. During the summer of I886 he made an extended tour through Ireland, not alone for recreation, but more especially to become, by personal investigation, familiar with the conditions of the people. He returned increasingly convinced of the injustice with which Ireland has been treated by the English Government, and can well afford to entertain an opinion, the truth of which is conceded even by Gladstone. Since his residence in Detroit, Mr. Atkinson has been a member of St. Patrick's Catholic Church. He has had ten children, seven of whom are living LEVI BISHOP was born at Russell, Hampton County, Massachusetts, October I5, I815. His father, Levi Bishop, and his mother, Roxana (Phelps) Bishop, were both descendants of early puritan settlers of New England. His father was an independent farmer and gave his son the usual advantages afforded by the schools of that period and locality. When hardly twenty years old the speculative fever of 1835 drew him to the west, and on June Ist of that year he arrived in Michigan. After prospecting here and there he located permanently in Detroit in 1837, and two years later began the study of law in the office of A. S. Porter, subsequently studying in the office of Judge Daniel Goodwin. Within three years, in 1842, after passing a highly creditable examination, he was admitted to the bar. He became almost immediately prominent in his profession; was made a Master of Chancery by the Governor on March 3, 1846, and appointed to a similar office in connection with the United States Courts on June 19, I85I. He early became zealously interested in the cause of public education and served as a member of the Board of Education continuously for ten years, from 1849 to 1859, and from 1852, for a period of seven consecutive years, was the President of the Board, holding the office for nearly twice the length of time that any predecessor or successor enjoyed the honor. No one in all the years labored more effectually and intelligently than he to promote the welfare of the schools. The memory of his labors is appropriately commemorated in the school building which bears his name. His time was always gratuitously given in public affairs and he rendered services without fee or reward that in later years have cost the city many thousands of dollars. He was compelled under the system then prevailing, to assume heavy responsi bilities and disburse large amounts of money, and every trust, either public or private, was faithfully and honestly administered. His connection with educational affairs was fitly closed with his election as Regent of the State University. He held the position from I858 to I864, and was influential in various ways in promoting the welfare of the institution. In 1855 he was president of the Young Men's Society, then in the zenith of its usefulness and strength. From i876, up to the time of his death, a period of six years, he held the position of City

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JUDGES AND LAWYERS. I1I3 Historiographer, and did much to awaken interest in historic research. He was chiefly instrumental in the organization of the Wayne County Pioneers Society in 1871, and served as its president for ten years. He may also be properly styled the founder of the State Pioneer Society, as his efforts, more than those of any other person, secured its establishment. He presented many valuable papers and documents to both societies and his presence was much sought at local gatherings of pioneer citizens. Through his literary productions he achieved more than local fame. His most elaborate work, an epic poem in twenty-eight cantos, descriptive of Indian life and character in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, is entitled, "Teuschsa Grondie." It was published in an octavoof about 6o0 pages and at least three editions were issued. He also wrote many other poems and prose articles on a variety of historic subjects, besides translating several French plays, and was especially well versed in French literature and conversed with ease in that language. His abilities were recognized outside of his own circle, and he was honored with a membership in the Royal Historical Society of Great Britain, and in 1876 was appointed a delegate to the International Congress of Americanists, at Luxembourg. In 186I he went abroad and traveled entensively on the continent, and his letters home, published in the Advertiser, showed that he possessed rare powers of observation and description. It should not be forgotten, however, that his connection with the law preceded and kept pace with his special literary pursuits. As a lawyer he evinced great natural ability. He was a diligent student, a comprehensive thinker, always loyal to his clients, fond of debate, and almost invincible before a jury with language that was forcible and elegant. He possessed an indomitable will, with a determined and courageous spirit, that overcame any obstacle. He was high-spirited, ardently interested and absorbed in whatever he undertook, but always genial and accommodating, and a strong and devoted friend. Politically he was a Democrat, and during 1863 and 1864 served as chairman of the State Central Committee. His religious convictions were strong and clear, and he was a regular attendant upon the services at St. Paul's Protestant Episcopal Church. He married Janet M. Millard, daughter of Colonel Ambrose Millard, of Tioga, Pennsylvania. He died on December 23, i881, at the residence on Jefferson Avenue, where the family had lived for many years. JAMES VALENTINE CAMPBELL, for nearly a generation a judge of the Supreme Court of Michigan, was born in Buffalo, New York, on Feb ruary 25, 1823. As his name shows, he is of Scotch descent, and there are family traditions of an ancestor who, under an arrangement with the crown, brought many Scotch emigrants to this country. These colonists settled in eastern New York, a region in which to this day the Campbell clan is conspicuous. The judge's father, Henry M. Campbell, married Lois Bushnell. She was born and brought up in Vermont and belonged to a family whose name was familiar in New England from the days of the Mayflower. Its most fatnous representative is, perhaps, the celebrated Congregational divine, Horace Bushnell, who was a first cousin of the judge. Henry M. Campbell removed to western New York before the War of I 812. During that war the family suffered considerable loss, and in 1826 they moved to Detroit. Mr. Campbell had been a county judge in New York and a like judicial position was conferred on him in Michigan. He sent his two sons, Henry and James V., to St. Paul's College, at Flushing, L. I., an Episcopal institution of high rank, and presided over by the late Dr. Muhlenberg. James V., the younger of the two, graduated in 1841, returned home and studied law with the firm of Douglass & Walker. In I844 he was admitted to practice and became one of the firm. The senior partner, Samuel T. Douglass, afterwards one of the judges of the Supreme Court, married Elizabeth Campbell, the judge's sister. Henry N. Walker, the other partner, became Attorney-General. Both were early reporters of M\ichigan decisions and there is reason to believe that much of the \work on Walker's Chancery Reports was done by the junior member of the firm. About this time the University of Michigan was reorganized and Mr. Campbell became the Secretary of the Board of Regents and continued to serve for a number of years. When the Law Department was established in I858 he was appointed to the Marshall professorship and held it for twenty-five years, and in I866 the first honorary degree of Doctor of Laws that the University conferred, was bestowed upon him. He was always efficient in all efforts for the advancement of education and letters. In I848 he was elected as a member of the Board of Education of Detroit, and served also from 1854 to I858, and one of the schools for many years has very fitly been designated by his name. He was long a member and served as President of the Young Men's Society of Detroit in I848. This organization, though now defunct, was a power in its early days and established a large and valuable library. In I88o, when the Public Library was put under the control of a commission, Judge Campbell was made president of that body and still continues to hold the position.

1114 LAWYERS AND JUDGES. 1114 LAWYERS AND JUDGES.~~~~~~~~~~~~ --- —---- In I858 the Supreme Court of the State was first organized as an independent body,- and although less than 35 years old, Mr. Campbell was chosen one of the four judges, and has since been four times re-elected and is now in his fifth term, having served continuously for thirty years. His opinions begin in the fifth volume of the reports and are to be found in more than sixty of the regular series. When Judges Christiancy, Cooley, and Graves were his associates the court ranked among the first of the final tribunals of the several states. It has been considered doubtful if it was surpassed by even the National Supreme Court. Judge Campbell's most conspicuous characteristics, while on the bench, have been his conscientious adherence to the common law, his familiarity with the English decisions,and his jealous protection of the rights of local self-government. The language of his decisions, as is apt to be the case with those who are familiar with classical and foreign tongues, is extremely simple. He is a ready, rapid and fluent public speaker, even when he has had little chance for preparation. He is as ready in literary composition. and his brethren of the bench have often marveled at the rapidity with which he wrote. He is frequently called upon for addresses on public occasions, and a number of these have been issued in pamphlet form. He has also contributed to various periodicals. His only extended work is a handsome octavo entitled, "Outlines of the Political History of Michigan." It was produced in the course of a few months in I875-6, and in compliance with an official request, that he should write an account of the State for the Centennial year. Although prepared in a short time it is the most complete and comprehensive history of Michigan ever issued and contains much rare and valuable material not found elsewhere. In addition to his public literary work he has also often amused himself and entertained his children at the Christmas season by describing in verse, that is sometimes suggestive of Scott and sometimes of Macauley, the dress, customs, and traditions of the early inhabitants of Michigan. Several of the historical poems, through his courtesy were reproduced in the original edition of Farmer's History of Detroit and Michigan. Since his judicial life began he has of course held no so-called political office, but in December, I886, by appointment of Governor Alger, he represented the State at the meeting held in Philadelphia to arrange for celebrating the Centennial of the National Constitution. He has always been ready to identify himself with, and aid every benevolent, patriotic, religious, and literary endeavor. He has been a vestryman of St. Paul's for many years and whenever neces sary for the good of the church has taken an active and conspicuous part in its management. Indeed, his relations to St. Paul's recall the interest that Chief Justice Jay used to show in old Trinity, and like Chief Justice Jay, his efforts and example have been in opposition to inroads of mere ritualism. He has been for thirty years the secretary of the Standing Committee of the Diocese. Both nature and education have combined to make Judge Campbell one of the notable citizens of Detroit. He is wonderfully gifted with the art of pleasing and profiting those who are privileged with his acquaintance. His manner is so agreeable, his spirit so friendly, and his ability to instruct so varied, that one easily respects and admires him, and he is apparently always at leisure to do a favor or furnish information, and those who come in contact with him would be cold blooded indeed if they did not learn to love him for his courtesy and kindness. He was married November 8, 1849, to Cornelia, a daughter of Chauncey Hotchkiss, the descendant of an old Connecticut family. She was born at Oneida Castle, New York, August 17, 1823 and died at Detroit, May 2, I888 They have had six children, five sons and a daughter who took her mother's name. Two of the sons, Henry M. and Charles H., are lawyers, practicing in Detroit; James V. is a banker, Douglas H. is a devoted naturalist, who has made a specialty of botanical studies which he has followed in Germany; Edward D. is a mining engineer and metallurgist. Judge Campbell died March 26, 1890. DON M. DICKINSON was born at Port Ontario, Oswego County, New York, January 17, 1846. His father and mother were both of long lines of sturdy American descent. One of his ancestors was with General Wolfe when that brave officer fell on the Heights of Abraham, and another withstood the rigors of Valley Forge with Washington. His father was Colonel Asa C. Dickinson, a man of sterling ability, capacity and character, who came to Michigan in 1848, and was a resident of the city of Detroit for nearly forty years. His mother was a daughter of the Rev. Jesseriah Holmes, a latterday Puritan clergyman of Pomfret, Conn., widely known and esteemed for his learning and devout piety. The younger Dickinson came to Detroit with his parents in 1852, when he was six years old, and has ever since made the city his home. His earlier education was acquired in the public -schools. He proved a bright, studious, persevering, successful scholar. After passing through the public schools of Detroit he studied under a private tutor and prepared for the University of Michigan. He

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LAWYERS AND JUDGES. I I I 5 graduated from the Michigan University Law School in the class of I867, but was unable to spare the necessary time to finish the classical course at the same institution. In his young manhood he had for a time to engage in manual labor to acquire the means for his education, and it is the testimony of those cognizant of the fact that he worked with characteristic zeal and energy. As soon as he became of age he began the practice of the law in Detroit. Soon afterward, June I5, I869, he was married at Grand Rapids to Miss Frances Platt, daughter of Dr. Alonzo Platt, and granddaughter of the late Dr. Phillip Brigham. Extraordinary capacity for and thoroughness in work, with a courage never shaken, fine knowledge of the law and alertness of mind, added to thorough integrity and fidelity to trust, were the qualities with which Mr. Dickinson engaged in the practice of his profession at the age of 2I. He early showed remarkable aptitude in the conduct of cases and for business management, which, combined with clearheadedness and great energy, soon brought him prominently into public notice. He rose very rapidly in his profession and soon became a leading practitioner in the courts. Before he was twenty-five, he was one of the prominent, and before he was thirty, one of the most prominent members of the Michigan bar. For nearly eighteen years Don M. Dickinson has been on one side or the other of nearly every important case in or from Michigan. and his clientage has for a long term of years been the largest in the State, and one of the largest in the Northwest. The diversity and importance of his cases have taken him many times into the Supreme Courts of other States, and he has long been prominent at the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States. Among the many famous litigations in which he has been counsel there may be mentioned the great ship canal cases involving property now worth $20,000,000, and a series of suits lasting nearly a decade, involving a conflict of jurisdiction between the Federal and State courts; the Campau will case, the Ward case, the Mamie-Garland collision cases, the Pewabic Mine case, and the Bates case against the People's Savings Bank. All of these causes reached the Supreme Court of the United States, except some of the will cases, and Mr. Dickinson was signally successful in all of them. A great number of minor cases have been taken by him to the Supreme Court with marked success. In the famous case of Paris et al. vs. Wheeler et al., in the Supreme Court at Washington, he defeated the Michigan Prohibitory law by a position originated by him, and which he clung to in the face of general professional opinion, until success was achieved, with that tenacity which is one of the distinguishing characteristics of his life. In the State and Federal cases referred to most of the leaders of the bar were against him, and threefourths of the Federal and the county circuits, the Federal courts, with a full bench, including Justice Swayne, were the other way. The United States Supreme Court, on the preliminary hearing, in which the brilliant Senator Matt. Carpenter was with Mr. Dickinson, clearly ruled against his position. He kept steadily on his way, however, and finally in the Le Roux case he triumphed with a unanimous bench and an opinion which itself acknowledged the courts' error at the earlier hearing, and the correctness of the fundamental principle for which Mr. Dickinson had contended in favor of the independence of the State courts of Federal control. His most widely known, and perhaps his greatest effort at the bar, up to the present time, was his brief and argument for Drawbaugh in the noted telephone cases. His oral argument is printed in full in I26th U. S. Supreme Court Reports. While the defense was overruled by a majority of four to three, yet of the many defenses in the Supreme Court in these cases the I)rawbaugh case was the only one not overruled by a unanimous bench, and for that defense Mr. Dickinson made the only brief. Senator Edmunds, also counsel for Drawbaugh, offered Mr. Dickinson a portion of his time on the argument, and afterwards many times complimented his effort in the highest terms. Associate Justices Field, Harlan and Bradley dissented, and their opinion is on the lines and theory of Mr. Dickinson's brief. In the Palms will case-a cause c6dlbre in Detroit -Mr. Dickinson gave the will a rigid examination, and embodied his views in an elaborate written opinion to the contestant, in which he expressed the belief that the will was valid. After this the contestant insisted that he should proceed with the contest, offering a large retainer. He declined because of the opinion he entertained, and assured her that her suits would fail. The Supreme Court ultimately ruled substantially in accordance with Mr. Dickinson's opinion, and the contestants wasted $50,000 in a suit that he advised against. While Mr. Iickinson's services have always commanded large retainers, and while he has built up a great business, he has not been counsel for great corporations and monopolies, and he is singularly free from legal associations with them. In many notable instances his services have been enlisted against them, and he has won a large number of important cases against corporations. Mr. Dickinson has often tendered valuable services to deserving claimants who were not able to properly compensate him, won their just causes for

I 16 JUDGES AND LAWYERS. them, and declining compensation, received in return only the gratitude of his clients for his greatheartedness. In the fall of I889 he undertook the task of securing the rights of the homesteaders who had settled on the forfeited land grants of the Ontonagon & Brule railroad, in the Upper Peninsula, fought their cases gallantly through all the higher courts, and saved them from eviction from their humble homes, without rendering any bill for his services. Mr. Dickinson, while yet a young man, made a close study of the Constitution, and formed strong political convictions before he attained his majority. His interest was enlisted in political affairs before he was 21, and as soon as he reached that age an active participation begun which has never since lagged. Profoundly believing in the fundamental principles of his party, Mr. Dickinson is a Democrat after the order of Thomas Jefferson, and his ideal living representative of the ancient and immortal principles of Democracy is Grover Cleveland. He cast his first vote for Horatio Seymour in I868, and has been a sturdy, consistent, self-reliant and progressive Democrat ever since. His elevation to prominence in public life was as rapid as his rise at the bar. In I872, at the age of twenty-five, he was chosen by the Democratic State Convention a member of the State Central Committee for the First Congressional District, and was subsequently made Secretary of the committee. In this capacity he took a leading part in the Michigan campaign for Horace Greeley. He threw himself into the work of the canvass with ardor and energy, and did the hardest portion of the campaign work. While the Iemocratic party was conspicuously unsuccessful at the polls that year, the canvass laid the foundation for the remarkable growth which it showed in Michigan within a few years. The young Democrat, who is the subject of this sketch, had been personally devoted to Horace Greeley, and was so deeply grieved over the death of that distinguished man after the great disappointment of his life, that he resigned his position as Secretary of the State Central Committee, in a letter in which he criticised those members of his party who had not supported Greeley. This letter was long afterward sought to be used to show a lapse from the Democratic faith at that time, but the publication of his pathetic tribute to Greeley, and stirring and prophetic words about the future of his party, and the clear negation of any thought of affiliation with the Republican party, only served to increase the number of his friends. Instead of withdrawing from the party, he re-affirmed his fealty to it, under the revivifying and progressive leadership of Tilden, and he continued to take higher rank among its leaders in the State. Mr. Dickinson was chosen Chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee of Michigan in the great campaign of 1876. He was then twentynine years old, and the youngest man ever elevated to this party eminence in the State. He conducted a brilliant campaign for Tilden that year. The Democratic party was for the first time thoroughly organized in the State, and the splendid canvass made by the young chairman resulted in almost doubling the Democratic vote cast at the preceding Presidential election, and in hammering the vast Republican majority of nearly 60,ooo down to less than 5,000. The Democratic vote was 5,000 in excess of the highest vote ever before polled by the Republicans. From this time Michigan began to be considered a doubtful State, and from this time Mr. Dickinson was universally recognized as the leader of his party in the State. Before the campaign he became personally acquainted with the sage of Gramercy, and one of his trusted national lieutenants, and the warm friendship began between them which did not terminate until the death of the hero and martyr of the stupendous wrong of i876, ten years afterward. Mr. Dickinson was elected first delegate-at-large to the Democratic National Convention at Cincinnati in I880, and acted as Chairman of the Michigan delegation on the floor of the convention. He strongly advocated the nomination of Governor Cleveland for the Presidency in 1884, and was Chairman of the State Convention that elected the delegates to the National Convention of that year. At the convention he was unanimously chosen Michigan's representative upon the National Democratic Committee. In this new post of party duty Mr. Dickinson rendered splendid service, and in the campaign of that year the Republican majority almost reached the vanishing point. Michigan entered upon an era of unprecedented political importance in the spring of 1885, and for the next few years she reaped many more political rewards than had fallen to her lot in previous years, and became of much more importance politically than she had been for many years. These facts were due largely to the exercise of the growing influence of the Michigan member of the National Committee with the new administration. Mr. Dickinson in every way merited the confidence reposed in him by the President when he accepted him as a special adviser and representative in Michigan. Not only were the offices within the State filled with representative men of ability and excellent reputation, but the State received an unusually large number of first-class Federal appointments general in their character. Among these may be mentioned the Mission to Russia, Governorship of Alaska, Supreme Justiceship of the District of

JUDGES AND LAWYERS. I I 17 Columbia, Inter-State Commerce Commissioner, Commissionership.of Patents, Assistant Indian Co(mmissionership, Mission to Belgium, British Treaty Commissioner, and a large number of other important places. Mr. Dickinson had throughout his life persistently refused the use of his name for any elective or appointive public office. He had never asked or anticipated reward for his political services. What he did was done for the love of doing. He had a reputation as one of the finest political organizers in the United States, and — what was far more unique - of being a prominent politician, who would neither ask nor accept a public place. The Legislature of 1885 was the closest politically that the State had chosen for many years, and the campaign in I886 was a very animated one. Many leading Democrats announced Mr. Dickinson as their choice for United States Senator in the event of the election of a Democratic Legislature, and he was accepted with pleasure by the party as its prospective Senator. All this, however, was without either his assent or approval, and in the middle of the campaign he clearly defined his position in a letter to the Democracy of the State, published in The Detroit Free Press, in which he said: "Such a candidacy would be false to the wishes I have professed for the last twelve years-since the redemption of Michigan, and the election of a I)emocratic Senator have seemed to me probable. Since then I have never been conscious of any faltering in my hope, of any abatement in my trust, that when victory should come the party would adorn the House of Senators by placing there one of the Silver Greys who taught us and led us in the dark days of disaster and defeat, when the only light of the way was high principle, and the only reward of good fighting a clear conscience." His name was also several times considered by President Cleveland for important places, and their tender prevented only by Mr. Dickinson's assurance that he preferred private life. In the fall of 1887 President Cleveland tendered Mr. Dickinson the position of Postmaster-General in his Cabinet. Mr. Dickinson was at first averse to accepting the trust and declined it. As one of the most distinguished men of Michigan has put it " he idealized President Cleveland as the living representative of all that he believed good for the people accordiug to his convictions on fundamental principles of government. But when the President tendered him this position he declined it, and only reconsidered the refusal and took the office when he became convinced that the President felt that he actually needed him." And even then he only accepted it upon the assurance that he would not be called upon to continue in the service of the President after the end of that term. Mr. Dickinson's name was sent to the Senate as the successor of Gen. Wm. F. Vilas, as PostmasterGeneral, Dec. 5, 1887. After a delay of about six weeks, caused by the consideration of the Lamar case, he was unanimously confirmed by the Senate on the motion of Thomas W. Palmer, then senior Senator from Michigan. He was the youngest member of President Cleveland's Cabinet, and the fourth citizen of Michigan to attain a seat at the great round table of a President of the United States. He was seven years younger than Gen. Lewis Cass when he entered the great Jackson's Cabinet as Secretary of War, and thirty-three years younger than the same ripe.statesman and scholar when he became the premier of James Buchanan. Mr. Dickinson was also seven years younger than Governor Robert McClelland when he entered Pierce's Cabinet as Secretary of the Interior, and twenty years younger than Zachariah Chandler, when he took his seat in the same capacity under President Grant. In the dual capacity of member of the President's privy council, and executive officer of one of 'the most important departments of the government, Mr. Dickinson became one of the chief figures of the strong, virile administration of President Cleveland. In the larger field of duty as an adviser of the President upon great questions of national executive policy, he rendered distinguished public service. A warm personal friendship existed between President Cleveland and Mr. Dickinson, and he served "the Great Chief" with entire devotion and singleness of purpose. No President ever received a more loyal and unselfish service than that rendered Grover Cleveland by Don M. Dickinson. The Post-office department is one of infinite detail, but Mr. Dickinson thoroughly mastered its work. He did not depend on the machinery of Assistants Postmasters-General, Chiefs of Division, etc., etc., as had been the case with many of his predecessors. He was something more than a mere writer of autographs at the foot of official communications to Congress, formal reports and the other state papers of his department. His signature was attached to no official document until he was thoroughly familiar with it. He was undoubtedly one of the most indefatigable workers in any of the modern Cabinets. The Post-office department, under Mr. Dickinson's administration made a better showing than ever before in its history. The business of the department not only greatly increased, but it was conducted at less expense. He made hundreds of influential friends throughout the country by his energetic and statesmanlike conduct of his high office. lie was business-like, courageous and forci

II18 JUDGES AND LAWYERS. ble. He was the first Postmaster-General to strike the mammoth mail subsidy jobs in Congress. Perhaps his strongest state paper was a letter against steamship subsidies which he'sent to the House of Representatives, and which carried a large Republican vote in the House against the bill, after it had passed the Republican Senate as a party measure. The bill failed in the House by a large majority and the Postmaster-General was universally credited with having caused its defeat. During his term the great western strike of 1888 occurred, and while it was in progress PostmasterGeneral Dickinson established an important precedent relative to the transportation of the mails by railway corporations. He took the position that the Postoffice department had nothing to do with the strike of the engineers, and that the Atchinson, Topeka & Santa Fe road was under contract for the transportation of the mails, and it was its duty to transport them. The railroad company sought with some adroitness, to transfer the contest from one between itself and its engineers to one between the engineers and the government. But in the correspondence between the department and the railroad officers, the Postmaster-General declined to become a party to the contest between the corporation and its striking employees. Postmaster-General Dickinson simply declared that the mails must go. If the company did not move them the department would adopt other methods. But in any event the mails would go. The striking engineers tendered their services to man the necessary engines to transport the mails, and the department signified its confidence in the striking workingmen by saying that it would use them. The railroads were thus placed in a position where they could not decline to carry the mails. They then demanded extra compensation for transporting them on the ground that they were obliged to run trains especially for them. But this Postmaster-General Dickinson declined to allow, holding that the railroad company's contract required it to transport the mails <" at the prices therein provided." The railroad corporation then unconditionally surrendered. It wisely concluded that it would accept the services of its striking engineers and forward the mails. Thus the valuable precedent was established that the railroads of the country must carry out their contracts with the government, particularly in connection with the transportation of the mails, under all circumstances, and that the strikes of the engineers or other employees of any company does not relieve them from the responsibility. It also demonstrated that the government had confidence in the integrity of striking workmen. As Postmaster-General, Mr. Dickinson was an earnest advocate of the postal telegraph, of government proprietorship of public buildings as a means of stopping the wasteful rent system, opposed the authorization of indemnity and guarantee corporations created under state laws to become sureties on official bonds required by Federal statutes, and favored many other decided reforms in the department, a large number of which were earried into effect during his administration. Prior to the assembling of the Democratic national convention of I888 the name of the Postmaster-General was widely discussed for the nomination for the Vice-Presidency on the ticket with President Cleveland. Chairman Barnum, of the Democratic National Committee, Hon. W. L. Scott, and many others of the most conspicuous Democrats in the country declared in favor of his nomination. When the convention met there was a strong undercurrent favorable to his selection. But the Michigan delegation, which was devoted to him, did not present his name to the convention, thus serving him with more fidelity than if his name had been offered. The Michigan delegated voted for Allen G. Thurman, of whose nomination Mr. Dickinson had been one of the original and most earnest advocates. During the campaign Mr. Dickinson visited Michigan for a short time, and made a few notable speeches, one of which-a peculiarly forcible review of James G. Blaine's public career-played an important part in the canvass, and was credited with being one of the strongest speeches of the year. Postmaster-General Dickinson retired from the Cabinet, March 5th, I889, as he had intended to do in the event of the President's re-election. He soon afterward made a short trip to Cuba with President Cleveland and some of his late associates in the Cabinet, and then returned to his home in Detroit. He refused several brilliant offers to engage in practice in New York, preferring to continue at the head of the old firm of Dickinson, Thurber & Stevenson, in Detroit, and to enjoy a great and constantly increasing business, the income of the firm being larger than ever before. He has always taken a keen interest in the welfare of his city, and has been one of the most publicspirited of its citizens. No man ih the city has warmer oragreater number of personal friends. He is closely identified with nearly every enterprise designed to promote the prosperity of Detroit, and has in addition to his fame as a statesman and great counselor, gained a reputation as a public-spirited, progressive citizen in all the extensive ramifications of his business. Ten years ago a prominent Michigan man writing of the subject of this sketch said: "He has

I, / "I,, 1, ` I la2 &- li.-I"MY _ Iz//

JUDGES AND LAWYERS. 1119g habits of patient, intelligent and thorough research, intense application and splendid judgment. His generosity leaves no room for jealousy; his fairness, no cause for carping, and his inbred courtesy demantds kind regard. The primary cause of his success is his unswerving integrity. The right never appeals to him in vain for a defender, and the wrong never finds in him an advocate. He has energy, clear judgment and personal magnetism. With his cultured mind, generous heart, unsullied reputation and masterful purpose, he is destined to stand among the guardians of the country." What was true then is true now. It is even more true, for the things predicted of Don M. Dickinson have transpired. He has taken his place among the foremost citizens of the Republic. His repuitation is national as a man of brilliant attainments, intellectual rectitude, convictions on fundamental principles of government, fealty to the Gospel of the Constitution and abiding faith in the wisdom of the people. His political career is regarded by his friends in his state and throughout the country as having but just begun. F. H. HI. JULIAN G. DICKINSON, attorney and counsellor at law, was born at Hamburg, New York, November 20, I843. His parents were William and Lois (Sturtevant) Dickinson, and of their family, Julian G. and Dr. J. C. Dickinson, of Detroit, are the only survivors. In 1852 the family removed from New York to Michigan; residing at Jonesville until 1857, and at Jackson until I865. Julian G. Dickinson received his rudimentary education in the Union Schools of Jonesville and Jackson. He enlisted July IT, 1862, as a volunteer in the Fourth Michigan Cavalry, which joined the Army of the Cumberland near Louisville, Kentucky, in October, 1862. He served three years with that command in the field, and participated in eighty battles and in ten thousand miles of marching. He was appointed Sergeant-Major, and after the battle of Kingston, Georgia, upon recommendation of his commanding officer for "good fighting and attention to duty," was commissioned First Lieutenant and Adjutant of the regiment. He participated in General Wilson's campaign with the Cavalry Corps from Chickasaw, Alabama, to Macon, Georgia, and was commended for "bravery and efficiency." He was present on the staff of General B. D. Pritchard at the capture of Jefferson Davis, and arrested that distinguished fugitive who was seeking to escape from his camp in female attire. For this service he Was mentioned to the Secretary of War by General Pritchard and General J. H. Wilson, was commissioned Brevet Captain United States Volunteers, and was subsequently commissioned Captain of Cavalry by Governor Crapo. At the close of the war on August 15, I865, he was mustered out of service. In October of the same year he entered the Law Department of the University of Michigan, and in 1866 came to Detroit, and entered the law office of Moore & Griffin, where he remained until I868. He was admitted to the bar, upon examination before the Judges of the Supreme Court of Michigan at the October term of 1867. In 1868 he formed a law partnership with Horace E. Burt, under the firm name of Dickinson & Burt, and acquired a successful practice. In 1870 he became a partner with Don M. Dickinson, the firm name being Dickinson & Dickinson; dissolved in I873. He was for some years interested in the banking business of E. K. Roberts & Co., of Detroit, having the largest interest in that house until 1877. In 1882 he was admitted to the bar in the Supreme Court of the United States, and conducted the first case on an appeal to that court from a judgment of the Supreme Court of Michigan. Besides his practice in the courts he is counsel for a large and important clientage. The record of his cases in the Supreme Court is highly creditable for the character and importance of the cases and for the honorable and successful manner in which they have been conducted. A hard and close student and a careful observer, he is not disposed to lower the standard of his profession, and his manifest aim is to do justly and to promote the real welfare of his clients. In disposition, he is known by his friends to be warm-hearted and appreciative. He was married June 25, 1878, to Clara M., daughter of H. R. Johnson, of Detroit. They have four children, William H., Alfred, Thornton, and Julian. Both Mr. and Mrs. Dickinson are members of the Central Methodist Episcopal Church. SAMUEL T. DOUGLASS, one of the oldest living members of the Detroit Bar, was born at Wallingford, Rutland County, Vermont, February 28, 1814, and his ancestors were among the early settlers of New England. While he was a child his parents removed to the village of Fredonia, t hautauqua County, New York, where he received an academic education and studied law in the office of James Mullett, for many years a judge of the Supreme Court of New York. In the year I832 Mr. Douglass went to Saratoga and continued his law studies under the preceptorship of the distinguished Esek Cowen.. Five years later he removed to Detroit, where he was admitted to the bar and soon after began to practice at Ann Arbor. In 1838 he returned to Detroit and became a member of the firm of Bates, Walker & Douglass, his partners being Asher B. Bates and

III9A JUDGES AND LAWYERS. Henry N. Walker. Mr. Bates retired about 1840 and the firm became Douglass & Walker, so continuing until 1845, when James V. Campbell, who had been a student in the office, was admitted to partnership, the style of the firm being 'Walker, Douglass & Campbell. In 1845 Mr. Douglass became State Reporter, and two volumes of reports bear his name. In I85I he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court of the Third Circuit, and during his term served not only as Circuit Judge, but as one of the judges of the Supreme Court, which was composed of the judges of the several circuit courts. He took his seat as Judge of the Supreme Court on January i, I852, and served until 1857, when a change in the political control of the State caused his retirement, and he resumed his profession. As a lawyer he has been almost uniformly successful, and has been connected with many of the most important cases in the State; he is especially strong in analysis and argument, and is often retained in equity cases. He is an excellent judge of human nature and when he gave more attention to jury trials had great influence over a jury, due rather to his thorough mastery of his case, and his candor, sincerity and earnestness, than to the graces or arts of oratory. As an adviser, he is calm, thorough and conscientious, and when he has thoroughly mastered a case and decides upon the course of procedure, it is quite safe to look for favorable results. His written opinions upon law points are models of clearness and completeness; he constructs carefully and evidently with laborious and painstaking care. He was one of the earliest members of the Board of Education, serving in I843 and '44, and also in I858 and '59, and has always taken special interest in the advancement of the school system. During his last term on the School Board, the litigation with the county was instituted which resulted in the obtaining, by the city, of a large amount of money which had accrued from fines and penalties, and which had previously gone into the county treasury and been diverted to other purposes than those contemplated by law. The money belonged of right to the district library funds, and the result of the litigation, in which Mr. Douglass took an active part, secured a large amount of money for the Public Library of Detroit. Aside from the offices already named, the only public positions he has held were those of City Attorney for a few months in 1842 and President of the Young Men's Society in 1843. His political allegiance has always been given t6 the Democratic party, though always with frank avowal of his dissent from what he deemed its errors; and he can hardly be said to have been an active politician. His duties as a judge and his extended legal practice, prevented his entering for any length of time, into the arena of active political life. He has always been a student and interested not only in legal lore, but in the wide'range of subjects interesting to all persons of culture. His tastes have especially led him to the study of natural science and this fact in part, doubtless, originated in his early and intimate acquaintance with his relative, Dr. Douglass Houghton, with whom he made some exploring tours in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan when it was almost entirely unsettled. His delight in nature and in the infinite opportunity that occasional retirement affords for reflection and rest, has been abundantly satisfied in the management of a farm on Grosse Isle, which he has owned for over a quarter of a century and upon which much of his time has been spent. Socially, he is frank, courteous and agreeable. He is independent in thought and speech, an interesting companion and a true-hearted friend; these qualities, with sterling integrity and mental vigor and ability that are universally conceded, are endowments that justify the esteem in which he is held. He was married in I856 to Elizabeth Campbell, sister of Judge James V. Campbell. They have three children. Their names are Mary C., the wife of Dr. Fred. P. Anderson, of Grosse Isle; Benjamin Douglass, a civil engineer now in charge of the bridges of the Michigan Central Railroad and its connections, and Elizabeth C., now the wife of Louis P. Hall, of Ann Arbor. DIVIE BETHUNE DUFFIELD was born in Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, August 29, 1821, and is the son of Rev. George Duffield, D. D., and Isabella Graham (Bethune) Duffield. As a child he was a remarkably apt scholar. Entering the preparatory department of Dickinson College, at his native place in his early youth, at the age of twelve, he was prepared to enter the Freshman class of the collegiate department. The rules of the College forbade the admission of students less than fourteen years of age, and without doubt to his subsequent advantage he was compelled to curb his ambition. After the removal of his parents to Philadelphia, in 1835, he studied in that city and entered Yale College with the class of I840 -Unforeseen family circumstances compelled him to leave without then completing his college course; but he afterwards received the degree of A. B. from Yale. From the first, he manifested a taste for the study of both ancient and modern languages, polite literature and English composition in prose and verse, the gratification of which has formed the relaxation and unfailing pleasure of his life. His

JUDGES AND LAWYERS. III9B familiarity with Hebrew, Greek, and Latin has increased with every year, and in French and German he is proficient. In I839 he came to Detroit, his father, the year previous, having been settled as pastor of the First Presbyterian Church. Soon after his removal here he became a student in the law office of Bates & Talbot, both of the firm being leading members of the Detroit bar. His experience as a law student gave him renewed longings for Yale and a profession, and in I841 he entered the law department of the Yale Law School, and graduated after taking the courses of both classes, and before he had attained his majority. The greater portion of the same year he spent in the Union Theological School of New York, when, his health failing, he returned to Detroit, and in the fall of 1843 was admitted as a member of the bar of Detroit. In the spring of I844 he formed a law partnership with George V. N. Lothrop, afterwards Minister of the United States to Russia. This connection continued until I856. After the dissolution of the partnership, Mr. Duffield continued alone in his profession until after the war, when his youngest brother, Henry M. Duffield, became his legal partner, and this relationship continued for ten years. The firm for several years past has been composed of himself and son, Bethune Duffield, under the firm name of Duffield & Duffield. Mr. Duffield is a habitual worker, and his career has been constantly marked by industry, ability and success. In 847 he was elected City Attorney, and for many years he was a Commissioner of the United States Court, these being the only offices he has ever held in the line of his profession. For a score of years or more he has been the Secretary of the Detroit bar, an office which, with his own high standing, has long made him a leading and one of the most widely known lawyers of the city. In 1847 he was elected a member of the Board of Education of Detroit, and his services were almost continuous in that body until I860, and during several of these years he was President of the Board. During this period he recast the whole course of study in all the departments and grades, providing for the regular progression of the pupils, and the chief features of his plan are still in force. He was especially active in securing the establishment of the High School, and so thoroughly was he identified with its origin that he is frequently referred to as the "Father of the High School." As President of the Board he took a leading part in the successful effort to compel the city to pay over to the Library Commission the moneys received from fines collected in the city criminal courts. The favorable result of this litigation made possible the excellent public library of which Detroit is justly proud. After his temporary retirement from the Board, in 1855, in consequence of a contemplated trip to Europe, the Board of Education, in token of appreciation of his services in behalf of educational interests, named the then new Union school building on Clinton street the "Duffield Union School." In addition to the labors incident to a large professional practice, he has found opportunity to lend a helping hand in nearly all matters affecting the moral, mental and religious interests of the community. From his early manhood he has been an active member and is officially connected with the First Presbyterian Church, of which his father was so long pastor, and has ever been actively interested in Sunday-school work, and particularly in mission schools, of which he was one of the earliest advocates. In the various phases of temperance reform he has been especially prominent. He was the first President of the Red Ribbon Society, which in I877 had 8,ooo members in Detroit. He is in sympathy with all efforts that restrict or regulate the traffic, and has especially championed the so-called Tax Law of Michigan, which is believed by many of the best and purest of citizens to be one of the most effective of instrumentalities in the diminishing of the traffic and curtailing its power for evil. Believing thus, he in 1887 opposed the prohibitory amendment to the Constitution of the State in numerous public addresses, and his opposition did much to secure the defeat of the measure. All citizens who are acquainted with him know that he was thoroughly conscientious in his views, and that he has always been zealously foremost in advocating and urging the adoption of all measures which could be clearly shown would conserve the greatest good of individuals or the State; and it is doubtful if any citizen on any question has acted more conscientiously than did Mr. Duffield in this campaign. He rendered valuable aid at the time of the organization of the Harper Hospital, perfected its incorporation, and for several years was its Secretary. He was also an active member of the Young Men's Society, and its President in I850. In politics he was a Whig from the time he cast his first vote until the organization of the Republican party in I856, when he became, and has since remained, an active and leading member of that party. He has persistently declined to become a candidate for office, save the purely local ones already mentioned, but has upon the stump and rostrum, in every important political campaign since he became a voter, earnestly and eloquently advocated his party candidates, freely giving his time and service to the work. During the war he was especially active in sup

I I I9C JUDGES AND LAWYERS. port of the Government and the cause of the Union. As a speaker and writer, he constantly sought to uphold the Federal cause, and did much to encourage enlistments and inspirit both soldiers and citizens in the great struggle for the Union and the Constitution. Mr. Duffield's literary accomplishments have made him widely known. Naturally gifted with fine literary taste and discrimination, his education and home influences tended to its development. While quite a youth he was a contributor to the Knickerbocker Magazine, published by Willis Gaylord Clark, and has since written occasionally for other periodicals, in prose and verse, and as early as 1860 was classed among the prominent poets of the West. Not a few of his fugitive pieces have been published in various Eastern publications, but not always has he received the proper credit. Though often solicited he has as repeatedly refused to publish his collected poems, and those which have seen the light have been such as he believed timely and calculated for some distinctive end. Of the latter class may be mentioned, his historical poem, "The Battle of Lake Erie," delivered upon the occasion of the laying of the corner stone of the Perry monument at Put-in-Bay, a poem at the opening of the Law School building in Ann Arbor, and his " National Centennial Poem," delivered at the celebration in Detroit, on July 4, I876, each of which were highly commended as having permanent value. In quite a different vein is his "De Art Medendi," prepared for the fourteenth annual commencement of the Detroit Medical College, a poem combining wit, humor, feeling and reverence, and described as suggesting the nonchalant afterdinner verse of Dr. Holmes. His various poems delivered before the bar of Detroit are of similar character, and are pleasantly remembered by his professional brethren. For many years he has been privileged with the friendship of Premier Gladstone a distant relative of his mother-and the acquaintance has been cemented by occasional correspondence. This fact easily accounts for his poem of "America to Gladstone," a warm tribute from an ardent admirer. With his professional brethren Mr. Duffield has always stood in the front rank, as well for legal attainments as for industry and fidelity, and that high professional courtesy which is characteristic of the true legal gentleman. In his professional labor he is prompt, clear and incisive, and a constant worker, his literary labor being merely as a pastime. He comes to conclusions only after mature deliberation, is positive in his convictions, and bold and independent in defending them. When he espouses any cause it is done earnestly and without regard to personal results, and no citizen is more implicitly trusted or stands higher in the estimation of his fellows than he. His private and professional life is without blemish, and in all respects he is a true, high-minded, Christian gentleman. He was married in 1854 to Mary Strong Buell, daughter of Eben N. Buell, of Rochester, New York, and his family consists of two sons, George Duffield, already prominent as a member of the medical profession, and Bethune Duffield, his partner and associate in business. HENRY M. DUFFIELD was born in Detroit, May 15, 1842. His father, Rev. George Duffield, D. D., was born at Strasburg, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, July 4, I794. He came to Detroit in I838, and until his death, in I868, was the honored and influential pastor of the First Presbyterian Church. VShortly after his arrival he was appointed Regent of the State University, and no man did more to shape and promote that now widely-known institution of learning. The father of Rev. George Duffield was at one time a prominent merchant of Philadelphia, and for nine years Comptroller-General of Pennsylvania. His grandfather was the celebrated Rev. George Duffield, who in conjunction with Bishop White served as Chaplain of the first Congress of the United States, and subsequently of the Continental Army. A reward of 50o was offered by the British for his head. His fame as a preacher and fearless and eloquent advocate of liberty is well known to all students of American history. Isabella Graham (Bethune) Duffield, the mother of Henry M. Duffield, was born October 22, 1799, and died in Detroit, November 3, 1871. She was a daughter of D. Bethune, aprominent merchant of New York city, and a grand-daughter of the widely known Isabella Graham, whose memory is fragrant in the churches of Scotland and America. Her brother, George W. Bethune, was the distinguished orator and lecturer of New York. Henry M. Duffield received his earlier education in the public schools of Detroit, graduating from the " Old Capital " school in 1858. After one year's instruction in the Michigan University, in 1859 he entered the junior class of Williams College, Massachusetts, then under the management of Mark Hopkins. He graduated in 1861, and enlisted as a private in the Ninth Regiment Michigan Infantry in August of the same year, being the first student from Williams College to join the Union army. A short time after enlistment he was made Adjutant of the regiment. While acting in this capacity he, with his regiment, in July, I862, participated in the bloody fight with the forces of the rebel General N. B. Forrest, at Murfreesboro, Tennessee, and during the engagement was by the side of his brother, General W. W. Duffield, when the latter was twice

JUDGES AND LAWYERS. I I 9D wounded, and as then supposed mortally. So severe and close was the contest that it was impossible to carry his brother from the field until the repulse of the enemy. In this battle Colonel Duffield was taken prisoner, but was exchanged in September of the same year. After his release he was detailed as Assistant Adjutant-General of all the United States forces in Kentucky. He was afterwards appointed Assistant Adjutant-General of the Twenty-third Brigade, Army of the Cumberland. In the campaign from Nashville to Chattanooga in 1863, he was attached to the headquarters of General Geo. 11. Thomas and was present at all the important battles of the campaign, including Stone River and Chickamauga. At Chattanooga, on October 23, I863, during the siege of that town by the rebel forces under General Braxton Bragg, he was promoted to Post Adjutant. As Post Adjutant of Chattanooga he issued, by order of General John G. Parkhurst, commander of the post, the orders for the Chattanooga United States cemetery, giving particular directions as to its purpose and plan of management. The general plan was subsequently adopted by General Thomas, and from it grew the system of national cemeteries which are at once a testimonial to the heroic devotion of the gallant soldiers buried therein, and to the gratitude of their countryman. When Major-General George H. Thomas assumed command of the Department of the Cumberland, Mr. Duffield was appointed on his staff as Assistant Provost Marshal General of the department, in which capacity he served until the end of his term of service. During the memorable campaign of General Thomas from Chattanooga to Atlanta, Colonel Duffield was detailed as Acting Provost Marshal General vice General J. A. Parkhurst, disabled, and participated in nearly all the hard fought battles of this gallant Union commander, including Resaca, Missionary Ridge, Peach Tree Creek, and Jonesboro, a campaign which resulted in the final capture of Atlanta. During the battle of Chickamauga, which was one of the most severe engagements in which he took part, he was wounded. His term of service ended at Atlanta, and he was mustered out October 14, 1864. R eturning to Detroit in November, i864, he be-gan the study of law in the office of D. Bethune I)rffield, and in the following April was admitted to practice. Soon afterwards he formed a partnership with his brother, D. Bethune Duffield, which continued until 1876, since which date Colonel Duffield has had no associate partner. His position as a lawyer is a desirable one, and as counsel in mnany important cases he has achieved notable triumphs, both in the highest court in the State and in the Supreme Court of the United States. He was attorney for the Board of Education of Detroit from 1866 to I871, and it was at his suggestion and under his conduct, that the Board brought suit against the city and county to recover the fines collected in the municipal courts for the benefit of the library fund. The case was strongly defended by William Gray, Theodore Romeyn and other eminent lawyers. The Circuit Court decided against the claims of the Board, but upon appeal to the Supreme Court this decision was reversed, and a judgment entered for the Board. As the fruits of this litigation upwards of $27,000 for back fines was collected, and the right of the Board of Education to all future fines was fully established. This decision had much to do in preparing the way for the larger usefulness of the public library. In i88I Colonel Duffield became City Counselor, serving three years, and during this time represented the city unaided in all its litigation, both in the Supreme Court of the State and of the United States. During this period, among the most important cases argued and won for the city were: The Mutual Gas Light Company vs. Detroit, in which the opposing counsel were Edward W. Dickerson and George Ticknor Curtiss; the City Railway tax cases, defended by F. A.. Baker and George F. Edmunds. Both of these cases were argued in the United States Supreme Court, and involved large amounts pf money and important principles of law. In his private practice Colonel Duffield has been connected with some of the most important cases which have arisen in the legal history of Detroit. He assisted in the argument of the famous Reeder farm cases, and in the Rothschild tobacco fraud case. He succeeded in defeating the claims of the holders of the notorious "Stroh-Hudson-Windsor crooked paper," and as solicitor of record in the Hunt and Oliver litigation, which was pending for seventeen years in the Circuit and Supreme Court of the United States, he obtained a final decision favorable to his clients in the Supreme Court of the United States. Colonel Duffield possesses naturally those qualities of mind indispensable to a high degree of success in the legal profession. In temperament he is cool and collected, and in the midst of the most exciting and trying ordeals, readily detects the weak and strong points of a case. To this admirable quality he unites a retentive memory, power of close and continued application, and convincing and persuasive abilities as an advocate. That he has succeeded in gaining a foremost place among his professional brothers in Detroit is but the natural sequence of the best use of these powers. He is a Republican in political faith, and for more than twenty years has been an active and helpful factor in the efforts of his party in this

1120 JUDGES AND LAWYERS. State. He was nominated for Congress by the Republican convention of this district in I876, against General Alpheus S. Williams, the Democratic nominee, and although defeated in the election ran 1,300 votes ahead of his ticket. The use of his name has also been solicited by his party as candidate for Circuit Judge, Justice of the Supreme Court of the State, as well as for high political positions, but he has uniformly declined. He has been a member of the Military Board of Michigan since 1874, and from i880 to I887 was President of the Board, and takes a warm interest in the State militia. He has also been an active trustee of the Michigan Military Academy for the past ten years; is interested in several business enterprises in Detroit, being a stockholder in the Bell Telephone Company, of Massachusetts, the American Exchange National Bank, the Detroit Bar Library, Detroit, the Rio Grande Live Stock Company, and the Eureka Iron Company. He is a member of the Society of the Army of the Cumberland, and was the orator at the annual meeting of 1887. He was married December 29, 1863, to Frances Pitts. They have had seven children, Henry M., Jr., born August 9, 1865, at present a student in the class of I890 in Harvard College; Samuel Pitts, born January 22, I869, and Divie Bethune, born March 3, I870, both attending Philip's Academy, Exeter, Massachusetts; William Beach, born March 2, 1871, died'July Jo, 1876; Francis, born October 23, I873; Morse Stewart, born September 29, 1875, and Graham, born November 21, i88r. EDMUND HALL was born on the 28th of May, 1819, at West Cayuga, New York. His father was of that family of Halls which traces back to Wallingford, Connecticut, and which, in revolutionary times, was sufficiently divided to furnish a Signer to the Declaration of Independence, while the Signer's cousin, who was Mr. Hall's grandfather, was an energetic adherent of the British. His mother's ancestry ran through the Worths and Folgers to the first white couple married on Nantucket. With his mother, brother, and three sisters Mr. Hall came to Michigan in i833, their route being by the Erie canal to Buffalo, and from there by schooner to the mouth of the Detroit river, where they landed, settling where Flat Rock now stands. They were pioneers and poor, but energy and hard work made them independent enough to face even the panic of 1837 without flinching. Some time before that crisis, it had been the cherished hope of the mother that her oldest boy should have a college training, and it was in the midst of the hard times that he acquired it. The nearest preparatory school was at Elyria, Ohio, and there he fitted for Oberlin. Six months' work in 1835, at eight dollars a month, furnished the first instalment of funds to pay the cost of a higher education, and his alternate labors as a stone mason and as a country school teacher supplied him with funds until in 1843 he was graduated with high standing. Mr. Hall has had little to do with party politics, but has always taken a deep interest in the great reformatory agitation which resulted in the overthrow of slavery. As early as 1841, and while a student, he canvassed the State as an anti-slavery lecturer, and again, in 1844, when studying law, he went on the stump as a volunteer champion of Birney, the candidate of the liberty party. In political economy, however, he was trained as a free trader and in consequence a Democrat. But the great anti-slavery uprising could not for any length of time leave an Oberlin student on any low plane of party politics. Still, it was as a Democrat that he was chosen to the only office he ever held, that of School Inspector in the Board of Education of Detroit, from I859 to 1863. He studied law in the office of George E. Hand, was admitted to the bar in 1847, and began practice in company with Judge Hand, but subsequently practiced for many years alone, until the increasing demands which his varied real estate investments and other business enterprises made upon his attention rendered professional labor impracticable. While in the Board of Education he did the public a very distinguished service as one of the principal agents in the establishment of a free public library upon the constitutional and statutory basis of the fines collected in the Police Court. The police judge had regularly absorbed the fines he had imposed, so that there was a heavy deficit for which, as matters stood, the county was accountable to the city. The supervisors would not make good the squandered fund unless compelled to, and proceedings were instituted in the Supreme Court to compel them. The Board of Education was the moving party, and their case was successfully presented in a brief drawn up by Mr. Hall. The critical character of this proceeding,-for a lower court had already ruled against the library,-fairly entitles him to such credit as belongs to one of the founders of a great public institution. He was Secretary of the Board the same year, and the records of that body show an elaborate plan which he drew up for the working of the library. It was at about this time that he began his lumbering operations. His principal camp is in Isabella county, though he has large interests in pine lands in the northern part of the State, besides a mill and salt works at Bay City. He keeps a large farm, well stocked with Jerseys and short horns, at Gibraltar, where he first landed as a boy, and there he

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JUDGES AND LAWYERS. I I2I1 has a country house where he spends the most of each summer. He has been twice married, first in I846, to Miss Emneline Cochran, of Frederick, Ohio, who died in 1879, leaving a married daughter, Mrs. Henry A. Chaney. Her only son, George Edmund Hall, died in I875. In i88I Mr. Hall married Mrs. Mary H. Vreeland. They have had one child, whose name is Frederick. DE WITT C. HOLBROOK was born in Riga, Monroe County, New York, on August 22, 18I9. His father, Benajah Holbrook, was formerly a resident of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, and emigrated to New York early in the century. His son, D. C. Holbrook, received the usual education supplied through the district school, and in August, 1832, came to Michigan, and was engaged in his brother's store in Plymouth. In June, 1836, he came to Detroit a total stranger in search of employment, served as clerk in a dry goods store until July of that year, and then obtained a situation in the Detroit postoffice, where he remained until December, 1837. He next became a teller in the Detroit City Bank, remaining until I840, when he entered the office of the late Alexander D. Fraser as a law student. Mr. Fraser stood in the very front rank of lawyers composing the Detroit bar, which, in those days, was almost entirely composed of men of finished education, nearly every one being a graduate of an Eastern college. Mr. Fraser was a severe legal instructor, eminent as a chancery lawyer, and in his office and under his eye Mr. Holbrook, by the time he finished his term of study, had ripened into an accomplished lawyer, and he has maintained that reputation through a professional life of forty years or more. Soon after his admission to the bar in 1843, he was appointed Assistant Register of the old Court of Chancery, which office he held until January I, 1847, when he became County Clerk. He was nominated for the last office without his knowledge, and was the only candidate elected on the Whig ticket. He served in this capacity for two years, and, under the law, was also at the same time Clerk of the Circuit Court, and when his term ceased he had an extensive knowledge of the practice of the courts of chancery and of law. On January I, 1849, he entered into partnership with Alexander Iavison, and commenced the practice of law. He subsequently engaged in practice in connection with William A. Howard and Levi Bishop. Mr. Howard withdrew in 1860, and for some five years the business was carried on by Holbrook & Bishop. In I872 Mr. Holbrook was appointed City Counsellor, which office he creditably filled for six years. His industry, faithfulness and loyalty to his clients, accompanied always with a fearlessness that quailed before no opposition, and a spotless integrity, not only endeared him to his clients but commanded, at all times, the respect of his fellows, and the confidence of the entire community. Added to these traits of character there might also be accredited to him those graces that are born of a generous heart, and which adorn every man who wears an open genial nature. No one who knows Mr. Holbrook well would hesitate to bear testimony to the uprightness of his character, the industry of his daily life, his faithfulness to all trusts and duty, and all would award him the record of an able lawyer, upright citizen, and honorable man. Mr. Holbrook was married to Mary A. Berdan, September 26, 1850. She died in I858, leaving one son, De Witt C. Holbrook, Jr., of Montana Territory, and three daughters, Mrs. Col. F. W. Swift, Mrs. Frank Walker, of this city, and Mrs. White, wife of Rev. John H. White, of Joliet, Illinois. GEORGE H. HOPKINS, the son of Erastus and Climene (Clark) Hopkins, was born in the township of White Lake, Oakland County, Michigan, November 7, 1842. His ancestors were among the earliest settlers in Connecticut, coming from Coventry, Warwick County, on the Sherbourne, England. The name was originally spelled Hopkyns. The family, according to Burke, was of established antiquity and eminence, enjoyed for a long series of years parliamentary rank, served a succession of monarchs, and acquired civil and military distinction. In the sanguinary wars of York and Lancaster, which for thirty years devastated the fair fields of England, this family is traditionally stated to have taken a prominent part, and to have experienced the inevitable consequences-incarceration, decapitation and confiscation. They were prominent in the affairs of Coventry in the latter part of the sixteenth century, one William Hopkins, Jr., having been Mayor in 1564, and persecuted for heresy in I554. He had two brothers, Richard and Nicholas, both Sheriffs of the same town in 1554 and I56 respectively. Richard had two sons, Sampson, his heir, and William, proprietor of the lordship of Shortley. Sampson was Mayor in 1609. He had three sons, Sir Richard, Sir William, and Sampson, the latter being Mayor of Coventry in I640. The eldest became eminent at the bar, attained the rank of Sergeant at Law, was Steward of Coventry, and represented that city in Parliament at the Restoration. Their estate, by intermarriage, passed to General Northey in 1799, and he assumed the surname and arms of Hopkins upon inheriting the estate of his maternal ancestor, who was known as Northey Hopkins of Oving House.

1122 JUDGES AND LAWYERS. The early Hopkinses of New England are of this family. The date of the arrival of John Hopkins, the progenitor of the Connecticut line, is not definitely known, but it was not far from the year 1632. About that time the increasing numbers of the colonists suggested the formation of new settlements farther westward, and as a result Hartford colony was established, and in the colonial records John Hopkins is spoken of as the original owner of the lands then settled. The line of genealogical progression from John Hopkins to Erastus, the father of the subject of this sketch, is as follows: John Hopkins, who was made a freeman of Cambridge March 4, 1635, removed to Hartford the same year, and died in 1654, leaving a widow, Jane, and children, Stephen, born about 1634, and Bertha, about I635. The widow married Nathaniel Ward, of Hadley. Bertha, in 1652, married Samuel Stocking, of Middletown, and subsequently James Steele, of Hartford. Stephen married Dorcas, a daughter of John Bronson. He died in October, 1689, leaving six children, John, Stephen, Ebenezer, Joseph, Dorcas, wife of Jonathan Webster, and Mary, who married Samuel Sedgwick. His widow died May 13, 1697. The son John had eight children, one of whom, Samuel, was a graduate of Yale College in 1718, and a minister of West Springfield. Another son, Timothy, was the father of Samuel Hopkins, the celebrated divine, known as the founder of the Hopkinsian School. He was the author of several well-known works, and a prominent character in Mrs. Stowe's "Minister's Wooing." The widely known Mark Hopkins, President of Williams College, was of the same family. Another son was named Consider. He had a son, Consider, Jr., whose son Mark was the father of Erastus Hopkins and grandfather of George H. Hopkins. Three of his uncles were in the Continental army during the Revolutionary War. One was captured by the British and starved to death in the " Jersey Prison Ship" in New York harbor, and another was killed by Tory " Cow Boys" while at home on a furlough. Erastus Hopkins was born in Oneida County, New York, in 1804, and moved with his family from Steuben County, New York, to White Lake, Michigan, in 1834, going in an emigrant wagon the whole distance. He cleared a farm in the wilderness, and lived to see the entire neighborhood settled, remaining upon the farm until his death in 1876. His wife died in I864. His son, George H. Hopkins, was at home till his eighteenth year, and then became a student at the Pontiac Union School for two terms, and in the winters of I860-6i and 186I-62 taught a district school in Oakland County. In April, 1862, he entered the Michigan State Normal School, but in August of the same year left that institution to enter the Union army, enlisting in the Seventeenth Michigan Infantry in a company largely composed of students of the University and of the Normal School, and remained with his regiment until the close of the war. It was known as the "Stonewall" regiment, and saw as severe campaigning and fighting as any regiment in the Union service. Mr. Hopkins's brother, Dan G. Hopkins, a member of the same company, was mortally wounded in the celebrated charge of the regiment at South Mountain, September 14, 1862. Another brother, William W., was a member of the Fifth Michigan Cavalry. The Seventeenth Michigan was in active service in Maryland, Virginia, Kentucky, Mississippi, at the siege of Vicksburg and Knoxville, Tennessee, and again in Virginia during the last year of the war. Soon after the close of the Rebellion, Mr. Hopkins returned to the Normal School and graduated in the class of I867. He afterwards entered the Michigan University, remained one year in the Literary Department, and graduated in the Law Department in 1871. In I870 he was Assistant United States Marshal, and took the United States census in one representative district of Washtenaw County, and in a portion of a district in Lapeer County. After his admission to the bar he entered upon the practice of his profession in Detroit, and for eight years was assistant attorney of the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad Company. During Governor Bagley's term of four years he was his private Secretary, and at Governor Croswell's request served again in the same capacity. At the State election of 1878 he was nominated by the Republicans on the legislative ticket, made an exceptionally strong run and was elected, though the city went Democratic on the State ticket. In the legislative session of 1879 he was Chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs, and also served on the Committee on Railroads. He was re-elected to the Legislature in I880, and served through the session of I88I and the special session of I882, and was again re-elected in 1882. In the session of I88i he was Chairman of the Committee on the University and a meffber of the Committee on Railroads and Apportionment. On the organization of the session of 1883 he was chosen speaker pro tempore, and as presiding officer made a most commendable record as an able parliamentarian. He was also Chairman of the Judiciary Committee and member of the Committees on State Library and the State Public Schools. During his legislative career Mr. Hopkins was an active and earnest worker, and recognized as a safe and careful leader. His previous services in the office of the chief executive made him familiar with the needs and requirements of the State, and his experience

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JUDGES AND LAWYERS. I I23 in State affairs caused his counsel to be often sought. As Chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs he was prominently instrumental in securing the passage of the laws by which increased provisions were made for the maintenance of the State militia under which it is now so admirably organized. He also rendered valuable aid in the passage of the law for the erection of a new University library building. On all local measures his actions were wise and liberal, and revealed a painstaking interest and good judgment. He was the author of the bill for the purchase of Belle Isle, and secured its passage against the most strenuous opposition of many of the leading citizens of Detroit. Although largely interested in corporations, he has always insisted that corporations should bear their full share of the burden of taxation, and is the author of several laws which have put many thousands of dollars annually into the treasury, and thereby reduced the taxes to be paid by individuals. The law providing for the jury commission of Wayne County, which has done much to improve the jury system for the city and county, is one among many of the acts of a local nature which he secured for his constituency. Mr. Hopkins has always been a Republican, and has for many years been an active spirit in party management. During the political campaigns of I882 and 1884, he was Chairman of the Wayne County Republican Committee, and proved himself an efficient organizer and manager. He also served, in 1878, as Chairman of the State Central Committee, and again, in i888, conducting the campaign in Michigan, which closed so successfully for the party by the election of General Benjamin Harrison as president. He has always taken a warm interest in military matters, and served as one of the military staff during the administration of both Governors Bagley and Alger. For several years prior to the death of Governor Bagley he was intimately associated with him in the management of various business enterprises, and by his will was made one of his executors and trustees. The duties connected with this trust are so onerous that he has been obliged to retire from the general practice of his profession, and most of his time is now devoted to the care of the Bagley estate. He is interested in numerous business projects in Detroit, being director and treasurer of the John J. Bagley & Co. Tobacco Manufactory, and the Detroit Cyclorama Company; director in the Detroit Safe Company, Standard Life and Accident Insurance Company, Michigan Wire and Iron Works, Lime Island Manufacturers' Company, the Woodmere Cemetery Association, and the Longyear Iron Mining Company, and was one of the incorporators and a director of the American Banking and Savings Association, and of the American Trust Company. In the management of the complicated business enterprises with which he has been entrusted, Mr. Hopkins has displayed singularly good judgment and commendable faithfulness and integrity, and the honorable position he holds has been justly won by personal worth and a high degree of business tact and ability. WILLARD MERRICK LILLIBRIDGE was born at Blossvale, Oneida County, New York, April 26, 1846, and is a son of Ira and Sophronia (Merrick) Lillibridge, whose ancestors settled in Rhode Island and Connecticut as early as the year 1700. His great-grandfather, Rev. David Lillibridge, was a Baptist minister at Willington, Connecticut, and served in the French and Indian War, and his grandfather, Clark Lillibridge, was a soldier in the War of the Revolution. His father settled at Blossvale about I824, and reared a large family. Willard M., the youngest but one, attended school at Blossvale, prepared for college at Whitestown and Cazenovia Seminaries, entered Hamilton College in I865, and graduated in I869. Soon after graduating he accepted the position of Superintendent of Public Schools at Plattsburgh, New York, which position he held for two years. In 1871 he went to St. Louis, where he spent one year in the study of law and then came to Detroit, completed his studies in the office of Walker & Kent, and was admitted to the bar in I873. He entered at once upon the practice of his profession, and has continued it ever since, practicing alone until 1880, when he became the head of the firm of Lillibridge & Latham, and so continued until 1887, when the firm was dissolved, and Mr. Lillibridge has since practiced by himself. He has been almost uniformly successful, and has built up a prosperous law business, having a large clientage among the business firms and corporations of the city. He is a studious, hard-working lawyer, is well read in all the principles of law, and familiar with books and authorities. He has a clear and forcible style, and a pleasing manner at the bar, and succeeds by the thoroughness of his preparation and his devotion to the interest of his clients. He has been engaged in many important cases, among which may be mentioned the Southworth will case, tried in the United States Circuit Court at Milwaukee in I883, and the mandamus case of Richardson against Swift, argued in the Court of Errors and Appeals of Delaware, in i886. Mr. Lillibridge is a diligent student of classical and general literature, believes in a broad culture, and is liberal in his opinions.

1124 JUDGES AND LAWYERS. In political faith he is a Republican, but not a politician. In 1874 and 1875 he served as a member of the Board of Education of Detroit, but has not sought nor desired office. He is quite largely interested in real estate, is a stockholder in several corporations, and Vice-President of the corporation of Samuel F. Hodges & Co., foundrymen and machinists. He was married December 5, 1882, to Katharine Hegeman, daughter of Joseph Hegeman, of New York. They have one daughter, Aletta A. Lillibridge. He and his family attend St. John's Episcopal Church. GEORGE VAN NESS LOTHROP was born in Easton, Bristol County, Massachusetts, August 8, 1817. He received a classical education and graduated at Brown University, in 1838, and the same year entered the Harvard Law School, then in charge of Judge Story and Professor Greenleaf. Within a year, his health becoming somewhat impaired, he left school, came to Michigan to recuperate, and made his home with his brother, Edwin H. Lothrop, of Prairie Ronde, Kalamazoo County. He remained two or three years, occupying himself partly in farm work. In the spring of 1843 he came to Detroit, and resumed the study of law in the office of Joy & Porter. While yet a student, and before his admission to the bar, by special permission of the Supreme Court, on the application of James F. Joy, he appeared in the celebrated case of the Michigan State Bank against Hastings and others. So ably was his side of the case presented that the Judges openly expressed their admiration of the effort, and predicted for him a brilliant career. In the spring of 1844 he was appointed a Master of Chancery for Wayne County, and in company with D. Bethune Duffield commenced to practice in Detroit, the firm continuing until I856. In April, 1848, he was appointed Attorney-General of the State, and held the office until January, I85I. About this time the subject of a division of the public school moneys between the public and Catholic schools was quite actively discussed, and the regular nominees of the Democratic party at the city election of 1853 were generally believed to be in favor of such division. In opposition to any such plan, Mr. Lothrop was nominated on an independent Democratic ticket, and elected by a large majority. He was one of the Michigan delegation at the Charleston National Convention in 1860, and was active and earnest in support of the Douglas sentiment in that body. From July, 1863, to May, 1872, he served as one of the inspectors of the Detroit I-louse of Correction. In 1867 he was a member of the State Constitutional Convention; in 1873 he was tendered, but declined, an appointment as a member of the Constitutional Commission, and from 1880 to 1886 served as one of the Commissioners of the Public Library of Detroit. In May, 1885, soon after President Cleveland was elected, he nominated Mr. Lothrop as United States Minister to Russia, and he was duly confirmed by the Senate. His acceptance of this office, and consequent temporary departure from Detroit, called forth many expressions of regret. He was so universally esteemed as a high-minded citizen and friend, and his eminent legal and social qualities so generally known and appreciated, that his absence made a noticeable vacancy both in legal and in social circles. Many evidences of this feeling were manifested, and it is certain that no United States Minister ever went abroad accompanied with warmer or more hearty good wishes, and no one ever left behind a greater number of appreciative citizens, neighbors, and friends. In the fall of i888 he resigned his position, and on his return to Detroit was tendered a public reception, and warmly welcomed. Mr. Lothrop has always been zealously interested in whatever concerns the moral or literary welfare of the city. In 1853 he served as President of the Young Men's Society, and for several years served as President of the Detroit Association of Charities. During a quarter of a century he was attorney of the Michigan Central Railroad Company, and at various periods of time was counsel for the Detroit & Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Michigan Southern, and Detroit, Lansing & Northern Railroads. He is a holder of considerable real estate, both in Detroit and in the neighboring townships, and has besides some investments in bank, railroad, and other stocks. His reputation as a lawyer is not confined to his own State, but is really national. In Michigan he has few peers. It seems almost needless to say that such a reputation has not been gained without reason; indeed there are many reasons for his standing at the bar. With a mind clear and penetrating, with ability to grasp great questions, and at the same time consider the smallest details, with a graceful and fluent vocabulary of the purest and most classical English, and with physical vigor and a presence and manner that would command attention in any place, he is both naturally, and by study, fitted for the position he occupies. In addition to all these qualities, he is so transparently sincere, courteous, kind, and genial, that he easily wins esteem. In all literary matters his taste and discernment are highly cultivated, and he aims to keep abreast with the progress of scientific research. He has frequently been the choice of his fellow

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JUDGES AND LAWYERS. I1125 citizens of the Democratic party for the highest political honors, and all who know him must concede his ability to fill any position in the gift of the people. He was married at Detroit, on May 13, 1847, to Alnira Strong. They have four sons and two daughters; the sons, George Howard, Charles Bradley, Henry B., and Cyrus E., all living in Detroit and well known in its society. The daughters are named Anne and Helen. The first named in October, I888, became the wife of Baron Barthold Hoyningen Huene, First Lieutenant of the regiment of Chevalier Guards of Her Majesty, the Empress of all the Russias. WILLIAM AUSTIN MOORE was born near Clifton Springs, Ontario County, New York, April 17, 1823. He was the seventh son and eighth child of William Moore and Lucy Rice. His ancestors on his father's side were of Scotch-Irish descent. His great-great-grandfather was one of the McDonald clan which was slaughtered at the massacre of (;lencoe, in Argyllshire, Scotland, on the morning of February 13, I692. His great-great-grandmother, after the murder of her husband, concealed herself and two daughters in a malt kiln, and on the night following the murder gave birth to a son, whom she named John. The widow, with her children, fled to Ireland, and settled at Londonderry, where they remained until I718, when they emigrated to America, and were among the first settlers of Londonderry, New Hampshire. John subsequently married and had a family of seven children, the third of whom William, married Jane Holmes, on December 3, 1763, and removed to Peterboro, New Hampshire. He was in the War of the Revolution, and fought at the battle of Bennington, July 19, I777. They had twelve children. The youngest, William Moore, was the father of the subject of this sketch, and was born April 9, 1787. At the age of eighteen he removed to Phelps, Ontario County, New York, where, on November 7, 80o6, he married Lucy Rice, formerly of Conway, Massachusetts, and who was a niece of the eccentric Baptist preacher, John Leland, of Cheshire, Massachusetts. William Moore was a farmer by occupation, and held various local offices. He was in the War of I812, and was at the burning of Buffalo and at the sortie at Fort Erie. In the summer of 1831 he removed his family to Washtenaw County, Michigan, and was one of the early settlers of that section. In I832 he was appointed justice of the peace, which office he held until Michigan became a State, and afterwards held it by election for twelve years. He was a member of the convention called for the preparation of the first constitution of Michigan, a member of the first Senate after Michigan became a State, and represented Washtenaw County in the House in I843. William A., during his boyhood, worked on his father's farm, and his earliest educational advan, tages consisted of a few weeks' schooling during the winter. When he was twenty years of age, he determined to follow the profession of law, and in April, 1844, he began a preparatory course of study at Ypsilanti, where he remained two years. He then entered the freshman class of the University of Michigan, and graduated in I850, a member of the sixth class which left that institution. For a year and a half after graduation he taught school at Salem, Mississippi. In April, 1852, he prosecuted the study of the law in the office of Davidson & Holbrook, and was admitted to the bar on January 8, 1853. He immediately entered upon the practice of his profession, in which he has since been actively engaged, and by incessant, persevering and painstaking labor, has built up a profitable business. When he began his professional career, admiralty practice formed an important feature in the legal business of Detroit, a branch of work to which he gave special attention and in which he became proficient. For many years no important collision case was tried in the State of Michigan in which he was not retained, and he was often called to Buffalo, Cleveland, Chicago and Milwaukee in his practice. From deep-seated convictions Mr. Moore has ever been a staunch supporter of the Democratic party, but his tastes do not run in the line of public station or political office. The only offices he has ever held have been those pertaining to local government. From 1859 to I865 he was a member of the Board of Education, and during this period he served two and one-half years as secretary and three and onehalf years as president of the Board. He has been the attorney of'the Board of Police Commissioners since 1879. In I88I he was appointed a member of the Board of Park Commissioners, and was re-appointed in 1884. He was twice elected president of said Board, but resigned before the expiration of his second term, it was thought, because his action on the question of the sale of beer and other intoxicating drinks on Belle Isle Park was not approved by the City Council, which refused all appropriations until the sale of beer should be permitted, although his action was sustained by the best public sentiment of the city. He was one of the organizers of the Wayne County Savings Bank, and of the Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Company, and has been a member of the board of directors, and the attorney of both of said corporations since their organization. He is also one of the directors of the American Exchange Natiopal Bank. From I864 to

II26 JUDGES AND LAWYERS. I868 he was Chairman of the Democratic State Central Committee, and was the Michigan member of the Democratic National Executive Committee from I868 to 1876. During the late civil war he was a warm friend of the Union cause, and while disagreeing with many of the measures and methods pursued by the administration, he never wavered in his allegiance to the government. He gave liberally to aid in securing enlistments and for the relief of the wounded, and since the close of the war has ever been among the foremost in every movement in recognition of the service of the veterans, and is now a trustee of the Soldiers' Monument Association. Public-spirited and progressive, he readily aids every movement designed to advance the welfare of his fellows. He was one of the promoters of the Art Loan Exhibition, was one of the founders and a contributor for the erection of the Museum of Art, and is now its treasurer. As a lawyer he has achieved success in the trial of cases, but is especially in demand and appreciated as a counselor. He unites to a judicial and independent character of mind, long familiarity with the principles of law, excellent foresight, sound judgment, and above all, unquestioned integrityqualities which admirably fit him to act the part of conciliator and harmonizer of conflicting interests. His convictions are slowly formed, but a stand once taken is not abandoned for any mere question of policy or expediency. All his influence has been cast on the side of morality, good government, obedience to law, and the elevation of his fellows. No responsibility that has ever been laid upon him has ever been neglected or betrayed. Many persons with far less of worth have attracted a larger share of public attention, but there are few who have done more to conserve in various ways the best interests of the city. Reared in the Christian faith, he has always had deep reverence for religious principles, and since 1877 has been a member of the Lafayette, now the Woodward Avenue, Baptist Church. His friendships are strong and enduring, and in both public and private life he is a cultivated, genial Christian gentleman. He was married December 31, 1854, to Laura J. Van Husan, daughter of the late Caleb Van Husan. They have one son, William V., who is now associated with his father in the practice of his profession. GEORGE F. PORTER, for many years one of the leading lawyers of Detroit, was born in the town of Broome, New Hampshire, in 1803. The educational privileges of his youth were limited to the district schools of his native town. At an early age he left home to begin life's battles for himself, and from the savings 'his industry acquired, he se cured the means for obtaining a liberal education, studied law, was admitted to the bar and soon after, in 1829, emigrated to the Territory of Michigan, and settled in Detroit. Here he immediately secured a responsible position in the counting room of Dorr & Jones, at that time one of the leading mercantile houses of Detroit. In this establishment he acquired those accurate business habits which distinguished him through life. After spending some years with Dorr & Jones, he was employed by the old Bank of Michigan, and for several years was cashier of the branch at Kalamazoo. In 1837 he became associated with James F. Joy in the well remembered legal firm of Joy & Porter, which continued for nearly twenty years, and during that period was represented in most of the important litigations in the courts of Detroit and Michigan. Mr. Porter's commercial accuracy, excellent business methods and high attainments as a lawyer were of great value to the firm, and were in a large degree the cause of its success. His portion of the work of the firm pertained almost solely to office practice, and as a counselor and interpreter of intricate, difficult and close questions of law, requiring deep penetration, a wide general knowledge and a certain judicial quality of mind, he particularly excelled. He was an indefatigable student, and was naturally of an analytical and critical mind —qualities which made his opinion much sought and esteemed. The firm of Joy & Porter became the oldest legal partnership in Detroit, and was not dissolved until Mr. Porter's health began to fail and Mr. Joy became prominently connected with railroad management. Mr. Porter was one of the agents of the State in negotiating the sale of the Michigan Central Railroad; was prominent in the reorganization of the Michigan State Bank in 1845, and was one of the first directors of the first free school system established in Detroit. He was also one of the original anti-slavery men of Michigan, having been one of the organizers and officers of the first anti-slavery society formed in the State. His interest in the great political question was deep, and during the days when to be opposed to slavery was to arouse the popular prejudice, he manfully and unequivocally took sides against a state of affairs the existence of which he believed to be a national disgrace. He did not live to see slavery abolished, but in the beginning of the national struggle which it aroused, and which he foresaw meant its downfall, he gave his loyal support to the Union cause. He was a firm believer in Christianity, a consistent supporter of every good cause, and in every relationship of life an exemplary citizen, husband and father. For several years before his death his health had been gradually failing, and his death,

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JUDGES AND LAWYERS. I 27 which occurred on August 21, I862, was lamented as a public calamity. His prudence, energy, and close attention to business, enabled him to acquire a competency, but he left a name more precious than his fortune, and the record of a life of punctilious honesty in spirit and deed, a business and personal career without spot or shadow, and an example worthy of imitation. Mr. Porter was married October 26, i828, to Eliza Smith Cove, of Rutland, Vermont, who died in January, 1879. The result of this marriage was eight children, but two of whom survive, Arthur C. Porter and Mary J. Throop, widow of the late General William A. Throop, of Detroit, Michigan. RALPH PHELPS, JR., was born in Detroit, on November 14, 1859. He is the son of Ralph and Jane Phelps, and his ancestry in America dates back to the time of the War of the Revolution. He was educated in the public schools of Detroit, graduated from the High School, subsequently going to Ann Arbor, where he attended the law department of the University of Michigan and graduated in March, I879. He immediately entered upon the practice of law and rapidly acquired a large clientage. In 1883 he was elected by the largest majority of any member to the Upper House of the old Common Council, and two years after taking this position was unanimously elected President of that body, fulfilling the duties of the office in a manner highly satisfactory to his colleagues and creditable to himself. Whilst President of the Council he was called upon to act as Mayor for a considerable time on account of the illness of Mayor Chamberlain. During his term as President of the Council plans for a new post-office building were submitted to the people of Detroit. These plans showed a very common-place building proposed to be erected upon half of the block bounded by Fort and Lafayette, Wayne and Shelby Streets. Much dissatisfaction being generally expressed both on account of the plans and site, Mr. Phelps, as acting Mayor, called a meeting of the citizens to protest against them and to take steps to secure a structure in keeping with the demands and necessities of Detroit. As a result of this meeting a Citizens Post-Office Committee of ten persons, with Mr. Phelps as one of the number, was appointed to take charge of the matter, and by their activity and persistence in Washington, together with assistance they received from the members of Congress of this district, they Succeeded in having the appropriation largely increased, secured the whole of the block for a site, and had new plans prepared. Much credit is due Mr. Phelps for the great assistance he rendered in securing these results. In I886 he was elected Treasurer of Wayne County, receiving the largest majority of any candidate of either party, and two years later was reelected by a majority nearly four times larger, having a majority of 5,833 votes. His management of the office has given universal satisfaction, and almost any political office seems within his reach. In the fall of I889, he went to London, England, as the representative of large Detroit brewing interests, and successfully closed negotiations for the sales of several of the breweries of this city, a business transaction which had been long pending between Detroit brewers and English capitalists. He is now a director and legal adviser for the Goebel Brewing Company, which, controls four breweries, and is also a director and counsel for the Detroit Electric Light and Power Company, which has secured the contract for lighting the city for the next three years. He is a prominent secret society man, and belongs to nearly all the leading organizations. He is a member of Detroit Lodge, No. 2, F. & A. M.; Monroe Chapter, R. A. M.; Monroe Council, No. I, R. & S. M.; Detroit Commandery, No. i, K. T.; Michigan Consistory, A. & A. S. R., 32~, and a Mystic Shriner, and is also Treasurer and leading member of the benevolent order of Elks of this city. He is also a member of the Detroit Board of Trade, and of the Rushmere and other Clubs. For five years, from 1884 to I889, he was President of the Detroit Light Infantry, the crack military company of Michigan, and during his term of office the agitation for a new armory was started which resulted in the erection of the fine and commodious quarters which the company now occupies on Congress Street. Mr. Phelps possesses an accommodating spirit, and a frank, open-hearted disposition that makes him exceedingly popular. These traits of character, coupled with strong purpose, and much more than average ability, make him a leader in whatever project he becomes interested. He possesses strong financial instincts, which have been trained from an early year by the management of large business interests, which, owing to his father's poor health, had devolved in a great degree upon him. His integrity as a business man and lawyer is unquestioned, and his fidelity to friends and uniformly polite treatment of all with whom he comes in contact, has secured to him a host of friends. He is progressive and enterprising, and is always warmly interested in anything that concerns the welfare of his native city, and his success in the past gives promise of greater achievements in the future. JAMES ANDRUS RANDALL was born in Detroit, on December 15, 1848, and is a son of

I 1128 JUDGES AND LAWYERS. James Janeway and Caroline M. Randall. He was educated in the old Capitol School, near which the home of his father stood, and at the Goldsmith, Bryant & Stratton Business College. He graduated from the latter when but sixteen, and went to Nashville, Tennessee, for a visit. While there, Governor Brownlow took a great fancy to him, and, despite the disparity in their years, the two became fast friends. As an evidence of esteem the Governor issued to young Randall a commission as Major in the Sixth Tennessee Volunteers, and later detailed him to serve on the executive staff. Returning to the north in I866, Mr. Randall read law in Lamed & Hebden's office, was admitted to the bar in I869, and began practicing before he was a voter. He had always been fond of politics, and when he had made a name by handling successfully several large cases, he found himself agreeably drawn into the fascinations of political life. He was a Democrat, and, in I874, his party made him Circuit Court Commissioner. He so well fulfilled the duties of the office that he was twice re-elected, each time by largely increased majorities, and in I88I his friends wished to present his name to the Democratic nominating convention as one of the judges of the Third Judicial District, to fill a then existing vacancy, but he declined. A year later, however, he came before the regular convention called to nominate a candidate for the full term, but he was not its choice. In the spring of 1887 he was chosen by an overwhelming majority of the hundred and twenty delegates to the Democratic judicial convention, called for the purpose of placing in nomination a bench of four judges, and was nominated three successive times, but was counted out by unscrupulous tellers, and the officers of the convention, which had been organized against his candidacy. In the fall of 1887 he was chosen a member of the Board of Estimates, and in 1888 elected to the lower house of the State Legislature, where he at once became leader of the Democratic minority. Mr. Randall has always been a firm believer in the splendid possibilities of Detroit, and has labored unceasingly to make those possibilities realities. His chief work has been for public improvements. In I884 he took hold of the almost unknown Boulevard project, and was chiefly instrumental in advancing it to its present state. A prejudiced Council, ignoring the claims of the grand Boulevard, considered $i5,ooo to be sufficient for the work of improvement during the year i888, while they allowed $23,ooo for continuing the improvements on Belle Isle Park. As a member of the Board of Estimates, Mr. Randall denounced the disparity between the two appropriations, and despite the fact that a large majority of the Board had been elected as anti-boulevarders, and the persistent opposition of one of the leading journals of the city, his masterly and eloqu6nt presentation of the merits of the Boulevard as a necessary public improvement, and the unjust discrimination made against it in favor of Belle Isle Park, he had the Park estimates cut down to $I5,ooo to harmonize with the Boulevard allowance. Mr. Randall next went to the Legislature and passed a bill consolidating the Park and Boulevard Commissions so as to avoid future antagonism between those two public improvements; introduced and passed a bill authorizing Detroit to issue bonds to the amount of $500,000 for the purpose of improving the Boulevard, and drafted the bill authorizing the issue of $400,000 in bonds to complete the improvements of Belle Isle Park. But Mr. Randall's legislative labors were not concentrated upon these measures alone. The Democratic minority in the House of Representatives, recognizing his fitness, nominated and voted for him as their candidate for speaker of the House. He was the means of passing the bill allowing Detroit to issue $500,000 in bonds for constructing new trunk sewers. He introduced and passed the new registration law for Detroit; he framed and introduced a general election law for Detroit, the adoption of which would insure pure elections, the registration feature of which passed the House. He fought hard for the passage of his bill repealing the law taxing mortgages and other mere evidences of debt, and fought valiantly for its adoption; and, in short, gave intelligent attention to all measures of importance that came before the Legislature, and rendered capable service on the judiciary and municipal corporations committees. Mr. Randall, though a lawyer, has many other business interests. He is a large holder of real estate, is Vice-President of the Cole Conduit Company, of Detroit, also of the Detroit Graphite Electric Company, a director in the Put-in-Bay Hotel Company, First Vice-President of the Home Loan and Building Association, and is a director in and large owner of the Kansas City News. Personally he is of a jovial disposition, accepting both reverses and success with philosophic calm. He is the personification of frankness in everything, a strong speaker, and effective; a ready debater, a * logical thinker, a good fighter and a hard hitter. The secret of his success lies in his steady perseverance and resolute determination. Of a portly build, he has a fresh blonde complexion, a pleasant face and distinguished appearance. Although comparatively a young man, he has attained prominence both in the professional field and in business pursuits. W. C. G.

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JUDGES ANI) LAWYERS. I 128A JOHN WINDER, of Detroit, was born at Uniontown, Pennsylvania, in I805, His father, James Winder, was a native of Virginia, and his mother a native of New Jersey. He received a thorough English education in his native town, and in I824 left home for Detroit, in the employ of Major Thomas Rowland, who was then United States Marshal. In 1826 he was appointed Clerk of the Supreme Court of the Territory, and held the office until 1840 In I837 he was appointed Clerk of the United States Circuit and United States District Courts for Michigan. He held one of these offices until I870. He is a man of robust constitution, is social and genial in nature, and has a host of friends. CHARLES I. WALKER, one of the best known and most prominent lawyers of Detroit, was born at Butternuts, Otsego County, New York, April 25, 1814. He is a descendant of a sturdy old New England family, admirably fitted for the furnishing of such elements as are needed to command success amid the hindrances of a new and growing country. His grandfather, Ephraim Walker, was born in I735, and married Priscilla Rawson, a lineal descendant of Edward Rawson, who graduated from Harvard College in 1653, and for nearly forty years was secretary of the Colony of Massachusetts, and while holding the office took a bold stand against the usurpation of Governor I)udley. He built a family mansion on the corner of Westminster and Walker streets, at Providence, Rhode Island, and there, during the year 1765, Stephen Walker, the father of C. I. Walker, was born. In I790 he married Polly Campbell, who died in I795, leaving two children. In the following year he married Lydia Gardner, a Quakeress of Nantucket, who became the mother of eleven children, of whom C. I. Walker was the ninth in order of birth. Of this large family, the youngest had reached the age of twenty-one before death invaded the household. Stephen Walker was a house builder, a man of thrift, energy and high principle, who gave his children every advantage in his power. A writer in the " Book of Walkers " says: " He was a man of fair abilities, sterling good sense, honest, temperate, and remarkably industrious. He labored for the good of his family, and his ambition was to train them in the path of honor, usefulness and piety." His wife "was strong in person and character; a woman of inexhaustible energy and resources, and the care of thirteen children set lightly upon her." The family resided at Providence until 1812, when they removed to Butternuts, where the boyhood of Charles I. Walker was passed. He obtained his primary education in the district school in his native village, supplemented by one term at a private school at Utica, New York. At the age of sixteen he became a teacher, and a few months later entered a store connected with a cotton mill at Cooperstown, New York, where he remained four years. In 1834 he left this employment and made his first journey to the West, going as far as St. Joseph, and on his way passing through Detroit. In the spring of 1835 he returned to Cooperstown, and on his own account engaged in mercantile business, but sold out the following year to remove to the West. In prospecting for a home he visited Michigan, Indiana, Illinois and Iowa, and finally settled at Grand Rapids, where he became a land and investment agent and built up a good business, but the suspension of specie payment and the period of financial depression which ensued, compelled him to discontinue. In December, 1836, he was elected a member and was chosen secretary of the Territorial Convention to consider the question of the admission of Michigan into the Union. He was subsequently for two years editor and proprietor of the Grand Rapids Times, the only paper then published in that now thriving city. In 1838 he was elected justice of the peace, and then left journalistic life and began the study of law under the guidance of the late Chief Justice Martin. In I840 he was elected a member of the State House of Representatives from the district comprising Kent, Ionia, and Ottawa Counties, and the territory to the northward not yet included in any county organization. In the fall of the following year he removed to Springfield, Massachusetts, in order to complete his law studies. He became a student in the law office of Henry Morris, afterwards a judge of the Court of Common Pleas, remained in Springfield until the spring of 1842, and then studied law under the preceptorship of Dorr Bradley, of Brattleboro, Vermont. In the following September he was admitted to the bar, and at once entered into partnership with Mr. Bradley. In 1845, Hon. Daniel Kellogg, of Rockingham, Vermont, having been elected justice of the Supreme Court, Mr. Walker obtained his practice and business, remaining in Rockingham three years, and upon the completion of a railroad to Bellows Falls, Vermont, he removed to that place. By this time he had acquired a large and growing practice, extending into the adjoining counties, but the West attracted him, and in 1851 he returned to Michigan and settled in Detroit, where his brother, E. C. Walker, had already established a successful legal business. They entered into partnership, and in July, 1853, Alfred Russell was admitted as a partner, the firm name being Walkers & Russell. Their practice was principally in collections and commercial business. and Mr. Walker, desiring to devote himself principally to trial of causes and

II28B JUDGES AND LAWYERS. argument of law cases, withdrew from the firm in January, I857, since which time he has had no partner in the practice of his profession. Soon after his second coming to Michigan, Mr. Walker began to direct his attention to the early history of his adopted State. In I854 he was elected president of the Young Men's Society, which at that time wielded a strong influence. During 1854 he delivered the opening lecture of the society course, taking for his subject "The Early History of Michigan," in the preparation of which he was assisted by General Cass. In 1857 he was prominent in the re-organization of the Historical Society of Michigan. In July, I858, on the one hundred and fifty-seventh anniversary of the founding of Detroit, Mr. Walker read an elaborate paper devoted to the " Life of De La Motte Cadillac and the First Ten Years of Detroit." Among his other historical papers are "The Early Jesuits of Michigan," "Michigan from 1796 to I8o5," and "The Civil Administration of General Hull." In I871 he read before the Historical Society of Wisconsin a paper on "The Northwest Territory During the Revolution." It excited wide attention from the many interesting facts it contained-never before printed; was published in the third volume of the Wisconsin Historical Collection, and has since been reprinted in the collections of the Pioneer Society of Michigan. Mr. Walker's taste for historical research led to the collection of a choice library of books and manuscripts relating to the early history of Michigan and the Northwest, which were of real service to the author of this work in the preparation of the first edition of the History of Detroit. Mr. Walker has taken a warm and active interest in educational matters; was elected a member of the Board of Education in I853, and during much of the time since then has been officially connected with the Board, serving as president at two different times. His vote and influence are ever given to the broadest and most liberal provisions in all matters relating to educational affairs. In the spring of I859 he was appointed one of the professors in the law department of the Michigan University, a position which he ably filled for fifteen years, and then failing health and the demands of business forced him to resign. On the death of Judge Witherell in I867, Mr. Walker was appointed by Governor Crapo judge of the Wayne County Circuit Court to fill the vacancy. At the time of his acceptance of the office a proposition to increase the salaries of circuit judges was pending in the Constitutional Convention, but, upon its rejection by the people, Judge Walker, after having held the office about ten months, resigned, as he could not afford to sacrifice a lucrative practice for the small salary then attached to this judicial position. Since that time he has devoted himself very closely and laboriously to his large law practice, and though now past three score and ten, is regularly at his desk or in court, clear and vigorous in mind, and with bodily strength apparently equal to many years of work. Under a joint resolution of the Legislature in I869, he was appointed by Governor Baldwin one of the commissioners to examine the penal, reformatory and charitable institutions in Michigan, visit such institutions in other States, and report the results to the Governor. The commissioners made extensive examinations and an elaborate report, which led to the passage of a law creating a Board of State Charities, of which Judge Walker was appointed a member and acted as chairman many years. He represented the Board at the National Prison Reform Congress at Baltimore in 1872, and at St. Louis in 1874. Into the scientific consideration of the great problems of charity and correction, Judge Walker has gone with his whole heart, and has been justly recognized as an authority in various branches of these important questions. He was reared in the faith of the Quakers, and continued to observe their forms until he left home. He then became a member of the Presbyterian Church. When at Grand Rapids he gave his aid in the organization of an Episcopal Church, was one of its officers and a regular attendant while a resident there. While in Vermont he attended the Congregational Church, and on returning to Detroit became a member of the First Congregational Church. He is not strongly denominational in his feelings, his church relationships having been determined principally by circumstances. Politically he has ever been a Democrat. He is a strong believer in the morality and advisability of free trade, and an equally strong opponent of the centralization of political power. When twentyone years of age, he was a member of the AntiSlavery Convention at Utica, New York, which was broken up by a mob, but reassembled at Petersborto by the invitation of Garret Smith. While an inflexible anti-slavery man, he was in sympathy with the Free Soil party in I848, and supported Van Buren. He was a hearty supporter of the government war measures from I86I to 1865, and in the war meetings held in that critical time to raise funds or volunteers to prosecute the war he was a frequent and influential speaker. Personally he has a pleasant, agreeable manner, with inflexible integrity and strong common sense. His life has been characterized by faithfulness in every trust committed to him. His private life has been without reproach, and in public affairs he has been unusually active, influential,and useful.

JUDGES AND LAWYERS. II29 He was married in 1838 to Mary Hindsdale, sister of Judge Mitchel Hindsdale, a pioneer of Kalamazoo County. She died in May, 1864. In May, I865, he married Ella Fletcher, daughter of Rev. Dr. Fletcher, of Townshend, Vermont. By his first wife he had one son and by his second, two children, the younger of whom, a son, is a student at Yale College. EDWARD CAREY WALKER, the youngest of the thirteen children of Stephen and Lydia Walker, was born at Butternuts, Otsego County, New York, July 4, 1820. At an early age he became an inmate of the family of his brother Ferdinand Walker, then living at Hamilton, Madison County, New York. He prepared for college at the academy of that place, but at the age of fifteen left his studies to accept a position in an engineer corps engaged in building the Chenango canal under the charge of William A. McAlpine, afterwards so distinguished as an engineer. After two years' service, a broken knee, the result of being thrown from a carriage, unfitted him for further work in his chosen profession, and in September, I837, still suffering from his injury and obliged to use crutches, he came to Detroit to visit his sister, Mrs. Alexander C. McGraw. Mr. McGraw advised him to renew his studies, and offered to send him to college at his own expense. He accepted the offer, attended the branch of the University then at Ietroit, conducted by Rev. Chauncey W. Fitch, afterwards Chaplain in the United States Army, and in I840 entered the junior class of Yale College and graduated with honor in 1842. He then returned to Detroit, taught school for a time in the branch of the University, and then began the study of law in the office of Joy & Porter, and subsequently spent a year in study under Judge Story at the Harvard law school, and was admitted to the bar in 1845. He at once began the practice of his profession in Detroit and has since continued therein with success and honor. In I850, at his request, he was joined by his brother, Charles I. Walker, under the partnership name of C. I. & E. C. Walker. In 1853 Alfred Russell became a member of the firm, and so continued until I860, when he became United States District Attorney. In the meantime, in I857, C. I. Walker retired from the firm, and for fifteen years following Charles A. Kent was associated as a partner with E. C. Walker, under the firm name of Walker & Kent. At the present time, and for several years, Mr. Walker's only son, Bryant, has had a partnership interest in his father's legal practice, Walker & Walker becoming the firm name. Mr. Walker's practice has largely pertained to commercial business and the management of prop erty interests for eastern parties. His knowledge and skill as-a lawyer, combined with his high personal integrity, have eminently fitted him for this branch of practice. In matters connected with land titles, and in questions affecting the rights and responsibilities of corporations, his counsel is much sought and highly esteemed. Painstaking labor, persevering and incessant effort, have been rewarded by a large and profitable business in the line of his profession. He has manifested a warm interest in educational matters, and has particularly interested himself in the advancement of the Detroit public schools. For many years he was a member and Secretary of the Board of Education of Detroit, and though during late years not officially connected with the Board, he has been enthusiastic in support of all measures designed to increase the efficiency of the educational institutions of the city. He has ever been active in benevolent and reformatory work, freely giving his time and money to every project he deemed to be for the public good. He is a strong advocate of temperance, and in 1846 was secretary of one of the first temperance societies organized in Detroit, and through the various phases of this reform has been a staunch supporter of the principle of total abstinence. He has served as president of various literary and religious societies, and has long been a member and elder of the Fort Street Presbyterian Church, and actively interested in the management of the church. He is a Republican in political faith, was for four years Chairman of the Republican State Central Committee, and has had many opportunities to enjoy political honors, but for the most part has declined, preferring the more congenial work of his profession. In 1863 he was elected by the popular vote of the State a regent of the University of Michigan, and drawing by lot the short term, served two years, and was then re-elected for eight years, and again elected for the same period in I873. He was chosen to represent the city of Detroit in the Legislature of I876, his most important service during his term being as chairman of the Judiciary Committee of the lower house. During the War for the Union he was a persistent and conscientious supporter of the federal government, and gave liberally of time and money to aid the Union cause. He was one of the organizers in 1863 and chairman of the Michigan Branch of the United States Christian Commission, which sent delegates to the hospitals and fields, and expended over $30,000 in ministering to the welfare and comfort of the Union soldiers. As a member of the commission, Mr. Walker personally spent six weeks in caring for the wounded after the battle of the Wilderness.

I130 JUDGES AND LAWYERS. During a residence of half a century in Detroit, Mr. Walker has sought and served the public weal in many ways, and every trust, either of a public or private nature, committed to him, has been zealously guarded and faithfully executed. He possesses naturally a kindly, sympathetic, and genial nature, that kindles responsive feelings in those with whom he becomes associated. All his influence is on the side of morality, temperance, good government, obedience to law, and the elevation of his fellow citizens. Other citizens have attracted a larger share of public attention, but few persons have exerted a more helpful or manly influence in the community where he has so long resided, and where he is justly respected and esteemed. He was married in 1852 to Lucy Bryant of Buffalo, New York. They have had two children, Bryant, now his father's associate in business, and Jessie, wife of Rev. Wallace Radcliffe, D. D., of Detroit. WILLIAM PALMER WELLS, the son of Noah Burrall and Phcebe Palmer (Hewitt) Wells, was born at St. Albans, in Franklin County, Vermont, February 15, 1831. His father, a lineal descendant of Thomas Wells, an early Governor of Connecticut, was born in Old Canaan, Litchfield County, Connecticut, in '794, and settled in St. Albans, Vermont, in I812, where he was engaged in mercantile pursuits until his death in I857. His mother was born in Pawlet, Vermont, in i8oi, and was a descendant of the Palmer family of Stonington, Connecticut. She died at Detroit in I882. William P. Wells took a preparatory college course at the Franklin County Grammar School at St. Albans, and then entered the University of Vermont at Burlington, and after spending four years, graduated with the degree of A. B. in I851. After graduation he commenced the study of law at St. Albans. In 1852 he entered the law school of Harvard University, and in I854 graduated with the degree of LL. B., receiving the highest honors of his class for a thesis on "The Adoption of the Principles of Equity Jurisprudence into the Administration of the Common Law." The same year he received the degree of M. A. from the University of Vermont, and in 1854 was admitted to the bar of his native State at St. Albans. In January, I856, he settled in Detroit, entering the law office of James V. Campbell. In March following he was admitted to the bar of Michigan, and in November of the same year became a partner of James V. Campbell, the partnership continuing until Judge Campbell's accession to the bench in 1858 as one of the judges of the Supreme Court of Michigan. From that time to the present Mr. Wells has continued the practice of law alone in Detroit. His legal talents early won just recognition, and his practice has extended to all the courts of the State and United States. He has been counsel in many of the most important litigations of the past twentyfive years, notably in cases involving the constitutionality of the War Confiscation Acts, heard in the Supreme Court of the United States in I869 and 1870. He was a member of the Legislature of Michigan in I865-6, as a representative from the city of Detroit. As a member of the Committee on Elections, he took an active part in the contested election cases, and made a report strongly urging the Legislature to follow the decision of the Supreme Court upon the "Soldier Voting Law." He was a member of the Board of Education of Detroit in 1863-4, and chairman of the Committee on Library. In the latter capacity he made an elaborate report in favor of the foundation of a library which became a basis for the plan of the present Public Library, and at its opening in March, I865, he made the principal address. In I874-5, during the leave of absence of Judge Charles I. Walker, Kent Professor of Law in the University of Michigan, Mr. Wells was appointed to the vacancy. On Judge Walker's resignation in I876, Mr. Wells was appointed to the professorship, a position he held until December, 1885, when he resigned because of the interference of its duties with his legal practice. The subjects assigned to this professorship, and of which Mr. Wells had charge, were Corporations, Contracts, Commercial Law generally, Partnership, and Agency. Upon his resignation an address was presented him by the students, and resolutions of commendation adopted by the Regency. From January I, 1887, to the close of the college year, Mr. Wells held the position of Lecturer on Constitutional History and Constitutional Law in the University of Michigan, temporarily discharging the duties of Judge Cooley, Professor of American History and Constitutional Law in that institution. In June, 1887, he was again called by the Regency to the Kent Professorship in the la\w school, and he now holds that position. The subject of Constitutional Law was added to those of which he has charge. Outside of his professional work, Mr. Wells has given attention to general studies within the wide range of intellectual culture, and is often called upon for addresses upon literary and other occasions. At the commencement of the Law Department of the University of Michigan, in I870, he delivered an address on " The Public Relations of the Legal Profession," and in 1875 one on "The Relations of Educated Men to American Politics," before the Associate Alumni of the University of Vermont; in

I

JUDGES AND LAWYERS. 113I I876 on "The Civil Liberty of New England" before the New England Society of Ann Arbor, and on " The Relations of Lawyers to the Reform of the Law," at the commencement of the Law Department of the University of Michigan in I883. At the Legislative Reunion at Lansing in June, i886, he delivered an address upon "The Legislative Power in a Free Commonwealth;" also memorial addresses in Detroit, on Decoration Day, 1883 and 1884. Always an earnest advocate of the free trade policy, he is vice-president of the American Free Trade League, and an honorary member of the Cobden Club of England. He was one of the earliest members of the American Bar Association, organized in 1878, which holds its annual session at Saratoga, N. Y., and for several years has been a member of the General Council; and in 1888 was elected chairman of the General Council. At the meeting in I886, he presented a paper on "The Dartmouth College Case and Private Corporations," which has been reprinted from the transactions of the Association, and widely circulated, attracting much attention. Among the members of the legal profession, Mr. Wells stands in the front rank. As an advocate, a lecturer, and a gentleman of broad and liberal culture, he holds a place among the best, and his legal attainments, tested by long practice in important cases, justified his selection as an associate with Judges Cooley and Campbell in the law faculty of the University. His legal studies, however, have not fully engrossed his attention, and the intervals of freedom from pressing professional duties have been devoted to following avenues of intellectual culture opened by a liberal education. Naturally a clear and vigorous thinker, and possessing the valuable gift of clear and forcible expression, he needed only the opportunities he has enjoyed to secure eminence as an orator, alike at the bar, in the political arena, and in the halls of the University. For his duties in connection with the University he possesses special fitness, and it is by that work that he will be most widely remembered. The professional successes of a lawyer, however useful or beneficial, are comparatively ephemeral, but the teacher who has been the means of giving an intellectual impetus, and who has imparted the clear light of absolute knowledge to the inquiring mind, is sure of being held in grateful remembrance. That Mr. Wells has been greatly successful as a professor is conceded by all who have any knowledge of the University, and especially by the students who have been fortunate in having him as an instructor. His abilities are such as to command acquaintanceship with many persons distinguished in professional and political life. He has long taken an active and leading part in party politics; he is, however, always dignified, selfrespecting and courteous to his political opponents, and incapable of descending to the ignoble practices so common in the political arena. His party affiliations have always been with the Democratic party, and he has been prominent and active in its councils and efforts in Michigan. During the War for the Union he was a strong War Democrat and ably supported the Government in the suppression of the Rebellion. In 1866 he was a delegate from Michigan to the Union National Convention in Philadelphia. In I868 he was a member of the Democratic State Central Committee, and in 1883 and in I888, President of the Democratic State Convention. Often urged by his party, especially since its accession to control in the Federal Government, for high positions, he has steadily refused to seek office. His religious affiliations are with the Protestant Episcopal Church, and he is a member of St. Paul's Parish. He was married October 14, I857, to Mary Campbell, youngest daughter of Henry M. Campbell. They have had four children, of whom only one, Charles William, is now living. ALBERT HAMILTON WILKINSON was born at Novi, Oakland County, Michigan, November 19, I834. His father, James Wilkinson, was of English descent, and was born in Henderson, Jefferson County, New York, February 24, I8oo. In I825 he purchased from the Government a tract of land in Novi, upon which, as one of the earliest pioneer farmers, he continued to reside until his death on February 3, 1872. The maiden name of his wife was Elizabeth Yerkes. She died in I863. Her ancestors were of German descent, and came to America in the Colonial period. James Wilkinson had six children, five of whom reached mature age. The eldest was Harmon, who died at the age of nineteen. The other children, in their order after A. H. Wilkinson, were James Milton, now a banker at Marquette, Michigan; Melissa, wife of Homer A. Flint, Register of the Probate Court of Detroit; William Lewis, deceased, and Charles M., a lawyer, at Minneapolis. Albert H. Wilkinson was reared in the country, but early in life evinced a taste and desire for a professional career. His education began in the district school, and was continued at the Cochrane Academy, at Northville, Michigan, conducted by the father of the late Lyman Cochrane, first Judge of the Superior Court of Detroit. After leaving Northville, Mr. Wilkinson conducted a winter school in Milford Township, Oakland County, and subse

1132 JUDGES AND LAWYERS. quently entered the State Normal School at Ypsilanti, being one of the earliest students of that institution at its opening in the spring of I853. At the end of a year and a half he left the Normal School to accept the position of principal of the Union Graded School at Centreville, St. Joseph County, Michigan. Being determined to perfect himself in his studies, he remained only five months at Centreville, and then, for the purpose of studying Greek, went to Rufus Nutting's Academy at Lodi Plains, Washtenaw County. From there, in I855, he entered the Michigan State University, graduating in the classical course in 1859. He then attended the law department of the University, remaining during the school year, afterwards studying in the office of Judge M. E. Crofoot, of Pontiac, and in June, I860, was admitted to the bar. In the fall of I860, and for a short period thereafter, he practiced in partnership with Henry M. Look, and afterwards with Oscar F. Wisner. In August, I86I, he came to Detroit, and for the following five years continued the practice of law with W. P. Yerkes, Probate Judge. On January I, 1866, with Hoyt Post, he established the law firm of Wilkinson & Post, which was continued until 1873, when Mr. Post retired, and Mr. Wilkinson formed a partnership with his brother Charles M., under the firm name of A. H. & C. M. Wilkinson. In 1877 Mr. Post again became a partner of the firm, and from that time until 1884, when Charles M. Wilkinson retired, the firm was known as Wilkinson, Post & Wilkinson. Since I884 it has been Wilkinson & Post. Mr. Wilkinson's practice has been general, but of late years has pertained largely to the settlement of estates. His party affiliations have been with the Republican party. He has been a member of the School Board from the Fifth Ward, and from 1873 to 1877 served as Judge of Probate. He was one of the organizers of the Michigan Mutual Life Insurance Company and of the Michigan Fire and Marine Insurance Company, and has been attorney and director of both companies. He was also one of the organizers of the Michigan Savings Bank, and has always been its attorney. When quite young he became a member of the Baptist Church, and is art earnest and influential spirit in that organization, and for several years has been a trustee and deacon in the First Baptist Church. He has been active in Sunday School work, and for many years was Superintendent of the First Baptist School, and also of t'he Clinton Avenue Mission School. He assisted in the organization and was the first president of the Detroit Baptist Social Union. His reputation in the community is that of an upright, consistent Christian gentleman, an honest, painstaking lawyer, a good neighbor and a firm friend, and he has received and fulfilled many important trusts faithfully and honorably. He was married July 4, I859, to Elvira M. Allen a graduate of the State Normal School in 1858. JAMES WITHERELL was born in Mansfield, Massachusetts, June 16, 1759. His ancestors came from England between i620 and I640. In June, 1775, when only sixteen years old, he voluntarily enlisted as a private in a Massachusetts regiment, and served at the siege of Boston and entirely through the War of the Revolution. He was severely wounded at the battle of White Plains, was at the battles of Long Island, Stillwater, and Bemis Heights, and present at the surrender of Burgoyne. He was also with the army at Valley Forge when it endured the severest of its sufferings, and the following summer fought at the battle of Monmouth. During the latter part of his services he held a commission of Adjutant in the Eleventh Massachusetts Regiment. He witnessed the execution of Antre, at Tappan, and with other soldiers participated in the final disbanding of the Continental Army in 1783, at Newburg. On being mustered out of service, he found himself in possession of seventy dollars in Continental scrip. With this sum he settled in Connecticut, studied medicine, and after about five years removed to Vermont and engaged in the practice of his profession. Here he rose rapidly in the esteem of his fellow-citizens, and was called upon to fill a number of public offices. He served in the Legislature of Vermont from I798 to 1803, was County Judge for the two following years, and State Councillor for the three years following 1804. In I807 he was elected to Congress, and in I808 had the pleasure of voting for the Act which abolished the slave trade. While in Congress, on April 23, I808, he was appointed by President Jefferson one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the Territory of Michigan. Soon afterwards he resigned his seat and started for the then almost unknown region. Arriving here, he found the duties of his office arduous and perplexing. He was not only one of the Chief Judges, but the Governor and Judges together constituted the Territorial Legislature, and they also acted as a land board in adjusting old land claims, and in laying out anew the City of Detroit. From the time of his arrival in Detroit until his decease, Judge Witherell was prominent in all public affairs. As one of the Judges he did more than any one else to squelch the fraudulent Detroit Bank, and he aided materially in bringing the chaotic laws of the Territory into somewhat of symmetry, and was the author of the "Witherell Code." His family, who had been residing at Fair Haven,

W-W 1vt 5, T",

I

JUDGES AND LAWYERS. II33 Connecticut, did not come to Detroit until i8Io, and they remained only about a year, the unsettled state of affairs with the Indians, and their threatening attitude, causing them to return to Vermont. The next year after their return the War of 1812 began, and Judge Withcrell, who, in the absence of Governor Hull, was the only Revolutionary officer in the Territory, was placed in command of the Territorial militia. On the arrival of General Hull and the almost immediate surrender of Detroit, Mr. Witherell refused to surrender his corps, but allowed them to disperse. He, with his son, James C. C. Witherell, who was an officer in the volunteer service, and his son-in-law, Colonel Joseph Watson, became prisoners, and were sent to Kingston, Ontario, where they were released on parole. They then went to West Poultney, Vermont, and after being exchanged, the Judge returned to his duties, and continued in the same office until February I, I828, when he was appointed Secretary of the Territory. Judge Witherell was about six feet in height, erect in form, and possessed a positive character. His correspondence shows great facility of expression, a wide range of words, and that he was a student of books and men is abundantly evident. It was said of him, by one of the most eminent statesmen of the age, that "he possessed as pure a heart and as sound an intellect as is ordinarily given to human nature." His sterling integrity, moral worth, and prompt attention to official duties, made him an acceptable judge. He was a man of few words, but of clearly defined opinions, and possessed an almost inflexible will. These qualities of mind, guided by his strong common sense, enabled him to exert a leading influence in whatever position he was placed. In 1813 he bought what is known as the Witherell Farm, and resided upon it until I836. He then. removed to a residence on the site of the present Detroit Opera House, where he died on January 6, 1838. The Legislature was then in session in the city, and both it and the Supreme Court of the State passed eulogistic resolutions, and adjourned as a mark of respect. Judge Witherell was married to Amy Hawkins, on November 11, 1780. She was born in Smithfield, Rhode Island, and was a descendant of Roger Williams. Her father's name was Charles, her mother's maiden name, Sarah Olney. They had six children: James C. C., born July 14, 1791; he entered Middlebury College in 1803, but went with the family to Detroit, arriving in a government sloop on June 20, I8Io; he died at Poultney on August 26, I813. Sarah Myra was born September i I792, married Colonel Joseph Watson, and died in Poultney, March 22, 1818. Betsey Matilda was born in 1793, married Dr. E. Hurd, and died at Detroit in 1852. Mary Amy was born in October, 1795, married Thomas Palmer in i82i, and died in Detroit, March 19, 1874. Benjamin F. H. was born in 1797, and died June 22, 1867. James B. was born May 12, 1799, became a midshipman in the United States Navy, and died of yellow fever on board the United States ship Peacock, during a passage from Havana to Hampton Roads. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN HAWKINS WITHERELL was born at Fair Haven, Vermont, August 4, I797, and was the second son of Judge James Witherell, one of the Judges of the Territorial Supreme Court of Michigan. He was educated chiefly in the East, under the tuition of Dr. Beaman, and in 1817, on the permanent removal of his father's family to Detroit, he commenced the study of law in the office of Governor Woodbridge. In I819 he was admitted to the bar of the Territorial Court, and entered upon the practice of his profession in Detroit. On the motion of Daniel Webster, he was subsequently admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of the United States. He began almost immediately to be sought for public office, and was appointed a Justice of the Peace in 1824, and Recorder of the city in 1828. In 1834, and during the most of the year 1835, he served as Judge of Probate and from 1835 to I839 was Prosecuting Attorney for Wayne County. In I843 he became District Judge of the Criminal Court, the district consisting of the counties of Wayne, Washtenaw, and Jackson, and held the office for four years, and until the Court was abolished by the Constitution of I850. In J857 he was chosen Circuit Judge of Wayne County to fill the vacancy made by the resignation of Judge Douglass, and was re-elected to this office for two successive terms, serving in all some ten years. During his term as Circuit Judge he also, in I858, under the law, served as one of the Judges of the Supreme Court, and from I862 to 1864 was Judge of the Recorder's Court. In addition to the above he served as a member of the convention of 1836 at Ann Arbor, which resulted in securing the admission of Michigan as a State; he was also a member of the Constitutional Convention of I850. He served as State Senator in 1840 and 1841, as Regent of the University in 1848, and as Historiographer of the city of Detroit from I855 to 1867. He also held at various periods of time the military offices of Judge Advocate General, Brigadier-General, and Major-General of the militia, and was President of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument Association at. the time of his death. He was President of the State Historical Society for many years, and wrote numerous articles illus

II34 JUDGES AND LAWYERS. trative of the history of Michigan, and in his day no one was better acquainted with the history of Detroit than himself. Many of his recollections were published in the Detroit Free Press, over the signature of Hamtramck, and a number of them were republished by the State Historical Society of Wisconsin. He was one of the corporators of the First Protestant Church of Detroit, and one of the first trustees of the First Methodist Episcopal Church, organized in 1822. He was active and influential in all moral reforms, helped to organize the Bible Society in I83r, and was one of the earliest to aid in establishing the common school system of the city. In his prime he was over six feet in stature, genial and kindly in his disposition, and universally esteemed as an upright and honorable man, and had a host of warm personal friends, especially among the French residents. He was married in I824 to Mary A. Sprague, of Poultney, Vermont. They had four children, namely, Martha E., James B., Harriet C. M., and Julia A. His wife died in August, I834, and in I837 he married Delia A. Ingersoll. They had one child, Charles I. Witherell. The wife and mother died in 1847, and in 1848 he married Cassandra S, Brady, who died in March, I863. Mr. Witherell died on June 26, 1867.

CHAPTER XCIV. MERCHANTS. HENRY JAMES BUCKLEY was born in the city of Baltimore, in 1822, and in 1838 came to Detroit, and entered the employ of Gurdon Williams & Co., produce merchants and forwarders, who were largely interested in the Detroit and Pontiac Railroad, then in process of construction. The same firm were pioneers of the Lake Superior trade, and loaded and sent the first propeller that ever cleared for that region, and, in addition to all their other enterprises, were the owners of the Bank of Pontiac. Growing out of his connection with the firm, Mr. Buckley, in I839, served for a time as conductor on the railroad, and, subsequently, as teller in the Bank of Pontiac. At this time he was only seventeen years old, but he had given such satisfactory proof of his integrity and business talent that he won the unlimited confidence of his employers. The amount of labor performed by him would seem incredible, to those unfamiliar with his astonishing capacity for business at that time, and which was even more fully exemplified in his after life. He performed almost the entire official business, DFoth of the bank, and the railroad, regularly going the rounds of the stores and warehouses, to look after shipments, when the other duties of the day had been performed. In i854, the firm of Gurdon Williams & Co. withdrew from the business of produce and forwarding, and were succeeded by a new firm, consisting of G. 0. Williams, H. J. Buckley and N. G. Williams. Further changes took place in I860 and 1864, and, after the last date, the style of the firm became "Buckley & Co.," their operations being carried on at the identical stand at the foot of First Street where Mr. Buckley had commenced work. The business of the house steadily increased, and with its growth, Mr. Buckley became by degrees closely identified with the interests of the Upper Peninsula, and invested a large share of his earnings in developing the resources of that important portion of the State. His proclivities were proverbially of an adventurous character, and the many mining enterprises of that region presented a fine field for their exer cise. He operated, however, with tact and good judgment, seldom risking largely where the investment was not proved judicious by actual results, and very few copper mines were ever started to the development of which his means and influence were not contributed. His landed property in the mining region grew to large proportions, and his interests there, at the time of his death, were doubtless more diversified than those of any other man ever connected with the Lake Superior trade. He was always well versed in mercantile values and shrewd in making a bargain, and, when made, no man was ever more faithful in abiding by a contract. He had a high ideal as to what constituted mercantile integrity, and would sacrifice thousands of dollars rather than forfeit his honor, and this not in a vainglorious spirit, but simply as a matter of integrity. He belonged to the Democratic school of politics, and although warm and enthusiastic, his preferences and convictions were never tainted by bigotry. At the State election, in I870, he was a candidate for Representative in the State Legislature, and although some of his colleagues upon the ticket were men of great personal popularity, he received more votes than any other candidate on the ticket, and was one of the two Democratic Representatives chosen. In I865 he was unanimously elected President of the Board of Trade. He was a genial companion, and his manner was always deferential, which rendered him a pleasing associate, and it is worthy of note that in social life he never spoke sneeringly or deprecatingly of others. If he could not speak well of the absent, he would say nothing. He was married on November 3, I858, to Mary Williams of Detroit. She is still living, and also their four children-Mary, Henry, Cornelia Williams and James Pinkney. Henry resides in Santiago, California. Mr. Buckley died November 27, 1870. The Board of Trade and other bodies passed highly commendatory resolutions, and the attendance of business men at his funeral was the largest seen up to that time in Detroit, and included over [11351

1136 TMERlCHANTS. sixty members of the Board of Trade, who marched in procession the entire distance to the cemetery. JAMES BURNS was born November Io, I81o. At the age of nine years he left his home in Lewis County, New York, started in life for himself, and in 1826 commenced to learn the trade of a carpenter and joiner, in Turin, New York. Subsequently he attended the Louisville Academy, studying in the winter, and in the summer working at his trade. In I834 he came to Detroit, where he pursued his trade for a year. The succeeding year he traveled on horseback over a large part of the wilds of Michigan, and bought for himself and others large amounts of wild land. He afterwards became clerk in the dry goods house of Olney Cook, and after two years' service became a partner, under the firm name of Cook & Burns. For seven years they transacted business in a store on Jefferson avenue, where the Old Masonic Hall now stands, and during that time their establishment became one of the best known business houses in the city. After several years Mr. Cook retired, and T. L. Partridge was taken into partnership, and the firm then became James Burns & Co., and under this name carried on a very successful business for fully twenty years. In I850 the business was removed to the east side of Woodward avenue, just north of Jefferson avenue. In 1866 Mr. Partridge retired, and Lucien A. Smith was admitted as partner, the firm name changing to Burns & Smith, and remaining thus until I874, when Mr. Burns retired, having been in the dry goods business in Detroit for nearly forty years. In I86I, when the first Board of Review for the city was provided for by the Legislature, Mr. Burns was nominated by Mayor C. H. Buhl as a member of the Board, was confirmed by the Council, and served in this position twelve years, having been nominated and re-nominated by five successive Mayors and appointed by five successive Councils of different political principles from his own. He resigned in I873, when elected as Representative in the State Legislature. As a member of that body he was appointed upon the Committee of Ways and Means, and on many of the most prominent special committees, and strove to make himself useful rather than conspicuous. In 1873 he erected the Burns Block on Griswold street, and in 1877, with Mr. Buhl, he erected a block on Woodward avenue, on the site of the old Odd Fellows' Hall. In I876 he was appointed, by the Governor, a member of the Board of Coi trol of the State Public School at Coldwater, and in 1877,was elected Presi dent of the Board, retaining the position for several years. Mr. Burns was married on April 20, I838, to Aurilla A. Bacon. They were members of the Central Methodist Episcopal Church of Detroit for over forty years, longer than any other married couple in a membership of over seven hundred. During this time the location of the church was changed three times, each time being moved northward on Woodward avenue. Mr. Burns filled many of the most prominent positions in the church, and always gave largely towards its support. As a business man, Mr. Burns's unfailing characteristics were industry and integrity. As a citizen, he took a spirited interest in everything that tended to the prosperity of the city, doing much towards its material improvement by the erection of fine buildings, and contributed freely of his means to worthy and benevolent enterprises. In all his intercourse with others he was plain and unassuming; his advice and judgment on business matters was frequently sought, and he was eminently methodical in the management of his own affairs, and trusted and esteemed as a man and a Christian. He died on December 7, 1883. His daughters, Mrs. Henry A. Newland, Mrs. Rev. J. M. Buckley, and Mrs. A. M. Henry, all died before him. His wife and three grandchildren are still living. WILLIAM KIEFT COYL only son of James Coyl, sea captain, and Lydia (Hicks) Coyl, was born in New Haven, Connecticut, February 13, 1808. The first years of his life were spent in New York City with relatives, descendants of the early settlers of New Amsterdam, after one of whom he was named. Among his earliest recollections was the crowd which ran through the streets crying Peace! Peace! after the War of I812 which left him fatherless. In his tenth year he went to live upon a farm near New Haven, where in spite of a toilsome life and few opportunities for study open to a country boy at that time, he managed to obtain a fair education. It has been truly said that " the man is best educated who by any means has made his powers available," and energy, clear thinking, and prompt decision, were qualities brought West by this young New Englander. His first location was with Mr. John Deusler, near Canandaigua, New York, where he learned the trade of making grain cradles and other farming utensils. In his twenty-second year he came to Birmingham, Michigan, built a saw mill, and, in connection with Mr. John Benjamin, commenced the manufacture of agricultural implements, and there produced the first iron plows made in this State. While in Birmingham he married Jane Bell, and shortly after, in I836, moved to Detroit. His first enterprise here was the bu lding of the " check

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I I

MERCHANTS. 1I 37 ered store" on Woodbridge street, between Woodward avenue and Griswold street, where he carried on a grocery and hardware business, and kept the adjoining hotel. To this house, in February, 1838, many of the wounded in the Patriot War were brought for surgical treatment, receiving from him, and other well known citizens, substantial aid and sympathy. The records of the Pioneer Society show, that it was mainly through his "energetic efforts in raising money and employing teachers," that District School No. I was opened and kept in operation. His account book of I838 contains an interesting statement of the running expenses of this small beginning of our present fine public schools. Other entries in the old book show that this gratuitous work was done at a time when he was sustaining heavy losses in the so-called wild-cat money of the time. Later on he moved to Woodward avenue, where he was burned out in the memorable fire of i842. An estimate of this loss closing with the pathetic words, " I have lost all that I ever made. and now begin again," reminds one of Emerson's definition of manly courage:-" It is directness, the instant performance of that which he ought." In I844 he moved to the then farthest up-town store, on the corner of Woodward avenue and Campus Martius, conveniently near the Pontiac and Michigan Central depots, fronting on the Campus. Here he shipped green and dried fruits, cheese, and other produce of Eastern States, to dealers in the interior of Michigan, and later on, was the first to undertake the shipping of fresh meat to Boston. His business increasing, he moved to the warehouse at the foot of Bates street, and afterwards to the foot of Wayne street, also occupying the north half of the Michigan Central freight depot, on Third street, where he stored and shelled over half a million bushels of corn, the first important shipment of grain ever received from the interior of Indiana. The biography of any old merchant is also a history of the business methods of his time, and the books kept by Mr. Coyl show that the grain, produce and forwarding business was then carried on in an entirely different manner from transactions ingrain at the present day. Farmers brought their produce directly to the warehouse, where, in one busy day, six thousand bushels of grain were bought and paid for, the teams waiting to be unloaded extending, in a double line, from the dock to the Franklin House, at the corner of Bates and Lamed streets. The capacity of the largest vessels then running to Buffalo and Oswego was about o0,000 bushels, and it took forty-eight hours to load this amount, by means of box-shaped hand-carts. New inventions have lightened labor and increased trade, but a wise writer has said " the machine unmakes the man." The qualities then brought into exercise in overcoming difficulties, attending to numberless details, and in handling many men, developed strong characters; men of unquestioned integrity, who took especial pride in the fact that they "always paid one hundred cents on the dollar." Mr. Coyl was of a retiring disposition, and, although an earnest whig in early life, had no desire to become prominent in local politics or societies. The only office he ever held was that of member of the Board of Estimates. In I856 he retired from active business in the city, and became interested in Iowa lands. In I860 he built the block corner of Woodward Avenue and Campus Martius, subsequently improving other property, and, with business caution, entering into all plans for the welfare of the city. When the war opened, his two sons were among the first to respond to the call for volunteers. William H. Coyl, a student of scarcely twenty when commissioned Major, left a brilliant record as Lieutenant-Colonel of the 9th Iowa Infantry, and Judge Advocate of Kentucky. He died in i866 of disease of the lungs, the effect of a wound received at the battle of Pea Ridge. During the war, Mr. Coyl spent much time in seeking out and assisting sick and friendless soldiers, and, in later life, a fondness for young men became characteristic. His pleasant office made attractive with means for social games and current literature became a resort for young men of all professions. Such companionship, like mercy, "is twice blessed." He found diversion and kept pace with the times in reading and discussing with "the boys " the social, scientific, and religious questions of the day. In him they found a sympathetic friend, and often a wise helper, but he was so quiet in his benefactions that few uesides the recipients knew of them. He died August I3, 1883. Samuel B. Coyl, and a daughter, Jean L., are the only surviving children. THOMAS ROBERT DUDLEY was born in Hunton, Kent County, England, December I, 1833, and is the son of Robert and Elizabeth (Boughton) Dudley. His paternal ancestors lived in Kent for centuries, while his mother represented one of the oldest Yorkshire families. His father, a prosperous farmer, died in early manhood, leaving his widow with three children, of whom Thomas was the youngest. The family after the father's death lived with the children's grandfather, Robert Dudley. Thomas R. Dudley attended the village school until he was ten years old, and then entered the Clapton School, of London, where he remained five years. Equipped with a fair education, he then began his business career as clerk in a provision store. While thus engaged, a gentleman from Cincinnati, connected with the provision trade, visited his em

1138 MERCHANTS. ployer, and, in his hearing, spoke so enthusiastically of the opportunities for advancement for young men of energy in the New World, that Mr. Dudley determined to start for America as soon as possible. He induced his brother, George P., to agree to accompany him, and in I85I, drawing from the bank the small sum of money left them by their father, they secured passage on a packet ship plying between Liverpool and Philadelphia, and after a voyage of forty-five days, landed at the latter city, where Thomas soon secured employment in a banking house. In the meantime, his brother obtained a situation in a furniture factory, but, in I852, came to Detroit, and here he was shortly after joined by Thomas, where the latter immediately began to learn the wood carving trade, in the furniture factory of Weber & Stevens. After serving his apprenticeship, he entered the sale department, and for twenty-three years, through the several changes in the personnel of the firm, remained with the same house, serving in all departments of the business. In January, 1876, he went to Philadelphia, and, with George W. Fowle, began the manufacture of fans, on an extensive scale. The venture was not particularly successful, and was discontinued in September of the same year. Mr. Dudley then returned to Detroit, and opened a small wholesale and retail furniture store, in the Strong Block, on Jefferson Avenue. With a perfect knowledge of the demands of his trade, acquired by long experience, rapid success followed his undertaking, and his trade increased so rapidly, that in the following MArch, it became necessary to secure larger quarters, and he removed to 129 Jefferson Avenue. At the same time George W. Fowle became a partner, under the firm name of Dudley & Fowle. Their business continued to grow until it has reached really large proportions, The warerooms consist of seventeen floors, each 8ox1oo feet in dimensions, and their sales amount to nearly a quarter of a million dollars annually, and extend over Michigan and several adjacent States, giving employment to a large number of men. Active and progressive, the members of this firm have made the name of their house well-known to the trade, and in the space of ten years, from a small beginning, with limited capital, they have attained a leading position in the furniture trade of Detroit. This is due in great measure to the energy and business sagacity of Mr. Dudley, who has been untiring in his exertions, and his efforts have exhibited good judgment. He has invested largely in real estate, and by the erection of many fine residences has aided in beautifying the city. Socially he is a genial companion, and personally enjoys the friendship of a wide circle of friends, while his business integrity com mands the respect of the commercial community. He is a Democrat in politics, but, aside from loyally supporting the candidates and principles of his party, has taken no active part in politics. Although not a member of any religious denomination, he is an Episcopalian from early training and faith, and renders substantial support to religious and charitable work. His business partner, Mr. Fowle, was born in Geneva, New York, but for many years has been a resident of Detroit, and in numerous ways has aided the prosperity of the firm. Mr. Dudley married Sarah Marie Lawhead, of Brighton, Michigan. They have had three children. Charles Edward, the only one living, is an assistant in his father's business. WILLIAM H. ELLIOTT was born near Amherstburg, Ontario, October 13, I844, and was employed on a farm and in a store until he was fourteen years old. His education was obtained in the schools of that locality. His parents, James and Elizabeth (Pastorius) Elliott, removed to Kingsville, a small village in Essex County, where his father engaged in mercantile business and in milling. At the age of sixteen William H. entered a store at Amherstburg, where he remained until 1864, when he came to Detroit and engaged as clerk in a small dry goods store on Jefferson avenue. In I866 he became a clerk for George Peck, in one of the stores on Woodward avenue which he himself now occupies. In 1871 he was admitted as a partner with Mr. Peck; the firm being George Peck & Co. The partnership continued until I880, when Mr. Elliott withdrew from the firm and established business for himself at I39 Woodward avenue. In I884 he bought out a dry goods store adjoining him, known as No. 137, in which he had been engaged as clerk in I866, and by this operation more than doubled the volume of his business. He continued to prosper, and in 1887 added the next store on the west, and his establishment now includes the three stores, 135, 137 and 139 Woodward avenue, and is one of the largest retail houses in Detroit. His success has been really remarkable, and it is noticeable that it has been achieved in the same locality, and literally in the same block, where his business life has been chiefly spent. This has given him a large acquaintance with the purchasing public, with whom he has always been popular, and whose confidence he early secured by honorable dealing, and has as surely kept. He has adhered strictly to a cash business and to the one-price rule, and has never been sensational in his advertisements or methods. Although diligent in business, and successful in building up a large trade, he has not been lacking in public spirit nor unmindful of duties and interests in other directions. Since 1884 he has

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MERCHANTS. II39 been a director in the Dime Savings Bank; since I886 a director in the Imperial Life Insurance Company, also treasurer and director of the ThomsonHouston Electric Light Company, and from its organization a director in the Preston National Bank. He is the President of the Michigan Club, and one of the trustees of Harper Hospital, also a member of the Detroit and Grosse Pointe Clubs. Much of his leisure time is spent in looking after his farm and improved stock in Oakland County. He is a Republican in politics, and an earnest supporter of every movement that gives promise of good to the city or nation. As a business man, he ranks among the ablest in the city. Coming here without means, he has carved out his own fortune by energy, enterprise, good management and courteous demeanor towards all, and there are few if any but rejoice in the success which has crowned his efforts. He is esteemed as a manly man, a trustworthy citizen, and a devoted friend. Liberal towards all worthy charitable objects, he has shown himself especially helpful to deserving young men, who by good conduct have commended themselves to his confidence. He has been twice married, first in 1870, to Lena Caverly, who died in March, 1871. On April 21, 1874, he was married to Fidelia, daughter of the late Rev. Dr. William Hogarth, formerly pastor of the Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church, of which congregation both himself and his wife are members. JAMES LAFAYETTE EDSON was born at Batavia, Genesee County, New York, July 31, I834. His father's name was Lewis M. Edson. His mother's maiden name was Sarah A. Flint. They had five children, three boys and two girls, James L. being the eldest. The family were descendants of early puritans, the mother being from Massachusetts. The elder Mr. Edson contracted the yellow fever while on a visit to the South, and never fully recovered from its effects, and in consequence of this fact he and his family made frequent changes of residence while searching for a favorable climate. They finally located at Akron, in New York, about twenty-five miles east of Buffalo, and there, in I859, the father died. The two brothers of J. L. Edson, John M. and Dallas M., enlisted in the War of the Rebellion, the former dying at Fortress Monroe, and the latter a few days after reaching home. The mother and one sister, Mrs. Charles M. Rich live at Akron, New York. The year following his father's death, James L. Edson, who was then sixteen years old, became a clerk in the store of Charles M. Rich, the leading merchant in the village. He was in the employ of Mr. Rich four years and then went to Buffalo, where he remained about a year. While in Buffalo he became impressed with the larger business opportunities afforded in the West, and determined to make a venture elsewhere. With this idea he left Buffalo, without deciding definitely as to where he would settle; and on December 7, 1855, arrived in Detroit. Reaching this city an entire stranger, and with but little means, he sought employment and secured a situation with James Stephens, in the then widely advertised and well-known ' Checkered Store," located on the site now occupied by the stores of J. L. Hudson. He remained in this establishment about two years, and in 1857 secured a place in the largeR wholesale dry goods house of Orr, Town & Smith, who had succeeded Zachariah Chandler & Co., at 23 Woodward avenue, Mr. Chandler, who had been elected to the United States Senate, retaining an interest as special partner. In the spring of I866 Mr. Edson was admitted as a partner in the business, the name of the firm being changed to Allan Shelden & Co., the partnership continuing for six years. In February, 1872, in connection with George F. Moore, Ransom Gillis. Charles Buncher and Stephen Baldwin, Mr. Edson organized the firm of Edson, Moore & Co. They began business at Nos. I88 and I90 Jefferson avenue, on the west side of Bates street, and in 1882 removed to the building Nos. I94 to 204 Jefferson avenue, which was erected especially for their occupancy. In this place the success of the firm has been quite exceptional, and no house of the kind in Detroit does a larger business, and few dry goods houses in the West sell as many goods yearly as are marketed by their establishment. The extent of the business affords ample scope for business management of the highest order, and the success achieved affords abundant evidence of the possession of these qualities by the persons chiefly interested. In social life, Mr. Edson is known as a warm friend and generous companion. He is liberal in his benefactions, appreciative of good endeavors, discriminating in judgment, and is highly esteemed as a progressive, successful and public-spirited citizen. Politically he is a Republican, and has served as President of the Michigan Club. In addition to his regular business interests, he is a large shareholder in the Brush Electric Light Company, and a director in the People's Savings Bank. He was married in August, 1857, to Julia A. Collins. They have two living children, Mary A. and Lillian E. A third daughter, now deceased, was the wife of E. T. Adams. JACOB S. FARRAND was born in Mentz, Cayuga County, New York, May 7, I815. His parents came to Detroit in May, 1825, but after a few months removed to Ann Arbor. While living

I 140 MERCHANTS. at Ann Arbor, Mr. Farrand, then a boy of thirteen, carried the mail on horseback between Detroit and his home. Two years later in I830 he came to Detroit, where he secured employment in the drug store of Rice & Bingham. After six years' service, having attained his twenty-first year, he formed a partnership with Edward Bingham and embarked in the drug business and continued therein for five years. He was then appointed deputy collector of the port and district of Detroit, then extending below the city and around the shores of Lakes Huron and Michigan and including the city of Chicago. During the year of I84I he also served as military secretary of the Governor. After four years' service as deputy collector he again entered the drug business and has since continued actively engaged therein. As senior member of the wholesale drug firm of Farrand, Williams & Co. he has seen the business grow from a few thousands yearly to an amount exceeding $I,ooo,ooo annually. The high standing of the house in commercial circles has been largely due to the untiring energy, careful management and unsullied business probity of Mr. Farrand. His active energies have also been directed to other business channels where equal success has followed his endeavors. For many years he has been treasurer of the Detroit Gas Light Company; a director of the Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Company; at present vice-president, and from its organization a director of the Wayne County Savings Bank; from the beginning connected with the Michigan Mutual Life Insurance Company and for many years its president. For years he has been a director of the First National Bank and was its president from 1868 to I883, holding the position at a time when able financial management and the full confidence of the people were especially needed. His wise counsel, good judgment and far-seeing ability as well as his personal worth inspire the fullest trust in all the institutions under his control. In a monograph on Banking in Michigan, prepared by Theodore H. Hinchman, he pays Mr. Farrand the following well deserved tribute, " Jacob S. Farrand was president of the First National Bank from the death of S. P. Brady in 1868 until the expiration of its first term in 1883. He is of medium height, slender with strong regular features and pleasing address. His well known reliability and integrity commended the bank to public favor and aided in securing to it a large business. Careful, conscientious, faithful attention to duties, combined with good sense, entitled him to a high position as a bank officer. His kindly deportment and benevolent impulses have won many friends. He is one of those rare good tempered persons who have no quarrels and consequently have no enemies. At the same time he is not over credulous or liable to imposition." His taste and disposition do not run toward public station nor official life, but on several occasions he has waived his personal preferences and accepted public duties. From I860 to 1864 he was a member of the Common Council. During this period he served for one year as president of the Board and for a short time was acting mayor. When the Metropolitan Police law was enacted he was appointed Police Commissioner for the long term and served eight years all the time as president of the Board, after which he was solicited to continue in office but declined a re-appointment. For twenty years he has been a member of and has served as president of the Board of Water Commissioners. He has ever evinced a warm interest in educational projects, and as a member of the Board of Education was for several years a helpful factor in securing liberal provisions for the maintenance of public schools, and is president of the Detroit Home and Day School. From boyhood Mr. Farrand has been a member of the first Presbyterian Church of Detroit, and since i856 an elder. His efforts in religious and charitable work have been founded on deep and conscientious convictions of duty. He was a member of the committee to the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church, which met at Dayton, Ohio, in I863, at New York in I869, and at Detroit in 1873. He took a prominent part in the action which brought about the union of the new and old schools of Presbyterians of the United States, having been a member of the joint committee on reunion appointed by the Assemblies in I866 and also of the committee of conference on the same subject appointed by the Assemblies of 1869. He was on the committee for the reorganization of the Board of Home Missions and for many years was receiving agent in Detroit for the American Board of Commissioners of Foreign Missions. In July, 1877, he was a delegate to the Pan Presbyterian Alliance held at Edinburgh, Scotland. In local church work in connection with the Presbyterian denomination, he has been as active as the most critical could desire, both by gifts of money and of personal service. For many years he has been a Sunday school teacher, in one of the most needy fields of mission labor and in temperance work was active at an early day, when to be so was to be singular, and his labors in this direction and in favor of Sunday observances are well known matters of record. He has been from the first actively and earnestly interested in the furtherance of the interests of Harper Hospital, serving as trustee and for several years as President of this most worthy institution. He is also a trustee of the State institution known as the Eastern Asylum for the Insane at Pontiac.

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MERC HANTS. t I14I Mr. Farrand is simple in his taste and habits, modest and retiring in disposition, conscientious and careful in his doings. His religious views are the result of the clearest and most deliberate convictions, but he is full of generous and charitable impulses and includes in his fellowship all who believe in and practice the Christian virtues. As a business man he is conservative and cautious, yet when he has once embarked in an enterprise he has the courage to see it through to the end. He is one of those who know how to be independent without being obstinate. Although conservative, he is not harnessed to dogmas or rules; is seldom aggressive, but is never crowded from the platform of his own judgment. He never arouses antagonism by arrogant or dogmatic pursuance of a project, but a course of action decided upon, although pursued with persistency would be so manifestly fair as to be accepted by all the right thinking as wise and just. In matters of great interest, and in times of great excitement, his equanimity is undisturbed and his judgment unclouded. His deep interest in the material prosperity of Detroit has been proved in many ways. Personally he is genial and pleasant, enjoying the society of his friends, and living loyally up to every duty of his public, business, and private life. More could be said of him in commendation; less could not and do justice to one who for so long a period has rendered constant, devoted, and efficient service to many agencies that have aided in the enlightenment and uplifting of his fellow-citizens. He was married August 12, I84I, to Olive M. Coe, of Hudson, Ohio, daughter of Rev. Harvey Coe, a pioneer of the Western Reserve, well known to many of the older citizens of this city. Their children are: Mary C., wife of Rev. James Lewis, of Joliet, Illinois; W. R. Farrand, J. S. Farrand, Jr., and Ollie C., wife of R. P. Williams. JOHN FARRAR, of Detroit, traced the family ancestry to John Farrar, of Lancashire, England, who, with his younger brother Jacob, settled at and were among the first proprietors of Lancaster, Massachusetts, which town was incorporated on May I8, I653. On the twenty-fourth of September, I653, they were leaders and signers of what was called "a covenant for the better preserving of the purity of religion and themselves from the infection of error, and for- the exclusion of excommunicants or otherwise profane and scandalous persons, or anyone notoriously erring against the doctrine and discipline of the churches and the State and the government of the commonwealth." During King Phillip's War, on February o1, I675, the town was nearly destroyed by the Indians and several of the family were killed by them. The Far rars of Lancashire, England, are descended from the Farrars or Farrers of Eawood Hall, Halifax, Lords of the Manor Wortley, in Yorkshire, of which family the head in I863 was James Farrar, of Ingleborough County, York, Deputy Lieutenant for West Riders and County Durham, and formerly Member of Parliament of South Durham. From this Yorkshire family came Robert Farrar or Farrers, Bishop of St. David and Canon of St. Mary's, who was martyred in the reign of Queen Mary. They were descended from Henry de Ferrers, son of Walchelin de Ferriers, who was a Norman Knight, and a conspicuous leader in the army of William the Conqueror in Io66; his name is on the roll of Battle Abbey and in the Doomsday book. The Lordship of Etingdon was given him in Normandy after the conquest. He was created Lord of Tutbury, County of Stafford, and his son Robert, Earl of Derby, by King William. The family originally took its name from Ferriers, a town in the Gastenois, France, celebrated for its iron mines. Arms, crests and mottoes are numerous in the early history of the family. The descendants of John and Jacob Farrar have been in all the wars incident to the United States; have served as judges and filled various professorships at Dartmouth, Andover and Cambridge. John Farrar, of Lancaster, Massachusetts, died November 3, 1669. His son John was born in England between 1640 and I650 and had a son John who was born about I670, who left a son also named John, born about 1700. He married Anna Chandler. In 1758 he joined the British Army under General Braddock and is supposed to have been killed at the taking of Quebec in 1759. His son John, born about 1732, married Anna Whitney; he was in the War of 1776. His son, Captain Asa Farrar of Rush, now Avon, New York, formerly of Lancaster, Worcester County, Massachusetts, was born in Northfield, Massachusetts, June I6, I760, died at Avon, January 18, 1829. He married Dorinda Pearsons, a relative of Rev. Abram Pearsons, first President of Yale College. In May, 1777, at the age of seventeen, he joined the Continental Army and was three years in Captain Hodskin's company, under Colonel Timothy Bigelow, and three years in Colonel Crane's regiment of Massachusetts Artillery, and for his services received a pension. His son, John Farrar, of Detroit, was born June 27th, I793, in Rutland, Massachusetts, but spent his childhood with his parents on their farm at Rush, New York. His education, which included private instruction in surveying and architecture, was completed at Canandaigua, New York. On July I, 8I12, when nineteen years old, he entered the American Army and served in Captain James

1142 MERCHANTS. McNair's company of Colonel Philetus Swift's regiment of volunteers. He was stationed at Black Rock, on the Niagara frontier, most of the time during the summer and autumn of that year. On the sixteenth of October, the sailors, under the command of Lieutenant Elliott, boarded and cut loose the brig " Adams" and the schooner " Caledonia," then lying at anchor at Fort Erie, to send them over Niagara Falls. The " Adams" grounded on Squaw Island and was burned and the ' Caledonia" landed off Long Battery. In this affair John Farrar took a prominent part. While serving under General Scott he participated in and was wounded at the battle of Lundy's Lane and at the close of the campaign was among the troops left to guard the Niagara frontier and remained there through the winter of 1813. For these services he received a pension and a grant of land. On June 15, I8I5, at Canandaigua, New York, he became a member of the Masonic body. In the two following years, business called him to Canada, where he gained many friends through his connection with that society. He received the degree of Master Mason on November 6, I820, at Ontario Lodge, No. 23. He subsequently became a member of Zion Lodge, No. I, at Detroit; filled all the offices and was one of the founders of Detroit Lodge, No. 2. The petition for the charter of this last Lodge was signed by John Farrar, Levi Cook, John Mullett, Marshall Chapin, Jeremiah Moors, Charles Jackson, and three others. During the anti-Masonic excitement their lodge meetings were discontinued, but after a lull of fourteen years they aided in re-establishing Masonry and administered the Royal Arch degree from memory, each one recalling a part of the ceremony. John Farrar was High Priest of Monroe Chapter in I825-26, a Knight Templar and a member of Monroe Council, R. A. S. M., and various other bodies of the order and Senior Grand Warden of the Grand Lodge of Michigan. At the time of his death he was one of the oldest members in the United States, and a year before was received with honors-at the Grand Chapter. He arrived at Detroit, May 22, 1817, and became a useful citizen and merchant. During territorial times he was an intimate friend of General Cass and was chosen by him to represent the territory in the erection of the Court House or Capitol, which duties he performed from October I, I826, to July I, 1827. Prior to this he had given most of his time to building and surveying and was frequently called upon to pass judgment on structures for the city, territory or State. He was alderman at large in 1828, '31 and '36, assessor and collector of the Second Ward in 1843-44; was collector in 1832, '38 and '48. He was one of the first projec tors of the Detroit Mechanics' Society and was their bondsman for the construction of their first building on Griswold Street. He was President and Secretary of that society in 1836, and 1841 to 1853, and from I854 to I860, and librarian for the thirty years preceding his death. He favored education; was one of the committee who selected the University grounds at Ann Arbor, and in 1834 was one of the committee that established the first district school in Detroit; it was conducted by Charles Wells in the old academy on Bates Street. He was commissioned to the second lieutenancy in the militia by acting Governor Stephen T. Mason, on May 23, 1832, and was first lieutenant in Captain Charles Jackson's Dragoons in the Black Hawk War of 1832, under General John R. Williams, and one of the escort that accompanied Colonel Edward Brook, Major Charles W. Whipple and Major M. Wilson, to Chicago, to assist in the protection of that town from the Indians. The command escaped conflict but were voted thanks by the corporation of Chicago for the prompt response to their call for help. They remained some weeks awaiting developments of the war, and during the time made a reconnaissance of Napier settlement, a point then threatened by the Indians. After the capture of Black Hawk they returned. For his services in this war, Mr. Farrar received a grant of land. After his return he purchased a building on the corner of Bates and Atwater Streets, the last named street then being the chief business thoroughfare, and in 1836 opened a general store with dry goods, hardware and groceries, doing what was then considered a thriving business. At the great fire of April 27, 1837, the store and all its contents were burned. Mr. Farrar was brought up a rigid Puritan but became a more liberal thinker and in 1831, with two others, purchased the First Presbyterian Church and removed it to the corner of Bates Street and Michigan Grand Avenue, with the expectation of its being used as a Universalist Church, but the project failed and the building was sold to and occupied by the Trinity Catholic Church. He was thoughtful of the needs of others, a liberal giver to charities and a great entertainer, and many families emigrating to Western homes found an asylum with him. His homestead was at the corner of Bates and Farrar Streets, which latter street perpetuates his name. He had a very retentive memory, possessed a fund of information on matters connected with the military and political history of the United States, and took great delight in relating incidents connected with his personal and ancestral history, to relatives and intimate friends. He was naturally of

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MERCHANTS. II43 a retiring disposition and although importuned to become a candidate for prominent positions, he steadfastly refused, yet he filled several municipal offices with honor and trust and with a zeal that was eminently characteristic. He was a Whig in politics and when that party ceased, became a Republican. He married his first wife, Mrs. Hannah Mack, on March 27, I822. She died at Avon, New York, November 6, 1824. They had one daughter, Delecta Ann, who married Rev. Jackson Stebbins, of Iowa On May 29, 1825, he married Anna Mullett, of Darien Centre, New York. She was born at Halifax, Vermont, September 4, I792, and died at Detroit, July I8, I872. She was a sister of the late James Mullett of Fredonia, and Buffalo, New York, and of John Mullett, one of the pioneers of Detroit, from whom the Mullett farm and street take their names. Their parents, Robert and Elizabeth Gibbons Mullett were from Milton Abbas, England, and descendants of William Malet de Graville, whose name appears on the roll of Battle Abbey. John Farrar died at Detroit, January 14, 1874, aged 80 years. He was buried in Elmwood Cemetery with Masonic honors. The children of John and Anna Farrar were Francis Mullett Farrar and Chileon Cushman Mullett Farrar, of Buffalo, New York; Huldah Mullett Farrar, wife of Jerome B. Starring, of Detroit; Harriet Mullett Farrar, of Detroit, and John Perry Farrar, of Chicago, Ill. BENJAMIN F. FARRINGTON, for several years one of the leading wholesale grocers of Ietroit, was born near Albany, New York, June 30, 1834, and was the son of Robert and Clarissa Farrington. When he was five years old he accompanied his parents to St. Clair, Michigan, where, after completing a brief course of instruction in the public schools, he became a clerk in a dry goods store. He remained at St. Clair until 1855, when he secured employment as clerk in the general merchandise store of J. L. Wood & Co., at Lexington, Michigan, and his services were so highly appreciated that in 1862 he was offered and accepted an interest in the business. Three years later, as he desired to enter a wider field, he severed his connection with the above firm, and came to Detroit. For three years, from I865 to I868, he served as traveling salesman for Underwood, Cochrane & Co., boot and shoe dealers. In 1868, with A. D. Pierce and Hugh McMillan as partners, under the firm name of Pierce, Farrington & McMillan, he embarked in the dry goods business. They occupied for a short time a store on the east side of Woodward avenue, just below Jefferson avenue, but subsequently removed to 77 and 79 Jefferson avenue. Here, in 1870, their store was destroyed by fire, after which the affairs of the firm were amicably settled, but business was not resumed. During the same year Mr. Farrington, with J. T. Campbell as partner, established a coffee and spice store on Woodward avenue, just south of the Finney House, under the firm name of Farrington, Campbell & Co. They soon removed to a store under the Michigan Exchange, and from there, in I878, to Nos. 73 and 75 Jefferson avenue. In I880 Mr. Campbell retired, and the firm name was changed to B. F. Farrington & Co., and in 1883 the business was removed to the large and commodious business stores at Nos. 54 and 56 Jefferson avenue, which had been erected by Mr. Farrington. He was one of the organizers of the Merchants' and Manufacturers' Exchange, a man of great business ability, and of indefatigable energy. In a few years he succeeded in building up a large and profitable business, and it is doubtful if any commercial house in this section of the country made more rapid and substantial progress in the same period of time. The personal labor he expended in accomplishing this was done at the expense of health. His overtaxed physical force produced an affection of the brain, which resulted in his sudden death on November 2, I886. He was an exemplary citizen, an honorable, straightforward business man, and of irreproachable moral character. His disposition was kind and genial, and his sunny temperament made him socially an agreeable companion, and he possessed many warm friends. Mr. Farrington was married September 23, 1862, to Emma Fletcher, of Mount Clemens, Michigan, who still survives him. Their one child, a son, died in infancy. DEXTER MASON FERRY was born at Lowville, Lewis County, New York, in I833, and is a son of Joseph N. and Lucy (Mason) Ferry. The name marks the family as originally French, yet its first appearance in America was in 1678, when Charles Ferry came from England and settled in Springfield, Massachusetts. Dexter Mason, maternal grandfather of D. M. Ferry, represented for several terms the ultra-conservative district of Berkshire, in the Massachusetts Legislature, and was a cousin of the late Governor George N. Briggs, of that State. The paternal grandparent of D. M. removed from Massachusetts to Lowville,New York, where his father, Joseph N. Ferry, was born, reared and lived until his death in 1836. Shortly after his death the family removed to Penfield, eight miles from Rochester, in the county of Monroe, New York. D. M. Ferry passed his boyhood at Penfield, and at the age of sixteen began life on his own account by working for a neighboring farmer at the

"44 MERCHANTS. moderate wages of ten dollars a month, spending two summers in this way, attending the district school during the winters. In 1851 he entered the employ of Ezra M. Parsons, who resided near Rochester, his object being to secure the benefits of the more advanced schools of that city. The following year, through the influence of his employer, he obtained a position in the wholesale and retail book and stationery house of S. D. Elwood & Co., of Detroit, where he was first errand boy, then salesman, and at last bookkeeper. In I856 he was one of the organizers and junior partners of the firm of M. T. Gardner & Co., seedsmen. The partnership so formed continued until 1865, when Mr. Gardner's interest was purchased, and Mr. Ferry became the head of the firm. Eventually the firm of D. M. Ferry & Co. was formed, composed of D. M. Ferry, H. K. White, C. C. Bowen, and A. E. F. White. Mr. Ferry, however, is the only person who has been continuously connected with the business from its beginning in 1856. In 1879 the organization absorbed the Detroit Seed Company, and the business was incorporated, retaining the name of D. M. Ferry & Co., with a capital of $750,000. Mr. Ferry retained the largest amount of the stock, and became the president and manager. To build up this, the largest and most successful seed establishment in the world, has required immense labor and skillful business methods and mercantile generalship of the highest order. The business was begun on a very small scale in a Monroe Avenue store; its entire sales for the first year were about six thousand dollars, and its market was confined to a very limited territory. To-day the sales extend to almost every township in the United States and Canada, and even reach many foreign countries, and have amounted to over a million and a half dollars in one year. The importations from English, Dutch, French, German and other European concerns, are the largest of any house in this line of trade in the country. The corporation supplies over eighty thousand merchants with a complete assortment of seeds for retailing, and also ships large amounts to dealers and jobbers in bulk, the shipments averaging more than three car loads of seeds every day in the year. The concern grows enormous quantities of seeds, but the great proportion of the stock is raised and cared for under contract by seed farmers in many parts of the United States and in various sections of Canada and Europe. On the first day of January, I886, their fourstory brick warehouse, containing about five acres of floor space, was destroyed by fire. The building occupied the easterly half of the large block bounded by Brush, Croghan, Lafayette and Randolph Streets, and every building save one was destroyed. The loss by this' fire was the most severe ever suffered in Detroit, and of this the Ferry Company's share reached the sum of nearly a million of dollars. The recuperation from this stunning blow was amazing, and is to be credited to the presence of mind and unlimited resources of Mr. Ferry and his corps of able assistants. From every source of supply, seeds were gathered and hurried to Detroit. Several large buildings were leased, and the various departments of the company were organized, and within a few days, work was going on with almost its normal efficiency, an accomplishment which best illustrates the business energy which has ever characterized Mr. Ferry's career. Not one of their great army of customers knew by any delay, failure or defect of quality, that on the first day of the year the whole working machinery of the company was swept out of existence. A new six-story warehouse, larger and more complete than the old, was erected in 1887, on the site of the one destroyed, and is elsewhere shown. The building up of this great industry, which is far-reaching in its influence, and contributes not only to the prosperity of Detroit and to an army of employes, is doubtless a more beneficent factor in commercial affairs throughout the country than almost any other establishment in the West. In its management from the beginning, Mr. Ferry has had a decisive influence, and that its great success is largely attributable to his persistent energy, sagacity, integrity and rare talent for organization and administration, is freely and readily acknowledged by those most conversant with its beginning, growth and development Through this extensive commercial establishment his name and work have been made more widely known than those of almost any other merchant in the United States. His efforts have been justly rewarded in the accumulation of a large fortune, nearly all of which is invested in various financial and manufacturing enterprises in Detroit. His most prominent real estate investment is the magnificent five-story iron building on Woodward Avenue,' erected in I879, and occupied by Newcomb, Endicott & Co. He is the largest stockholder in the National Pin Company, established in 1875, and has been its president from the first. He is a director and vice-president of the First National Bank; was one of the organizers, and from the beginning has been a trustee of the Wayne County Savings Bank, and of the Safe Deposit Company. He aided in organizing the Standard Life and Accident Insurance Company of Detroit, of which he is president. He is also president of the Gale Sulky Harrow Manufacturing Company; vice-president of the Michigan Fire and Marine Insurance Company, and director of the Detroit Copper Rolling Mill Company, the Fort

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MERCHANTS. 1145 Wayne & Elmwood Railroad Company, and of several other corporations. His own taste, as well as the engrossing demands of a great business, have prevented Mr. Ferry from entering the field of active politics. He is a strong and steadfast Republican, but has rarely been a candidate for an elective office, and has held public place only when it came without solicitation on his part. He was made a member of the Board of Estimates in 1877-8, and at the end of his term declined a renomination. In 1884 he was appointed a member of the Board of Park Commissioners by Mayor Stephen B. Grummond. During his term he strongly opposed the sale of beer and other intoxicants on Belle Isle Park, and with William A. Moore, another member of the Board, defeated such a prostitution of this public recreation ground, and his course met the approval of the best public opinion of the city. His term of office expired in 1885, and he was again nominated by Mayor Grummond. His conscientious and praiseworthy action in regard to the intrusion of beer in Belle Isle Park, which had earned him the gratitude of the respectable element of the community, had, however, excited the enmity of the small politicians who sat in the Council, and his nomination by the Mayor was defeated. This action was denounced, not only by the public press regardless of party, but by a large mass meeting held in April, I886, which adopted a resolution thanking Messrs. Ferry and Moore for their stand in the interest of the public good. With commendable public spirit he gives his influence freely to every project, business, social or charitable, that promises to be of public benefit, and his private charities are large, discriminating, and entirely lacking in ostentation. In 1868 he became connected with the management of Harper Hospital, and in I888 was elected Vice-President of Grace Hospital, and is also a trustee of Olivet College. He has taken much interest in the art movement in Detroit, and was one of the original contributor to the building fund, by which has been insured to the city a permanent museum of art. He was reared in the Baptist faith, and when quite young united with that church. In later years he became connected with the Congregational denomination, and is now a trustee of the Second Church of Detroit. He is broad and liberal in religious views, and strongly opposed to extreme sectarianism. No person in Detroit is more important as a factor in its commercial prosperity, and Mr. Ferry's success has been so justly earned, and so well does he use it, that none begrudge him his good fortune, and all rejoice that Detroit possesses such a citizen. He is natural and unaffected in manner, and one to whom false pride is unknown. Always affable and pleasant, he is kind and considerate to those in his employ, and easily wins their confidence and respect; is equally popular with the public at large, and possesses a host of close friends. He is an industrious student, and even while deep in the cares of business, finds time to keep up with the current thoughts of the day. His life, public and private, viewed from all sides, furnishes us with one of the best types of mercantile life to be found in any country. He was married October I, I867, to Addie E. Miller, of Unadilla, Otsego County, New York. They have four children living, three daughters and one sol. AARON CODDINGTON FISHER, the fourth son in the family of twelve children of Jeremiah and Hannah (Coddington) Fisher, was born in Somerset County, New Jersey, September 22, 1820. His father was a descendant of Hendrick Fisher, of Bound Brook, New Jersey, who was born in I703, the year that Hendrick Fisher, Sr., arrived at that place. The elder Hendrick Fisher died on October I7, I749. From an old number of the Messenger of Somerville, New Jersey, we gather the following particulars concerning the son: Hendrick Fisher was a man of earnest piety, and much respected. He was one of the founders of Queen's, now Rutger's College, and was a noted man in the province for many years. He possessed great intelligence and energy, and was always on the patriotic side in every controversy, and of an irreproachable character. He earnestly supported his pastor-the Rev. Theodore J. Frelinghuysen —in his efforts to introduce a strict evangelical life in his church, and perhaps no person had more influence than he had in securing the results that were reached. When the oppressive acts of the King and Parliament aroused the Colonies to resistance, he, in company with Joseph Borden and Robert Ogden, represented the province of New Jersey in the Congress known as the " Stamp Act Congress." He was a delegate to the Provincial Congress of New Jersey, which met at Trenton in May, 1775, of which important body he was elected President, and in his opening address set forth in a forcible manner the grievances of the American Colonies. He was Chairman of the Committee of Safety, exercising legislative authority during the recess of Congress, and held other offices of honor and trust. He was a member of the Assembly previous to the breaking out of the Revolution, and in the Provincial Congress at Trenton, in December, 1775, moved that the delegates to the General Congress be instructed to use their influence in favor of a Declaration of Independence, and when the immortal document was received, he

1146 MERCHANTS. was the first to read it to his neighbors and constituents. When he had finished, so great was their joy, that they mounted him on their shoulders and paraded him through the street (there was but one —the great Raritan Road) in triumph. The old bell of " Kets" Hall, which then hung in the belfry of the Presbyterian Church, was rung, cannon were fired, and the patriots drank toasts at the bar in the tavern of Peter Hardending. He died on the tenth of May, 1779, leaving two sons, Jeremiah and Hendrick. The former was probably the greatgrandfather of A. C. Fisher. The mother of the last named was born in New Jersey in 17 92, and his parents were married in i8i i. About the year 1825 the family moved from New Jersey to Genesee County, New York, and lived there about twelve years. In 1837 they moved to Monroe County, Michigan, where they remained three years, and then moved to Mount Vernon, Ohio, remaining there seven years, and then in 1847 cQming to Detroit. Here, in 1853, the elder Mr. Fisher died, and on April i6, 1883, the wife and mother also passed away. In his youth Aaron C. Fisher attended school in the winter, and in the summer worked on the farm. As he grew to manhood he not only provided for himself, but assisted his parents also. Wages at this time were so low that, at the age of seventeen, he worked a whole month for a barrel of flour. At this period he was already learning the rudiments of his subsequent occupation as a builder, and was employed in a brickyard at sixteen dollars per month and his board. When he had reached his eighteenth year he began to feel anxious to settle down in some permanent occupation and in the Spring of I839, seeing no other opening, he commenced to learn the business of an iron molder and served an apprenticeship at the business, following the same nearly seven years, but disliking this occupation he began to look around for one that suited him better. His elder brother being a bricklayer and builder in Mount Vernon, Ohio, where he was then living, he at intervals turned his attention to the art of bricklaying and became a thorough and practical workman. In I847 he came with his father's family to Detroit, and during the first year after his arrival here he worked about six weeks at molding in O. M. Hydes' foundry near the old Water Works. He then turned his attention to building, and in the year 1848 entered into partnership with his brother Elam, who was also an expert bricklayer, and the firm soon became prominent builders and contractors. The partnership continued under the name of E. & A. C. Fisher for about seventeen years, and was dissolved in i865. During the continuance of the partnership the firm erected many prominent structures, and scores of buildings of their erection are still standing; among them may be named the building on the northwest corner of Jefferson Avenue and Griswold Street, occupied by A. Ives & Son, bankers, also the block opposite on the northeast corner, erected for the late John S. Bagg; they also built the "Rotunda," formerly standing on the site of the present Newberry & McMillan Building; also the north half of the Merrill Block, formerly known as the Waterman Block, on the corner of Woodward Avenue and Larned Street. Later on they built the north half of the entire block on the east side of Woodward Avenue, between Congress and Lamed Streets, also the block on the corner of Monroe Avenue and Farmer Street, running down to the Kirkwood House. They also erected the residence of the late Zachariah Chandler, the Fort Street Congregational Church, the First Presbyterian Church, on the corner of Farmer and State Streets, and the Fisher Block, facing the Campus Martius. After the dissolution of the partnership in I865, A. C. Fisher carried on the business on his own account until the Spring of 1867, and then, with David Baker, he embarked in the carriage hardware trade, under the firm name of Fisher, Baker & Co. The firm continued until March i, 1882, when Mr. Fisher sold out his interest to Baker, Gray & Co., and since that date he has given his entire time to the care of his own large landed interests and to the administration of the large estate left in his care by his deceased brother Elam. Mr. Fisher is modest, quiet, and retiring in disposition, prompt in his business engagements, faithful in the discharge of whatever trusts are confided to him, and is in every way a worthy and estimable citizen. He has been a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church since he was eighteen years old, and for the last thirty-five years has been an official and leading member of the church in Detroit, and at present is President of the Board of Trustees of the Central Methodist Episcopal Church. He is a liberal giver, conscientious in his duties, and a wise counsellor. Until five years ago he voted with the Republican party. He then united with the Prohibition party, and upon this issue ran for State Treasurer in I886, and gives, and lives, and labors in the hope of the final triumph of Prohibition. He was married March 21, 1844, to Eliza L. Willis. They have had three children, Adelaide, Mrs. Lottie F. Smalley and Mrs. Charles B. Gray. The last named is the only one now living. RICHARD HENRY FYFE traces his ancestry to Scotland. His grandfather, John Fyfe, the first of the family who adopted the present mode of spelling the name, was a son of John Fiffe, of the

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MERCHANTS. 1147 county of Fife, in Scotland. He emigrated to America about a year before the commencement of the Revolutionary War, and served in the colonial forces while the seat of war was near Boston, Massachusetts. On February I, I786, he married Elizabeth Strong, and shortly after moved to Otter Creek, Salisbury, Vermont. His wife represented one of the most distinguished of the early New England families, and several of his descendants have been eminent in literature and science. John Strong, the progenitor of the American branch of this family, came from England, settled in Massachusetts in 1730, and assisted in founding the town of Dorchester. A history of the descendants, written by Benjamin W. Dwight, forms a large volume, embracing nearly 30,000 names. It says: " The Strong family has been one of the largest and best of the original families of New England. They have'ever been among the foremost in the land to found and favor those great bulwarks of our civilization, the church and the school. Many have been the towns, the territories and the states into whose initial forms and processes of establishment they have poured the full current of their life and strength. Few families have had more educated or professional men among them. The list includes scholars, physicians, lawyers, teachers, preachers, judges, senators, and military officers." John Fyfe died on January I, I813, and his wife, in November, 1835. They had seven children, four sons and three daughters. The youngest, Claudius Lycius Fyfe, was born January 3, 1798. On April 6, 1825, he married at Brandon, Vermont, Abigail Gilbert, whose parents were among the first settlers of Genesee County, New York. His early life was spent in agricultural pursuits, but his latter years in the leather and tanning business. He removed with his family to Knowlesville, New York, in 1830, three years later he moved to Chautauqua County, New York, and then back to Knowlesville. In 1837 he emigrated to Michigan. Soon afterwards he returned to New York, but eventually settled at Hillsdale, Michigan, where his last years were passed. His wife died in 1848, and he in I88I. They had six children, all girls except the youngest, Richard Henry, who was born at Oak Orchard Creek, Orleans County, New York, January 5, I839. After his parents returned to Michigan, Richard H. Fyfe attended school at Litchfield, but at the age of eleven, through unfortunate business speculations of his father, he was obliged to begin life's battle for himself, and became a clerk in a drug store at Kalamazoo, and subsequently at Hillsdale. During his period of clerkship at the above places he spent much of his leisure time in study, and although his business has demanded close attention, he has always taken time for reading and study, and is more than usually well informed in current and general literature. In 1857 he came to Detroit from Hillsdale and entered the employ of T. K. Adams, boot and shoe dealer. He remained with Mr. Adams about six years, after which he served in a similar position with the firm of Rucker & Morgan, who were in the same line of trade. In I865, with the savings which his industry and economy had accumulated, he purchased the business of C. C. Tyler & Co., who had succeeded T. K. Adams. The establishment was located on the site of store No. ioi Woodward Avenue, still occupied by Mr. Fyfe. With limited capital, he was environed by difficulties, but through native pluck and careful business management from year to year his business steadily increased, until he is at the head of his line of trade in Detroit. Commencing with a small retail and custom trade, the latter branch of his business has grown to such proportion that at the present time he probably manufactures more of the finest grade of custom boots and shoes than any other concern in the United States. On the site where he began business, a five-story building, 22XI00 feet in dimensions, was erected in I875. In I88I he bought out the boot and shoe establishment of A. R. Morgan, successor to Rucker & Morgan, located at o06 Woodward Avenue, and from that date until I885 conducted a branch establishment at that location. At the latter date he opened a branch store at 183 and I85 Woodward Avenue, and at these two establishments about one hundred persons are employed. Since 1873 Mark B. Stevens has been a partner in the business, under the firm name of R. H. Fyfe & Co. Mr. Fyfe's success in business, although rapid, has been healthy and natural. He has been both progressive and practical, giving his whole time and attention to building up, enlarging the scope and improving the character of his work. He was married October 27, 1868, to Abby Lucretia Albee Rice, daughter of Abraham W. Rice. She was born in Marlboro, Massachusetts. A member of no religious denomination, Mr. Fyfe is in hearty sympathy with all church work. For the last twelve years he has been a Trustee of the Westminster' Church, and has been largely instrumental in promoting the financial welfare of that organization. He served for a number of years as a Trustee of the Michigan Medical College, in the success of which he took great interest, and did much towards strengthening that institution by aiding in introducing practical business methods into its management. He was instrumental in effecting its consolidation with the Detroit Medical College, which resulted in the establishment of the prosper

1148 MERCHANTS. ous and successful Michigan College of Medicine, of which he is also a Trustee. Politically Mr. Fyfe has generally acted with the Republican party, but aside from representing his party in State and other nominating conventions, he has had little to do with party management. Socially, he is a pleasant and affable gentleman, and a prominent member of the Detroit, Lake St. Clair Fishing, and the Grosse Pointe Clubs, but is best known as a successful, self-made business man, and one who extends willing and ready aid to all projects that pertain to the advancement of the city. RUFUS W. GILLETT was born at Torringford, Litchfield County, Connecticut, April 22, 1825. On the paternal side his ancestors were French Huguenots, while his mother represented one of the early Puritan families. John Gillett, the first of the name in America, came from England and settled in Dorchester, Massachusetts, in 1634, and was the founder of a family which has given to New England and other parts of the country a large number of enterprising business men, and a number of prominent and influential members of the clerical.nd medical profession. Mr. Gillett's grandfather, John Gillett, was a minute man at the battle of Bennington, and served as Lieutenant of a company until the close of the War of the Revolution. John Gillett, the father of Rufus W. Gillett, was born in Torringford in I776, and died there in 1857. He was a farmer, but engaged in numerous other business enterprises, possessed rare good judgment, and was a prominent factor in the political history of his native town and county. He was a man of sterling integrity, his judgment was consulted in all local public affairs, and he held the most important town offices, and for twenty years represented the county in the State Legislature. For many years he was the home agent for a land company in Ohio. His wife's maiden name was Mary Woodward. She was a daughter of Dr. Samuel Woodward, for many years a leading physician of Torringford, whose ancestors settled in Massachusetts in I632. Four of his sons were physicians, and all of them became well known in New England as possessing a high degree of professional ability. The family was also related to Judge A. B. Woodward, at one time Chief Justice of the Territory of Michigan. The boyhood days of Rufus W. Gillett were passed upon a farm. He was educated at the common school and public academy of his native town, and at the age of seventeen years, became a clerk in a country store at Litchfield, Connecticut, where he remained two years. The next five years were spent as a merchant and farmer in his native town, and for the three years following he served as agent of New York and Connecticut cutlery manufacturing companies. In i856 he was appointed Secretary and Treasurer of the Woolcotville Brass Company, retaining the position until January, 1862, when he came to Detroit. Here he embarked in the grain commission business, as a partner of A. E. Bissell, under the firm name of Bissell & Gillett. This partnership was continued for six years, after which Mr. Gillett, with Theodore P. Hall as partner, founded the well known grain commission house of Gillett & Hall. The business interests of this firm have grown in volume from year to year, until at the present time the extent of their operations excel those of any firm in the same line in the State. Besides their regular commission business, they buy large quantities of corn and oats in Missouri, Kansas, and other Western States, for eastern sale and for export. Mr. Gillett has been prominent in the management of the affairs of the Chamber of Commerce, and has served as President for several successive years. He has been President of the Preston National Bank since its organization. He is VicePresident of the Detroit Copper and Brass Rolling Mill Company. He is also Vice-President of the Gale Harrow Manufacturing Company, a Director in the Standard Insurance Company, and is connected with several other business interests in Detroit. He was one of the corporators and is President of the Woodmere Cemetery Association. Politically he has always been a Democrat, but although interested in the maintenance of good government, has preferred to discharge his political duties as a private citizen. Repeatedly offered party nominations in the municipal government, he has always refused to become a candidate. He has, however, served on the Board of Estimates, and, in I88o, was appointed one of the Board of Fire Commissioners, which position he still occupies. During his quarter of a century's residence in Detroit, he has been eminently successful in business, and has the full confidence of the business public. His evenness of temper and natural affability attracts friends, making him socially popular and his company desirable. In business matters, that person is fortunate indeed who can command his esteem and co-operation. He comes from a long lived ancestry, from whom he inherited a robust constitution, and he continues so hearty and vigorous that he has seemingly many years of active life before him. Mr. Gillett was married May 26, 1847, to Charlotte M. Smith, a daughter of Nathaniel Smith, a merchant of Torringford, who was postmaster for over forty years. He held many other responsible positions, and was a prominent citizen of that part of the State for many years. Mr. Gillett has had three

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MERCHANTS. II49 children. The eldest, Mary Woodward, married Henry K.Lathrop, Jr., of Detroit; the second,Charles Smith, died at Detroit, October 18, 1876, at the age of twenty-six years. The youngest daughter, Hattie Winchell, married William R. Ellis, of Detroit. HENRY GLOVER was born April 30, I812, in De Ruyter, Madison County, New York, a State to which Michigan is indebted for a large portion of its staunch and sturdy citizens. His mother died when he was but two years of age; his father was a mechanic in moderate circumstances but gave his sons a good common-school education. His best gift, however, was a robust and sound constitution, and the invaluable principle of early self-reliance, with habits of industry and strict integrity, which were instilled by example, as well as by precept. At twelve years of age, Henry Glover was apprenticed to the tailors' trade, and by the time he was twenty-two, by close application and economy he had saved $700-no small amount for a young man to have earned and saved in those days when wages were so light. Feeling the necessity of a better education than he possessed, which feeling he attributes to the early adoption of the Christian faith, and which has permanently influenced his life, Mr. Glover determined to add to his prospects of usefulness and success by securing such intellectual discipline as was within his reach. He therefore entered the academy at Homer, New York, and spent several years in diligent study, paying his way with the money he had saved. After his academic course he went to Syracuse, and engaged in the dry-goods business, but did not meet with much success, owing to his lack of capital and his limited mercantile experience. Believing that he possessed the elements of success, he determined to seek new fields where the outlook was more encouraging, and consequently embarked at Buffalo for the West, on the steamer De Witt Clinton. After a trip of three days' stormy weather, Mr. Glover landed in Detroit, on October 15, 1836. The town then numbered but six thousand inhabitants. He put up at the American Hotel, kept by Petty & Hawley, located on the present site of the Biddle House, and at once commenced business as a merchant tailor, determined from the start to keep the best goods only and to do the best work. He often saw dark days, but little by little he added to his small savings and laid the foundation of a comfortable fortune. He had no inclination for political honors, the only office he ever held being that of School Inspector. In 1843 he became a member of the firm of Smith, Glover & Dwight, the firm doing a large business in handling general merchandise and lumber. After about two years Mr. Glover withdrew from the firm and resumed his former business. In religious belief he has ever been a staunch Baptist, having united with that denomination in Ithaca, New York, in 183I. He has been steadfastly loyal to the truth as held by that denomination, but gladly fraternizes with all Christian believers. He possesses strong convictions of truth, and conscientiously adheres to what he believes to be right, whether popular or not. During all the years of his residence in Detroit he has been looked to and relied on for contributions to denominational and other charities, both in the city and in the State. Having confidence in the future of the city, he invested in real estate, and was soon able to retire from mercantile life. He was among the first, if not the first, to see the possibilities of Jefferson Avenue as a wholesale and jobbing street, and in i865, when the greater portion of the avenue was lined with mediocre stores and shanties, he bought of Daniel Scotten a lot corner of Jefferson Avenue and Wayne Streets, then covered with rookeries of the worst possible character. These were cleared away and a substantial brick block erected. It was first occupied by John James & Son, hardware dealers, who were probably the first jobbing firm in that neighborhood, if not on the avenue. Mr. Glover also built a four story building on the opposite side of the avenue, and a large brick dwelling on the corner of Fort and Sixth Streets, and a substantial dwelling-house on Edmund Place, where he resides. During the fifty-one years that he has been identified with Detroit, he has seen it grow from little more than a village to the most beautiful metropolis of its size in the country, and to-day may take a pardonable pride in reflecting that he has been, to some considerable extent, influential in its growth and prosperity, and it can be conscientiously said of him-that what he has done, he has tried to do well. He was married, in I839, to Miss Laura Dwight, an estimable lady, who nobly discharged the duties of wife and mother, and who actively engaged in all works of charity. They began housekeeping at the corner of Lafayette Avenue and Griswold Street, where the McGraw building now stands, directly in front of which was the Michigan Central Depot. He has had seven children, two of whom died in infancy, and two others, Frank D. and Arthur Y. Glover, in early manhood, when full of promise for the future. Three children are still living. Two of them, James H. and George D. Glover, being engaged in drug manufacture. The daughter, Clara, is the wife of John M. Nicol, cashier of the American Banking and Savings Association. All of the children are residents of Detroit. He was married the second time, in 1885, to Miss Imogene

1150 MERCHANTS. S. Dimmock, of Maine, a cultured and Christian woman. JEREMIAH GODFREY, who was one of the oldest and most respected citizens of Detroit, was born in Thompson, Sullivan County, New York, February I6, 1814, and was the seventh son of a family of thirteen children, all of whom lived to mature age. His ancestors were English, and came to America prior to the Revolution. Mr. Godfrey came to Detroit in 1835, and engaged in the painting business, forming a partnership, in 1838, with John Atkinson, under the firm name of Atkinson & Godfrey. They were located at the corner of Lamed Street and Jefferson Avenue until the year 1850. At an early day Mr. Godfrey connected himself with the volunteer Fire Department, and performed active service until the present system was organized. In 1843, nearly ten years before his retirement from active business, he was selected as Assessor for the Sixth Ward. In 1853, the year after he retired from business, he served as Collector for the Fifth Ward. The satisfactory way in which he performed the duties of these offices, his excellent judgment in the valuation of real estate, and his superior business ability, caused him, in 186i, to be selected as one of the members of the first Board of Review, under a new system of assessing property. He held this position until 1863, when, on the invitation of the late Francis Eldred, then City Assessor, he entered that office, and remained during that gentleman's administration, a period of three years, and continued in a similar relation with Mr. A. A. Rabineau for the five years following. Upon the resignation of Mr. Rabineau, Mr. Godfrey was unanimously chosen by the council to fill the unexpired term, and was afterwards appointed by the Mayor as the head of the department, remaining three years longer, thus making in all some twenty years' continuous service in that office. In the administration of public affairs Mr. Godfrey applied the same rules of economy that he practiced in his private business. His broad and correct judgment, his unswerving integrity, and his excellent business habits, rendered his services in municipal affairs of great value, and the City of Detroit never possessed a public servant who labored more conscientiously than did Mr. Godfrey for nearly a quarter of a century. He seemed to have a genius in real estate matters, and his judgment in that line of business was regarded as infallible. While looking over his paper one morning in January, 185I, he noticed that the property on the southwest corner of Woodward and Grand River Avenues was advertised for sale. He immediately started out, and, within an hour, purchased the property, and soon after began the erection of the block which bears his name. Mr. Godfrey was a staunch Democrat and always acted with that party, with the single exception of the campaign of I860, but held in supreme contempt all arts of the politician which looked toward personal advancement. He always manifested a keen interest in everything that affected the public welfare; his purse was always open to calls for charity, and he contributed to many public enterprises. He was married December 29, 1836, to Mrs. Sophronie Fletcher, of Detroit. He died March 9, I882. His wife, one daughter, Mrs. Jesse H. Farwell, and one son, Marshall H. Godfrey, survive him. BRUCE GOODFELLOW, the present head of the widely known house of Mabley & Company, has contributed largely, by his energy and enterprise, to the successful progress of mercantile interests in his adopted home. He was born October 6, i850, in Smith's Falls, Ontario. His paternal grandfather (William), the pioneer of the family in America, was born in Scotland, in 1783, came to this country in 1822, made a settlement at Smith's Falls, Canada, and died in I855. His son, Archibald, was born in Hawick, Scotland, in I8II, and lived in Canada from 1822 to his death in 1877, and was for many years a well known government contractor, in charge, mainly, of canals. He was married, in I836, to Martha Kramer. She was a native American, but of German ancestry. Her father, Laurence Kramer,was born in Germany, in 1745, was an officer in the German army, and later in the British army. He saw General Wolfe fall at Quebec, and served under General Burgoyne during the American Revolution. He died 'in I839. She has resided upon the old homestead at Smith's Falls fifty-three years. Bruce Goodfellow, the son of Archibald, even in his youth, had a stirring, restless, and ambitious spirit. He chafed under the restraints of school discipline, and at the age of fourteen left home rather than remain under the control of the pedagogue who taught the Smith's Falls Grammar School. Having somehow conceived a desire for work connected with machinery, he induced the proprietor of a woolen mill to give him employment, and his experience of woolen fabrics dates from that time. His father, however, soon appeared upon the scene, intending to compel his return home. Bruce begged to be allowed to stay and earn his own living, and the mill proprietor joined in the appeal, promising that if the boy was left with him he would make a man of him. His father finally consented, and Bruce entered fully upon an independent career, and from that day depended for a

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MERCHANTS. I 5I livelihood solely upon himself, and refers with pardonable pride to the fact that, since he reached his fourteenth year, he has not owned a dollar that he did not earn himself. For eighteen months he divided his time at the mill between carding and bookkeeping, and then, tiring of the business, he determined to seek his fortune elsewhere. His father desired and offered to give him a classical education, but Bruce preferred to enter active life at once, and journeyed by canal to Kingston, where his courage was sorely tested, for he tramped the streets of Kingston two days vainly searching for work, and finally, almost disheartened, he set out for Toronto in search of what he had failed to find in Kingston. This time he was successful, but the position was neither lucrative nor pleasant, it being that of a bundle boy in a store, at three dollars a week, and as it cost him four dollars a week for board, it was apparent that at that rate his fortune would be long on the way. Faithful service, however, soon brought increased compensation and valuable experience, and when his employers failed he immediately obtained a place as salesman with a haberdasher, and subsequently served as salesman in the same line of business in Toronto, Coburg, and Peterboro, and having risen to the dignity of a salary one thousand dollars a year, he began to look toward the States as a field big with promise of larger reward, and decided to go to Chicago. While on the way thither, he turned aside at Detroit, to look up a brother then living here, and was so pleased with the city that he decided to remain here permanently. His brother being the only person in Detroit known to him, the finding of employment was a difficult as well as a discouraging task, but le was bound to have work, and for want of something better, became a peripatetic vender on the streets of a patent ink eraser, and was afterwards the first salesman in Detroit of the patent folding dinner basket, now in common use. Although fairly successful in these ventures, the business did not suit him, and he was glad of a chance to work as clerk, at eight dollars a week, for George Gassman, a Jefferson Avenue tailor, and it is an interesting fact that, a few years later, Mr. Gassman was in his employ. In September, 1870, while Mr. Goodfellow was at C. R. Mabley's store on a business errand, Mr. Mabley noticed him and said: " Young man, where are you from, and where have you worked?" " I'm from Canada, and have worked for Hughes & Co., of Toronto." "Well enough, my boy; if you are good enough to work for Hughes, you're good enough to work for me." As the result of, that conversation, he entered Mr. Mabley's employ the Same month, as a clerk in the furnishing department, and within two weeks was placed in full charge of the department. Mr. Mabley was evidently increasingly pleased with his protege, and when he opened the furnishing store under the Russell House, in 187 5, Mr. Goodfellow was given full charge, and was afterwards appointed general manager of the entire concern. In February, 1884, when the firm of Mabley & Company was incorporated, Mr. Goodfellow was chosen Secretary and Treasurer. On June 30, 1885, C. R. Mabley died, and Mr. Goodfellow succeeded him as President of the company. The estate retained Mr. Mabley's interest in the business until May 3, 1886, when it was purchased by the stockholders, Mr. Goodfellow remaining at the head of what is well.known as one of the best and most important business enterprises in Detroit or Michigan. The trade of the house reaches into the far and near portions of the State, and attracts many thousands of people yearly to the metropolis. The successful administration of its affairs requires great judgment, energy, and business nerve, and in these Mr. Goodfellow is not lacking. He was nurtured and trained under watchful eyes, came rapidly forward in the grades of promotion, and being ever mindful to improve the opportunities of experience, was peculiarly competent to fill the place made vacant by the death of Mr. Mabley. The continued prosperous management of the business of Mabley & Company afford ample evidence that no similar house is more ably or safely directed. Mr. Goodfellow has conducted the affairs of the company so successfully that the business has steadily increased, the sales for the year 1887 amounting to upwards of a million and a quarter of dollars. In 1887 he was appointed one of the Commissioners of the Detroit Fire Department, succeeding Jerome Croul. Mr. Goodfellow was married April 7, 1884, to Mrs. T. W. Davey, of Windsor, Ontario. Although his early life was a constant struggle, his ambition and indomitable will showed him the road, and urged him forward, and he has been remarkably and deservedly successful. His spirit is of the sort that would make him a leader everywhere and in everything, and all who have business or social intercourse with him willingly concede that he well deserves all the good that has or may come to him. THEODORE PARSONS HALL was born at Rocky Hill, near Hartford, Connecticut, December I5, I835. He is a lineal descendant of John Hall, of Coventry, Warwickshire, England, who arrived at Boston, Massachusetts, in 1634, joined Rev. Mr. Davenport's New Haven Colony in r638, and became one of the founders of Wallingford, Connecticut, when that town was "set off" from New Haven in 1669. The cemeteries of Wallingford and its adjoining town, Meridan, bear abundant

I152 MERCHANTS. testimony to the number and worth of John Hall's descendants in the past, and Yale College has inscribed among her honored graduates the names of a score or more of them. In recent days N. K. Hall, Postmaster-General under President Fillmore; Admiral A. N. Foote, Professor Asaph Hall, the astronomer, and many others of like note have traced their descent from this early settler of Connecticut. His grandson, John Hall, one of the Colonial judges and governor's "assistant," was one of the wealthiest and most influential of the early Colonists. Among the children or grandchildren of the latter, were Lyman Hall, Governor of Georgia, and signer of the Declaration of Independence; Benjamin and Elihu Hall, Kings' attorneys, judges, and prominent in the Revolution; Colonel Street Hall and Rev. Samuel Hall (Yale, 1716), first minister of Cheshire, Connecticut. Eunice Hall, sister of the preceding, was the wife of the Colonial Governor, Jonathan Law. Rev. ~Samuel Hall married Anne Law, daughter of the Governor by his first wife, Anne Eliot (a granddaughter of Rev. John Eliot, the Apostle, and of Wm. Brenton, Governor of the Colony of Rhode Island). Brenton Hall, founder of Meriden, was a son of Rev. Samuel Hall and father of Wm. Brenton Hall, M. D. (Yale, 1786). The latter resided at Middletown, Connecticut, where he is remembered for his heroism during an outbreak of yellow fever. He married Mehitable, daughter of Major-General Samuel Holden Parsons, a descendant through her mother, Mehitable Mather, of the families of Rev. Cotton Mather and Governor Mathew Griswold, of Connecticut. General Parsons was in command of the Connecticut troops during the Revolutionary War, and later was appointed by Washington first Chief Judge of the Northwest Territory. He settled at and was a founder of Marietta, Ohio. The son of Dr. Wm. B. Hall was Samuel Holden Parsons Hall, State Senator of New York and Judge of the Court of Errors after i846. He was a man of wealth, interested in educational matters, a promoter and director of the Erie Railway, and various other lines centering at Binghamton, New York, where he resided. His wife was Emeline Bulkeley, of Cincinnati, a lineal descendant of Rev. Peter Bulkeley, founder of Concord in 1635, and of Rev. Charles Chauncey, President of Harvard College. Theodore P. Hall, the subject of this sketch, was a son of Samuel IH. P. and Emeline Bulkeley Hall. His ancestors, as may be seen from the foregoing, were of New England Puritan stock, and practiced the old faith with earnestness and zeal. Mr. Hall received his preparatory education at the academies of Binghamton and Albany, New York; entered Yale College in I852, graduating in j856, in the class with Judge H. B. Brown, Hon. Chauncey M. Depew, General Wager Swayne, Judge Benjamin D. Magruder, and others of note. He subsequently spent a year in the study of law, assisted in the management of a newspaper, acquired some banking experience in the Central Bank of Brooklyn, New York, and later in the office of Thompson Bros., brokers of Wall Street. In 1859, with L E. Clark and others, he established the State Bank of Michigan, which was later merged into the Michigan Insurance Company and First National Bank of Detroit. In I863 Mr. Hall entered into active business on the Detroit Board of Trade, and for twenty years, since I868, has been in partnership with Rufus W. Gillett, under the firm name of Gillett & Hall, for years the leading commission grain house of Detroit. Of late he has retired from active participation in the affairs of the firm and has devoted his time to travel, literary pursuits, and to the improvement of his handsome place at Grosse Pointe. He enjoys making researches in the fields of history, biography, and genealogy, and is a member of several historical societies. He possesses excellent taste, fine powers of analysis and description, with a rare ability in the way of generalization. He often lays his friends -under obligation because of work done in their behalf, and for their advantage, and the public is probably unfortunate in that his possession of abundant means precludes the pectniary stimulus which might compel him to engage in definite and continuous literary labors. He is emphatically a lover of books, has accumulated a choice library, and possesses a scholarship competent to appreciate a wide range of subjects and authors. Socially he is modest, free-hearted, agreeable, and makes warm friends. He was married to Alexandrine Louise Godfroy, of Detroit, January lI1, 1860. They have three married daughters, Marie Stella, wife of Wm. Tone St. Auburn, of California; Josephine Emeline, wife of Lieutenant R. J. C. Irvine, of Augusta, Georgia; Nathalie Heloise, wife of James Lee Scott, of Ballston, New York; also three unmarried daughters, Alexandrine Eugenie, Marie Archange Navarre, and Madeleine Alacomb. Their only son, Godfroy Navarre, died in 1885. The Godfrov family were among the early French settlers of Canada, coming from near Rouen, Normandy. Several branches of the family were ennobled by Louis XIV. fpr bravery in the early Indian wars. The founder of the Detroit branch was married at Trois Rivieres, Canada, in 1683, and his eldest son, Jacques Godfroy, came to De, t oit with the founder, Cadillac, and died here in I730. His son Jacques, born at Detroit, 1722, married the daughter of a French officer stationed at 1 ort P'ot

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MERCHANTS. I 53 chartrain (Detroit). The latter's son, Colonel Gabriel Godfroy, also born here under French rule in 1758, was Colonel of the first regiment of Territorial troops organized here, and was Indian agent for forty years. Htis son, Pierre Godfroy, one of the first Representatives chosen when the Sate was organized, was the father of Alexandrine Godfroy (Hall), who is also lineally descended through her mother from Robert Navarre, first French Interdant and Notaire Royal, at this place. The name of Godfroy is a familiar one in the Records of Detroit, and is attached to two of the old farms now included within the limits of the city. GEORGE H. HAMMOND, for years one of the most extensive dealers in dressed beef in the world, was born at Fitchburg, Massachusetts, May 5, I838, and his parents, John and Sarah (Huston) Hammond, were of Puritan ancestry. His maternal grandfather, a native of Maine, served eight years as a soldier in the War of the Revolution, and lived to be ninety-four years old. The father of George H. Hammond was a builder, and erected numerous houses in the vicinity of his home. Until his tenth year, George H. Hammond attended the common schools, and then, preferring business to school life, began making leather pocketbooks for a Mr. Barrett, of Ashburnham, Massachusetts, a few miles from his native place. His employer soon gave up the business and Mr. Hammond, then only ten years old, continued it for about a year, employing twelve girls, and doing a profitable business. Steel clasp pocket-books then began to supersede leather goods, and he discontinued the business, and for a few months was employed in a butcher shop, and then for three years following, worked at Fitchburg, in the mattress and palm leaf hat factory of Milton Frost, at a salary of forty dollars per year, with the privilege of going to school three months in each year. At the age of fifteen, he purchased the business of his former employer, but at the end of six months sold out and came to Detroit, arriving here in I854. For a short time after his arrival he was engaged in his old occupation, and then for two years and a half he worked in the mattress and furniture factory of Milton Frost. He then started a chair factory on the corner of Farmer and State Street. Six months later, when he was only nineteen years old, the establishment was destroyed by fire, and after settling with the insurance company, he found his entire capital to consist of thirteen dollars, and a note for fifty dollars. With this amount he at once opened a meat store near the southwest corner of Howard and Third Street, and the venture was an immediate success. In I860 he erected a brick building on the adjoining corner, to meet the de mand of his trade. His business rapidly increased, and in I865 he removed to No. 38 Michigan Grand Avenue, where he built up a large and prosperous establishment. In the meantime he engaged extensively in beef and pork packing, forming in I872, a partnership with J. D. Standish and S. B. Dixon, under the firm name of Hammond, Standish & Co. The firm erected large packing houses on Twentieth Street, and the business grew so extensive, that for several years preceding Mr. Hammond's death, they did the largest business of the kind in the city. One of the latest ventures of the firm was the establishment of one of the largest and most complete meat stores in the city, on Cadillac Square, opposite the Central Market. Although substantial success followed Mr. Hammond's exertions in his regular line of trade, it is chiefly in connection with the transportation of dressed beef that he exhibited the largest business capacity. From the incipiency of the undertaking until he changed the method of carrying on the beef trade of the United States, his energy was the chief factor in the undertaking. The problem of how to preserve meats, fruits, and like perishable products for any length of time in transportation, without affecting their quality or flavor, had been practically unsolved until 1868, when William Davis, of Detroit, built the first successful refrigerator car, and until I869, tried in vain to induce capitalists to take hold of the invention. Finally Mr. Hammond had a car fitted up expressly for carrying dressed beef to the eastern markets. The experimental trip was made in May, I869, from Detroit to Boston, and was a complete success. Mr. Hammond, with characteristic boldness aud far-seeing business sagacity, soon after purchased the right to the exclusive use of the invention, and with Caleb Ives formed the dressed beef transportation company of Hammond, Ives & Co., which a few years after was changed to the firm name of George H. Hammond & Co. They commenced with one car, and the second year eleven were required; the third they used twenty-one, the number yearly increasing until, at the time of Mr. Hammond's death, eight hundred cars were in constant use in their fresh meat trade with the Atlantic coast, and they sent three ship-loads weekly to transAtlantic ports. They established slaughter houses at Hammond, Indiana, and Omaha, Nebraska, actually founding and building the first named city, which now has a large population and all the usual accompaniments of a thriving city. At this immense establishment, fifteen hundred to two thousand head of cattle are killed each day, the business transacted reaching the sum of $I2,000,000 to $ 5.ooo0,000 annually. The creation of this business was almost entirely due to the enterprise and sagac

1154 MERCHANTS. ity of Mr. Hammond, and the results accomplished have been of great benefit to the commercial world. In many respects Mr. Hammond was a remarkable man. He scarcely had a boyhood; beginning life's battles when ten years old, before he was twenty he carried upon his shoulders responsibilities that would test the powers of many mature men. His practical business training was supplemented while yet in his teens, by a course of study in Goldsmith's Commercial College, begun and completed in the evening, after the toil of the day was finished. These studies, with his practical business experience, gave him a knowledge of accounts that was of immense value. He was shrewd and careful, but clear business perception gave him courage and boldness. At forty-eight he had not only become one of the wealthiest men of Detroit, but one of the best known business men in the United States, and the central figure in a gigantic system of operations of which few people in Detroit realized the extent and which revolutionized the beef trade of the country, and made his name well known and respected in commercial circles in Chicago, New York, and Boston. He was a large real estate owner, investing extensively in suburban property in and near Detroit, and realized so fully that his success was gained here, that he desired that the city should be advantaged by his success. He was Vice-President of the Commercial National Bank, a director in the Michigan Savings Bank and Detroit Fire & Marine Insurance Company, and in innumerable ways was a reliable factor in the prosperity of Detroit. In the full tide of his success, when wealth and honor had rewarded his efforts, and when seemingly he could be so illy spared from the management of the great interests his genitus had developed, the end came suddenly and unexpectedly. Naturally of a strong, robust physique, the hard work and unremitting toil of many years appeared to fall lightly upon him, but disease of the heart, baffling medical skill, terminated his life on December 29, i886. He was confined to the house only a few days, and although he knew the shadow of a great danger overhung him, he faced it bravely, and as death came he was prepared to calmly accept whatever might befall. His death caused deep and genuine sorrow wherever he was known, and the community in which he had long lived, mourned the loss of one whose name was the synonym of business honor, whose private life was unexceptionable, and whose future promised so much of good to the public. He was not a member of any church, but made especially liberal gifts to church enterprises, and his contributions to charitable and benevolent objects were many, but unostentatious. He was reserved in manner, and gave his confidence only to a few, whom he implicitly trusted and in whom he created unbounded faith. His chief pleasures were found in the domestic circle, and he was able to leave the perplexing, annoying cares of business outside of his home, where he was the ideal father and husband. He was fond of travel, going twice to Europe with part of his family, visiting also California and the South, and frequently visited for pleasure or business, various parts of the United States. Dying in the prime of life, he left the impress of his work upon the commercial history of his generation, and to his family the rich legacy of a spotless reputation. He was married in 1857, to Ellen Barry. They had eleven children, eight of whom are living. SAMUEL HEAVENRICH was born in Frensdorf, Bavaria, June 15, I839, and is the son of Abraham and Sarah (Brull) Heavenrich. Hiis parents were both natives of Bavaria, his father being born in Frensdorf, in I799, and his mother in Lichtenfels, in 18 o. Mr. Heavenrich attended school in his native town until twelve years of age, and was then sent for two years to a school at Regensburg (Ratisbon\, Germany. In I853 he left home, came to this country, and took up his abode in Detroit, where he has since remained. Upon his arrival here he entered the store of S. Sykes & Company, wholesale and retail clothiers, near the southeast corner of Jefferson Avenue and Bates Street, the firm subsequently removing to No. 92 Woodward Avenue. He employed his evenings to good advantage, studying English and bookkeeping at Cochran's Business College, and improved so rapidly that he became of great service to his employers, and remained with the firm for seven years, during the last year as junior partner. In 1862 he bought out the firm of S. Sykes & Company, and took in as a partner his brother, Simon H., who had been in business at Leavenworth, Kansas, forming the firm of Heavenrich Brothers, which has continued since that time. In I867 they gave up the retail trade, and devoted their entire attention to the manufacturing and wholesale business, and in the spring of I871 found themselves so crowded for room that they removed to the stores known as 134 and 136 Jefferson Avenue. Their business continued to prosper, and on February i, 188I, they moved into their present elegant and commodious quarters at 138 and 140 Jefferson Avenue. The building was erected by the late Francis Palms, expressly for their use, and is a model of excellence. It is six stories high, is nearly fire proof, and extends from Jefferson Avenue through to Woodbridge Street. Here the business of the firm has grown to enormous proportions; they employ about three hun

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MERCHANTS. 'I55 dred and fifty hands, and manufacture an immense amount of men's, youth's, boys', and children's clothing, most of the cutting being done by steam cutting machines, the only ones of the kind in the State, and well worth an inspection. They will cut through two inches in thickness of cloth, and make two thousand revolutions per minute. The buttonholes in all of their goods are made in the basement of the building, on machines run by an electric motor. Their sample room is a model of excellence, and is second to none west of New York. It occupies the entire second floor, and contains a sample of every piece of goods they have in stock. By their thrift, perseverance, and strict attention to business, both members of the firm have acquired a competency, and their business represents a capital of about $250,000. Mr. Samuel Heavenrich was a member of the Detroit Light Guards for six years, but has mingled but little in general public affairs. Inclined to be conservative, he has uniformly declined the use of his name for political offices, but his courtesy, integrity, fidelity, industry, and great natural ability, are such that any trust committed to him would be carefully and successfully administered. He has been President of the Phcenix Club for five years, and is a director of the American Exchange National Bank, President of the Marine City Stave and Salt Company, and Vice-President of the Dexter Consolidated Iron Mining Company, and has held various offices in other corporations. He has ever manifested a special interest in the welfare of young men, and has been a benefactor to many. Possessing a social and genial disposition, his habits have often caused him to forego his own pleasure in order to be of service to others. By systematic efforts of this sort he has helped to brighten the path of many less fortunate than himself. His friends and acquaintances are well aware that any service he can render, when they are sick or in need, will be heartily and cheerfully rendered, without considering his personal ease or comfort. He is a highly worthy representative of the Hebrew nationality, is a member of the Congregation Beth El, and commands the esteem of his business associates and of the public generally. He was married March 21, 1866, to Sarah Trounstine, at Cincinnati. She is a daughter of John and Elizabeth (Guiterman) Trounstine, of Bavaria. They have had six children, namely, Blanche, Walter S., John A., Carrie H., Edith R., and Herbert S., all of whom are living at home with their parents. EMIL SOLOMON HEINEMAN was born December ir, 1824, at Neuhaus on the Oste, near the port of Hamburg. His father, Solomon Joachim Heineman, was born in 1780, in the Bavarian village of Burg Ellern, where his ancestors had lived in peace for many years, until compelled to seek another habitation through the religious intolerance which was then directed against persons of the Protestant and Jewish faith, to the latter of which Mr. Heineman's family had always subscribed. Seeking a home in the more northerly part of Germany, near the seaport of Hamburg, where cosmopolitan ideas had prevented the lodgment of intolerance, he established himself at Neuhaus, and by hard work and honest endeavor became in time the foremost merchant of the place, and amassed what was then a more than comfortable fortune. He held for many years an honorable civil appointment from the government He married Sarah, the daughter of Leeser Franc and Regina Josef, and became the father of ten children, Emil S. being the fourth of five brothers. It those days it was the custom, upon the expiration of his school days, to send a boy to some tradesman in another city, either to be taught a handicraft or to be given a business education. Accordingly, in 1840, when he was sixteen years old, E. S. Heineman was sent to the city of Oldenburg to learn the practical duties of business. The Revolution of 1848 raised hopes in the hearts of young men that Germany would become a united and great nation, but the reaction in I850 dispelled these hopes, and Mr. Heineman determined to seek his fortune in the New World. Obtaining a reluctant consent from his father, he took passage on the Washington, the pioneer trans-Atlantic steamer, and after a phenomenally short trip of two weeks, landed in New York in the spring of I851. Going from there to Cincinnati, after a short stay in the latter city he came to Detroit, where he secured employment in David Amberg's clothing store, in the old Smart Block, on the present site of the Merrill Block. His fellow clerk here was Edward Breitung, afterwards a prominent resident of the Northern Peninsula, and its representative in Congress. The commercial training and the instruction in the English language which Mr. Heineman had received at home, enabled him in I853 to engage in business on his own account, in the same block where he began as a clerk. The fire which in I854 destroyed the old Presbyterian Church, and the block in which his business was located, necessitated his removal, and for many years he occupied one or more of the stores under the National Hotel, now known as the Russell House. At the outbreak of the Civil War, he became interested in furnishing military clothing to the State, and later to the General Government, and after this time was engaged solely in the wholesale trade. His two brothers-in-law, Messrs. Magnus and Martin Butzel, were admitted to partnership in 18;2, and the firm,

1156 MERCHANTS. since known as Heineman, Butzel & Company, removed to the upper floors adjoining Messrs. G. & R. McMillan's present store, remaining there until I871, and then removing to their present location on Jefferson Avenue. Thus for thirty-five years Mr. Heineman has been engaged in mercantile life in Detroit, and during this period has witnessed almost the entire growth of the city's industries. He has been eminently a business man, and while not neglecting political duties, has never accepted party nomination or appointment, but has been a staunch Republican ever since the founding of that party. He has been connected with many of the representative corporations of the city, and was among the first subscribers to the Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Company, and one of its directors since its organization. In like manner he became an original subscriber to, and director of the Michigan Life Insurance Company, and of the Fort Wayne and Elmwood Street Railway Company, of which he is at present Treasurer. He is known as a conservative in his business and investments, and judicious in his selection of real estate. In I885 he erected a fine building on Cadillac Square, and has always had faith in the growing prosperity of the city, is known as a public-spirited citizen, and no more worthy representative of his nationality can be found anywhere. Mr. Heineman, is almost as active as ever in business, not remiss in social duties, and is a man of quiet tastes and retiring disposition, to whom home presents the highest ideal of happiness. Almost any afternoon, in summer, he may be seen busy among the flowers in his garden, which is one of the most attractive in the city, and its care is one of his favorite pastimes. He is a lover of books, and has given some attention to numismatics, having a very interesting and valuable collection of coins. He was married in I86I, to Fanny Butzel, of Peekskill, New York. The year following he purchased his present homestead on Woodward Avenue. He has two sons and two daughters. CHAUNCEY HURLBUT was born in Oneida County, New York, in 1803, and came to Detroit with Cullen Brown in 1825. He worked at his trade of harnessmaker for a few years, and then in company with Jerry Dean, carried on a saddlery and harness store for three years. Mr. Hurlbut then decided to go into the grocery business with his brother-in-law, Alexander McArthur. The latter soon left the city, and in I837, Mr. Hurlbut built the store at 50 Woodward Avenue, where he engaged in the general grocery trade and continued in business up to a short time before his death. From the year 1839 he served almost continu ously in some public capacity. He was successively foreman, chief engineer, and president of the old Fire Department. From 1839 to 1841 he was Alderman from the Second Ward. In 1835 he was President of the Mechanics' Society. When the Board of Trade was organized in 1847, Mr. Hurlbut was chosen one of the directors. He was one of the original stockholders in the Second National Bank, and was a director during the twenty years of its existence. At the time of his death he held the same position in its successor, the Detroit National Bank. He was a Sewer Commissioner from 1857 to 1859. In I86I he was appointed as one of the Water Commissioners, serving two years and being appointed over and over again after that time. From 1872, until his death, he continuously held the presidency of the Board and gave almost his entire attention to the improvement of the Detroit Water Works system. His public duties were all fulfilled with a sturdy adherence to the maxim that "public office is a public trust." In I841 he returned to the President of the Fire Department a warrant for one hundred dollars, which had been sent him for services as chief engineer, remarking that he was a believer in Franklin's doctrine, that no man should grow rich by emoluments of office. Mr. Hurlbut was an ardent Republican from the organization of the party, and a regular contributor to campaign funds. He was not demonstrative in his politics, however, and seldom attended caucuses or other party meetings. He was noted for his remarkable memory, and his extensive reading on historical and scientific subjects, had made his mind a cyclopoedia of facts. He died on September 9, I885, and his widow followed him a few months later. He left almost all of his estate, nearly a quarter of a million dollars, to the Board of Water Commissioners, to be expended in maintaining a library and improving the grounds belonging to the commission. JOSHUA S. INGALLS was born in the town of Johnson, La Moille County, Vermont, February 12, 1833, and is a son of Simeon and Rhoda (Smith) Ingalls. His ancestors came from England, and settled at Andover, Massachusetts, in 1690. His father was a farmer, and his son passed his earlier years upon the farm. The dull, prosaic life of the average New England farmer's boy, and the limited school advantages there obtainable, however, illy suited his active temperament, and at the age of fourteen he left home, determined to secure an education by his own efforts. Going to Johnson village, a few miles from his father's residence, by working after school hours and during vacations he obtained three years tuition at the Johnson Academy. Deeply regret

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MERCE ting his inability to pursue his studies further, he then began his business career by becoming a clerk in a general country store at Concord, Massachusetts, conducted by John Brown. His diligence, close attention to duties, and natural business aptitude, won the confidence of his employer, and at the end of a year he provided him with capital to start a general store at Acton Centre, Massachusetts. He managed the store for a year, and then disposed of his interest for a farm. Subsequently he was employed as a salesman in Boston, Massachusetts, and at Akron and Cleveland, Ohio. At the latter place, after several years as clerk in a crockery store, he became a partner in the firm of Fogg, Ensworth & Company, crockery merchants. The business was successfully continued for two years, and then in I860 the firm was dissolved, and Mr. Ingalls entered into partnership with Philip Thurber, under the firm name of Thurber & Ingalls, and established a crockery and glass store at Jackson, Michigan. At the end of a year and a half Mr. Thurber retired, and A. A. Bliss became a partner, under the firm name of Bliss & Ingalls. They continued together until I869, when the firm dissolved. In the meantime, as early as 1862, Mr. Ingalfs had established at Jackson the first oil agency ever started in the State of Michigan. He continued it with success until I869, when he went to Cleveland, and in partnership with a Mr. Olliphant opened a crockery store. This venture did not prove advantageous, and in 1872 the firm discontinued business, and Mr. Ingalls spent the next two years as a traveling salesman for a Cleveland crockery firm. In I875 he came to Detroit, and with C. C. Bloomfield established the oil agency of Ingalls & Company. The business was almost immediately successful. In I884 the company was incorporated as Ingalls & Company, and in 1886 was consolidated with the Standard Oil Company, under the corporate name of the Ingalls Oil Company, and is now the distributing agency of the Standard Oil Company for the State of Michigan. The development of the business in Detroit is largely due to Mr. Ingalls's business foresight and judgment, and through his efforts, Detroit has become one of the largest distributing points for kerosene oil in the whole country. Since 1882 Mr. Ingalls has also been largely interested in an extensive lumber company, of which he has been the President since its organization, and is now sole manager and owner, and makes large shipments of Michigan pine to the New England and Eastern States. Mr. Ingalls's business SUccess is the result of persistent and hard work. He is independent and self-reliant, and, when determined on a line of action, pursues it with bold TANTS. 1157 ness and vigor. Although on two occasions his earlier business ventures turned out disastrously to himself, he allowed no one else to be a loser, but, when prosperity was again achieved, he paid in full every dollar of his old indebtedness, an example of absolute honesty worthy of universal imitation. He has never held public office, but takes a deep interest in political movements, and is an enthusiastic Republican. Honest and straightforward in business transactions, with excellent financial abilities, pleasing address and courteous manner, he is a good type of the business men who create and sustain the commerce of the city. He was married in 1862 to Amelia H. Thurber, of Syracuse, New York. She died in i885, and the following year their daughter, Florence, married Oakes Ames, of Boston, Massachusetts. Mr. Ingalls's home being broken up, he decided to retire from active business and make his home in New England. Leaving Detroit in 1887, he went to Boston, and before many months was again persuaded into business life, and became one of the proprietors of the Albion, Michigan, Milling Company, and controls its large New England business. CHARLES STORRS ISHAM was born in Hudson, Ohio, January 16, I835. He is a son of Warren and Melissa (Parsons) Isham, who had four children, namely, Warren, deceased; Jane L., widow of the late David Crane, of New York; Maria P., who in 1847 married Wilbur F. Storey, of the Chicago Times, and is now residing in Europe, and Charles Storrs Isham, who was the fourth and youngest child. Warren Isham, the father, was a Presbyterian minister, and a writer of considerable note. He was born at Watertown, Jefferson County, New York, was a graduate of Union College, and established, at Hudson, the Ohio Observer, the first religious newspaper in Ohio; he published it until 1835. He was afterwards widely known in Michigan as the editor of the Michigan Observer, and also of the Michigan Farmer. In these papers he displayed marked ability. About 1853 he published a volume of travels in Europe, Egypt, and the Holy Land, and also a volume entitled " The Mud Cabin," an expose of the lower stratum of English life. Both of these works were quite popular and financially successful. The last years of his life were spent at Marquette, Michigan, where he published the Marquette Journal, and was engaged in other literary work. He died at that place in 1863. His wife, Melissa Parsons Isham, was related to the Bardwells of England. She was born in Belchertown, Massachusetts, in 18oo; was a woman of strong character, great family pride, an earnest Christian, and unwearied in her devotion to the welfare of her

1158 MERCHANTS. children. She died in Detroit in i88o. Several of the family inherited the literary taste and talent of their father. Warren, the eldest son, attracted much attention as a writer in connection with the editorial staff of the Detroit Free Press and the Chicago Times. His writings were noted for the humor which they contained, and he especially distinguished himself as war correspondent of the Chicago Times during the early years of the war. Some of his communications were disapproved by General Grant, and he was imprisoned several months, but released without any charges being preferred against him. He was then re-employed on the staff of the Times, and promoted to the chief editorial charge under Mr. Storey. In I863, soon after his father's death, he went to Marquette to see about his father's affairs, and on the return trip, on board of the ill-fated steamer " Sunbeam," was lost on Lake Superior. As a writer, he owed little to study or application, but with the spontaneity of true genius he excelled in whatever he undertook, and his earliest efforts had all the ease and polish of a practiced writer. Charles Storrs Isham was brought to Detroit by his parents when he was a small child, and before the age of six attended the private school of Mrs. Campbell, now Mrs. Solomon Davis. When he was six years old, his parents removed to Jackson, where he attended school six years, and afterwards spent one year in the schools of Springfield, Massachusetts. At the age of fourteen he was placed in a store at Jackson, Michigan, and remained three years. He then returned to Detroit, and from 1852 to 1854 was engaged as traveling agent for the Free Press. The following year and a half he spent in traveling in Louisiana and Texas, and gained much knowledge of the condition of the Southern States during a most interesting period. In the fall of I856 he entered the wholesale dry goods house of Carter, Quinine & DeForest, in New York City, and was engaged as clerk, and during the winters as traveling salesman for the house in the West. He occupied the position about four years, and then engaged with a merchant to go to Galveston, Texas, with the intention of making his home in the South; but, just as he was about to depart, he received a telegram from his brother Warren, urging him to come to Detroit; he concluded to do so, was released from the engagement, and came here. During the first three years of his residence he was engaged in the dry goods store of Farrell Brothers, the predecessors of Newcomb, Endicott & Company. In 1864 he formed a partnership with George I. Major, in the commission and forwarding business, under the firm name of Major & Isham. This firm has been in business twenty-four years, and is one of the few in the city that has remained unchanged for that length of time. Mr. Isham has attended strictly to his business, and has not sought outside work or duty of any sort. In politics he is a Democrat. As a business man he is prudent and conservative, sound in judgment, and of large energy and perseverance; his integrity is undoubted, and he is genial and courteous towards all with whom he comes in contact. He has traveled extensively in the United States, and in 1884 made a trip to Europe, spending a large part of the year at different points on the continent. He was married July 9, 1864, to Lucy B. Mott, daughter of the late John T. Mott, of Detroit. They have four children, Charles Storrs, Jr., Fred. Stewart, Jennie M., and Warren Parsons. Charles S., now in the commission business in this city, spent two years on the Chicago Times as a reporter and foreign correspondent, and was entrusted with the special correspondence of the paper in Mexico. Fred. Stewart graduated from the High School at sixteen, and at once became a reporter for the Detroit Free Press, remaining there until I884, when he went to Europe. He spent one year in Paris, a year at Munich, and two years in London, studying art and music under the best masters. While in London he made his first venture in book authorship, in an ingenious novel entitled "The Twice-Seen Face." It has passed through the first edition and is entering upon the second. Mr. and Mrs. Isham are both members of the Westminster Presbyterian Church. RICHARD MACAULEY was born in Rochester, New York, November 28, 1838, and is the son of Richard and Jane (Maguire) Macauley. His father was one of the early millers at Genesee Falls, an interest which had much to do with the building up of the city of Rochester, which is known everywhere as the Flour City. Mr. Macauley was educated in the public schools and at the Academy in Rochester, and was known as a diligent student. He was offered a college education, but preferred to enter at once into active business life, and in 1859 became a clerk in the large dry goods store of Hubbard & Northup, at Rochester, where he secured an excellent business training, and was brought into social and religious circles which largely shaped his future. While thus engaged he became a member of the Fifty-fourth Regiment of National Guards, which was occasionally called into active service until the close of the war. In 1864 he resigned his commission of Captain in the regiment, and went to Cairo, Illinois, where he engaged in the wholesale and retail book and stationery business, his employers doing a large

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MERCHANTS. I159 business throughout the West and South. Mr. Macauley, however, was not able to endure the malaria prevalent in that region, and the next year returned to Rochester and secured employment in the wholesale millinery house of Edward Wamsley, as traveling salesman in the Lake States. In visiting Detroit, he saw that this was a favorable location for a wholesale millinery house, and in I870, in connection with his former employer, he established the first exclusively wholesale millinery house in Michigan, under the firm name of Macauley & Wamsley. Two years later he bought out his partner's interest, and with his brother, Alexander Macauley, formed a new firm under the style of Macauley Brothers. One year later his brother retired from the firm, and the business was continued under the name of Richard Macauley for eight years with unabated success, and he gained a high reputation with merchants, importers and manufacturers at the East, and with the trade generally throughout the West, as a successful merchant in a line of trade in which others had frequently failed, and which requires exceptional forethought and judicious management. In I880 he admitted Edwin Jackson, of Toledo, and his brother, Alexander Macauley, into the firm, which was changed to Richard Macauley & Company. Since then there has been no change, except the retirement of Mr. Jackson in I887, and the success of the house has been permanent and continuous, and it has grown to be the largest of the kind in the State. In addition to his interest in the Detroit house, Mr. Macauley owns the entire interest in, and is the manager of a similar house in Toledo, which is quite as successful as the one in Detroit. Mr. Macauley has given his close attention to business interests, is both cautious and enterprising, a good judge of mercantile values, and an excellent financier. He has mastered the details which ensure success, and feels a just pride in the fact that he has always met his obligations fully and promptly. IHe is highly esteemed for his social qualities and for his integrity of character. He is a member of the Detroit Club and also of the Michigan Club. In political faith he is a Republican, and is publicspirited in all matters pertaining to the prosperity of the city. He is a director in the American Banking and Savings Association, and in the American Trust Company, and a stockholder in the Detroit National Bank. He was married July 9, I867, to Josephine A. Foster, daughter of George D. Foster., a prominent merchant of West Winfield, New York. Her mother's maiden name was Emerancy B. Thurston, a direct descendant of Edward Thurston, one of the early colonists of Rhode Island, in 1642. They have three children, George Thurston, Fanny Wood, and Richard Henry. All of the family are members of St. John's Episcopal Church. THOMAS McGRAW, the widely known wool merchant, was born at Castleton, on the River Shannon, County of Limerick, Ireland, September 17, 1824. His father, Redmond McGraw, emigrated to America, landing at Quebec in 1825, and subsequently purchased a tract of land in Essex County, New York, and after clearing it and finding it undesirable, he removed to a point near Ogdensburgh, where he repeated his experience. From this farm he removed to Canada, buying land near St. Thomas, sixty miles from Detroit. In 1835 he sold out his interests in Canada and emigrated to Michigan, and settled in the township of Canon, Wayne County, where he passed the remainder of his days. His previous changes of location were doubtless caused by the fact that in the old country the possession of lands was the most reliable wealth that one could have, and as he had been the financial manager of a very large estate for many years previous to his emigration, it was very natural that his ambition should be in the direction of a landholder, and having no reliable knowledge of the soil and climate of the different sections of America, it was only by several trials that he at last found in Michigan the location he desired. He was a man of liberal education and personal culture, and a steadfast upholder of the Protestant religion. He was born in Ireland in 1777, and died at Canton in 1852. His mother's family were German Lutherans; her maiden name was Elizabeth Faught. She died about three years after her arrival in America. Thomas McGraw did not inherit his father's taste for agriculture, and the greater portion of his time until I840, was spent in study at school and at home. From some romantic source he obtained a favorable idea of a sailor's life, and made up his mind to go to sea. At the age of fifteen he set out to become a sailor, and reached the city of Rochester, New York, before he quite made up his mind that a life spent upon the ocean would not be desirable. In that city he engaged as clerk with a substantial merchant at a salary of ninetysix dollars a year. During his stay in Rochester of a year and a half, he attended a night school, and devoted nearly all his leisure moments to study. In the fall of 1841 he returned to his home in Michigan. The next year he entered into partnership with his brother in clearing twenty acres of land. In the fall of the year they sowed the land to wheat, but the enterprise turned out disastrously, as the severe frost of the following June destroyed the crop, the damage being general throughout the State.

I 6o MERCHANTS. In 1843, at the age of nineteen, Mr. McGraw came to Detroit and took a place as clerk in the office of the Pittsburgh Iron Company, where he remained four years. Leaving Detroit, in 1847, he purchased a small stock of general merchandise, and opened a store at Novi, Oakland County. That county and those adjoining are noted for their productions of fine wool, and Mr. McGraw soon drifted into the wool trade. It was not long before this interest became so extensive that his general mercantile business was only a convenient appendage, and he was compelled to seek a more central location, and removed to Detroit in April, 1864. Soon after coming here he opened a branch house in Boston, Massachusetts His business success has been remarkable, and he has been the largest buyer of wool outside of the Atlantic cities. Although an attentive listener to the opinions of others, he makes a thorough canvass of the information bearing on any question or transaction he is contemplating, and his mind once made up, he never wavers, and, is ever on the alert until the enterprise he has undertaken is finished. His reputation as a wool merchant is such throughout New England that his grades of wool are preferred by manufacturers, as they have uniformly been found to be of the very best quality. His system is such that he transacts his large wool business with ease, and in 1887 his wool purchases amounted to about five million pounds. He has, for years, taken a great interest in Detroit and its institutions, and his chief investments are in business and real estate in the city. He is the largest stockholder in the Globe Tobacco Gompany, and has for many years been its President. He was one of the organizers, and for five years President of the Michigan Savings Bank, and for twenty years a stockholder, and for seven years a director, of the American National Bank of Detroit. In 1876 he purchased the Mechanics' Block, expending large sums for its general improvement, making it thoroughly modern in accordance with the requirements of the times. He has provided in the building, for the free use of its occupants, a fine library of three thousand volumes, known as the McGraw Law Library, and has arranged to lay aside a certain sum each year for the extension and improvement of this library, to the end that it may be one of the leading libraries of its kind. In politics Mr. McGraw is independent, but usually acts and votes with the Republican party. He was for two years a member of the Board of Estimates of Detroit. During August and September, of I886, Mr. McGraw made a trip to Europe, visiting Germany, Belgium, France, England, Scotland, and Ireland. In 1848 he married Sarah I. Seldon, grand daughter of Rodman Hazard, a well known figure in the earlier history of Western Massachusetts, and noted throughout New England as a pioneer woolen manufacturer, and also a politician, having served upwards of twenty years in the State Legislature. One of his lineal descendants was in Frankfort, Germany, during the late Civil War, and used his influence in the early part of the conflict to induce German bankers to purchase American bonds. Mr. McGraw is most esteemed by those who know him most intimately. He is appreciative of whatever is truest and best in those with whom he comes in contact, and his old time courtesy and friendly spirit make it pleasant for those who have social or business relations with him. He is a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, but his love for Christianity is broader than his love for any one church, and this is doubtless the truest loyalty. NICOL MITCHELL, for many years one of the most extensive builders and contractors of Detroit, was born at Kilsythe, near Sterlingshire, Scotland, November 19, 1821. There he spent his youth and early manhood, and served an apprenticeship at the carpenter's trade. In I847 he emigrated with his family to America, coming directly to Detroit. Here he secured employment as a journeyman with Hugh Moffat, and subsequently rose to be foreman, and when Mr. Moffat abandoned the work of a contractor to engage in other pursuits, Mr. Mitchell succeeded to a portion of his business. A few years after he formed a partnership and engaged in building with a Mr. McDuff, under the firm name of Mitchell & McDuff. In 1863 he became a member of the firm of Morhous, Mitchell & Bryam, and for several years thereafter was more extensively engaged in building than any other firm in Detroit. His connection with the firm ceased in 1874, when Mayor Moffat appointed him a member of the first Board of Public Works, a position for which his practical experience as a mechanic rendered him eminently fitted. He served in this capacity four years, and at the close of his term, one of the Detroit daily papers voiced the opinion of the community in saying: "Mr. Mitchell, who, after four years of faithful service on the Board of Public Works, now retires to private life, is one of the kind of men that few cities are lucky enough to obtain as officers. A successful builder, of enterprise and workmanlike capacity, he was selected for a position that he has filled to the satisfaction of the whole community." At the expiration of his term he again gave his entire attention to building, and during the latter years of his life most of his time was devoted to the

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MERCHANTS. i i6i ------ -- superintendency of the erection of buildings for Messrs. Newberry & McMillan, and during thirty years he personally superintended the construction of many of the largest buildings in Detroit. The following were erected under his supervision: The Detroit Opera House, Fort Street Presbyterian Church, Christ Protestant Episcopal Church, Central Methodist Episcopal Church, St. Joseph's Catholic Church, St. Patrick's Catholic Church, Young Men's Hall, Michigan Central Elevator No. 2, the Union Depot Elevator, the Wabash Elevator, and numerous business blocks. His last work'was in connection with the erection of the Detroit, Grand Haven and Milwaukee Elevator. He was one of the organizers of the Michigan Savings Bank, and from the first one of its directors, and from June, 1878, its vice-president He was an enthusiastic supporter of the Republican party, but never a seeker after political honors. In religious and charitable work he was earnest and active. He was emphatically a God-fearing and devoted Christian gentleman. He became connected with the United Presbyterian Church at its organization, and for over thirty-five years served as an elder. He was a valued member of the Detroit Commandery of Knights Templar, and of the St. Andrew's Society. In the latter society he was three times elected to the presidency. His " brither Scotsmen" in their tribute to his memory, record their high appreciation of his " excellent business ability, rare mechanical skill, sterling integrity, and unflinching devotion to duty." For nearly a year preceding his death Mr. Mitchell had been in ill health, but attended to his business as usual until March 29, 1887, when he was stricken with paralysis, and a few days later sank into apparent unconsciousness, from which he never rallied. He died April IO, 1887. His death was mourned by a wide circle of friends, to whom his many admirable traits of character had become well known. His long residence in Detroit and prominent identification with important trusts faithfully discharged, had made him one of the best known and respected characters in the city. He was practical, straightforward, hard-working, and conscientious, with an unsullied reputation. He loved the vigorous pursuits of his trade, and in the management of large bodies of men was remarkably successful. His kindness and consideration for others were his strongest characteristics. Without early educational advantages or influential friends, by his individual worth and energy, he won a deserving place among the successful business men of Detroit. He was married to Lillie Kirkwood, at Sterlingshire, Scotland, Decemlier 5, J845. They had four children. Their eldest son, William, died in Detroit in 1881, at the age of thirty-one years. The remaining children are Jessie Dean, wife of W. R. Hamilton, Margaret C., and John K., a civil engineer of Detroit. GEORGE F. MOORE, wholesale dry goods merchant of Detroit, was born in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, December o1, 1832, and is one of the twelve children of John and Clara Moore, and of New England ancestry. His grandfather on the paternal side came from Holland, and was among the earliest settlers of Berkshire County, and his descendants have left an honorable impress upon the commercial and political life of New England. Mr. Moore's mother was of Scotch descent, but her ancestors came to America prior to the Revolutionary War. John Moore was a man of sturdy character, and infused into his children those sound principles which have given them honorable and useful positions in the world. He dealt largely in lands, and was also engaged in the coal and timber trade, owning large tracts of land in Berkshire County. He possessed natural business ability, good judgment, was animated by honest and conscientious motives, was highly respected and esteemed, and as a business man was quite successful. He removed with his family to Batavia, New York, in 1847, and died there in 1858. His son, George F. Moore, was educated in the public schools of Berkshire and Batavia, and at the age of eighteen began his commercial career as a clerk in the dry goods house of Wells & Seymour, of Batavia, with whom he remained three years. He then went to Buffalo, New York. and for a year was in the employ of Howard, Whitcomb & Co. His next engagement took him to New Orleans and Memphis, where he spent the winter of 1854. In 1855 he returned to Buffalo, and for three years was in the service of his former employer. His business career in Detroit dates from I859. In that year he entered the dry goods store of Town & Shelden, by whom he was employed for six years, when he and James L. Edson, were admitted as partners. The firm name was Allan Shelden & Co., the late Senator Zachariah Chandler being a special partner., In 1872 Mr. Moore and Mr. Edson retired from the firm and established the present wholesale dry goods house of Edson, Moore & Co. They began business in a building erected for them on the southwest corner of Jefferson avenue and Bates Street, where they remained until 1882, when the growth of their business demanding larger quarters, the building on the opposite side of Bates Street and on the corner of Jefferson Avenue was erected for their use. The growth of their business to its present commanding

1162 MERCHANTS. position among the wholesale houses of the Northwest, has been rapid, at the present time their sales exceed those of any dry goods house in the State, and their establishment is one of the largest concerns in its line west of New York City. In view of these results, it is needless to say that Mr. Moore has had a remarkably busy life, or that he possesses excellent business capacity and judgment. An important factor in his career has been his practical experience since early manhood, with the line of business in which he is engaged. Starting in life without assistance, save what his own industry and worth had justly earned, he has gained a deserving place among the most successful merchants of Detroit. The life and labor of even the most successful business man, made up of daily rounds of duty, would seem to furnish little of note to the biographer, but it should be oftener kept in mind that the growth and good of the nation, and of each individual citizen, is secured through the development of commercial enterprise, rather than by the ready eloquence of mere political place hunters. The mercantile community increases the consumption of raw material by opening new avenues of trade, and by pushing the sale of various products, while the political representative often hinders legitimate commerce by crude legislation and unbusiness-like schemes in the interest of his party. The personal supervision of extensive interests has given Mr. Moore but limited opportunity to engage in other pursuits, but no citizen has shown, in more substantial ways, his deep interest in all enterprises pertaining to the good of Detroit. Progressive and public-spirited, his aid is never refused to any deserving projects. He possesses far-seeing business judgment, the power to thoroughly grasp complicated details, is careful and methodical, and steadily and persistently follows a course he has decided upon, and is not easily turned from a project his judgment approves. His integrity is unquestioned, and upon his business honor there is no stain. Personally he is reserved in manner, but with those who possess his full confidence he is genial and companionable. He is warmly attached to his friends, his home and the domestic ties are especially dear to him, and his chief enjoyment is found in the family circle. For many years he has been'a member of the First Presbyterian Church, and is generous in his donations to religious and charitable objects. He was married in 1855 to Adela S. Mosher, daughter of Amasa A. and Susan Mosher. They have had five children, Edward H. (deceased). George F, Jr., Willis Howard, Harriet L., deceased wife of John Arthur Heames, and Adela S., wife of J. Ledlie Hees. JOHN VALLtE MORAN was born in Detroit, December 25, 1846. He is descended from French ancestors, who were among the early immigrants to the St. Lawrence Valley. Pierre Moran, the founder of the family in America, was born at Batiscan, in I65I, and married Madeline Grimard, in 1678. Their descendants were numerous in Canada, and many of them noted as clergymen, lawyers, and landed proprietors. The name was originally spelled Morand, and it so appears in some of the old records. One of the sons of Pierre Moran, Jean Eaptiste, was married at Quebec, in 1707, to Elizabeth Dubois. Their son, Charles, settled at Detroit in the year I734. In 1767 he married Marguerite Grimard Trembley, whose family possessed the seigneurie de Trembley as early as I68I. She died in I77I, leaving two sons, the younger of whom, Charles, was born in I770, and married, in 1794, Catherine Vissier, dit Laferte, whose only child was the late Judge Charles Moran. The latter was born April 21, 1797, and was married in 1822 to Julie De Quindre, by whom he had five children, of whom only the youngest is living, Mary Josephine, wife of Robert E. Mix, of Cleveland, Ohio. Judge Moran married for his second wife Justine McCormack, of New York. They had five children-James, who died unmarried; William B.; John Vallee; Catherine, wife of the late Henry I). Barnard; and Alfred T. Judge Moran died October I3, 1876, leaving to the above named children and his widow one of the most valuable estates in the city. John Vallee Moran, the third son, received his rudimentary education in Ste. Anne's Church School, then taught by the Christian brothers; he afterwards attended the old Barstow School, and the private school of P. M. Patterson; completed a course in higher mathematics at the Detroit High School, and finished his commercial education by a course at Sprague and Farnsworth's Business College in Detroit. While thus acquiring a theoretical knowledge of business, he had some experience in its practice in connection with the affairs of his father's estate. In I867 he became a clerk in the grocery house of Moses W. Field & Company, at the foot of Griswold Street. In I869 he assumed the position of assistant bookkeeper in the wholesale grocery house of John Stephens & Company, subsequently became shipping clerk in the wholesale grocery house of Beatty & Fitzsimons, which place he retained for two years, at the expiration of which time he purchased the interest of the late Simon Mandlebaum, in that establishment, and became a partner, the style of the firm being Beatty, Fitzsimons & Company. The firm continued without change until Mr. Beatty died, in August, I885; the

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MERCHANTS. 1I63 MERCHANTS. 116 business was then reorganized, and in March, I887, the firm was changed to Moran, Fitzsimons & Company, and the house is recognized as one of the most prosperous in the city. Mr. Moran has also been active in many other enterprises. For many years he was a director in the Merchants and Manufacturers' Exchange, which his firm took a leading part in organizing, and which has been of great benefit to the city. He was one of the organizers of the Gale Sulky Harrow Company, and one of its first directors. He aided in establishing Ward's line of Detroit and Lake Superior Transportation Steamers, and has been a Director and Secretary of the company since its organization. In 1887 he assisted in organizing the American Banking and Savings Association, and the American Trust Company, the latter being the first institution of the kind in Michigan. He is a Director and Vice-President of both companies. He was also one of the organizers of the Detroit Club, and was its first Treasurer and one of its first Board of Directors. He is an enthusiastic boatman, and has been prominently connected with the Detroit Boat and Yacht Clubs, and was a member of the Northwestern Amateur Rowing Association as a Director, and its President in 1886. His political affiliations are with the Democratic party. By appointment of the Mayor, he served as a member of the Board of Inspectors of the House of Correction for two terms, from 188o to I886, and was President of the Board in I88o, and also in I885. He has been from infancy a member of SS. Peter and Paul's Church, is a member of the Parochial School Building Association of that church, and of the St. Vincent de Paul Society. He is methodical and careful in all his business transactions, uniformly courteous, and with an attractive manner that easily wins confidence, while his sterling worth enables him to retain as friends those with whom he comes in contact. He is a good organizer, easily comprehends the minute details of what he undertakes, and is remarkably successful in his business enterprises. His moral character is unblemished; he possesses a high sense of honor, is both just and generous, and few among the younger business men of Detroit are more deservedly popular and influential. He was married November 25, i880, at Memphis, Tennessee, to Emma Etheridge, only daughter of Emerson Etheridge, of Tennessee. Their children are: Frances Valerie, Justine Semmes, Charles Emerson, Etheridge, John Bell Loyola, James Granville and Marie Stephanie. CYRENIUS ADELBERT NEWCOMB, son of Colonel Hezekiah Newcomb, was born November io, 1837, in Cortland, New York. His grandfather, Hezekiah Newcomb, was a well known and influential citizen in Northwestern Massachusetts, and represented Bernardstown and Leyden in the State Legislature or General Court of Massachusetts, for more than twenty years. His father, Colonel Hezekiah Newcomb, also served the State in the same capacity, and was a widely respected teacher, and later on was commissioned as Colonel of one of the regiments of the New York Militia. His mother's maiden name was Rounds. The ancestry of the Newcomb family is easily traced for hundreds of years. The Harlein manuscripts in the British Museum gives the names of the Newcombs of Devonshire from the year ii89. The early history of the Newcombs in this country is connected with various portions of New England and eastern Canada. In the family connection is the name of Abigail Mather, daughter of the noted Rev. Increase Mather. Her mother was the daughter of the celebrated Rev. John Cotton. The earliest known American member of the family, Captain Andrew Newcomb, lived in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1663, and probably emigrated there from Wales or Devonshire. The family, at an early day, were large land owners at Martha's' Vineyard and in other parts of New England, and even in Arcadia, being drawn there by the King's proclamation of I761. They occupied some of the lands from which the French were so remorselessly driven. The old town records of the far east disclose the fact that different members of the family, at various periods, held all the offices within the gift of the people. The Newcombs were originally loyal church members of the old Puritan stock, but in later years some of them became prominent members of the Methodist and Presbyterian Churches. Several were college graduates at an early day, and the ministerial, editorial, and educational professions, as well as the guild of authors, are all represented in the connection, and some of the family have made large gifts to schools and colleges. Travelers and scientists of note are also in the genealogical list. During the Revolutionary War, some members of the family served on the Union side, and others under the British colors. Among the soldiers of the War of 1812, and also in the War with the South, they are also represented. After receiving the usual education afforded by the schools of New England, Mr. C. A. Newcomb began his business career in Hannibal, New York, but when twenty years old he went to Taunton, Massachusetts, where for some nine years he served as clerk in the dry good stores of N. H. Skinner & Company, and, becoming a partner, continued two years longer. He then, in 1868, removed to Detroit, and with Mr. Charles Endicott

I 64 MERCHANTS. purchased the dry goods establishment and good will of James W. Farrell, and under the firm name of Newcomb, Endicott & Company, the business remained in the Merrill Block, at the stand occupied by their predecessors, for one year. To the surprise of citizens generally, the following year the firm led the march of business up Woodward Avenue, by moving to and occupying the ground floor of the then new Opera House Building, facing the Campus Martius. Remaining here ten years, in 1879 they again led the van in the march northward, and moved to the large building erected for their occupancy by D. M. Ferry, on the east side of Woodward Avenue, just below State Street. Even here they do not find sufficient room for their ever increasing business. Various plans have been considered for enlarging the capacity of their establishment, which is already the largest of the kind in the city. As an indication of the extent of their business, it may be mentioned that of kid gloves alone, although they are not a distinct specialty, their sales have reached as high as forty thousand dollars in a single year. In addition to his extensive interests in connection with this establishment, Mr. Newcomb is a large stockholder in, and President of, the Imperial Life Insurance Company, the Detroit Nut Lock Company, and the Michigan Railway Supply Company. Mr. Newcomb was one of the organizers of the Universalist Church, and contributed largely towards the erection of the elegant church occupied by that society. He can be counted upon as interested in whatever concerns the moral welfare of his fellowcitizens, and, in a practical way, to further every institution that promises to be an advantage to the city. He is pronounced in his temperance sentiments, and in the campaign of 1887, in favor of an amendment to the constitution prohibiting the manufacture or sale of liquor, was an active and influential factor. As a business man, he is modest, sensible, and successful; and conscientiously endeavors to fulfill the duties belonging to good citizenship. In 1867 he married Mary E. Haskell, daughter of William Reynolds Haskell, of Hartford, Connecticut.. Their children are named William Wilmon, Cyrenius Adelbert, Mary Queen, and Howard Rounds. Mrs. Newcomb died November 17, 1887. HENRY A. NEWLAND, senior partner in the wholesale fur house of Henry A. Newland & Company, of Detroit, is the son of Adolphus Thayer and Lucinda (Smith) Newland, and was born at Hammondsport, Steuben County, New York, March 17, 1835. When quite young, his parents removed to Palmyra, Wayne County, New York, where he attended the High School, continuing his studies until he began his very successful mercantile career by becoming a clerk in the store of William H. Cuyler, where he remained seven years. In February, 1854, he came to Detroit, and entered the house of F. Buhl & Company, wholesale hatters and furriers. Within three years he had made himself so useful that in I857 he was admitted as a partner in the establishment, and three years later the name of the firm was changed to F. Buhl, Newland & Company. As a member of this firm, he held a very responsible position, and attended largely to the purchasing of the goods, and was chief manager of the European branch of their large operations, traveling extensively and attending annually the large fur sales at London and Leipzig. In I880 he retired from the firm above named, and established the house of Henry A. Newland & Company, which at once took the leading position in their line, and is now the largest fur house west of New York, employing from one hundred and twenty-five to one hundred and fifty persons. It exports raw furs extensively, and Mr. Newland continues his annual trips to the leading fur markets of Europe. In 1865 Mr. Newland was appointed by Governor Crapo a member of the State Military Board, and aid-de-camp to the Governor, with the rank of Colonel. He served in this capacity during Governor Crapo's first term, and as chief of his staff during his second term. Mr. Newland is recognized as one of the most enterprising and successful of the business men of Detroit. He is possessed of excellent business judgment, gives close attention to all the departments of his establishment, and is one of the best buyers and judges of furs in the whole country. In addition to his regular business, Mr. Newland is interested in the Crystal City Glass Works, of Bowling Green, Ohio. His abilities, and the position he has secured, have not made him unsocial, but on the contrary he is always affable, courteous, willing to accommodate, and, as a natural result, makes many friends, and is a member of the Detroit and Grosse Pointe Clubs. He was married March II, 1862, to Emily A. Burns, daughter of James Burns. She died June I8, 1871. Their only surviving child is Helen L. Newland. On March 7, i877, Mr. Newland married Martha Alger Joy, daughter of James F. Joy. Mr. and Mrs. Newland have one living child, Mary Joy Newland. THOMAS PALMER, one of the pioneer American merchants of Detroit, was born in Ashford, Windham County, Connecticut, February 4, 1789. The Palmers were among the earliest of the Puri

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MERCHANTS. I165 tan pioneers. William Palmer, the first of the name that arrived in this country, came in the ship Fortune, in 182I, and settled in what is now Duxbury, Massachusetts. Walter Palmer followed in 1629, coming with John Endicott, who had in charge six ships, containing upwards of four hundred persons. Walter Palmer was one of the original founders of Charlestown, Massachusetts, but after various removals finally settled in Pawcatuch, nowy Stonington, Connecticut, where he was appointed constable in I658. He died there in I661, aged seventy-six years, leaving twelve children, and from these children have sprung over sixty thousand Palmers, whose records are preserved, except in a few instances. The list of descendants contains the names of a large number of persons who occupy prominent places in history, among whom are General Grant, a descendant from Walter Palmer's eldest daughter Grace, General Joseph Palmer, of Boston Tea Ship notoriety, who served during the War of the Revolution, and who was an intimate friend of John Adams. Many other notable names are included in various branches of the family, numbers of the name being clergymen, judges, and civic officers. Thomas Palmer's father married a Miss Barber, and they had six sons and three daughters. The grandfather, Thomas Barber, was engaged in the Indian trade, and came to Detroit as early as 1763, bringing goods from Hartford, hauling them from Hartford to Schenectady with oxen, freighting them by boats up the Mohawk, and thence via Wood Creek, Oneida Lake, and down the outlet to Oswego, and from there by Lakes Ontario and Erie, to Detroit. The goods were bartered with the Indians for furs, and then in turn the furs were transported over the same long and tedious route to Hartford. The story of these adventures, told to his grandsons, kindled in the minds of at least two of them, a desire to seek their fortunes in the West, and in the spring of 1812, Thomas and Friend Palmer brought a stock of goods from the East, and opened a store about twenty miles below Detroit, at Amherstburg, Ontario. On the declaration of war, which occurred soon after, they were both imprisoned as American citizens; but after five weeks' confinement, were liberated and put ashore upon the American side, near Monguagon. They then walked to Detroit, joined a company of volunteers commanded by Shubael Conant, and were present at the surrender of Detroit to the British. After the surrender, being permitted to return to Malden and secure their goods, they went to Canandaigua, New York, where they established a store, remaining about four years. In I8i6, Thomas Palmer returned to Detroit, and opened a store, under the firm name of F. & T. Palmer, Friend Palmer remaining in charge of the store at Canandaigua. The two brothers also established a branch store at Ashtabula, Ohio, built flouring mills at Scio, New York, and for a number of years did a very large and profitable business. They became contractors for public works of various kinds, and constructed many of the roads leading out from Detroit. They also built and owned a number of vessels, among which were the "Tiger" and "Young Tiger," the former commanded by the well-known Captain Blake. In 1820 Thomas Palmer built the first brick store erected in Detroit, and in 1823 was one of the contractors for the building of the Court House or Capitol, which in recent years was occupied by the High School. For erecting the building they received the ten thousand acre tract and several hundred city lots. The crisis of 1824 brought ruin to Thomas Palmer's financial prospects, but he succeeded in paying all his debts, and was soon engaged in new ventures. In I828 he purchased the site of the present city of St. Clair, erected saw-mills and laid out a village, which was known as Palmer, and did a large lumbering business there for many years. From 1845 to 1847, Mr. Palmer was interested in various Lake Superior enterprises, but they did not prove profitable. During this period he coasted from Sault Ste. Marie to the head of Lake Superior, and back, in a six-oared boat. For several years following I849, he was engaged in a general land and insurance business. During his earlier life in Detroit he was prominent in the discharge of the duties of a good citizen. He served as a trustee of the city in 1819, as an Alderman at large from 1826 to 1830, as assessor in 1831, and also at various times filled other minor offices. In social life he was notably genial and kind-hearted, and even in his business affairs humorous and almost playful. If he had been less easy and lenient with those who were his debtors, it would have doubtless been to his pecuniary advantage. He loved an active life, and enjoyed doing business because of the active life it gave him, rather than for the rewards that he obtained or desired. He was one of the corporators of the First Protestant Church of Detroit, and was always interested in the religious and benevolent welfare of the city. In every trial he acted the part of a true man, and throughout life his conduct was irreproachable. In politics, Mr. Palmer was a Whig, but became a Republican upon the organization of that party, and ever took much interest in its success. In 182I he married Mary A. Witherell, daughter of Judge James Witherell. They had nine children, of whom only Thomas W. Palmer, of Detroit, is living. Of the other children, Julia E., who mar

II66 MERCHANTS. ried H. W. Hubbard, and after his death became the wife of Hugh Moffat, died on November 20, I880. Mary W., wife of Henry M. Roby, of Monroeville. Ohio, died in 1854; Sarah C., died unmarried, in I859. Thomas Palmer died on August 3, I868, and his wife on March 20, I874. Mrs. Palmer was for sixty years a prominent member of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Detroit, and in health, active in various Christian and benevolent enterprises. Her memory is fitly preserved in the beautiful edifice known as the Mary W. Palmer Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church, erected in 1884. GEORGE PECK, the founder of one of the oldest and largest dry goods establishments in the State, is a lineal descendant of William Peck, who, on account of religious persecutions, emigrated from London in the year I637, and became, in 1638, with Governor Eaton, Thomas Buckingham, Rev. John Davenport, and other sturdy New England characters, one of the founders of the colony of New Haven. Who that has the blood of the Puritans is not proud of their upright and courageous lives! The State of Michigan is especially to be congratulated that their descendants, in such large numbers, have here found a home. George R. Peck was a farmer, in the town of Lyme, Connecticut, and there, on the fifth of November, 1834, his son George was born. His boyhood was spent on the farm, one of those rocky homesteads so common in New England. He was educated in the district school and at Essex Academy. Owing to an accident, which deprived him of the partial use of one arm, he was obliged to seek some light occupation, and on August 23, I850, he entered the dry goods store of J. B. Wells, of Utica, New York, 'commencing in the lowest position. He gained the confidence and respect of his employer, and was rapidly advanced, and could have obtained an interest in the business, but in the winter of 1856-7 his health failed, and he was compelled to give up his position. He then sought to recruit his health by traveling through the States of Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Iowa. Returning from the trip and stopping at Utica, New York, he entered into partnership with J. W. Frisbie, and on August 6, 1857, they opened a dry goods house at 167 Jefferson Avenue, Detroit. They had hardly opened before the great financial panic of that year swept over the country, and thousands of firms were ruined. By the hardest of work, however, they were able to weather the storm, and continued in business for three years. The firm was then dissolved. On November i, I860, Mr. Peck started in business alone at 137 Woodward Avenue, and at first it seemed as if fortune was certainly against him, for the following year was probably one of the most trying to American merchants that was ever known. The War with the South began; the banks everywhere failed; gold and silver disappeared, and it is safe to say that no one then foresaw what the end would be. Mr. Peck and his wife, however, hazarded every dollar that they possessed, and were able, through fortuitous circumstances, to continue in business, and at length fortune smiled, the era of high prices was inaugurated, and after that time he was prospered, the only drawback being an extensive robbery of silks which occurred on February 8, 1864. In October, I871, he moved to the new stores, 155 and 157 Woodward Avenue, continuing in business until February, 1877, when he retired on account of failing health. He always conducted his business in an honorable manner, and so carefully was it managed that he has never asked one day's favor of a creditor. Mr. Peck is President of the Michigan Savings Bank and of the Edison Illuminating Company, and a director in the Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Company, and in the Pioneer Bank of North Branch, Michigan. He is a leading member, and for fifteen years has been one of the Trustees, of the First Presbyterian Church. His record is that of a careful, successful, and reliable merchant, willing to promote, to the extent of his ability, all legitimate enterprises that look to the prosperity or social advancement of the city. He is a Republican in politics, but has never desired or held any political office. He was married October 28, I858, to Sarah F. Butler, daughter of Samuel F. Butler, of Grand Rapids, Michigan. It may be mentioned, as a singular coincidence, that she was a direct descendant of Thomas Buckingham, one of the founders of the New Haven colony who came over in the ship Hector, with his ancestor, William Peck. Mrs. Peck died February 14, 1872, leaving four children, Julia E., George B., Minna F., and Barton L. JAMES E. PITTMAN has been identified with Detroit since I843. His active life covers a space of upwards of forty years, during more than half of which he has been connected with the military history of the city and the nation. The record of his career is the history of a busy and energetic life, and although he has reached three score years, the characteristics of middle life are still conspicuous, and give promise of vigorous continuance for many years. Mr. Pittman was born in Tecumseh, Lenawee County, Michigan, September 5, I826. His ancestry is English, and on the paternal side of Quaker stock. His father was born in Philadelphia, in 1796, and early in life settled in Kentucky. From thence he

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MERCHANTS. II67 moved to New England, and later on lived successively in Jefferson and Canandaigua Counties, New York. His ambition pointed, however, to the West, and he soon became one of the pioneers of Michigan, and located in Tecumseh. His restless energy was, however, still unsatisfied, and, in 1834, he, with his family, migrated to Texas. In the Border War he joined the army at Austin (now Houston), remained in the service about a year, and then, finding the country too unsettled, he and his family returned to Tecumseh. He died at Ontonagon in 1868. His son, James E. Pittman, after returning to Tecumseh, at nine years of age, attended a private school, and subsequently entered the local branch of the University of Michigan. Among his fellow students were William Gray, Witter J. Baxter, and Joseph Estabrook. At the age of seventeen, Mr. Pittman came to Detroit, and entered the service of Lawson, Howard & Company, grain and commission merchants, at the foot of Shelby Street. When the Mexican War begun, Mr. Pittman was a member of the Brady Guard, afterwards succeeded by the Grayson Guard, and now well known as the Detroit Light Guard, and in December, 1847, he enlisted in the First Regiment Michigan Volunteers, and was made Adjutant of the regiment under Colonel T. B. W. Stockton and Lieutenant-Colonel Alpheus S. Williams. The regiment marched nearly all the way to Cincinnati; from there went by boat to New Orleans, and thence by sailing vessel to Vera Cruz, where they were formed into a division under General Bankhead, United States Army, and were sent to garrison Cordova and Orizaba. The next summer, peace being declared, Mr. Pittman returned to Detroit, arriving in July, 1848. Soon after reaching home, he was mustered out of service, and entered E. W. Hudson's commission house on Shelby Street. Resigning his position here in 1852, he formed a partnership with Edmund Trowbridge and J. Huff Jones, in the commission and forwarding business, under the firm name of Pittman, Trowbridge & Jones. In i855 the partnership was dissolved, and Mr. Pittman joined the late Dr. E. M. Clark in establishing a commission and coal business. In 1856, as Dr. Clark contemplated a European tour, he withdrew, and the business was conducted by Mr. Pittman until May, 1885, when he accepted the appointment of Superintendent of Police. When Mr. Pittman entered the employ of E. W. Hudson, in 1848, he was the only one dealing in hard coal in the city, and in I856, when he entered the coal business on his own account, there were but two or three other dealers in Detroit. When President Lincoln called for State troops, in I86i, Mr. Pittman, with other leading citizens, was summoned by Governor Blair to a confer ence at the Michigan Exchange. As the result of this conference, General Alpheus S. Williams was appointed to organize troops for the State, with William D. Wilkins, Henry M. Whittlesey, and James E. Pittman as staff officers. Soon after this, Mr. Pittman was made a Paymaster of State troops, with rank of Colonel. This appointment attached him to the Governor's staff, and in that capacity he went to the front and paid off the first four Michigan regiments. In the fall of I86r, a School of Instruction was established at Fort Wayne, where the commissioned and non-commissioned officers of the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Michigan regiments were drilled, and Colonel Pittman was made second in command. General Williams was soon appointed Brigadier-General of Volunteers, and, with Wilkins and Whittlesey, left for the front, leaving Colonel Pittman in command. The following winter he was appointed Inspector-General of State troops, and went with Governor Blair to different parts of the country. In the summer of I862 he was detailed to organize the Seventeenth Regiment of Michigan Infantry, and, after having done so, turned the command over to General Withington. At this period, and for some time thereafter, Colonel Pittman was a member of the State Military Board. In 1865, with Governor Crapo, he went to Washington to attend the grand review of the Union troops. The war having ended, Colonel Pittman resigned his military appointment, and again entered earnestly into business. About I868 Mr. Pittman was appointed, by Governor Baldwin, one of the Trustees of the Michigan Asylum for the Insane, at Kalamazoo. He has also served as one of the Inspectors of the Detroit House of Correction. His extended military experience, and the practical knowledge gained by twelve continuous years of service as one of the Commissioners of Police, by appointment of various Governors, give him especial fitness for his present position as Superintendent of Police. His appointment dates from May I, 1885. He is an active member of the Protestant Episcopal Church. He was married in Pennsylvania in 1851. WILLIAM REID, wholesale and retail paint and glass merchant of Detroit, was born in Mersea, Essex County, Ontario, August 19, 1842. His father, John Reid, was a shipbuilder by trade, and previous to leaving for America, superintended the building of vessels for his father, who owned a shipyard at Stranraer, Scotland, and afterwards on the Clyde. His mother's maiden name was Margaret Bennett. Both of his parents were born in Scotland, but emigrated to this country in 1835, settling at first in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and about I840

1168 MERCHANTS. removing to Western Canada. His father some time later purchased a farm in Tilbury East, Kent County, Ontario. William Reid passed his earlier years working on a farm and attending the public school. He came to Detroit in 186I, attended school for a brief period, after which he returned to Canada and taught school until 1863. He then returned to Detroit, took a course of practical instruction in bookkeeping and commercial business, and early in 1864 secured a clerkship in the office of a prominent law firm of East Saginaw, remaining until the following November, when on account of ill health he was compelled to relinquish work and return home. During the greater part of the following year his health was such as to confine him to his bed, but by October he had so improved that he accepted the position of bookkeeper for the painting and decorating firm of Laible, Wright & Hopkins, of Detroit. After about a year's service, Mr. Laible and Mr. Hopkins retired from the firm and Mr. Reid was admitted as partner, under the firm name of Wm. Wright & Company. Their business at this time was carried on at 197 Jefferson Avenue, but in I868 they removed to ioS Woodward Avenue. In I871 Mr. Wright retired and Mr. Reid and Mr. B. C. Hills assumed control of the business under the name of Reid & Hills. By this time their business had so increased that they were compelled to open branch stores at Nos. I2 and I4 Congress Street East, which were devoted to the paint and glass portions of their business In January. I879, the firm was dissolved, Mr. Reid retaining the sole control of the business pertaining to the paint and glass trade, and continuing the same at the Congress Street stores. Under his energetic management the business increased so rapidly that in 1882, the present wholesale stores, No. 73 and 75 Lamed Street West, were built expressly to meet the demands of his trade, the old quarters on Congress Street being retained as retail stores. An important feature of the business is the plate glass trade, and from 1867 to 1884, nearly all the plate glass purchased by the firm was purchased of New York importers, and for a few years preceding 1884, partly from American manufacturers, and by them cut to such size as wanted. In 1834 Mr, Reid made a new departure and purchased several car loads of American and imported plates, direct from the factories, in sheets as manufactured, thus obtaining as good figures and standing as the New York importers. This bold move offended some of the manufacturers, who for years had controlled the sales of plate glass in the West, and they determined to destroy his business, and as a means to this end, at a meeting of the managers of the four American plate glass factories, representing several millions of capital, held at Chicago, it was determined to reduce the price of plate glass in Michigan and adjoining territory, twenty to twenty-five per cent., and as the margin on plate glass is only about five per cent., they concluded he would be forced to return to his former method of obtaining supplies. They also insisted that the American factory which had entered into a contract to supply Mr. Reid with glass, should cancel the agreement. Mr. Reid, however, did not despair. A conference was held with the managers of the factory who had agreed to furnish him with glass, and he convinced them of the unfairness of reducing prices in Michigan, and the injustice of the means by which it was proposed to crush fair and honorable competition. As the result of this conference, they withdrew from the combination, and he was selected as one of a syndicate to take their entire product. Although thus successful in his plans, Mr. Reid did not attempt to compete in the territory where the remaining three factories for some time maintained reduced prices to their own loss. but he extended his sales from Buffalo to Kansas City, and from Duluth to New Orleans, in fields where fair prices and just competition prevailed, and the unfair attempt to destroy legitimate competition, used against Mr. Reid, resulted in making Detroit as good a plate glass market as there is in the country, and he now sells more glass in a single month than he did formerly in a year. In addition to his sales of plate glass, Mr. Reid is a large dealer and importer of fancy window and colored glass, keeping the largest and best assorted stock west of New York City. As a business man he has shown great energy and sagacity, and has proved himself not only able to develop, but successfully manage large enterprises. He is careful and methodical, but has had the courage to undertake business ventures that some men would not dare to attempt. Always affable, cool and clear-headed, he naturally makes a favorable impression upon those with whom he comes in contact. He has devoted himself to his business with such a singleness of purpose that it has made him a thorough master of every detail, and in his line of trade his firm stands at the head of all establishments west of New York City, He was reared as a Presbyterian, but is now an adherent of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Politically he is a Republican, but takes little part in party management, and has no desire for political honors. He was married to Mary Powell, of Detroit, November 9, 869. They have had seven children, five of whom are living. WILLIAM D. ROBINSON was born in England, March 21, 1839. His father occupied a high

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MERCHANTS. I 69 position under the English Government, and controlled several very extensive sugar plantations in the West Indies. His grandfather was for many years President of the Grand Trunk Canal Company of England. William D. Robinson, learned the retail shoe business in Rochester, New York, and from there he went to Binghamton, New York, and acquired a thorough knowledge of the wholesale and manufacturing business, and came to Detroit in 1862, and for a short time represented a manufacturing house. Upon severing his connection with this firm he went to Boston, Massachusetts, and entered the large manufacturing establishment of Underwood, Cochrane & Company, taking charge of the sales of the house in the Western States. In the spring of i865 he proposed to the firm tCo open a wholesale house at Detroit, and the same year they established a store at 116 Jefferson Avenue, under the firm name of Underwood, Cochrane & Company, the resident members of the firm being William D. and Henry S. Robinson, who had the entire charge of the business. In 1867 the firm was dissolved, and the Messrs. Robinson, with James Burtenshaw, bought out the interests of the Boston partners, and formed a new firm, under the style of W. D. Robinson, Burtenshaw & Company, which continued until I875. During this time they built up a large jobbing and manufacturing trade. In 1875 the firm was dissolved, W. D. Robinson continuing the jobbing interest, under the style of W. D. Robinson & Company, at I80 and 182 Jefferson Avenue, until 1887, and was succeeded by the- New York and New England Shoe Manufacturers' Selling Company, located at 47 Jefferson Avenue. Mr. Robinson's connection with the last named firm closed in I888, and he has since devoted his attention to real estate, and to several corporations in which he has become interested. He is conservative yet bold and enterprising in his business transactions, abreast with modern ideas and improvements, and a close observer. He was married December 22, 1862, to Abigail, daughter of M. Dyer, of Rochester, New York. They have two sons, Charles W. and Edwin S. The former is in the real estate business. Both Mr. and Mrs. Robinson are members of Grace Episcopal Church. ALANSON SHELEY, of Detroit. was born at Albany, New York, August I4, I809. When nine years old, he went to Jefferson County, New York, with his grandparents, who settled in the woods and commenced clearing a farm. Here, until he Was sixteen, he assisted his grandfather in the labors of the farm, attending, as opportunity offered, the district school. His first important enterprise was the taking of a raft of timber from Fisher's Landing, on the St. Lawrence River, to Quebec, successfully "shooting " the rapids, and disposing of the raft at good prices. At the age of sixteen, he commenced learning the trade of a stone-mason and builder, and at the end of three years' apprenticeship was employed as a foreman in the construction of the Rideau Canal, in Canada. In the summer of 1831 he started from Buffalo, on the steamboat " William Penn," and came to Detroit, then the farthest westerly point to which steamboats carried passengers. The following year he received an appointment from the United States Government to superintend the erection of a stone lighthouse at Thunder Bay. The structure then erected is still standing, and is the only one on the lakes, erected at that date, that is now in use. After the completion of the lighthouse, he returned to Detroit, and for several years followed the business of a builder and contractor. In 1835 he became general manager of the Black River Steam Mill and Lumber Company, chartered by the Territorial Government the previous year. He remained with the company until the expiration of its charter in 1855, and for the three years following carried on the lumber business on his own account. In 1859 he entered into a partnership as one of the firm of Jacob S. Farrand & Company, wholesale and retail druggists. The present extensive and well known firm of Farrand, Williams & Company, with which Mr. Sheley is connected, represents the maturity of the same establishment. During the earlier growth of the business, Mr. Sheley was especially active in its financial management, and contributed valuable aid by his good judgment, tireless exertions, and the influence of his widely recognized moral worth. He is a director and shareholder in the First National Bank, largely interested in the Michigan Mutual Life Insurance Company, in the Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Company, and in the Detroit and Cleveland Steam Navigation Company. He is also an extensive real estate owner in Detroit and Port Huron, and has some valuable pine land investments. Politically, he has ever been an active factor in his city and State. In early life he was a Whig, but assisted in the organization, in I854, "under the oaks" at Jackson, of the Republican party, and has since been one of the staunchest supporters of the principles which it has advocated. During a most active business career, actuated by commendable public spirit, he has served the city and State in several important official positions. For five years he was a member of the Common Council of the city, and for ten years a member of the Sewer

1170 MERCHANTS. Commission and Board of Review. In the latter position, his plain honesty and knowledge of real estate values were of decided worth to his fellowcitizens. He represented the first district of Michigan in the State Senate two terms, serving in the sessions of 1867-68, and I871-72, and his practical, liberal, and broad-minded views of public questions, and pure and disinterested motions, made him a valuable legislator. He is one of the oldest surviving members of the First Presbyterian Church of Detroit, of which for many years he was ruling elder, and for over forty years either assistant or Superintendent of its Sunday-school. He has taken an active part in building up numerous religious institutions, and has contributed liberally to their support. Strong in his personal friendship, and of generous impulses, he is always ready to extend a helping hand to a friend, or to relieve distress. In personal appearance he is over six feet in height, and of large proportions. He has always been a man of great muscular strength, united to fearless physical courage. In early manhood he was very fond of athletic sports, particularly of wrestling. Some of the older citizens of Detroit remember the election skirmishes and collisions which took place at the old City Hall, when the partisanship of the electors was heated to a boiling point. In these contests Mr. Sheley was invariably the recognized leader of the Whig faction. In 1837, at the first,State election, Messrs. Stillson, Mason, and McKinstry, leading Democrats, with their followers, took possession of the polls, and would not allow the Whig voters to deposit their ballots. Among the Whigs present were Zachariah Chandler. Alanson Shelev, John Owen, Jacob M. Howard, George C. Bates, and Asher Bates. In a skirmish which ensued, Mr. Sheley was a tower of strength, but the pressure was such that he retreated to the National Hotel, then located on the site of the present Russell House. There, placing his back to the wall, he withstood, almost alone, the combined assault of those who sought to molest him. His moral courage has ever been as conspicuous as his physical bravery. A cause he considers right, he would defend without wavering, should he stand alone. With great force of character, indomitable perseverance, and rugged determination, he has been especially active in the temperance movement, through the various progressive steps of this reform, aiding both by personal work and by the contributions of money. No braver defender of the cause of temperance, or more consistent advocate of right principles, can be found in all the city. Notwithstanding his advanced age, he possesses vigorous health, and personally attends to his numerous business engagements with zeal and promptness. He lives on spacious grounds on Stimson Place, where, surrounded by his children and their families, he is quietly and unostentatiously spending the latter years of a long and useful life, honored and revered. He was married on September I, 1835, to Ann Elizabeth Drury. They have had eight children, three of whom are living, two daughters, Mrs. D. W. Brooks and Mrs. L E. Clark, and a son, George A. Sheley, who enlisted in February, 1863, as private in the First Michigan Light Artillery. He was promoted in August, I863, to a Second Lieutenancy. His regiment formed a part of General Burnside's Ninth Corps, in East Tennessee, but was afterwards joined to the Twenty-second Corps. He was wounded while scouting in West Virginia, in May, 1864, and discharged, on account of wounds, in September of the same year. OSIAS W. SHIPMAN was born at Pierstown, Otsego County, New York, January 29, 1834, and is the son of Horace and Abby Ann (Williams) Shipman. Soon after his birth, his parents removed to Norwich, Chenango County, New York, where for five or six years his father engaged in milling and in the manufacture of lead pipe, after which he removed with his family to Fort Plain, New York, and there, at the Fort Plain Seminary, O. W. Shipman received the principal portion of his school education. After a residence of four years at Fort Plain, he accompanied his parents to a large farm in Union, Broome County, New York. They resided a year at Union, and then his father purchased from his brother Orlando a grist mill, plaster mill, and farm, at Athens, Pennsylvania, and removed there, leaving 0. W. Shipman and an elder brother to manage the farm at Union. After two years of great success and an immense amount of hard work, they joined their father at Athens, where the subject of this sketch remained until his twenty-first year. He, with another young man, then engaged in the grocery trade at Waverly, a short distance from his father's home, but soon bought out his partner's share and continued the store alone, and by the exercise of good business judgment, and untiring exertion, he rapidly established an extensive trade, and for several years his annual sales exceeded $I25,000 per year. During the extended strike of the Erie Railroad employees in I870, Mr. Shipman's services were secured by the company to assist in operating their line in opposition to the strikers. His efforts in this direction were particularly valuable to the company, but he aroused the illwill of the former railroad employees and some of the more lawless, in retaliation, set fire to his business block and it was completely destroyed. He immediately rebuilt, on a more extensive plan, one of the largest and finest business houses in Waver

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MERCHANTS. II7I ly, but in 1872 sold out his business and went to New York City, and in the interest of New York capitalists, visited Utah to inspect a silver mine, in which, on a favorable report being received, they proposed to invest a large sum of money. Mr. Shipman being convinced that the mine was comparatively worthless, so advised them, and saved them from heavy losses. These same parties were then building a railroad from Newark, Ohio, to the Shawnee coal fields. Mr. Shipman purchased a quarter interest in the Shawnee Coal Company, and after the completion of the railroad, had charge of the coal-fields and shipping department at Shawnee, and during the latter years of his connection with the business, which extended to I88o, he had brought the mines up to the capacity of one hundred car loads of coal per day. In 1874 he established a coal agency in Detroit, but through lack of management on the part of the resident operator, the venture failed of success. During the following year Mr. Shipman removed to Detroit and personally took charge of the business in this city. His relations to the coal company, and the railroad facilities he enjoyed by his connection with the Newark and Shawnee road, made the development of an immense trade possible, and to-day he is the most extensive coal dealer in the State of Michigan, and disposes of 600,000 to 700,000 tons yearly, representing a value of over $I,500,ooO. He supplies several railroads with coal, and his trade extends through Michigan, several Western States and to Canada. He deals in all kinds of coal and firewood, and has recently opened a mine of his own in Athens County, Ohio. He is President of the Frontier Iron & Brass Company, and connected with the Fire Proof Paint Company, of Chicago, and is a stockholder in the Commercial National and the American National Banks of Detroit. As a business man he is possessed of indomitable purpose, is persistent in every undertaking, and cannot be contented unless he has developed every possibility in any enterprise he has undertaken, and he devotes all the power and energy he possesses to achieve his purposes. His exewitivoeandcadministrative abilities have been tested in many ways, and he has been found equal to every occasion. In the commercial community he is justly recognized as an upright business man, while his private life is above reproach. For many years he has taken an active interest in the Masonic fraternity, and has secured the highest degrees possible to be obtained in the United States. He is a member of St. John's Episcopal Church, and for three years has been a vestryman. He was married in June, 1856, to Emily L. Comstock, of Newark Valley, New York. They have two daughters, Mrs. F. B. Stevens and Mrs. H. S. Lewis. of Circleville, Ohio. AARON LANE WATKINS was born at Waterloo, New York, December 26, 1824, and is the son of Stephen and Jane (Clark) Watkins, who were both natives of Philadelphia. They settled in Waterloo at an early day, and had eleven children, three of whom are living —Aaron L., Charles, and Julia Chamberlain, widow of the late J. P. Butterfield, of Goshen, Indiana. Aaron Lane Watkins lived at Waterloo until he was twenty-two years old; he was educated at the public schools of that village and in the Canandaigua Academy, where he acquired some knowledge of the classics and a good English education, his tastes inclining him to mathematics and the exact sciences. After finishing his education he taught school for a time in his native town, and then, as he had determined to enter the legal profession, he studied law at Waterloo, New York, and in 1847 came to Detroit and completed his studies in the office of Chancellor Farnsworth, and was admitted to the bar in 1848. Soon after his being admitted to practice, he went to Grand Rapids for the purpose of engaging in law business with Lucius Patterson, of that city, but being called to New York, he spent. a year there, and on his return to Detroit was for two years engaged in teaching in the public schools. In 1852 he entered the insurance office of Bachman & Fisher, as accountant and bookkeeper, remaining for some time, and then again served as teacher, and from 1855 to 1864 was principal of the junior department of the Barstow School. In I864, with Mr. C. H. Wolff, he engaged in the manufacture and sale of trunks, under the firm name of Watkins, Wolff & Company, continuing until 1870, when he sold his interest and retired from the firm. During his connection with the firm they conducted a large business, that was successful in its financial results. Since his retirement from the firm, Mr. Watkins has not been in active business, but in 1870 became a special partner in the firm of H. F. Swift & Brother, wholesale druggists, and has remained with them and their successors, Swift & Dodds, and John J. Dodds & Company, until the present time. He has also been engaged in the settlement of several estates. He is possessed of excellent business qualifications and of strict integrity, is conservative in the use of his means, but gives to charitable objects which commend themselves to his judgment. Leading rather a quiet and retired life, he spends a share of his time with his books, and is well-informed, both in current and general literature. In political faith he is a Republican, but takes no active part in political affairs.

1172 MERCHANTS. He was married January 31, 1854 to Climena D. Walker, daughter of Levi Walker, of Lyons, New York. They have one child, Jennie Clark Watkins. FREDERICK WETMORE was born in W hitestown, Oneida County, New York, on August 7, 1813. He was a son of Amos and Lucy Olmstead Wetmore, who were both natives of Connecticut. In company with the family of Judge White, they removed to Whitestown after the War of the Revolution. Amos Wetmore was a farmer and mill owner, operating both a grist and saw mill. His eldest son, Charles P. Wetmore, was the father of Charles H. Wetmore, of Detroit, of Mrs. James McMillan, and of the late Mrs. Cleveland Hunt. Frederick Wetmore was the seventh child of a family of six sons and three daughters. In his youth he prepared for college, but ill health prevented him from pursuing his studies, and at the age of seventeen he went to Pittsburgh, and acted as clerk for his elder brother, who was engaged in the crockery business. In 1836 he entered into the transportation business at Pittsburgh, on his own account, continuing it until the fall of 1841. About this time, in traveling to New York, he formed the acquaintance of two English crockery manufacturers. They proposed to join him in business at Detroit, and an arrangement was made by which they shipped their goods direct to his establishment. In 1844 he bought out the interests of his English partners, and for ten years conducted the business alone. His nephew, Charles H. Wetmore, then became his partner, under the firm name of F. Wetmore & Company. For a period of forty-two years, Mr. Wetmore's name was familiar to the people of Michigan, both in business circles and in social and moral enterprises. He was identified with Detroit during the period of its growth, from a frontier town to its present proportions as a metropolitan city-its railroad communications and chief commercial interests being developed in his day. He saw the population several times doubled, with its streets, avenues, parks, and all public and private improvements of the city, keeping pace with its progress in population. It may be-truly said of him: All this he saw and part of it he was, for he was active in many ways in promoting the welfare of the city, as well as honorable and successful in his own private affairs. Aside from his mercantile pursuits, he dealt largely in real estate, owning a farm near Detroit and property in the city, and also in Chicago. As a business man he was strictly honest and upright in all his dealings, and proverbially polite and courteous towards all with whom he came in contact. He was a Republican in politics but took no active part in political affairs. His religious connection was with the Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church, of which he was an elder for many years. Both in the church and in all his domestic and social relations, his life was singularly pure and exemplary, and he possessed a marked individuality of character, which impressed itself upon all who were brought into intimate relations with him. His natural diffidence caused his voice to be seldom heard in the public meetings of the church, but his counsel and advice were always sought in matters pertaining to its welfare. It was an invariable rule with him to leave his business behind when he left the store, and whether at home or in society, he was always ready to enjoy the domestic or social intercourse of the hour, and his unusual memory, large fund of information and uniform courtesy, made him a desirable companion at all social gatherings. In his own family these traits were none the less conspicuous, and he was respected and loved for traits of character that constrained admiration and regard. Mr. Wetmore was twice married. His first wife was Cornelia P. Willard, a niece of Judge Platt, formerly a resident of Detroit. They were married at Albany, New York, in i845; Mrs. Wetmore died in I848, leaving two sons, one of whom died in infancy, the other, Edward W. Wetmore, late Professor of Chemistry and Philosophy in the Detroit High School, is now at Essex, Connecticut. On August 5, 1850, Frederick Wetmore was married to Anna Mary Curtenius, of Lockport, New York, a lineal descendant of Peter T. Curtenius, of Revolutionary fame, who led the assault on the monument of George III. in Bowling Green, in the city of New York. They had six children, four of whom, Blanche, Ernest Curtenius, John Olmstead, and Frederick Amos, are living. Mr. Wetmore, during early life, traveled extensively in the United States, and some years ago made an extended tour in Europe. He died March 25, 1883, in the seventieth year of his age. GEORGE COLLIDGE WETHERBEE, of Detroit, was born at Harvard, Worcester County. Massachusetts, July 27, 1840, and is the son of Zophar and Sarah (Collidge) Wetherbee. An aptitude for hotel business seems to be inherent in the family. His grandfather formerly kept a hotel at Harvard, and subsequently, for more than forty years, his father was proprietor of the same house. Two of the brothers of Mr. Wetherbee have gained a wide reputation as successful managers of two of the finest hotels in New York, Gardner Wetherbee being proprietor of the Windsor, and Charles Wetherbee of the Buckingham Hotel. Another brother,

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MERCHANTS. I 73 Frederick Wetherbee, is connected with a wholesale dry goods house in the same city. Their parents are still living, the father at the age of eighty-four, and the mother at the age of seventynine. The early life of George C. Wetherbee was without special interest. He attended the district school, and being of an active, restless disposition, engaged in various employments in his native village. At the age of eighteen he went to Boston, and entered a provision store, where he remained about a year and a half, when an injury to his knee obliged him to stop work and return home, where he remained until the breaking out of the War with the South. Almost at the beginning of the strife, he enlisted as a private in Company H, Twenty-third Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, for a period of three years, or until the close of the war. His regiment formed a part of General Burnside's command, and was stationed for a few months at Annapolis, Maryland, then at Hatteras Inlet, and participated in the capture of Roanoke Island and Newburn, North Carolina. At the latter place Mr. Wetherbee was detailed as commissary of the company. After about eighteen months' service, during which he participated in all the campaigns and engagements of his regiment, he was promoted to a First Lieutenancy by Governor John J. Andrew, of Massachusetts, and was shortly after assigned to duty as acting Assistant Commissary of Subsistence, on the staff of General Foster, and ordered to Roanoke Island. Here his services again commanded approval, and on August 19, 1863, he received a commission from President Lincoln, as Captain and Assistant Commissary of Subsistence of United States Volunteers, Subsequently, when General B. F. Butler came to Fortress Monroe, and began the formation of the Army of the James, Captain Wetherbee was ordered to report to him, and was there attached to the staff of General Devens. He served with the Army of the James during the memorable campaign which included the capture of City Points, the especially severe fighting at Cold Harbor, and the capture of Richmond by the combined armies of the James and the Potomac. In the advance on and capture of the latter city, Captain Wetherbee acted as volunteer aid in General Devens's division, and while there, in July, I865, he resigned and was honorably discharged. His military career was recognized by the award, on June 24, i865, of the brevet rank of Major for meritorious services. After a visit of two months at home, in the fall of I865 he canle to Detroit, and with the small sum of money saved from his pay in the service, he engaged in the produce business, but it proved a disastrous investment and he lost nearly all his sav ings. He then embarked in the grocery business on Woodward Avenue, where the Godfrey Block now stands, with S. S. Farquhar, under the firm name of Farquhar & Wetherbee. Continuing the business with success for nearly two years, he then sold out and purchased C. M. Garrison's interest in the wooden and willow ware store of W illiam Saxby & Company, then located nearly opposite the Board of Trade building, on Woodbridge Street. In 1873 he purchased Mr. Saxby's interest in the business, at which time the late Governor John J. Bagley became a special partner, and the firm name of George C. Wetherbee & Company was adopted. In I876 Mr. Wetherbee purchased Mr. Bagley's interest, and continued the business alone until I882, when it was incorporated, since which time he has been President and general manager. Their manufacturing plant, located on Vinewood Avenue, is one of the largest and most complete of its kind in the West. In 1873 Mr. Wetherbee began the manufacture of brooms at the State Prison, at Jackson, and this branch of his business has grown to be the most extensive broom factory in the State, more than 30,000 brooms being turned out every month. In 1883 he was chiefly instrumental in the organization of the United States Truck Company, of which he is President. The success of this enterprise has been great and rapid. He is also President of the Novelty Brush Company, organized in 1887. Over one hundred and twenty-five men find employment in these enterprises, including six traveling salesmen. Their wooden and willow ware trade is confined principally to Michigan and portions of Indiana and Ohio, while the market for their trucks and brushes extends throughout the United States. He is the President and principal owner of the Michigan Elevator and Engine Company, and is also a director in the Manufacturers' and Mutual Insurance Company, of Detroit, and in the Thomas Ink and Bluing Company, of Canada, also a director and treasurer of Detroit Vise Company. He is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, Post No. 348; a member of the Loyal Legion, and of the Ancient Order of United Workmen. The success Mr. Wetherbee has achieved in a line of manufacture requiring untiring and close application to innumerable details, is the best evidence of his excellent business capacity. He has been the main factor in the creation and development of several enterprises, which have not only placed him among the successful manufacturers of Detroit, but have materially added to the prosperity of his adopted city. He is a regular attendant, and for many years has been a Trustee, of the Unitarian Church. His untiring industry, power of close and continued

1174 MERCHAN i S. application, broad business views, and a reputation for unquestioned honor and honesty, have been the secret of his success. He possesses decided convictions, and is not afraid to express them, but has also a warm and social nature, and wins and retains the regard and friendship of business associates. He was married January 22, I867, to Mary E. Phelps, of Springfield, Massachusetts. They have two children, a son and a daughter. HENRY KIRKE WHITE, of the firm of D. M. Ferry & Co., seedsmen, was born in Unadilla Cen ter, Otsego County, New York, May 26, I839. His ancestors were English, and settled in Connecticut at a very early date, his parents living there until 1834, when they removed to Unadilla Center, New York. Mr. White was next to the youngest in a family of six sons and one daughter, and was named after the well-known author. At three years of age he was sent to live with an uncle and aunt whose home had been made desolate by the loss of their only child. The attachment became so great that he continued as a member of their household, and attended the district school at that place until about ten years of age. In 1849 his uncle's family removed to North Walton, Delaware County, New York, and he accompanied them, and there continued his studies until his uncle's death, in I853. His parents then desired him to return home, but, although only fifteen, he decided to start out for himself, and the following summer hired out as a farm hand at six dollars a month and board. In the fall of that year he returned to North Walton, making his home with his aunt, attending the winter term of school, and doing general farm work for his board. The school was of a very high order, and his studies embraced chemistry, algebra, Latin, and other high branches not usually taught in a district school. He was a close student, and midnight often found him pouring over his studies by the light of a pine knot or a tallow dip. The next summer found him working upon a farm with wages increased to ten dollars a month. The savings of the six months' labor this season enabled him to pursue his studies at the academy at Gilbertsville, Otsego County, during the winter. Here he made rapid progress, studying night and day. At the close of this term, his funds being entirely exhausted, he again hired out for four months in the summer, and attended the fall term at the academy. In the winter of 1856 and '57, when but seventeen years old, he taught school, at the same time continuing his studies. His services, as a teacher, were sought for the following winter, but, believing that the western country possessed superior advantages for young men, he started westward on October i, 1857, with twenty-five dollars in his pocket. Arriving in St. Louis, he found that he had but one dollar, and with that he purchased a ticket to Summerfield, Illinois. Soon after reaching this place he secured a teachership in a neighboring school, which place he held for a year and a half, when, his health becoming impaired through the miasma of that section, he decided to visit the home of his youth. Stopping at Detroit to visit friends, he was offered a position with M. T. Gardner & Company, the predecessors of the now famous seed house of D. M. Ferry & Company. IHe began work for the first named firm at twenty-five dollars a month, and and this was the turning point in his life. Believing in the future of the seed business, he continued in their employ, with gradually increasing compensation each year, and in 1865 he was admitted as a member of the firm. In 1879 the firm was merged into a corporation and Mr. White was elected treasurer, which office he has since held. The history of this house since I859, is largely connected with his own. He has devoted his entire time, energy, and thought, to its honor and advancement, contributing his full quota towards bringing it up to its present state of prosperity. In 1877 Mr. White made a European tour, visiting all the principal places of interest, and in I884 again went abroad, accompanied by his family. In January, I886, he was called home on account of the destruction of the seed house by fire, on the first day of that month, his family remaining until July following. Mr. White and family spend the greater part of the summer at the charming village of Siasconset, Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, where he owns fourteen cottages, thirteen of which he rents to families by the season. He is a director and large stockholder in the Merchants and Manufacturers' National Bank, a director in the Michigan Fire and Marine Insurance Company, the Gale Sulky Harrow Works, the Acme White Lead and Color Works, the Leonard Glass Works, and the Detroit Home and Day School. He is also a stockholder in the Detroit Gas Company, and Vice-President of the Eagle Iron Works, He is a member and trustee of Westminster Presbyterian Church, and gave largely towards its erection, and is also a methodical and liberal giver to all worthy causes, giving systematically and conscientiously. He was married to Christine Amanda Fortier, in Monroe, Michigan, November 19, I863. They have had six children, four of whom are now living, three sons and one daughter.

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CHAPTER XCV. MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. WILLIAM SMEAD ARMITAGE was born in Vernon, Oneida County, New York, June I, 1830, and was the son of William and Rosina Armitage. The family were of New England ancestry, but had been residents of Oneida County for many years. He was educated at Vernon Academy and also attended Cazenovia Seminary. In 1853 he entered into mercantile business at Verona, and was thus employed until I865, serving also as Postmaster at Verona from I86I to I865. In 1867 he removed to Oneida, New York, and became a partner in the firm of Seeley & Armitage. They soon became the leading and most influential establishment in Oneida, and did a very large and prosperous business. At the end of five years Mr. Armitage retired from the firm, and came to Detroit to act as Secretary and Treasurer of the American Plate Glass Company. Their works were located at Crystal City, Missouri, and formed one of the many mammoth corporations organized by the late Captain Eber B. Ward. After the death of Captain Ward, Mr. Armitage became Secretary and Treasurer of the Eureka Iron Company, of Detroit and Wyandotte, and acted in that important and responsible position until i885. In that year the corporation known as the Galvin Brass and Iron Works was organized, and Mr. Armitage was made its Secretary and Treasurer, and remained in charge of its interests until shortly before his death. Mr. Armitage was prominent among the business men of Detroit, and was especially at home in manufacturing enterprises, and well informed in all the details pertaining to the manufacture of iron and brass. He was a man of sterling integrity and was the thoroughly trusted custodian of various large and important interests, and proved faithful to every trust. Always energetic, active, methodical and painstaking, he was not satisfied unless he knew that all the affairs with which he had to do were well and properly conducted. In social life he was modest and unassuming, with strong domestic tastes, and a courteous and winning manner, which endeared him to all with whom he was associated. He was an earnest and devout member of the First Presbyterian Church, of Detroit, and his decease was greatly regretted by all who had any knowledge of his worth and many excellencies. He died January 28, 1887. His wife and one daughter are still living. ABSALOM BACKUS, JR.. was born in Herkimer County, New York, September 7, 1824, and is the son of Absalom and Mary (Hildreth) Backus. He attended a common district school until fourteen years of age, and a more advanced school for three subsequent winters, in the city of Auburn, New York. At the age of twenty-one, he engaged in building a telegraph line from Syracuse to Niagara Falls, uniting Canada and the United States by a wire across the river at Queenstown, opposite Brock's monument, and building a line eight hundred miles long in Canada, reaching to Little Mettice, on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In I848 he married Sarah E. Stevens, of Prattsburgh, Steuben County, New York, and settled in Auburn, New York, as a contractor and builder. In 1853 he moved to Chaumont, Jefferson County, New York, and engaged in the grain, lumber, and farming business. During the war he rendered substantial aid to the Union army by assisting to raise troops, pledging to many men who enlisted to care for their families, which pledge was faithfully fulfilled. In I867 he moved his family and settled in Detroit. The same year, in association with his brother Albert, he formed the firm known as Backus & Brother, built a gang saw mill and large improvements at Au Sable, Michigan, and established in Detroit a lumber yard and planing mill, at the foot of Eleventh Street, on the site of the old Richardson match factory. In I872 he built a large brick planing mill at what is now the foot of Twelfth Street, and purchased and improved a dock at the foot of Eighteenth-and-a-Half Street, Detroit, and also built mills at Taymouth and Harrisville, Mich., and a hardwood mill in Indiana. In I875 he sold the Au Sable mill to J. E. Potts, and the Harrisville mill to George L. Colwell. In [xI75]

II76 MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. 1877 he bought out his brother Albert's interest in the business, and associated his two sons with him in business at Detroit, under the name of A. Backus, Jr. & Sons, and in I885 a stock company was formed. On October 24, 1882, the planing mill was destroyed by fire, entailing a heavy loss, but it was rebuilt and in full operation on March 4, 1883. In rebuilding the planing mill, Mr. Backus constructed a furnace on a perfect combustion principle, which proved a great success, has been applied to a large number of furnaces burning coal, and bids fair to revolutionize steam making. He has secured letters patent for the invention in the United States and also in foreign countries, covering his application of this principle of perfect combustion, and after years of patient toil and large expenditures of money, he bids fair to reap his merited reward. The Backus Perfect Combustion Furnace has been shown to possess great merit, and has proved a perfect smoke consumer and a large economizer of fuel. Besides the interests above' enumerated, Mr, Backus is engaged in several farm improvements, where he has shown great skill as an organizer, and any work planned by him may probably be safely imitated by others. Like many other self-made men, he started in life with no capital save integrity and industry, with a purpose to be prudent and temperate in all things, and he has the satisfaction of knowing that his success is the result of his own thoroughness and practical business methods. He is known and recognized as a live man of energy, with an irreproachable and honest purpose that almost invariably commands success. He is particularly fortunate in having reared two sons, who are fully competent to foster and increase the business he has established. CARLETON ABBEY BEARDSLEY is the second son of Lockwood H. and Catherine (Mlyer) Beardsley, and was born in Castile, New York, October 4, I852. His father was born in Scipio, Cayuga County, New York, March 21, 1822, and now lives at Springfield, Oakland County, Michigan. C. A. Beardsley lived with his parents in Livingston County, New York, from 1852 to i866, when the family removed to Pontiac, Michigan. His early life was spent with his parents on the farm in Western New York, where he was given the advantages of a district school, improving his opportunities with the utmost diligence. In May, I868, he removed with his parents to Pontiac, Michigan, where he entered the graded school. Here he was applying himself closely, when sudden reverses in his father's business made it necessary for him to aid himself. Accordingly, in the winter of I869 and 1870, he taught a district school at Bald Eagle Lake, Oakland County, for a term of four months, receiving as a salary the meagre sum of $126. The effort proved a very successful one, and so well satisfied was the county superintendent, that he recommended Mr. Beardsley as competent to take charge of the schools at Central Mine, Lake Superior, where he went and conducted a successful school. Upon returning home, flattering inducements were held out to him to enter mercantile life, and in preparation therefor, on April 4, 1873, he entered the Ohio Business University at Toledo, and after graduating, returned to Pontiac, where he re-entered his classes in the High School, and by alternately studying and teaching, he was enabled to graduate in I875. His vacations while teaching were spent in the law office of A. C. Baldwin, and in the year I877, he was admitted to the bar, and the following year entered the University of Michigan, graduating from the law department in 1878. In I880 he removed to Detroit, since which time he has pursued the practice of law, also dealing largely in real estate, and engaging in the manufacture of furniture, which, in a large degree, absorbed his time and took him from his practice. His factory has turned out only the finest grade of furniture, and of a design and finish unexcelled in the United States. It has employed one hundred and thirty skilled workmen and five traveling salesmen. He is a member of the Union Lodge of Masons, an honorary member of the Detroit Light Infantry, and of the Pontiac and Cass Lake Aquatic Club, and of several other social organizations. He is a member of the Central Methodist Episcopal Church, and has been a liberal contributor to all worthy objects. In business affairs he is eminently progressive and enterprising, and socially agreeable and well informed. He was married April 2, 1879, to Sarah Hance, of Farmington, Michigan, daughter of Mark and Susan Hance. They have had four children, two of whom are living. THOMAS BERRY, son of John and Catharina Berry, was born at Horsham, England, February 7, 1829, and was the fifth child in a family of ten children. His father, who had been engaged in the tanning business, emigrated to America in I835, and settled in Elizabeth, New Jersey, resuming his regular occupation. His son, Thomas Berry, was educated in the private schools of Elizabeth, but at an early age began to learn the business of his father, and continued therein, going in 1852, to Richmond, Virginia, and there and in other localities in the same State, managing branch establishments owned by his father. He was thus employed

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MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. 1177 until I856, when he came to Detroit, where his parents had removed a short time previously. For a year and a half following his removal to Detroit, he was not engaged in any regular occupation, but spent the time in visiting different sections of the country. Meantime, his brother, Joseph H., had begun the manufacture of varnish at Springwells, and in i858, Thomas became associated with him, and they have since constituted the firm of Berry Brothers. The business was continued at Springwells a few years, and then removed to the present location, on the corner of Leib and Wight Streets. Here, from a small factory with limited resources, their business has grown from year to year, until at the present time they are more extensively engaged in the manufacture of every grade of varnish than any other firm in the world. They have eight branch houses located at New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Rochester, St. Louis, Cincinnati, and Chicago, and the value of their products amounts to about $I,ooo,ooo annually, furnishing employment to one hundred and fifty persons. Their goods find a market in every State in the Union, and in all the principal foreign countries. In this connection, it may be mentioned as a notable fact, that Detroit has an unusual number of men of great organizing capacity and undaunted perseverance, who have materially advanced the prosperity of the city by building up large manufacturing enterprises, and probably no city of its size has so many widely known business establishments. In politics Mr. Berry was originally a Whig, but since i856 he has been a member of the Republican party. The management of extensive business interests has, however, prevented his participating very largely in political affairs, but a keen and lively interest in the maintenance of good city government, has led him to serve in several local offices. In 1876-7, he was a member of the Board of Estimates from his ward, and in I88o a memberat-large. In I88I he was elected one of the councilmen, served three years, and was re-elected in I884. He was also one of the Poor Commissioners in I880, and served as president of the board. Besides his connection with the varnish business, he is a stockholder in the Detroit Linseed Oil Company, a joint partner with his brother Joseph H, in the Combination Gas Machine Company, a director of the Citizens' Savings Bank, and is interested in several minor business enterprises in Detroit and elsewhere, and serves as one of the trustees of the Michigan College of Medicine. He is a member of the Masonic order, belonging to Zion Lodge, Monroe Chapter, and to the Detroit Commandery No. 1, of Knights Templar. He was married in I860, to Janet Lowe, a daughter of John Lowe, of Niagara, Canada. They have had five daughters, four of whom are living. CALVIN KNOX BRANDON was born at New Carlisle, Ohio, September 6, I84I, and is the son of George S. and Nancy (Craighead) Brandon, and is of Scotch-Irish ancestry. His paternal grandfather, Templeton Brandon, was born in Scotland, came to America when a boy, and settled in Adams County, Pennsylvania, where he became a prosperous farmer. His son George S., who was born in I803, was engaged in milling and farming until 1842, when he removed to Indianapolis, Indiana, and became one of the earliest settlers of that city, and was a prosperous merchant. He was a man of strong character and of devout piety, and for many years was an elder in the Presbyterian Church of Indianapolis, presided over by Dr. Gurley, afterwards the distinguished Chaplain of the United States Senate. He died on August 22, 1847. His wife, who survived her husband only one month, came of a family renowned in the ecclesiastical and civil history of Scotland and America. Her great-grandfather, John Craighead, was the youngest son of Rev. Thomas Craighead, a native of Scotland, where he was educated as a physician, but soon abandoned his profession, studied divinity, and for several years was pastor of a Presbyterian church. In consequence of the oppression endured by members of his church, he emigrated to America in 1715, and settled near Boston, Massachusetts. In 1733 he removed to Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and was very active in planting and building up churches in that region. He died while in the pulpit at Newville, Pennsylvania, at the close of a sermon, in April, I739. He was an eloquent preacher, with marked ability, original in thought, and fearless in the expression of his opinions. His numerous descendants dwell principally in the East and Southwest, where many of them have occupied positions of honor and responsibility. His son, Rev. Alexander Craighead, was a bold and advanced champion of American civil liberty. For several years he preached in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, but in 1749 removed to Virginia, and in I756 to Sugar Creek, Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, where he died in 1766. During his residence at the latter place, he did much to inculcate sentiments of political liberty among the people of his parish, and to him the people of that region were indebted for the training which placed them in the forefront of American heroes and patriots. His church was the oldest in the upper country, and the parent of the seven churches that formed the convention at Charlotte, North Carolina, which on May 20, 1775, issued the Mecklenburg Declaration of Inde

1178 MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. pendence, the first decided avowal of the right of organized hostility to English rule, and the principles then enunciated were substantially embodied in the Declaration of Independence adopted by the first American Congress. After the death of his father and mother, C. K. Brandon went to Adams County, Pennsylvania, and passed his boyhood upon a farm, going to country schools in the winter. At the age of fifteen he went to Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, and for two summers continued at farm work. He then entered Farmer's College, at Bellefonte, Centre County, Pennsylvania, and remained one year, and at the age of nineteen went to Macomb, McDonnough County, Illinois, to look after some land belonging to his father's estate. While there, President Lincoln's call for troops was issued, and on April 13, 1861, he enlisted for three months, in Company A, Sixteenth Regiment, Illinois Infantry, but was mustered in on April 26 for three years' service, and in May following, his regiment was among the first troops of enlisted volunteers to enter the State of Missouri. The Sixteenth Regiment was in General Pope's command during the summer of I86I, and in the winter of I86I-2, guarded the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad, and subsequently participated in engagements at Palmyra, Monroe, Shelbina, Shelbyville, Liberty and Blue Mills Landing, at the siege of New Madrid, capture of Island No. io, skirmishes before Corinth, and at the battle of Farmington. At the end of his period of service, Mr. Brandon went to Quincy, Illinois, and secured a position as clerk in a wholesale dry goods store, but soon after enlisted in the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Veterans, and was chosen Captain of Company E. Shortly after he was detailed as commissary of subsistence and general ordinance officer of General Stolbrand's brigade of the Seventeenth Army Corps, and served in this capacity until mustered out of service in September, 1865. Upon leaving the service he removed to Saline County, Missouri, and purchased a stock farm, which he conducted for six years, and then sold out and came to Detroit. His first service here was in the employ of the Detroit Car Works. In I875 he became purchasing agent of the Detroit Stave and Heading Works, then owned and conducted by Frederick Buhl. In 1877 he purchased Mr. Buhl's interest in the business, since which time the growth of the concern has been rapid and remunerative. In 1879, R. S. Keys became a'partner with him, under the firm name of Brandon & Keys, and in I883 the business was incorporated as the Detroit Stave and Heading Works. Its officers have since been C. K. Brandon, President; J. P. McLaren, Vice-President, and R. S. Keys, Secretary and Treasurer. The business has been-a marked success, and its growth has been largely due to Mr. Brandon's energy and careful management. Their plant, one of the largest in Michigan, is located on the corner of Clark Avenue and the Michigan Central Railroad, and covers an area of over twelve acres; Io,ooo,ooo staves and over 700,000 heads are manufactured yearly, and find a ready market all over the United States, and in portions of Europe. From seventy-five to one hundred men are employed. Of late years Mr. Brandon has been largely interested in real estate operations, especially in Hamtramck and Springwells, and is the owner of a number of houses in various parts of the city. A few years ago he purchased fifty-eight acres of land in Hamtramck, divided it into city lots, and it has proved a valuable investment. He is President of the Fontaine Crossing and Signal Company, of Toledo, Ohio, and of the East Detroit and Grosse Pointe Railroad, and is financially interested in various other enterprises in Detroit. He has been a Republican in political faith ever since he has been a voter, and was elected a Representative to the State Legislature from the Third District, in 1884, by a majority of nearly 300. The most important local measure which came up during his term, was the question of the annexation of Hamtramck, Greenfield, and Springwells to Detroit, which he strongly favored, and was successful in effecting. He is a member of the Grand Army of the Republic, the Loyal Legion, and of Detroit Masonic Commandery No. I. He is a member of the Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church, and for several years has been one of its trustees. Habits of trained industry, unquestioned honor and honesty, broadness of views, united with enough conservativeness to prevent his taking undue risks, and great executive ability, are the strongest traits in his character. Personally he is of quiet, retiring disposition; thoroughly domestic in his tastes, fond of his home, and finds his greatest pleasure in the family circle. He was married October 24, 1867, to Louisa, daughter of A. W. Russel, one of the best known and most respected citizens of Lancaster City, Pennsylvania. They have had seven children, five of whom are living, three boys and two girls. WILLIAM AUSTIN BURT was born in Worcester County, Massachusetts, June 13, 1792. His ancestors, representing both English and Scotch races, settled in New England early in the seventeenth century, and he possessed the strong characteristics, mental and physical, of his forefathers. Self-denial, earnestness of purpose, ambition to excel, loyalty to relatives, friends, and his own con

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MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. 1179 victions, and steadfast adherence to right in all things, were prominent traits in the character of his ancestors and himself. As a boy, he possessed strong intellectual powers, coupled with remarkable mechanical ability, and fortunately he was able also to use either hand with equal dexterity, nature evidently having designed him for an inventor. The correctly-geared mills, whittled out with his jack-knife, with which he did the churning for his mother, and his miniature saw mills, made both for entertainment and use, were completed while pursuing his studies in navigation, land surveying, music, and stenography. A note book, which he kept when but seventeen years of age, now in possession of his grandson, Hiram A. Burt, of Detroit, shows that at that early age he had fully conquered all the methods of land surveying then practised; was far advanced in the study of navigation and astronomy; a fair theoretical musician, and that he had invented for his own use, and nearly perfected, a system of stenographic writing. It will be noted, also, that his education had been acquired chiefly through his own efforts, for, aside from about two months at the public school, he received no other training in any educational institution. He was not only studious and thoughtful, but also patriotic, serving in the New York militia for sixty days, in 1813, and again for sixty days in the spring of 1814. He was married on July 4, I813, to Phoebe Cole. In 1815 and I816 he was Justice of the Peace, School Inspector, and Postmaster, in Erie County, New York. He was possessed of a courageous and adventurous spirit, with an almost boundless ambition to see and know, and in 1817, in quest of a personal knowledge of the West, before the days of the Erie Canal, or the era of steamboats or railroads, he made the journey from Buffalo to Cincinnati (by way of Pittsburgh), thence to Jeffersonville, Indiana, Vincennes, and St. Louis, then back to Vincennes, and to Fort Wayne, Fort Meigs, Detroit, and by sailing vessel to Buffalo. Twice during the succeeding seven years he made trips to Michigan, and finally, in 1824, settled in the township of Washington, Macomb County, Michigan. He began business as a land surveyor, mill builder, and farmer, and endured the personal discomforts and hard manual labor, and practised the self-denial that fell to the lot of all pioneers. To these labors he added habits of diligent study, and the varied experiments of an eager, far-seeing mind, never contented unless using its utmost effort towards achieving its best. His facilities for experimental work were very limited, and consisted of a few carpenters' and blacksmiths' tools and utensils. Iron was scarce and very dear, and brass was almost unobtainable; there were no foundries near at hand, and the various metals were not offered in the many convenient shapes now so common. In order to fully employ his time, he built mills here and there, wherever his services were sought, and whenever he wanted a tool for any special purpose, he produced it at his own forge, or bench, and it generally proved that his tools were entirely new additions to the tools of craftsmen. Among these earlier tools and inventions was a compass for striking an oval of varying diameters, a T square of unique construction, and a "typographer," or type-writing machine. The "typographer" was conceived in 1828, patented in I829, the patent having the signature of President Andrew Jackson. The typographer was further perfected in I830, and the records of the Patent Office show that he was the first inventor of a mechanical type-writer. The instrument was exceedingly simple in construction, but for beauty and perfection, the work done by it, as shown by letters written on it in I830, is not equalled by any modern type-writer. Before he had been three years in the Territory, his abilities were generally recognized, and in I826 and 1827 he was elected a member of the Territorial Council. In 1832 he was appointed District Surveyor by Governor Porter, and about the same time he was appointed Postmaster at Mt. Vernon, Michigan, which office he held for twenty-four years. In I833, when he was forty-one years old, he was made Deputy United States Surveyor for all the district northwest of the Ohio River, and held the position until his decease. In I833 he was also appointed one of the Commissioners of Internal Improvements for Michigan, and on April 23, of the same year, was appointed an Associate Judge of the Circuit Court. He held this last position with much credit for several years, and was familiarly addressed as Judge up to the time of his death; but it was as a surveyor and inventor that he gained his greatest renown. As a member of the Board of Internal Improvements, he opposed the visionary schemes of that day, such as the canals at Saginaw and Grand Rapids. As a Government Surveyor, he was noted for integrity, faithfulness, skill, and correctness. Under date of October 8, 1834, M. T. Williams, Surveyor-General of the Northwest Territory, wrote to Senator Lucius Lyon, as follows: -' Your friend, Mr. Burt, proves to be an excellent surveyor; for a first contract, he has returned the most satisfactory work I have yet met with." Mr. Burt had as assistants all of his sons, namely, John, Alvin, Austin, Wells, and William; he also employed other young men, sons of his neighbors, all of whom he trained, and some of them gained enviable reputations as land surveyors. During the several years that he was employed by the Government, Mr. Burt and his sons surveyed much of the

I 8o MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. States of Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, and Minnesota, including the sites of the present cities of Milwaukee, Rock Island, and Davenport. On January 14, I840, he was deputized to survey the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and to connect therewith the geological survey then in progress under Dr. Houghton. This work required the services of Mr. Burt and his sons for about ten years, and it was while doing this work that he discovered and reported on fourteen different deposits of iron ore, which, in his opinion, constituted about one-seventh of the total amount. Later developments show that his estimate was approximately correct. In a letter to his wife, written July II, 1846, telling of his work in the Upper Peninsula, he said: "We have found five very extensive beds of iron ore, of an excellent quality, enough, I think, if worked, to build a railroad around the world." Mr. Burt's associate, IDr. Douglas Houghton, having met a sudden death, the labor of preparing the geological report of the survey then in progress, fell to Judge Burt. It is published in Part 3, Executive Document No. I, of Thirty-first Congress, first session, and bears testimony to the thorough character of his knowledge and work. In a letter, written May I7, I835, he says: "The aberrations of the needle are truly perplexing. I have to correct very many of my north and south lines, and it is most annoying, this inability, as yet, to discover a method for doing away with the difficulty or the cause thereof." Under date of April 29, 1835, when engaged on the Government surveys in and about the city of Milwaukee, he wrote to one of his assistants, as follows: " I arrived here to-day, having finished the north tier of townships as far west as the town lines are run. The aberrations of the needle were worse in my last township than in any other I have yet surveyed. * * * In one instance I had to increase the variation one degree for two miles, to keep parallel; the next two miles needed no increase of variation, and for two miles more the variation decreased twenty and thirty seconds. The changes are mysterious, and will probably remain so until some accidental discovery reveals the secret." It thus appears that up to i835 Mr. Burt experienced all the annoyances met with by other land surveyors, in surveying trapezoidal tracts, but, unlike them, he was not satisfied to remain without a remedy for the trouble, and all of his correspondence shows that he was trying hard to evolve a method to do away with the inaccuracies and annoyances due to a sole reliance upon the magnetic needle. Aided by knowledge obtained during many years of work throughout the Northwest Territory, he continued to study and experiment, and at last his researches resulted in the production of the solar compass. In I835, in order to test its principles, he made a model of this instrument, and in the latter part of the same year the first solar compass was made under his supervision, by W. J. Young, of Philadelphia, then the best known and most expert mathematical instrument maker in this country. The new instrument was submitted to a committee of the Franklin Institute of the State of Pennsylvania, and after a full examination of its principles and merits, they awarded the inventor a premium of $20 and a Scott's Legacy Medal. Like most new inventions, the solar compass proved to be susceptible of improvement, and five years later Mr. Burt submitted a new solar compass to the same Institute, and their committee reported that it was a decided improvement, both as to accuracy and simplicity. Mr. Burt, however, was not perfectly satisfied, and in I85i he exhibited, at the World's Fair, in London, a solar compass still further improved as to scope, accuracy and simplicity. This instrument then, and since I850, was known as Burt's Improved Solar Compass, and in its development and construction, Judge Burt was greatly assisted by the suggestions and mechanical skill of his sons, and it may be said to represent the result of their joint labors. For this compass a premium medal was awarded by the Committee on Astronomical Instruments, and the inventor was personally complimented by the Prince of Wales. The premium medal was accompanied by the following certificate: I hereby certify that Her Majesty's Commissioners, upon the award of the jurors, have presented a prize medal to William A. Burt, for a solar compass and surveying instrument, shown at the exhibition. ALBERT, President of the Royal Commission. Hyde Park, London, October 15, 1851. While in London, Mr. Burt had the pleasure of meeting and making the acquaintance of Sir David Brewster, Hugh Miller, Sir John Herschel, and other celebrities in the realm of science, the acquaintanceship was continued, by means of correspondence, for many years, and proved a source of much pleasure. The usual rewyards of the inventor did not fall to Judge Burt in his lifetime, nor have they since been reaped by his heirs. It is a matter of record, that the great value of the solar compass to the United States Government became established at about the time when in order to preserve an inventor's rights, and secure his reward in the usual manner, a renewal of the patent should have been sought. Judge Burt went to Washington for this purpose, but, with the simplicity characteristic of him, was easily persuaded by the Government land officials to believe that if he

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\MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. I i8i would allow his invention to become public property, the Government, as the principal beneficiary, would, through Congress, make suitable pecuniary recognition. The petition then filed by Mr. Burt, the inventor, and since his decease several times renewed by his heirs, has been favorably reported on by every committee of Congress to which it has been referred, and a bill has several times passed one or the other branch of Congress making appropriation of money in recognition and satisfaction of this most just claim, but has failed to be given full legal enactment. That millions of money have been saved to the Government in the cost of making original surveys, through the adoption of the solar compass,-is a fact well known to all surveyors-general and deputies engaged in this branch of the Government service. For fifty years the United States had exclusive use of the solar compass. It seems to have been originated for its special purpose, and, in fact, to grow out of the necessity felt by Judge Burt, during his experience as a deputy United States surveyor, for an instrument that should do more accurate work than the common surveyors' compass then in use. That a government founded upon, and actuated by equitable principles, should have so long neglected to do justice to him or his heirs is hardly creditable, but it is to be hoped that the merits of the invention, and the advantages derived therefrom, will soon be appropriately recognized and rewarded. A second important invention of Mr. Burt's, the Equatorial Sextant, was the outcome of his studious endeavor to apply the principles of the solar compass to navigation. On his return from Europe, in I85I, with the idea of perfecting his plans for this instrument, Mr. Burt took passage on a sailing vessel, for the purpose of making observations at sea. The trip was eminently successful, and his studies and experiments brought forth a perfect equatorial sextant. He thus gave to the sailors on the trackless sea, facilities equal to those furnished by the solar compass to the woodsmen in the trackless forest. At this time he retired from active work as a surveyor, and moved to Detroit, to devote himself to giving instruction in its use. He also gave instructions to a class of lake captains in astronomy and navigation, and in the use of his equatorial sextant, and a number of these captains made successful winter trips across the Atlantic with their fore and aft lake schooners, to the great astonishment of the "old salts." In 1852 he was chosen a member of the Michigan Legislature, served during the session of I852-53, and improved the opportunity to advance the project of a canal about the falls of the St. Mary's River of which he was one of the original and most earnest advocates. He was made chairman of the joint legislative committee on the subject, and it was largely owing to his intelligent and energetic efforts that the St. Mary's Ialls Ship Canal was constructed, upon what was then deemed an extravagantly liberal scale. On August I8, I858, he was suddenly stricken down with heart disease. He died possessing the universal respect of all his fellow men, peacefully and contentedly, attended by his wife, who had done well her part during the forty-five years of their married life, and he never neglected to award to her much of the credit of his success. Mrs. Burt did not long survive her husband; she died, on August 23, I864, and was laid by his side in the pleasant little rural cemetery at Mt. Vernon, where they had lived for so many years. A few years later their remains were removed to Elmwood Cemetery, in Detroit. Mr. Burt was not only fertile in ideas, on scientific and mechanical subjects, but he also possessed clear and decisive convictions on religious and political subjects, and had the courage to uphold them. Theories in any direction would not satisfy him; each new topic was taken up with the determination to fully comprehend its meaning and drift, and then to enforce its truth. He was not fanatical, however, and no man was more prompt to acknowledge error of judgment, or more hearty in expressions of satisfaction over the discovery of an error. In company he was modest and unassuming, but able to hold his own with any one in a discus-" sion, and in conversation was brilliant and well informed on a wide range of subjects. He was a consistent and firm believer in the doctrines of the Baptist Church, and was one of the organizers of the Society at Mt. Vernon, Michigan. In politics he was a Jeffersonian Democrat, but aside from the ordinary part taken by every good citizen, did not actively participate in political affairs. He was a member of the Masonic fraternity, and one of the founders, and the first Master of the third Masonic lodge organized in Michigan. WELLS BURT was born in the village of Wales Center, Erie County, New York, near the city of Buffalo, on October 25, I820, and was the fourth son of Wm. A. Burt, widely known as the inventor of the solar compass, who came with his family to Michigan in I825, and settled in Washington, Macomb County. The son attended the district schools of that locality through his boyhood, but received his best education through intercourse

1 82 MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. with his father, who was a man of rare intelligence and a diligent student, especially in scientific directions. As Wells Burt grew to manhood he learned the science of surveying from his father, who was engaged in extensive surveys of the public lands under contracts from the government, and gained practical knowledge by accompanying him as one of his assistants. Later he took contracts from the government himself for the surveying of thousands upon thousands of acres of the public lands of Michigan and Wisconsin. In the performance of his duties he was painstaking and exact to an uncommon degree, and this trait of faithfulness and conscientiousness was manifested throughout his life, in all his business relations and his intercourse with those about him. His work in the wilds of northern Michigan in those early days, was fraught with many hardships and dangers; often his little party of surveyors being the first white men who had intruded upon the domain of the Indian tribes of that region. But there was also compensation for these trials, for through his work he became thoroughly acquainted with the mineral resources of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, and was thus enabled to make investments which laid the foundation for a considerable fortune. He had no ambition to gain great wealth, and not having very robust health, preferred for many years to lead a quiet life, comparatively free from the anxieties and cares of more active business life. He was, however, one of the organizers of the Union Iron Company of Detroit, established in 1872, and for ten years its president. He was also largely interested in the Lake Superior Iron Company, of Ishpeming, and the Peninsular Iron Company, of Detroit, and a holder of stock in the Third National Bank and the American Banking and Savings Association of the same city, besides being connected with various enterprises in other places. He was married on February I9, 1851, to Amanda F. Beaman, of Rochester, Oakland County, their early married life being spent in Washington, Macomb County. In 1865 they removed to Ypsilanti, that better opportunities might be afforded for the education of their children. In I88I Mr. Burt came to Detroit, building a beautiful home on Woodward Avenue, where he died suddenly of neuralgia of the heart, on November 29, 1887. At the time of his death he was a member of the First Baptist Church of Detroit. He rarely gave outward expression to his deepest feelings, and his religious life was quiet and undemonstrative, but those who knew him had many evidences of his kindly, loving nature, and Christian character. He was a devoted, considerate husband and father, a true friend, and a good citizen. He performed many acts of benevolence, and gave largely of his money to church and charitable objects in Detroit and elsewhere. He left a widow and five children, namely: W. Clayton Burt, Mrs. Henry L. Jenness, Miss Helen E. Burt, Mrs. Elstner Fisher, of Detroit, and Mrs. C. Van Cleve Ganson, of Grand Rapids. JOHN BURT was born in Wales, Erie County, New York, April I8, I8I4, his father, Wm. A. Burt, was the inventor, and patentee of the solar compass. The family emigrated to Michigan in 1824, coming on the steamer Superior from Buffalo, and landing in Detroit on May 10, and were soon settled in a log house in Washington township, Macomb County. The father's business frequently called him away from home, and, as the eldest of five sons, the mother depended chiefly upon John for assistance, and for six years he was a very active helper in pioneer life. At sixteen years of age, having developed strong mechanical instincts and ability, he was employed by his father to assist him in building saw-mills. His first lessons in mathematics, surveying, engineering,- astronomy, and navigation, were received from his father, but he also attended the district school. In 1835, when twenty-one years of age, he married Julia A. Calkins, daughter of a respected and influential farmer. They settled on a farm and remained five years. Mr. Burt was then persuaded by his father to accompany him as assistant in the work of conducting the linear and geological surveys in the Upper Peninsula. He was fully acquainted with the use and operation of his father's solar compass, and after one season's experience in the woods on May I8, I841, was appointed a Deputy United States Surveyor, and from I840 to 1851 he was engaged continuously on Government surveys in the Upper Peninsula. In I848 he subdivided the Jackson Mine district under a government contract and discovered a numberof new iron deposits, including the Republic and Humboldt mines. He also located accurately several others, discovered by Dr. Houghton in I845. The most remarkable instance known or recorded of the magnetic influence possessed by bodies of iron ore occurred while he was running the west boundary line of T. 46 N. R. 30 W., in which the great Republic Mine is located. This body of ore affected the needle for a distance of 6 miles, and nearly all bodies of iron ore in that region, whether outcropping or not, attracted the magnet, hence the ease with which their presence was indicated by the solar compass, and to its use is justly awarded the credit of the early discovery of the great mineral wealth of Northern Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and other portions of the West. While Mr.

MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. 1I83 Burt was surveying the iron regions of the Upper Peninsula he obtained and preserved specimens of iron ores and kept notes of where they were found, together with the topographical and geological features and botanical peculiarities of their several locations. These notes were turned over to Messrs. Foster & Whitney, United States Geologists, and in their report of I851, they give him due credit. The valuable knowledge obtained by ten years of work in such a region led him in 1851 to take up what proved to be his life work, namely; the development of the mineral resources of Northern Michigan. He foresaw that the cheap transportation of the ores by lake was to be the greatest factor in their development. He knew that ore in abundance was within comparatively easy reach; with prophetic ken he saw the extent of the demand which would come, and in fact he comprehended as no one else did, the wondrously beneficial influence the development of that country would have on the general welfare of the country especially as to the States west of the Alleghanies. Mr. Burt's intimate acquaintance with the ore lands of the Upper Peninsula, naturally caused him to desire the ownership of a portion thereof, but under the so-called Mineral Land Act, the prices had been so increased as to preclude his purchasing. He therefore applied to the Land office at the "Soo" for an opinion from the Attorney General of the United States as to the character of the iron ore lands and as to whether they were rightly classed as mineral lands. He was informed that iron ore lands did not come under the head of mineral lands, and the officials at Sault Ste. Marie were instructed to offer and sell such lands, as agricultural lands, at $1.25 per acre. The first lands entered under that decision were those entered by Mr. Burt and the entry constitutes a part of the I5,0oo acres, now owned by the Lake Superior Iron Company. It is conceded that the selling of the iron ore lands at the reduced rate and the railroad and canal enterprises originated and pushed to completion by Mr. Burt, were the three prime factors in the present advanced civilization, improvement, and wealth of the Upper Peninsula. Mr. Burt greatly desired that the people of his own State should have control of these lands, and sought earnestly to interest Zachariah Chandler, Henry N. Walker, Eber B. Ward, H. P. Baldwin, and other citizens in his plans, and offered to sell them a three-eighths interest in his purchase, including the property of the present Lake Superior Iron Company now worth several millions of dollars, and a large share of the site of the present city of Marquette forthe sum of $5o,ooo. They apparently failed to comprehend the advantages offered and thus lost an opportunity seldom within reach. Mr. Burt then visited Pittsburgh, where his exhibits and appeals were also unappreciated. The elder Mr. Schoenberger, then the most prominent iron manufacturer in Pittsburgh, said to him; "we have an abundance of good ores in Pennsylvania and have no need of your Michigan ores, besides we will not see a ton of Michigan ore in Pittsburgh market in our day." Mr. Burt replied, "Mr. Schoenberger, you will have it here in five years at the farthest, and beg for it." In just four years from that time Mr. Burt had the satisfaction of seeing 4,000 tons of Lake Superior iron ore pass through the St. Mary's Falls Ship Canal, some of it consigned to Pittsburgh. In the summer of 1851 he returned to Carp River, where the city of Marquette is located, with a force of thirty men, built a dam across the river and also a saw-mill, the first erected in that region, preparatory to the erection of a forge for the manufacture of blooms. While at this work Mr. Burt was casually visited by the late Heman B. Ely of Cleveland, whom he imbued with his own sanguine ideas of the future of the iron interests of that country. Mr. Ely was a railroad man, and it was proposed that they should join forces in the construction of a railroad from the lake to the mines. This was a project Mr. Burt had long had in mind, and the proposition being acceded to, Mr. Burt, Mr. Ely, and his brothers, John F., Samuel P. and George H. Ely began the railway and completed it in I857. Meanwhile, Mr. Burt, the late Captain E. B. Ward, and other gentlemen, foreseeing that the railway would be of little immediate value without a way to get ore laden vessels through the Sault Ste. Marie river, revived the idea of a ship canal around the rapids in that river, and in the winter of 185I and 1852 visited Washington, and. with Mr. Burt's room as headquarters, besieged Congress for a grant of money or land to aid the State in building a canal, and a grant of 750,000 acres of land was made by Act of August 25, 1852, the conditions of which were accepted by the State on February 5, 1853. Under a contract entered into April 5, 1853, between the State Commissioners and Messrs. Joseph Fairbanks, J. W. Brooks, Erastus Corning, August Belmont, and others, the canal was completed and turned over to Mr. Burt, as its first Superintendent, on May i, 1855, and on June 18, following, he had the extreme satisfaction of passing the steamer Illinois, Captain Jack Wilson, as the first boat through the canal. During the remainder of the navigation season, of about five months that year, four thousand four hundred and seventy-four tons of ore were passed through the canal, and in 1887 nearly two and one-half millions tons were passed through. The history of the canal, and the stupendous growth in the ore trade of the Upper Peninsula, is well known, but it is not so generally

I 84 MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. known that Mr. Burt was the first to recognize the need of enlarging the canal, that he was foremost in all movements to improve it, and that all grants and appropriations made by the Government were chiefly obtained through his tireless energy and masterly exhibits and arguments. It is also true that the then largest single lock in the world, the canal lock, begun in 1870 and completed in i88I, was built after a plan devised and patented by Mr. Burt. Meantime, from the summer of I85I to 1857, besides pushing the canal project, Mr. Burt gave a great deal of time and energy to the construction of the Iron Mountain Railway, and the improvements at Marquette. After completing his agreement with the Ely Brothers, of Cleveland, contracts were made with the Jackson Iron Company, and with the Cleveland Iron Company, to carry iron over the road for one dollar per ton the first two years, after which fifty cents per ton was to be paid, until, by a graduating scale, each company should ship, per annum, more than one hundred and twenty-five thousand tons, when the price was to be reduced to thirty cents per ton. No charter was then obtainable, as the State had no railroad law, but with these contracts, obtained chiefly by Mr. Ely, as a basis for business, the building of the road was begun as a private enterprise. The lumber for the docks, offices, and other buildings of the railroad company was sawed in Mr. Burt's Carp River mill, and sold for ten dollars per thousand, while the lowest price elsewhere was twenty-five dollars per thousand. In June, 1852, Mr. Burt contracted with the railway company to extend their road two miles farther to the Burt, now the Lake Superior mine, and the railroad company agreed to carry ore for him at the figures named in the contracts with the Jackson and Cleveland companies. Mr. Burt was also the prime mover in the organization of several iron manufacturing companies, all of which use Lake Superior ores. He was a director for thirty-three years in the Lake Superior Iron Company, now incorporated for its second term of thirty years; was President of the Peninsula Iron Company, of this city, for thirty years, and also President of the Marquette Furnace Company, the Carp River Furnace Company, and of the Burt Free Stone Company, of Marquette. On February 12, x855, a general railroad law for Michigan was approved by the Governor, and three days later a railroad company was organized under the name of the Iron Mountain Railroad Company, with Mr. Burt as President. The passage of the railroad law was opposed by all the old railway companies, but was secured through the efforts of Mr. Burt, his father William A. Burt, and Heman B. Ely. During the United States Congress of 1855 and I856, John Burt, aided by the late W. B. Ogden, of Chicago, obtained land grants to aid in the construction of the Bay de Noquette & Marquette road, from Little Bay de Noquette to Marquette, the Marquette, Houghton & Ontonagon road, and the Michigan & Wisconsin State Line road. It will be noticed that thirty-four years ago he had formulated a railway system for the Upper Peninsula, his plans being fulfilled by the completion and operation of the Duluth, South Shore & Atlantic, the Milwaukee & Northern, and the Peninsula division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. The latter road was built with the grants given for construction of the Bay de Noquette & Marquette and State Line roads. Mr. H. B. Ely died in 1856, and Mr. Burt, on February 15, I857, was elected President of the Bay de Noquette & Marquette Railroad, and in 1858 the road was completed to the Lake Superior Company's mine, locally called the Burt mine; this railroad and the Iron Mountain Road were then consolidated, and from that time to the present it has been a very successful enterprise. Mr. Burt withdrew from the company in I863. In 1855 he bought the Lake Superior Journal, then published at Sault Ste. Marie, moved it to Marquette, and published the paper four years, when he sold out to Warren Isham. The paper is now known as the Marquette Mining Journal. It was not alone as an explorer, financier, and organizer, that Mr. Burt excelled; he had a good record as an inventor. He obtained his patent for the canal lock, heretofore alluded to, on May 28, 1867. On January 19, 1869, he obtained a patent on an improvement in the manufacture of iron, by the use of pulverized oxide of iron in the puddling furnace, and his process is largely used in puddling iron throughout the country. On May 25, 1869, he obtained a patent for the manufacture of crude blooms, using oxide of iron by running molten pig metal on to the oxide while in the crucible. On September 7, 1869, he obtained a patent for the manufacture of pig iron, and on December 28, I869, a patent for a finishing case for railway bars. He also obtained a patent for purifying blast furnace gas, which is successfully used in many furnaces. On March 27, 1877, and on October 29, 1878, he was granted patents for a system of ventilation, which has been introduced, in a modified form, in the Capitol at Washington. On April 24, 1883, he was granted a patent on charcoal furnaces, or retorts, for distilling wood and obtaining charcoal for furnace use. In politics he acted with the Democratic party until the passage of the fugitive slave law, and the birth of the Republican party, when he aided in the organization of that party, and continued to work with and for its prosperity as long as he lived. In j1868 he was an elector at large for the Republi

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MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. 185 cans of Michigan, and was honored by the Electoral College with the duty of delivering to the President of the Senate the vote of the State for Grant and Colfax. Physically Mr. Burt was tall and well built, with a frank, pleasant face, and a very engaging manner. He was a close and almost constant student, and like his father, could not be contented with mere theories. Although to some of his contemporaries he seemed visionary, yet he was only enthusiastic, and this because he saw in advance of his times. He was extremely systematic in his business methods, and in all of his dealings, was the soul of generosity, and quick to recognize and make allowance for disappointment or misfortune on the part of any with whom he had business relations. To his own kith and kin and to those whom he held as his friends, he was always helpful, and without thought of pay, he directed many persons to tracts of land, the purchase of which made them wealthy. He possessed a thoroughly religious spirit, an even temper, and was eminently a trusty friend and an agreeable companion. At the very early age of sixteen he was baptized, and united with the Baptist Church. From that time he felt a deep interest in the cause of Christ, and contributed liberally to all the churches with which he had been connected, and other churches, in his denomination and outside of it, received liberal gifts from him. The First Baptist Church, in Marquette, felt especially indebted to him for his generous gifts to them, and after his death the following resolutions were passed by that church: Resolved, That we extend to the relatives of Brother John 1urt our deepest sympathy in their sad and sudden bereavement. 'Ihat we remember with gratitude his gift to us of a church edifice and ground at an early day in the history of our church and city That we remember his earnest words of encouragement and his prayers full of faith in the final triumph of God's people and of His cause. That in his passing away we mourn in common with our State and the denomination. On Thursday, December 3, 1885, he and his wife celebrated their golden wedding at the handsome family residence at Detroit. The gathering brought their friends to the number of several hundred, from all parts of the State and letters of congratulation and good wishes were received from all over the country, and many testimonials of rare value were presented. A few months later, on August I6, 1886, the community was made sad by the announcement of his sudden death. He died as he had lived, full of religious trust, leaving his wife and three children, namely: Hiram A. Burt, Alvin C. Burt, and Minnie C., wife of Robert Leete. GEORGE S. DAVIS was born in the city of Detroit, May 7, I845, and is the son of Solomon and Anne H. (Duncan) Davis. His ancestors were among the earliest settlers of New England, and were prominent among the active defenders of the American colonies during the War of the Revolution, and distinguished for their piety, honesty, good habits, and longevity. Mr. Davis was educated in the common schools of Detroit, entering the High School the second term after its opening, and graduating from that institution in the year I860. Having the choice of a college education and a professional life, or a commercial career, he decided, on account of the limited means of his father, to engage in mercantile life, and accordingly entered the wholesale drug house of Farrand, Sheley & Company, and systematically studied the drug business, remaining with that firm until 1867, when he purchased an interest in the firm of Duffield, Parke & Company, manufacturing pharmacists. In 1871 the firm name, after the retirement of two partners, was changed to Parke, Davis & Company, under which title, both as a firm and a corporation, the concern has since been known. The enterprise suffered severely during its earlier history, through strong competition and want of proper capital, and though greatly crippled by the condition of commercial affairs incidental to the panic of 1873, it passed safely through the crisis, steadily gaining in prestige and strength. From the year 1877 it has been phenominally successful, and now ranks as the largest concern of its kind in the United States, if not in the world, and has commercial relations with all countries. The history of the growth of this business, from its incipiency through the various stages of its existence to its present world-wide reputation, is partly detailed in connection with the chapter on manufactures, and forms one of the most interesting portions of the manufacturing history of Ietroit. The creation of the forces and agencies which built up this enterprise, over obstacles almost unsurmountable, form the best index to the character and ability of those who have been instrumental in its development. That its success is largely due to the individual efforts of Mr. Davis, will be readily admitted by those most intimately connected with its growth. Coming into active participation in its management at an early period of its history, when it was of small capacity, and unknown beyond a small radius, he gave it a personal supervision and care which has been persistent, well directed, and unflagging. With unusual executive ability, great energy, intuitive knowledge of character, and broad and liberal business judgment, united to a certain boldness and courage, without which great business success is rarely attained, he has been an essential factor in achieving the success that is now established.

ii86 MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. The business was incorporated in 1875, with Mr. Davis as Secretary and Treasurer. He is also President of the Michigan Phonograph Company, VicePresident of the Imperial Life Insurance Company, and is interested in several other business corporations. In addition to his business as a manufacturer, as is shown in detail elsewhere in this work, he is one of the most extensive medical publishers in the United States, and scores of serial issues, valuable brochures, and books of interest to the medical and scientific world, bear his imprint as publisher, and owe to him the inspiration of their authorship. He possesses large real estate interests, particularly in Grosse Pointe, where he has not only established the nucleus of a suburban village, but has also an extensive stock and dairy farm. He is a Republican in political faith, and earnestly interested in the success of his party, but with the exception of two years' service in the Board of Education, has never held public office. He has been publicly mentioned for various important official positions, particularly as member of Congress, Mayor, and Park Commissioner, but is in no sense an office seeker. He is a director in the Grosse Pointe Club and a member of various social clubs, military and other organizations, and socially is warm-hearted, affable, unassuming, and courteous, and worthy of the esteem in which he is held. He is an attendant of the Fort Street Presbyterian Church, is liberal in his contributions to public objects, and has few equals of his years among the successful business men in the city or State. He is unmarried, and lives with his father's family. SOLOMON DAVIS, one of the oldest residents of Detroit, was born at Rockingham, Vermont, March 17, I792, and was the first son of Joshua and Rhoda (Balcom) Davis. The first of the family, on the paternal side, in America, came from England, and landed in New England about the year 1670. After the manner of many of the pioneers, he moved from place to place, and was actively engaged in the various wars with the Indians. Nathaniel Davis, the grandfather of Solomon Davis, was born in the town of Petersham, Massachusetts, November 13, 1715. He married Susanna Hubbard, who was born April o1, 1720. They settled in Barre, Massachusetts, where most of their children were born. They afterwards, about the year 1758, located at the place now called Charleston, in New Hampshire. It then contained but four log houses, which, on their arrival, Were found to have been ravaged by the Indians, the windows and doors were open, and the floor strewn with various relics pertaining to household occupancy. This fact aided in determining his decision to join the forces raised for the war against the French and Indians. He entered the service, and was wounded in one of the skirmishes in his right shoulder, but succeeded in avoiding capture. At the close of the war he purchased a farm at Rockingham, Windham County, Vermont, where he cultivated the soil under great difficulties, being continually exposed to Indian attacks, and constantly compelled to guard against them. He subsequently purchased a larger and better farm on the north side of the Williams River, near the town of Rockingham, where he resided until his death. He was a very pious man, puritanical in turn, and possessing the fighting qualities so desirable among the early settlers. He had seven children, three girls and four boys. His wife was drowned in I770, while trying to ford the Williams River, at Chester, Vermont. Joshua Davis, his fourth child, was born February 29, 1750. Remaining at home in his earlier youth, he assisted his father until the opening of the Revolutionary War, and then just prior to the battle of Bunker Hill, he joined the colonial forces, and while acting on the staff of the commanding general was severely wounded by a musket ball. On recovering from his wound, he was assigned to a company of the Green Mountain boys of Vermont, and arrived upon the field just after the battle of Bennington. He subsequently served in the army under Gates, Arnold, Washington, Lafayette, and Greene, being actively engaged in many of the battles of the Revolution, and was present at the surrender of Burgoyne. At the close of the war he purchased a farm near Newfane, Vermont, and there at the age of forty married Mrs. Myrick nee Rhoda Balcom. She was a descendant of an English family, which originally resided in a small hamlet in England, called Balcombe, a name derived from the Saxon, signifying a dale or hollow at the foot of hills or highland. The Balcom family are all long lived, and from the first settlement in America have resided in Sudbury, Massachusetts. John Balcom, the first of the family in America, was born in 1657, and died in I742. Henry Balcom, the father of Rhoda Balcom, was born in 1742. He was accidentally killed in I840, being thrown from his horse and dragged some distance with his foot in the stirrup. He married Kesia Stowe in 176I, and had eight children and fifty-nine grandchildren. He served in the Revolutionary War in various capacities, from the day of the battle of Bennington to the close of the war. His father moved with his family from Sudbury, Massachusetts, to Newfane, Vermont, very early, if not prior to the commencement of the Revolutionary War. After the Revolutionary War he moved with his family from Newfane, Vermont, to Oxford, Chenango County, New York, where he remained the rest of his life. He was accidentally

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MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. I187 killed at the age of seventy-two years, by being thrown from his horse. He had seven children and fifty-nine grandchildren. Two of the latter, Lyman and Ransom, were appointed to the bench, and served as Judges of the Supreme Court of the State of New York, in which State their numerous descendants have principally settled. Rhoda Balcom, wife of Joshua Davis, died in August, i802, and in I804 he married Mary Blake, of Rockingham. It is an interesting fact, as showing her health and vitality, that at the age of ninety she rode forty miles on horseback in one day. She died July 21, I852, at the age of ninety-two years. Her husband, Joshua Davis, had five children, three boys and two girls. He died at Newfane, June 24, 1838. After obtaining as thorough an education as the facilities of that day in Vermont afforded, Solomon Davis engaged in farming, and continued in that occupation until 1813, when, taking advantage of the restrictions placed upon commercial relations with England by the embargo, and the existing need of woolen goods in this country, he invested what capital he had in a woolen manufactory, at Weathersfield, Vermont, and continued the business until about I826, when the resumption of commercial relations with Great Britain, and competition with English manufacturers, compelled him and many other American woolen manufacturers, to suspend. Mr. Davis, however, paid all his debts in full, but had only twenty dollars left as the result of his industry up to that date, and on June 8, 1830, he crossed the Green Mountains on foot, obtained a passage by canal boat to Buffalo, and then embarked on the steamer Superior for Detroit, arriving here on the 24th of June following. Shortly after his arrival in Detroit, he obtained the position of Superintendent of the Detroit Hydraulic Company, organized to supply the city with water. He superintended the laying of the iron and wooden pipes, which, though but three inches in diameter, were considered sufficient for the necessities of the city at that time. During the year he returned to Vermont, and brought back his family. Early in 1833 he established a brass foundry, and continued in this line of business until I879, when he gave up active work. He reared a large family amid comfortable and pleasant surroundings, and in a long life of patient, persistent industry, conscientious devotion to duty, and in an honest, manly character, he gives them an inheritance which is above price. At ninety-six years of age he is hale and hearty, and possesses remarkable vigor of mind and body. He was married in 1825, to Anne H. Duncan. They had eight children, four girls and four boys, five of whom, three daughters, Mrs. George F. Turrill, Mrs. Charles Ketchum, of Detroit, and Mrs. Charles S. Bartlett, of Chicago, and two sons, George S. Davis, and James E. Davis, of Detroit, are living. The mother died on May 28, 1848, and on March I I, 1852, Mr. Davis married, as his second wife, Mrs. Elvira A. Campbell, of Detroit. She is still living, in the best of health and spirits: and in full possession of her faculties, at the advanced age of eighty-four years. ALEXANDER DELANO, one of the leading manufacturers of Detroit, was born in Oneida County, New York, April 25, 1842. His ancestors were Huguenots and came from France to this country early in the eighteenth century, first settling in Massachusetts and afterwards removing to Vermont. His father, Safford S. DeLano, was born in St. Albans, Vermont, in I800. While a young man he located in Massachusetts. In I840 he moved to Oneida County, New York, where he remained about eight years. In I848 he removed to Brooklyn, New York, embarked in mercantile business, and died four years later. His wife, Clarissa Cook DeLano, was born in Berkshire, Massachusetts, in I8oo, and died at Detroit in 1884. Alexander DeLano was the youngest son of eight children, and until about fifteen years of age attended school in Brooklyn, New York. In I857 he started West and at Mt. Clemens, Michigan, engaged as clerk in the dry goods store of Moore Stephens, where he remained about four years. In July, x86I, he enlisted at Fort Wayne, in the Fifth Michigan Infantry, the regiment being assigned to the Army of the Potomac. At the front, Mr. DeLano was soon made Regimental Quartermaster Sergeant, but on account of deafness, contracted in the service, he was unable to fill a higher rank which was offered and the same reason caused him to be honorably discharged in 1863. In the latter part of 1863 he located in Buffalo, New York, and engaged in the hard timber trade. In 1868 he came to Detroit and entered the employ of James McMillan, in the Michigan Car Works, where he remained ten years. In I878, in connection with J. S. Newberry, he organized the Detroit Car Spring Company, of which he was made treasurer and general manager, and in 1881, with others, organized the Detroit Steel Works. In 1883 these two corporations were consolidated under the name of the Detroit Steel and Spring Works, and Mr. DeLano was chosen president and manager. The company employ over three hundred men and turn out from five to six hundred tons of manufactured steel per month. JEREMIAH DWYER was born in Brooklyn. New York, August 22, I837. When he was

i88 MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. scarcely a year old, his parents removed to Detroit and settled on a farm in the township of Springwells, about four miles from the city, remaining there until 1848. In that year, while his father was driving a team of spirited young horses near the railroad, they were frightened by a locomotive and ran away, and Mr. Dwyer was thrown out and killed. The family then consisted of his wife, his son Jeremiah, and two younger children, James Dwyer, now manager of the Peninsular Stove Company, and one sister, now Mrs. M. Nichols. After his father's death, Jeremiah, though only eleven years of age, tried for a year or two to aid his mother in managing the farm, but found it unprofitable work, and finally his mother, feeling the necessity of giving her children better educational advantages than could be had in that vicinity, sold their country home, and purchased a residence in Detroit. With the other children Jeremiah now enjoyed a few years' training in the public schools, but as their means were limited, he found it necessary to obtain employment, which he secured in the saw and planing mill of Smith & Dwight, where he remained about a year. At that time it was quite difficult to get an opportunity to learn a trade, but through the influence of friends, Mr. Dwyer secured an opportunity to learn the trade of moulding at the Hydraulic Iron Works, then conducted by Kellog & Van Schoick, and afterwards owned and managed by O. M. Hyde & Co., with the late Captain R. S. Dillon as superintendent. Mr. Dwyer had to agree that he would serve four years as an apprentice and make good all lost time, and did so to the satisfaction of his employers, receiving at the expiration of his apprenticeship a letter of recommendation which he still prizes highly. At the conclusion of his apprenticeship he worked as journeyman in several eastern stove foundries, perfecting himself in his trade. He then returned to Detroit, and on account of poor health, resulting from too close confinement to his trade, accepted a position on the D. & M. R. R. for about a year, and was then offered a position as foreman in one of our leading foundries. About the same time a reaper works and stove foundry was started on the corner of Mt. Elliott Avenue and Wight Street, by Ganson & Mizner, but for some reason was not successful, and the property coming into the hands of T. W. Mizner, he made Mr. Dwyer a proposition to engage in the stove business, and finally they made an arrangement under the firm name of J. Dwyer & Co., which continued about two years. W. H. Tefft then bought Mr. Mizner's interest, but the firm continued under the old name for about a year, and in I864 M. I. Mills joined them and they formed a stock company, under the name of the Detroit Stove Works, with Mr. Dwyer as manager. In 1869 he superintended the construction of the new Detroit Stove Works in Hamtramck, and in the winter of I870, through over anxiety and exposure in moving to and starting up the new works, he took a severe cold which settled on his lungs, and by advice of his physician he went South. Fearing he would not return, he sold his interest to his brother James, but after spending some time in the South, he returned home in the summer of 1871, and through'the persuasions of Alfred and Charles Ducharme, decided to again /engage in stove manufacturing. Associating himself with Charles Ducharme, and with Richard H. Longas secretary, in the fall of I871 they bought the Ogden & Russel property, at the foot of Adair Street, at the outlet of the " Bloody Run," and immediately commenced getting materials together for a new stove manufactory. The winter setting in early, they were unable to start their building as at first expected, and during the winter of 1871-72, the late M. I. Mills proposed to put in his property fronting on Jefferson Avenue and Adair Street, at first cost, and join them in this enterprise. His offer was accepted, and a few months later they were joined by Geo. H. Barbour, and formed the Michigan Stove Company, the officers being Charles Ducharme, president; M. I. Mills, vice-president; George H. Barbour, secretary; R. H. Long, superintendent, and Jeremiah Dwyer, manager. As the spring opened they pushed the erection of their buildings on the corner of Jefferson Avenue and Adair Street, as fast as possible, and here improved and extended their works and facilities as the times would warrant, till to-day this establishment will compare favorably with any works in the world in quality and quantity of their goods. At the death of Mr. Ducharme, Francis Palms was elected president, and on the death of M. I. Mills, in I882, Mr. Dwyer was made vice-president and manager, and after the death of Mr. Palms, in I886, Mr. Dwyer became president, which office he still holds. He was among the first organizers and is still a director of the People's Savings Bank, is vice-president of Bucks' Stove and Range Company, of St. Louis, Mo., and a stockholder in several other enterprises. In the early days of the old volunteer Fire Department, he took an active part and for a number of years was foreman of No. 7, and later was one of the trustees of the Fire Department Society. He holds to the Roman Catholic faith, and is a worthy representative of that church. In politics he is a staunch Democrat, but though often solicited to be a candidate, has been too much engrossed in business to take an active part in politics, entertains no ambition for the distinctions of office, and

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MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. I 89 with the exception of serving one term on the Board of Estimates, has held no public position. He is liberal-minded in his views on religion and politics, and generous to all charitable institutions; is possessed of sound judgment, and has achieved great success as a manager of men. He is patient, untiring, industrious, modest and practical-a man of deeds rather than words. He has never overreached nor attempted what was beyond his capacity to accomplish, is exceedingly cautious in all business matters, and his work is always so methodical that its results may be anticipated with reasonable certainty. Possessed of a quick and active disposition, with great force of character and genial and happy temperament, he commands the respect of all with whom he is associated. He was married November 22, 1859, to Mary Long, daughter of John Long and Elizabeth (Baisley) Long. They have one daughter and seven sons. JACOB BEALE FOX was born in Louisville, Kentucky, January 12, 1831. His father was of English descent, and died while in California, where he had gone to try and build up his failing health. The son attended school but little after he was eleven years of age, as he was compelled to earn his own living. During the War with Mexico, he enlisted as a soldier in the First Kentucky Regiment, and upon his return from the war, visited California with his father, and soon afterwards started a confectionery business in New Albany, Indiana, but thinking to better his prospects in Kalamazoo, Michigan, he removed there in I856, and ten years later came to Detroit, and with Jacob Bristol established a wholesale confectionery establishment, under the firm name of J. B. Fox & Company. In 1869 the firm of William Phelps & Company became interested in the establishment, and in I870 it was consolidated with the firm of Pilgrim & Gray, and the firm of Gray, Toynton & Fox established. They soon became the largest and most successful confectioners in Detroit, and were widely known for the extent and quality of their productions. Mr. Fox personally superintended the manufacturing department, and invented quite a number of machines for use in the manufacture of confectionery, among them one for stamping out lozenges. He was a man of strict integrity, was a genial companion, and had the confidence of all who knew him. His health becoming impaired, he went South, and while visiting at his sister's, at Samuel's Station, in Nelson County, Kentucky, he was taken violently ill, and died there on May I6, I88i. He was married in 1853, to Marian Epperson, a relative of President Polk. They had three chil dren, two of whom died, George L. Fox, of Detroit, being their only surviving child. On July 12, 1877, he married Mary S. McGregor, a direct descendant of Rob Roy, the noted Scottish chieftain. They had two children. Mrs. Fox and one son, John Murray Fox, are living. GEORGE H. GALE was born in Barre, Vermont, February 23, 1826. His grandfather, Brooks Gale, was one of the first two settlers of Barre, the other being David French; they were both from Massachusetts. George Gale, the father of George H. Gale, was born in Barre, Vermont, and married Harriet Stone. He moved to Hillsdale County, with his family, in 1837, and in I840, established the first plow works in that county, at Moscow. George H. Gale began to care for himself at the age of ten. He had attended a common school and made the best use of his few opportunities. In I845 he removed to Kalamazoo, and engaged with Allen Potter in the hardware business, remaining there until I849, when he went by the overland route to California, and there engaged in mining and other operations for four years. In I854 he returned to Kalamazoo, and resumed the hardware business with Mr. Potter, continuing until 1867. Meantime, as early as I855, he became identified with the manufacture of agricultural implements, in connection with his brothers, Charles, H. J., N. B., and Horatio Gale, who had works at Kalamazoo, Jonesville, and Albion, Michigan. George H. Gale is a stockholder in the Gale Manufacturing Company, at Albion, and in 1883 took a leading part in the organization of the Gale Sulky Harrow Company, of Detroit, became its general manager, and early in January, 1884, removed his residence to this city. The Gale Sulky Harrow is founded upon a patent obtained by his brother, Horatio Gale, in I880. The company own the entire right to manufacture, and have shops for the manufacture of harrows in Canada. Their works, in Detroit, are located on Milwaukee Avenue, in the most advantageous position for the railroads, and they have contributed materially to the building up of that part of the city. They can turn out one hundred harrows a day. Mr. Gale, having assisted his brothers in the development of the patent, has devoted his energies to the organization and management of a company that should utilize it and give its practical benefits to the agriculturists of the country. In this he has been very successful. He is a thorough business man, trained in the school of experience, active, clear-headed, and self-reliant. His opinions are not borrowed from others, but are the result of investigation and consideration. He is courteous

MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. I go90 and obliging in his intercourse with all, an excellent organizer of labor, and a successful financier. He is a Republican, and formerly gave much time to politics in the Fourth District, but since coming to Detroit has devoted himself exclusively to business, and to the interests of his family. He was married November 5, 1855, to Ellen S. Brown, of Kalamazoo, and has three daughters, Elnora, Winifred, and Blanche. JOHN S. GRAY was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on October 5, 1841, and with his parents, Philip C. and Amelia Gray, came to America when he was eight years old. His father was a crockery merchant in Edinburgh, where his ancestors had lived for many generations. They sailed from Liverpool on April 6, 1849, and soon after arriving here, settled on a farm in Wisconsin. They soon found that farm life did not agree with them, and therefore sold the property, and in May, 1857, moved to Detroit. John S. Gray, who was now sixteen years old, attended the Capitol School, taught by Professor Olcott, and upon the opening of the High School, was one of the first pupils, remaining until the fall of 1858. In the winter of that year he engaged in teaching at Algonac, and while thus employed, his father purchased a small toy store on the west side of Woodward Avenue, near Lamed Street. In the spring of 1859, he entered his father's store, and began a business career that has been remarkably successful. In I86I they sold out the stock of toys, formed a copartnership with C. Pelgrim, under the firm name of Pelgrim, Gray & Company, and manufactured candy in a small way until January, I862, when the store and stock were destroyed by fire. They immediately reopened at I43 Jefferson Avenue, with much enlarged capacity and increased trade, Soon after this the elder Mr. Gray retired from the business, and Messrs.oPelgrim & Gray received into partnership Joseph Toynton, who had previously been in the employ of William Phelps & Company, wholesale grocers, and in 1865, on the retirement of Mr. Pelgrim, the style of the firm was changed to Gray & Toynton. The business continued to increase so as to require an enlargement of their building, which was accordingly made, and in the spring of I870, J. B. Fox was admitted as a partner, the style of the firm becoming Gray, Toynton & Fox. In the fall of 1870, the demands of their business compelled them to seek larger quarters, and they purchased and removed to the building on the southeast corner of Woodbridge and Bates Streets, where they still remain, three separate enlargements having been made to accommodate their ever increasing trade. In the spring of I88I both Mr. Toynton and Mr. Fox died; the respective interests of the deceased partners were soon after withdrawn,-and the firm was succeeded by an incorporated company, under the same name and style. Since I88I an adjoining store has been required to accommodate the business, which gives employment to from one hundred and fifty to two hundred hands, according to the season, and is the largest establishment of the kind in Michigan. Mr. Gray has been President and manager of the corporation since its organization. As a business man, he ranks among the first in the city, both as to efficiency and probity of character. He is careful and economical, yet bold and enterprising, possessing a rare combination of push and conservatism that has made his success certain and continuous. He is well read in general literature, a close student in several lines of thought, and withal an earnest student of the Scriptures. In politics he is liberal and independent, and in the old anti-slavery days was an Abolitionist. He has been a member of the Christian Church since I857, and an active worker in missions and Sunday-schools. To recruit his health, he made an extended tour through Europe and the East in 1872, visiting Egypt, Palestine, and other parts of Asia Minor, as well as his old home in Scotland. He derived so much benefit that he renewed the trip, in part, in 1883, visiting Scotland, France, and Italy, and his health was greatly improved. He married Anna E. Hayward, at Beloit, Wisconsin, on October 31, I864. They have three sons and one daughter. The eldest son, Philip H., is in the office of the company at Detroit; the second son, Paul, is a student in the University of Michigan; the others are at home. THOMAS F. GRIFFIN was born in Limerick, Ireland, December 18, 1826. When about eleven years old, he determined to seek his own and a better fortune in the New World. Accordingly, in the spring of I838, he left Limerick for Liverpool, and at the latter place took passage for America. On the arrival of the vessel at Quebec, he worked his way to Rochester, New York, and that place came near being his permanent residence, for he remained there thirty-five years. His first occupation in Rochester was at general work, in a flour mill. He stayed at this employment about three years, and during the winter months attended the Rochester High School. After leaving the mill, he worked at various occupations, and finally, in I843, went as an apprentice for Messrs. Traver & Benedict, proprietors of the old Rochester foundry, agreeing to remain with them four years. This connection proved a fortunate one. The firm was highly reputable and well known in connection with

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MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. I 191 the building of the Rochester & Auburn Railroad. By the time he had served his apprenticeship, he was competent to take charge of the foundry, where he remained for over a quarter of a century. Meanwhile, in 1848, soon after his apprenticeship ended, he married, and has six children, two sons and four daughters. Mr. Griffin, as early as 1844, within a year from the time he entered the foundry, was engaged in making the old-fashioned split-hub wheels, zinced and banded with wrought bands around the hubs. Three years later, the first solid hub and double plate car wheels were made in Rochester, by Mr. Washburne, of Worcester, Massachusetts, and almost immediately Mr. Griffin's employers procured wheel patterns, core boxes, and chills, and began the manufacture of said wheels. Since that date, the time and thought, the energy and experience of Mr. Griffin have been ceaselessly devoted to the making of chilled wheels, and for many years before leaving Rochester, he made them under contract. That he has been remarkably successful in producing superior wheels, and in immense quantities, is a fact well known to all interested in the rolling stock of railroads. His success has not been alone his own; his two sons, after completing their education, preferring the business of their father above any other, entered it with the purpose of fully mastering all the details. With this idea Thomas A. entered the foundry in I868, and P. H. Griffin the following year. Both of them, by practical, personal work, became thoroughly familiar with the business, and together father and sons have pushed the business to its present large proportions. Mr. Griffin's coming to Detroit grew out of a visit paid to the city by one of his sons. An interview with Mr. James McMillan resulted in their removal to Detroit early in January, 1873, under a contract with the Michigan Car Company, to put the Detroit Car Wheel Company's shops, at Grand Trunk Junction, in working order, and manufacture all their car wheels and castings, for a term of five years. Mr. Griffin succeeded in having them in full operation in April of the same year. After the completion of the shops, he remained with the company four years, and in September, I877, erected a foundry of his own, in its present location on Foundry Street, adjoining the Michigan Central Railroad tracks. Commencing with only thirty chills and nine men, and turning out but eighteen wheels per day, and no other castings of any kind, the business has steadily increased until the works at Detroit occupy about five acres of ground, with a foundry seven hundred feet long and sixtyfive feet wide, besides other buildings, and can turn out all kinds of chilled wheels and castings, of both iron and brass. Their capacity is two hundred and fifty wheels per day, or seventy-five thousand per year. They also turn out about seven thousand five hundred tons of castings, and employ from two hundred to three hundred men, and sell to the principal railroads in the United States and Canada. An associated corporation, known as the Griffin Wheel and Foundry Company, of Chicago, is controlled and managed by Mr. Thomas A. Griffin, and manufactures about three hundred wheels per day. The Ajax Forge Company, of Chicago, is also under his management, and produces various kinds of railroad necessities, such as frogs, crossings, rail braces, links, pins, etc. This company employs about three hundred men. The extensive foundry in Buffalo, established under the name of Thomas F. Griffin & Sons, which is managed by Mr. P. H. Griffin, is also a part of their system of foundries, and has a capacity of fifty thousand wheels per year and seven thousand five hundred tons of castings, and employs from one hundred and fifty to two hundred men. The St. Thomas Car Wheel Company, of Canada, of which Mr. P. H. Griffin is also manager, is conducted by the Messrs. Griffin, they owning two-thirds interest of the business, and Mr. C. Sheehy, of Detroit, one-third. This establishment has a capacity for two hundred and fifty wheels per day, and about one thousand five hundred tons of castings yearly. These concerns have an average capital of $80,000. The Griffin Car Wheel Company, of Detroit, was organized in October, 1877, with a capital of $30,ooo, all paid in. On March 20, I880, it was increased to $50,000; in July, I88i, to $Ioo,ooo; and in January, 1884, to $15o,ooo. The officers, from 1877 to i88I, were: Thomas F. Griffin, President; Dr. D. O. Farrand, Vice-President; Thomas A. Griffin, Secretary; and P. H. Griffin, Treasurer. After the death of Dr. Farrand, T. A. Griffin became Vice-President, and P. H. Griffin, Secretary and Treasurer. In I886, Mr. P. H. Griffin removed to Buffalo, to take charge of the interests there an4 at St. Thomas, and since then Thomas F. Griffin has been President and Treasurer; Thomas A. Griffin, Vice-President: E. A. Wales, Secretary; and-Joseph P. Cullen, Superintendent. The successful management of large business operations has naturally increased Mr. Griffin's native selfreliance. He has, however, been conservative in his plans, but also quick to take'advantage of favorable opportunities, and has been especially favored in having in his sons the help of capable and progressive coadjutors. He is a member of the Catholic Church, but liberal in his feelings towards those of another faith, and socially, as well as in his family, is a warm-hearted and appreciative companion and f

1192 MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. friend. As a business man, his record is without reproach, and is a notable example of success achieved by individual exertion. GILBERT HART was born at Wallingford, Rutland County, Vermont, August I, I828, and is the son of Irad and Lucinda (Wright) Hart. His American ancestors were natives of New England, his grandfather, Amasa Hart, was born at Wallingford, Connecticut, and went to Vermont prior to the Revolution. The early life of Gilbert Hart was spent on a farm. His father died when he was fifteen years old, but his health had been so feeble for many years before his death, that the care of the household devolved in part upon his sons. Gilbert Hart remained in Vermont until the breaking out of the War of the Rebellion, and then in November, I86I, he enlisted for three years in the Third Company of Vermont Sharp-shooters, of which he was elected Captain. This company, after its muster in the Union service, became Company H, of the Second Regiment of United States Sharp-shooters, and formed a part of the Army of the Potomac. Captain Hart served through the campaign of I862, and a portion of the winter of 1863. His health then failed, and being physically unfit for service, he was honorably discharged in January, I863. After his discharge he returned to East Dorset, Vermont, and in 1865, came to Detroit. He possesses natural mechanical genius, and his attention being directed to the manner of producing emery wheels, he worked out several improved methods of manufacture, securing various patents, including one for a process of strengthening, which has proved superior to all other methods in execution of work and durability. He commenced the manufacture of emery wheels in a limited way in 187I, and the business has steadily grown in extent until at the present time it is the largest emery wheel manufactory in the United States, and the only one west of Pennsylvania. The plant on Field Avenue, furnishing employment to about fifty men, is complete in every particular, nearly all the appliances used in the manufacture of emery wheels and the machinery connected with their use, being the result of Mr. Hart's ingenuity. The productions are sold all over the United States, wherever metal is worked. Mr. Hart is the sole proprietor, and in the development of this field of industry has labored persistently and arduously, and his success is alike creditable to his mechanical ingenuity and business ability. In 1884, with C. A. Strelinger, he founded the large retail hardware store of C. A. Strelinger & Company; he has also become financially interested in various business enterprises in Detroit, and in 1888, was elected the first president of the newly organized Central Savings Bank. His time and energies, however, are chiefly given to the manufacturing interest of which he is the creator, and in which he takes a pardonable pride. He is a strong Republican in politics, but is not an active participant in political affairs. He is a member and a regular attendant at the Unitarian Church, is an appreciative friend, has a generous nature, is devoid of all pretense or show, naturally retiring in disposition, thoroughly domestic in his tastes, and possesses the fullest confidence of all who know him. He was married in February, 1858, to Calista Giddings, of Cavendish, Vermont. They have but one child, Frederick P., born in July, 1875. SAMUEL F. HODGE was born in Cornwall, England, March 6, 1822. His father was head blacksmith in a notable mine, and the son naturally gravitated into, and, in fact, grew up in the same line of business. Educated under the eye of his father, he was early initiated into active work, and when but seventeen, was at the head of one of the shops in his native place, and continued in Cornwall until I849, and then, being determined to better his condition, he bid a temporary adieu to his wife and his two children, and emigrated to America, landing at New Orleans in the early part of the year. At New Orleans he took passage on a steamer for the north, and made his first stop of any moment, at Toledo. He soon decided to leave there and came to Detroit. Soon after his arrival here, on November 19, 1849, a fire destroyed the officers' quarters at Fort Wayne, near the city, and Mr. Hodge was engaged to demolish the walls, in order to prepare the way for a new structure. His work was satisfactorily performed, and, his abilities becoming known, he was engaged to make the wrought iron work used in connection with the building of the fort, and was so employed until i85i, and in the meantime he sent over for his wife and children. He was next employed as foreman in the iron foundry of DeGraff & Kendrick, located on the corner of Lamed and Fourth Streets, remaining with them until 1854, and then engaging with their successors, the Detroit Locomotive Works. He remained with this establishment until 1858, when he left to go into business on his own account. The time was favorable for such an adventure. The development of the Lake Superior mines had begun to assume importance, and there was an active demand for improved methods of reducing the ore. Mr. Hodge's early experience now served him well, and being familiar with mining methods in Cornwall, he resolved to devote his attention to mining machinery. Opening

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MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. 1193C an office, he was soon supplying various mines with their mining equipment, and, in fact, served as mining expert, and filled the place of a consulting engineer for several companies. In 1863, the business changes incident to the War with the South led him to discontinue his business as a contractor, and he engaged directly in manufacturing. With William Cowie, T. S. Christie, and William L. Barclay, he organized the firm of Cowie, Hodge & Company, and commenced the manufacture of steam engines and heavy machinery, at the corner of Atwater and Rivard Streets. After two years the firm changed to Hodge & Christie, and four years later Mr. Hodge became sole proprietor of the establishment. His business was continuously prosperous, and in 1876 he erected, on Atwater Street, the very extensive and complete establishment known as the Riverside Iron Works. It has a plant second to that of none other in the city, and possesses the advantage of an extensive river frontage, and all modern appliances for the speedy and perfect execution of work. For seven years after the completion of this establishment he conducted it alone, and then, desiring relief from some of the responsibility of its management, he secured the formation of a corporation, under the name of Samuel F. Hodge & Company, and served as President of the same. Meantime, from I871 to 1879, he served as one of the Board of Water Commissioners, and could have had other important offices had he been willing to accept them. The story of his life clearly indicates great force of character, and mental endowments of a high order. He mastered easily all details connected with the science of mechanics, thought his way clear through the most difficult problems, and was practically, as well as in theory, acquainted with the various details of his business. He was quick to notice any carelessness on the part of his workmen, and equally ready to commend and reward those whose endeavors were worthy of notice. His business success was almost unvarying and entirely the result of his own patient and diligent endeavors. He was not only a worker but a student, and kept abreast of the times in the reading pertaining to his occupation; he was also a lover of the old English classics, and his close reading gave him rare powers of language, and in a controversy upon mechanical subjects, with any foeman worthy of his steel, there was no uncertainty as to the result. He was fearless in his advocacy of what he deemed the truth, scrupulously honest, and his business life was without a stain. He died on April 14, 1884, leaving a wife and five children, his son, Harry S. Hodge, succeeding him as President of the foundry corporation. FREDERICK A. HUBEL was born at Noerdlingen, Bavaria, January I, 1846. His parents, John and Lisette (Moetzel) Hubel, came to America during the year 1852, and soon after their arrival settled in St. Clair, St. Clair County, Michigan, remaining there until the spring of I853, when they moved to Missouri, near Council Bluffs, Iowa. They remained there only about a year, returning in 1854 to St. Clair, where the elder Mr. Hubel engaged in the grocery business. He died in I871, leaving a widow and five children, Frederick A., Charles, Barbara, John, and Augusta. Frederick A. attended the public school at St. Clair until 1862, and then, at the age of sixteen, engaged as an apprentice in a prescription drug store in Detroit, and during the summer and fall of the following year served as cabin assistant on a lake surveying vessel. The following winter he attended the high school at Ann Arbor, Michigan, preparatory to entering the University, but his health failed and he was obliged to give up his studies, and by the advice of his friends, in the spring of 1864, he engaged as an apprentice at sheet metal work, remaining four and a half years. In the fall of I868 he again engaged as clerk in the drug business in Detroit, and in 1871 returned to Ann Arbor University to take a special course in chemistry. After his return to Detroit, in July, 1873, he began, in a limited way, the manufacture of perfumes and extracts. Early in 1874 his attention was called to empty gelatine capsules, as an article which might possibly be profitably manufactured in connection with his other products. He immediately began to experiment in their manufacture by hand, with the assistance of one boy, and continued in this way for over a year, and in 1875 invented and completed the first machine for the manufacture of capsules. He continued to improve his methods of manufacture, adding from time to time new machinery for various details. of the work, all of which he designed and protected by letters patent. In 1876 he employed six persons, and in I888 employed one hundred and fifty. In his factory, shown elsewhere in this work, he manufactures ten sizes of capsules, and sells his entire product to Parke, Davis & Company, who supply the trade. Mr. Hubel is progressive but cautious in his business methods, and remarkably successful, and is justly entitled to credit as the originator and patentee of valuable machinery for the rapid manufacture of a valuable product, by which one can take medicines without of necessity tasting any of their disagreeable compounds. He was married to Camilla Scholes, of Detroit, in 1878. They have four children, Maud, Frederick, Gertrude, and Camilla.

"I94 MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. JAMES McGREGOR was born at Kincardine, Scotland, May 10, 1830, and bears the same name as his father. On the paternal side he is descended from Highland ancestry. His father who was a farmer, pursued the trade of millwright and joiner in connection with his farm labors, and emigrated to Canada in 1858, settling on a farm near Hamilton, where he remained until his death in I876. The boyhood of his son, James McGregor, was passed at Kincardine, where he obtained a thoroughly practical education in the excellent parish schools of that place. He then, under his father's direction, commenced a regular apprenticeship as a millwright and joiner. After acquiring his trade he worked at different places in Scotland and England until 1855, and then came to America and settled in Harmilton, Ontario, where he obtained employment in the car department of the Great Western Railroad, remaining four years, the last two as foreman. He then went to Sarnia and took charge of the car department of the Great Western Railroad at that place, where he remained until March, I860, when he came to Detroit and became superintendent of the car department of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, then under the general management of W. K. Muir, retaining this position until March, I879, when he was made general superintendent of the Michigan Car Works, a post he has since most ably filled. With long practical experience in the line of his present work, great natural mechanical skill, and unusual executive force in the management of a large body of men, he has become a valuable factor in the prosperity of the concern with which he is connected. During the period he has held his present position, the capacity of the works has been many times enlarged, at first manufacturing but three cars per day; the works now produce thirty-two per day. Mr. Mc. Gregor is interested with the direct general management of the entire working force of over two thousand men, a work requiring a perfect knowl-' edge of every detail of the business, and the exercise of constant thought and care, as well as the possession of rare judgment and tact. In the performance of these complicated duties, he has been conspicuously successful, and has gained an enviable reputation among the car builders throughout the United States. His time is entirely given to his work with a singleness of purpose and aim which, in a measure, accounts for the high degree of. success he has attained. He is financially interested in several business enterprises, and is the owner of a large farm near St. Clair, on the river, in the cultivation of which he takes great pleasure, and which forms his chief diversion. He is thoroughly identified with Detroit, not only by residence and prominent connection with its greatest manufacturing interest, but in numerous ways has shown himself apublic-spirited citizen, and an eminently worthy representative of Scotch manliness, thrift, and persistent energy, and has achieved a position alike honorable to his ancestry and to himself. Socially, he is an agreeable, affable gentleman. He is a member of the St. Clair Fishing and Shooting Club, has been for many years a member of the Central Presbyterian Church, and for the last twelve years one of the trustees. He was married in 1851 to Susan Christie, of Scotland. They have had seven children, six of whom are now living. His eldest son, James C. McGregor, assists his father at the Michigan Car Works. JOSEPH BERTHELET MOORE was born in Detroit, September 15, 1846, and is the son of J. Wilkie and Margaret (Berthelet) Moore. The first of his paternal ancestors in America, General William Moore, came from London, England, in 1770, settled at Bolton, Massachusetts, and was a brave and distinguished officer in the Revolutionary War. He married Sarah Coolidge. Their son Aaron married Mary Wilkie, of Schenectady, New York, a descendant of Wilkie, the famous artist of Scotland. J. Wilkie Moore, son of Aaron and Mary (Wilkie) Moore and the father of J. B. Moore, was born at Geneva, New York, May 13, I814. He came to Detroit in I833, when Michigan was a territory, the city of Detroit then containing but 2,600 inhabitants. After serving as a clerk for several years, he opened a general store on Jefferson Avenue, and a few years later went into the real estate business, and was quite successful. He was in the United States Custom Service for fourteen years, for three years secret agent of the revenue department, and afterwards United States Consul at Windsor. He was married in I843, to Margaret Berthelet, daughter of Henry Berthelet, a leading merchant of Detroit in its earlier days, a large property owner, and a citizen of wealth and influence. The Berthelets, who were natives of Southern France, were early settlers in Detroit. Mr. Moore still resides here, but for several years has lived a retired life. Joseph B. Moore was educated in the public schools, and graduated from the High School in 1862. He entered upon a mercantile career by becoming cashier in the retail dry goods store of E. S. Parker, known as the People's Store, afterwards conducted by H. Greening. His next position was as assistant bookkeeper for Allan Shelden & Company. A desire to engage in the banking business caused him to leave this position, and being unable to find a favorable opening in Ietroit, in I866

PPF'

MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. 195 i i he went to Milwaukee, and became corresponding clerk, and soon after teller in the First National Bank of that city. Remaining there two years, he returned to Detroit and entered the First National Bank as discount clerk, a position he held for ten years. Meantime, in I875, Messrs. Jarvis & Hooper had established a manufactory of fertilizers at the foot of Leib Street, and in 1878, Mr. Moore resigned his position in the bank, and purchased Mr. Hooper's interest in the firm. The business at the time was conducted in a comparatively limited way. Upon Mr. Moore's connection with it, the capacity of the works was enlarged, additional capital invested, and the company incorporated with a capital of $80,ooo. Deming Jarvis was made president, and Mr. Moore secretary and treasurer. The demand for their productions grew rapidly, and in 1882 it was found necessary to seek larger quarters. The capital stock was then increased to $300,000, and eighty acres of land on the river Rouge, in Springwells township, were purchased, upon which there was erected an extensive plant, especially adapted for the purpose required. The products of the works consist of various kinds of fertilizers, with all grades of glue and bone black, and in the manufacture of the latter article, they produce a larger quantity than any other factory in the world. Thirty tons, or three car loads of animal matter are ground up every day. These are obtained from all over the country, but of late years the principal source of supply has been from the prairies of Texas and the far West. The annual value of their products exceeds $,000,000o, and over two hundred persons are employed. Mr. Moore was indefatigable in the building up of this industry, and the success of the enterprise is largely due to his energy, good judgment, and intelligent effort. He was individually entrusted with almost the entire management of the concern, and the results have been eminently satisfactory. His entire time, up to 1887, was given to the undertaking to the exclusion of conflicting business interests, a fact which, in a measure, explains his success. In 1887 he became cashier of the newly organized Peninsular Savings Bank, and under his excellent management the bank has been remarkably successful, reaching during its first year, a high place among the best of the banking institutions of the city. He is a member of St. Aloysius Catholic Church, and for many years has been President of the Board of Trustees of Mount Elliott Cemetery. Politically, Mr. Moore has always been an earnest and active Republican, and has been a helpful factor in securing victories for his party in local and State elections. As Chairman of the Detroit and the Wayne County Republican Committees, he has evinced excellent ability as an organizer, and is a skillful and successful worker. He represented the old Ninth Ward in the City Council during 1877-78, and was appointed a member of the Poor Commission in I880 by Mayor Thompson, and re-appointed for another term in I884 by Mayor Grummond, and again re-appointed, for a third term, in 1888, by Mayor Pridgeon. By virtue of the latter office, he is one of the County Superintendents of the Poor of Wayne County, to whoni is entrusted the care and management of the Poor House and Insane Asylum at Wayne. As a public official he has been painstaking and efficient. Personally he is an agreeable and pleasant gentleman, social and warm-hearted. He is a member of the Detroit and Grosse Pointe Clubs, also president of the Detroit Catholic Club, and in all that constitutes an upright business man, a public-spirited citizen and a progressive, useful member of the community, is a worthy type of the younger business element of Detroit. He was married May 21, I878, to Elizabeth W. O'Hara, of Cincinnati, Ohio. MICHAEL JOSEPH MURPHY was born at Sarnia, Canada, February 22, 1851, and is the son of James and Catherine Murphy. Both of his parents were natives of Ireland, and were born at Limerick, where their ancestors lived for generations. His father came to America in 1832, and became one of the earliest settlers in Lambton County, Canada, where he remained until 1844, when he removed to Iowa County, Wisconsin, remaining there until 1849, when he returned to Canada, and settled on a farm near the city of Sarnia, where he was married and still resides. His son, M. J. Murphy, after receiving the educational advantages of the excellent public schools of his native place, came to Detroit in 1868, and attended Goldsmith's Commercial College, and after completing his course, spent nearly a year in that institution as a teacher. He then served as bookkeeper for C. H. Dunks, manufacturer of bed springs, and at the end of a year secured employment as bookkeeper in the Second National Bank of Detroit, continuing in such capacity until the latter part of 1872, when he purchased the manufacturing establishment of his former employer, C. H. Dunks, then located on Griswold Street, opposite the present Brunswick Hotel. At this time the manufacture of bed springs, in a limited way, constituted the sole business of the factory. Under Mr. Murphy's energetic efforts, the business rapidly increased in extent, and was soon removed to 32 Woodward Avenue, where he remained two years. The quarters formerly occupied by the Detroit Chair Factory, on the corner of Fourth and i

I 96 MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. Porter Streets, were then secured, and in 1878 the manufacture of chairs was there undertaken. This line was not only an immediate success, but gradually superseded the former product of the factory, and for several years has constituted the sole article of manufacture. The superior quality and finish of his work speedily created an extensive market, and business grew so rapidly that, although additional buildings had been repeatedly erected to increase the capacity of his works, larger quarters were found necessary. To meet this demand, in I885 eight acres of land were purchased, upon which two large four-story brick buildings were erected, the capacity of which has since been increased by the erection of other buildings, giving a floor capacity of one hundred and thirty-two thousand square feet, forming one of the best arranged and equipped factories of its kind in the country, and giving employment to three hundred persons. The daily product is one hundred dozen chairs, while the value of the annual production exceeds $300,000. These goods are sold all over the United States, but chiefly in the States of Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and New York. Although known up to I884 as the manufacturing establishment of M. J. Murphy & Company, Mr. Murphy was the sole owner and manager. At the date named, a stock company was formed under the same name, with a capital of $75,000, with Mr. Murphy as President and Treasurer. Every year since its establishment the concern has shown a steady increase in the extent and quality of its productions, with a constantly increasing market. In a comparatively few years Mr. Murphy, virtually single handed, has created an establishment which is a material source of prosperity to Detroit, and it is needless to say he has been an earnest, persevering and intelligent worker. The secret of success in most enterprises can be traced to the individual effort of some one man, and in no instance is this more conspicuous than in this establishment. Its growth and development are the best testimonials of the ability of Mr. Murphy. The forces which have contributed to his success have been concentration of energies to one object, together with persistent and well directed efforts, and ability to forecast business events and to devise means to promptly meet them, coupled with a high order of executive capacity. Few men of his age, dependent solely upon their own exertions, have reached a higher position in the manufacturing world. He is rather inclined to be cautious, but adheres closely to a stand once taken, and wins confidence by his fidelity to every obligation. He is of generous impulses and pleasant disposition, and socially an agreeable companion. Naturally independent in character, the usual party ties and prejudices have little influence over his actions. In business sagacity, integrity, and unsullied private character, he is an excellent representative of the younger element in the commercial activity of Detroit. He was married in 1877 to Eliza Gleeson, of Sarnia, Canada. They have four sons and two daughters. DAVID OSGOOD PAIGE was born in Weare, Hillsboro County, New Hampshire, September 14, 1833, and is the son of Osgood and Martha (Blaisdell) Paige. His father was born at Weare, February I8, 1794, and died in July, 1878. Ilis mother was born January 26, I797, at Hopkinton, New Hampshire, and died in September, 1851. The family trace their ancestry back to John Paige, born in Dedham, England, in 1586, and came to this country with Governor Winthrop, in 1630, settled in the town of Dedham, Massachusetts, and from there his sons settled in Maryland, New York, and New Hampshire. Osgood Paige, father of D. O. Paige, inherited the original homestead, in Weare, and was one of the largest landholders in Hillsboro County. He was a man of ability and influence, strong and active in his religious convictions, and an earnest advocate of temperance and other moral reforms. In I84I the family removed to Manchester, which at that time was in its infancy, and promised to become one of the largest manufacturing cities in the country. Here, as a child, D. O. Paige came under the influences surrounding manufacturing enterprises, and being naturally of an inventive and mechanical mind, early and earnestly sought employment, during his school vacations, in various manufacturing establishments, where he became familiar with the processes and the operation of machinery in the manufacture of fabrics. At the age of sixteen he finished his studies at the Highland Lake Institute, at Andover, and immediately apprenticed himself to the Amoskeag Machine Shops, where he learned the machinist trade in its various branches. At the age of nineteen he was tendered, and accepted, a position as foreman and contractor in the Essex Machine Shop, at Lawrence, Massachusetts, where he remained five years, constantly building up for himself a reputation as a mechanic. Before he left he was offered, if he would remain, the assistant superintendency of the works, which employed at that time about twelve hundred men. He declined the offer, believing that the West promised a larger and more remunerative field to a young man who was willing to work, and early in the spring of 1857 went to Dayton, Ohio, and for one year took charge of R. Dutton & Company's agricultural implement shops. While there he invented and

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MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. II97 patented an improvement in wheat drills, which afforded him a handsome revenue for several years. The disastrous panic of 1857 so stagnated the manufacturing business, that Mr. Paige decided to accept a position offered him by the American IPatent Company, of Cincinnati, and was placed at the head of the department for giving practical tests to newly invented machinery and making mathematical calculations for mechanics. While in this business, he became interested in the development and manufacture of bank locks and safes, and obtained a position with Hall, Carroll & Company, where he remained until 1865. During the War of the Rebellion, this firm not only manufactured safes and locks, but did a large amount of work for the Government, altering muskets into rifles, building army wagons, etc., the care of which came largely upon Mr. Paige. In July, 1865, Mr. Paige decided to come to Detroit, and in company with John J. Bagley and Z. R. Brockway established the manufacture of safes, vault and jail work. They organized the l)etroit Safe Company, and immediately commenced work, with Mr. Paige as manager. The company organized with a capital of twenty thousand dollars, and have steadily increased until they are now one of the largest manufacturing establishments in the State, and their products are known all over the world. Mr. Paige is General Manager and Treasurer of the company, and to his efforts, ingenuity, and mechanical skill are due the success they have attained. He has never sought or wished political honor, is prominent socially, and in matters of business and with his friends, is always agreeable and pleasing. He has the power of largely impressing others with his own ideas, is a ready talker, and thoroughly well informed; writes forcibly and well on mechanical matters, has the best executive ability, readily grasps the details that make for success, and by his acquaintances is esteemed as a valuable and reliable friend. Mr. Paige and his family, consisting of his wife and two children, Frederick 0. and Glenna B. Paige, are members of the Woodward Avenue Baptist Church. Mr. Paige was first married January 31, 186i, and to his present wife, January IO, I871. Her maiden name was Abbie H. Rogers. She is the daughter of Amos and Eunice (Hatch) Rogers; her grandfather, Major Amos Rogers, was killed in the battle of Lake Champlain, during the War of 1812. HERVEY COKE PARKE traces his more immediate ancestry to the ancient city of Bristol, England. Early in the last century, his greatgrandfather, Daniel Parke, left that interesting seaport where the waters of the Severn and the Avon mingle with the sea, and sailed for the New World. On his arrival here, he settled on the Connecticut, in the parish of Middle Haddam. He had two children, whose names were John and Daniel. It seems evident that the traditions and habits of his native city clung to him in his new home. Coming from the place that furnished the first ship which touched the continent, and from where Sebastian Cabot passed his early days, from a city full of sea-going life and enterprise, he could not but imbibe its spirit, and if not manifest in himself, he certainly transmitted to his son John a high appreciation of maritime affairs. This son was born in Middle Haddam, and was widely known as an extensive ship-builder at that place, and also engaged in trade with the West Indies. He married Cleantha Smith, and in honor of his wife, one of his brigs bore the name of Cleantha. His children were Hervey Parke, Ezra Smith Parke, Mrs. Cleantha Storm, and Mrs. Lucintha Curtis. In I816, with his family, he removed from Connecticut to New York, and settled in the town of Camden, Oneida County. His son, Ezra Smith Parke, who had been educated in the local schools and academies of Connecticut, studied medicine with one of the older physicians of Oneida County, and eventually completed a professional course at Hobart, then known as Geneva College, where he graduated on June 14, 1819. The year following he married Rhoda Sperry, whose family were formerly residents of Connecticut, and, like the Parkes, had found a home in New York. The Sperry family were, and are well known in connection with the manufacture of clocks in the State of Connecticut. In October, 1822, Mr. Parke emigrated to Michigan, settling at Bloomfield, in Oakland County, and here, on December 13, 1827, Hervey Coke Parke was born. He was named after his uncle, Captain Hervey Parke, well known in connection with the earlier government surveys of Michigan. The ancestors of Mr. Parke were members either of the English or Protestant Episcopal Church, but as the church of his choice had no organization in New York, in the neighborhood where his father settled, the family became connected with the Methodist Episcopal Church and continued this relation after the removal to Michigan. Whether in Connecticut, New York, or Michigan, the family regulations, especially'on Sunday, were modeled after the style of the early Puritans, although somewhat toned down by the spirit of generous patience and love. Filling to full measure his duties as a physician, his father attended unceasingly and conscientiously to the daily round of duties that a country physician in a new and developing country is called upon to perform, but with all his labors there was no

I Io MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. i MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. accumulation of wealth, and in 1856, when, through a singular epidemic, he and his wife both passed away, the legacy of a good name and the loving remembrance of a kind father, was the chief inheritance of his children. Two years before his father's death, Hervey C. Parke went to Buffalo and found employment with a friend of the family, spending a portion of his time in study. An exceptionally good school, with excellent principals, at Bloomfield, and theopportunities at Buffalo, were so well improved that he was well qualified to teach, and from this time earned his own support. Returning to Michigan in 1846, before his father's death, he entered Bidwell's hardware store at Adrian, but within two years was compelled through ill health to relinquish his position. He now returned to Oakland County, and soon secured a position as teacher near his old home, and taught the winter term successfully, leaving this service with much added self-control and a firmer grasp on the studies he had himself pursued. From 1848 to I850, he was employed in the store of W. M. McConnell, of Pontiac. His employer'was a careful, conscientious, and successful merchant, and the practical business training gained in his establishment was of much advantage. In consequence of ill health, Mr. Parke gave up this situation and sought health and employment in Lake Superior, securing a position as financial manager of the Cliff Mining Company. He was for eleven years in this place. and made his home at the mine. In this last position he gained not only health, but, aided by careful business habits, acquired means as well. In 1866, while still a resident of Keweenaw, he married Fannie A. Hunt, daughter of James B. Hunt, who served two terms in Congress, being one of three Michigan representatives from 1843-47. The year following his marriage, Mr. Parke removed to Portage Lake and engaged in the sale of mining hardware. He continued in this line for four years, with much success, and then sold out in order to remove to Detroit. Taking passage on the ill-fated Pewabic, he with his family, were on board when she collided with the Meteor, in Lake Huron. After the accident, Mr. Parke and his family were transferred to the Meteor, and thus escaped the fate that overtook the Pewabic and his original fellow passengers. About a year after his arrival in Detroit, he entered into partnership with S. P. Duffield, M. D., under the firm name of Duffield, Parke & Company, manufacturing chemists. The firm continued about two years, and was succeeded in 1868 by that of Parke, Davis & Company, composed of Hervey C. Parke, George S. Davis, John R. Grout, and William H. Stevens, Mr. Parke then, as nowhaving a third interest. In 1876 the firm incorporated under their original title, and the original paid up capital of $50,000 was increased to $500,000, all of the original parties being stockholders, except Mr. Grout, whose heirs sold his interest to the other partners. In February, I887, the capital was increased to $600,000. Several of the principal employees, with a justice much rarer than it should be, have from time to time been admitted as sharers in the prosperity of the establishment. Mr. Parke has been the president and acting treasurer of the corporation from its beginning. The character of their business demands the utmost integrity in the preparation of their manufactures. In many cases, life itself depends upon the genuineness and strength of a compounded drug, and this fact ennobles the occupation until it almost vies with that of the clerical profession in the opportunity it affords for truth and honesty. They have introduced, and sell, immense quantities of several rare and valuable remedies that had only a local reputation and were generally unknown until their researches brought them into notice. In order to obtain a knowledge of all valuable medical agents, they have a staff of expert botanists and chemists, whose whole time is given to travel and research the world over, for whatever has medicinal value. It is literally true that the products of the establishment are regularly sold and used in all civilized countries, and Detroit may boast that the buildings in which they are prepared are, of the kind, the largest and most commodious in the world. Thoughtfulness, probity, geniality, and enterprise, have all been factors in their success, and Mr. Parke ascribes to his partner, Mr. Davis, a full share of credit for the position the business has attained. Aside from his business, Mr. Parke's chief employment consists in furthering the interests of the Protestant Episcopal Church, with which he has been connected for over a quarter of a century. During most of this period he has been a member of St. John's Church, and for more than twelve years a vestryman. He is one of the trustees of the Diocesan fund for the Diocese of Eastern Michigan, a trustee of St. Luke's Hospital and Orphans' Home, and one of the leaders in the Detroit City Mission of the Protestant Episcopal Church, which aims especially to carry the gospel to the most neglected portions of the city. He is known as a liberal giver, not only to worthy objects connected with his own church, but generally, and this is natural to him, for his instincts are so broad and generous that he could not well do otherwise than appreciate and aid in furthering any good objects by whomsoever inaugurated or established. His first wife died in 1868, leaving three daughters and two sons. Five years later he married Mary M. Mead, daughter of James E. Mead, of Almont,

MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. I 99 Michigan. They have had five children, four of whom are living. HAZEN S. PINGREE is a lineal descendant of Moses Pingry, who came from England in 1640, and settled in Ipswich, Massachusetts. For the first one hundred and forty years, nearly all of the American branch of the family lived in Ipswich, Rowley, and Georgetown, Massachusetts. Toward the close of the last century, the family had so increased in number, that many of the name sought and obtained new homes in other parts of the Bay State, and in Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Nova Scotia, and at the present time descendants of the family are found in nearly every part of the Union. The history of New England furnishes abundant proof that the early male members of this family were men of character and influence, and of industrious and frugal habits. An extended history of the family, by William M. Pengry, says: "No family has made better citizens than the descendants of Moses Pingry. Trained, as most of them have been, to habits of industry, frugality, and uprightness, descended from Puritan ancestry, and embracing much of their strictness, they have always been law-abiding, and ready to contribute of their property and influence to promote the public welfare." The family name for the first two generations was uniformly spelled Pengry; since then the spelling has been greatly diverse, with a strong tendency, during latter years, to adopt the style hereafter used in this article. Hazen S. Pingree was born at Denmark, Maine, August 30, 1842, and is the fourth child of Jasper and Adaline Pingree. His father was a farmer, and resided at Denmark from the time of his birth in i806 until 1871, when he came to Detroit, where he died in I882. Hazen S. Pingree resided with his parents until fourteen years of age, when he went to Hopkinton, Massachusetts, and secured employment in a shoe factory. Here he learned the trade of cutter, at which he worked until August I, I862, when he enlisted as a private in Company F, First Massachusetts Regiment of heavy artillery. This regiment was assigned to duty in the Twenty-second Army Corps, and its first service was rendered in defense of the Nation's capitol. During General Pope's Virginia campaign the regiment was ordered to the front, and participated in the battle of Bull Run, on August 30, 1862. It afterwards returned to duty in defense of Washington, and remained there until May 15, 1864, when the time of service of this regiment having expired, Mr. Pingree, with enough others re-enlisted to keep up the organization of the regiment, which was then assigned to the Second Brigade, Third Division, Second Corps, of the Army of the Potomac, and took part in the battles of Fredericksburg Road, Harris Farm, and Spottsylvania Court House, Cold Harbor, North Anne and South Anne. At the battle of Spottsylvania Court House, his regiment opened the engagement, and lost five hundred men, killed and wounded. On May 25, I864, Mr. Pingree and a number of his comrades, while reconnoitering, were captured by a squad of men commanded by Colonel Mosby. As prisoners of war, they were brought before that rebel officer, who exchanged his entire suit of clothes with Mr. Pingree, but afterwards gave back the coat, remarking that his men might shoot him for a "Yank," a result he certainly did not desire. After his capture, Mr. Pingree was confined for nearly five months at Andersonville, and for short periods was confined at Gordonsville, Virginia; Salisbury, North. Carolina; and Millen, Georgia. At the latter place, in November, 1864, he was exchanged, rejoined his regiment in front of Petersburg, and soon after took part in the expedition to Weldon Railroad, and in the battles of Fort Fisher, Boydton Road, Petersburg, Sailor's Creek, Farnsville, and Appomattox Court House. From the battle of the Wilderness to the fall of Richmond, his regiment lost one thousand two hundred and eighty-three men and thirty-eight officers. It was complimented, in special orders by Generals Mott and Pierce, for particular gallantry in the last grand charge on Petersburg, in which it took a leading part. Mr. Pingree's second enlistment was for three years, or the close of the war, and when the surrender of Lee took place, his regiment was in close proximity. He was mustered out of service on August 16, I865, and shortly after his discharge came to Detroit. Here for a short time he was employed in the boot and shoe factory of H. P. Baldwin & Company. Deciding to embark in business for himself, in December, 1866, with C. H. Smith, he purchased the small boot and shoe factory of a Mr. Mitchell, on the corner of Croghan and Randolph Streets, the entire capital represented by the firm of Pingree & Smith, when established, being but $1,360. The first year they employed but eight persons, and the value of their production reached only $20,000. After a few months' they removed to the Hawley Block, on the corner of Woodbridge and Bates Streets, where they remained two years. During the following three years they occupied the Farnsworth Block, on Woodbridge Street, and in 1871 they moved to the southeast corner of Woodbridge and Griswold Streets, using at that time but onehalf of the building. Their venture was a success from the very start, and has shown a steady increase from year to year. For years they have maintained their position as

1200 MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. the most extensive boot and shoe manufacturers in the West, and their factory is excelled by but one or two in the United States. Over seven hundred persons are employed. and their weekly pay-roll amounts to between $5,ooo and $6,000oo. The value of their annual products amounts to about $i,ooo,ooo. Their sales extend all over the West, but are more especially confined to Ohio, Michigan, and the Northwestern States. From the beginning of this enterprise, Mr. Pingree has had general supervision over the complicated details of the entire establishment. Mr. Smith retired from the firm in 1883, but the firm name, Pingree & Smith, has been retained. Mr. Pingree's success has been the result of hard work and good management. In social life he is large hearted and generous, a faithful friend, and a good citizen. He has confined his energies almost solely to the advancement of his business, but has ever evinced a commendable public spirit, and a willingness to do his full share to promote all public projects. He was married February 28, 1872, to Frances A. Gilbert, of Mount Clemens, Michigan. They have three children, two daughters and a son. DAVID M. RICHARDSON is descended from English ancestors, who came to this country about two hundred years ago, and settled in Woburn, Massachusetts. His grandfather on the paternal side was a soldier in the War of the Revolution. His father, Jeremiah Richardson, was born in New Hampshire, December 30, I795. Soon after the close of the War of I812, at the age of nineteen, he settled in the town of Concord, Erie County, New York, thirty miles south of Buffalo, then an almost unbroken wilderness. Having but limited means, he contracted with the old Holland Land Company for one hundred acres of land. He made his way to the locality and commenced the work of making a home. Four years later he returned to Vermont, and on November 29, 1818, was married to Anna Webster, and soon thereafter returned with his wife to his wilderness home. His wife died in 1832, and he subsequently married Jane Ann Woodward, who died in i868. He lived on the old homestead until his death in I879. His son, D. M. Richardson was born at Concord, January 30, I826, and until his twenty-first year remained at home, and during the greater portion of the time assisted his father in farm labors. He received a thorough education in the public schools, and at the Springville academy, in his native town, and at the age of twenty began to teach in the district schools of Erie County during the winter months. His time was thus occupied until the spring of 1847, when he went west to view the country, and possibly locate a future home. He prospected in the States of Illinois and Wisconsin, which were at that time but sparsely settled, and at Burlington, Iowa, began teaching a select school. Towards the close of the summer he was taken ill with cholera, then prevalent in that section, and in September of that year, while still suffering from the effects of disease, he started for Milwaukee, journeying by stage from Burlington to Peoria, by steamer to La Salle, by canal to Chicago, and thence by steamer to Milwaukee. There in November, 1852, he established a school and met with such success that at the end of the summer term he erected a brick building, three stories high, on the corner of Mason and Milwaukee Streets, and conducted a school therein which was incorporated as the Milwaukee Academy. This undertaking was successfully continued until December, 1853, when the building was destroyed by fire, and he suffered a loss of over $io,ooo. Prior to the fire, 300 pupils were receiving instruction in the academy, and five assistant teachers were employed. After its destruction the citizens offered to rebuild the institution at their own expense, but MIr. Richardson, after careful consideration, having determined to embark in mercantile pursuits, declined the offer, and with a capital of five hundred dollars, left him after closing up the business of the academy, went to Madison, Wisconsin, where he established a wholesale and retail grocery on King Street, and for two years did a very profitable business. On January i, I856, he sold out and came to Detroit, and with J. W. Hibbard as partner, under the firm name of J. W. Hibbard & Company, started the first match factory in this city, on Woodbridge Street, at the foot of Eleventh Street. On January i, I858, Mr. Hibbard retired, and M. 1B. Dodge became a partner, under the firm name of Richardson & Company. This firm continued until May i, I859, when Mr. Richardson assumed entire control of the business. On Sunday night, June 3, I860, the factory was destroyed by fire, inflicting a heavy loss, leaving Mr. Richardson deeply in debt, about $19,ooo worse off than nothing. He effected an amicable settlement with his creditors by agreeing to pay twenty-five per cent. of his indebtedness, but within six years he had re-imbursed every creditor in full. After the fire, with the assistance of his friend, N. W. Brooks, he rebuilt on the same site, and the forepart of the following September he again began manufacturing. In March, 1863, he purchased the site occupied by his present factory, on the corner of Woodbridge and Eighth Streets, and in the fall of 1863 erected the main brick building. During I864, he erected a large brick warehouse and as the growth of the business demanded, several additional buildings have been built, until at the present time the factory

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MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. 120I is one of the largest and best equipped of its kind in the country, and gives employment to about 300 persons. Mr. Richardson was sole proprietor of the business until April I, I875, when a stock company, known as the Richardson Match Company, was formed, which continued the business until 1881. when the concern was purchased by a syndicate known as the Diamond Match Company, Mr. Richardson being the Detroit manager. Mr. Richardson was a pioneer in this industry in the West, and perhaps did as much to make it an important branch of manufacture as any one man in the United States.. Prior to the beginning of his establishment, matches were mostly made by hand, but in no locality had the business become extensive. He did much to develop the methods of making matches by machinery, the only mode now employed, and from I865 until I880, his establishment was the largest and most complete in the United States. The extent of his business will in part be realized by the fact that from I865 to 1883, he paid internal revenue taxes to the amount of over $5,000,000. In 1876 Mr. Richardson, with several capitalists, organized the Union Mills Company. Their flouring mill, erected on Woodbridge Street, was at that time one of the largest and finest ever built in the United States. Mr. Richardson, the largest stockholder, personally superintended the building of the mill. Operations were begun in 1876, but the undertaking, for causes beyond Mr. Richardson's control, was not successful, and as he had become almost sole owner of the concern, assuming heavy liabilities in doing so, at a time when every business was greatly depressed, he was compelled to suspend and make an assignment for the benefit of his creditors. In less than two years after his failure, he made satisfactory arrangements with every creditor, and was enabled to continue his old business, which had temporarily passed into other hands. During all his busy life, Mr. Richardson has been a close student of the causes which tend to foster and protect the manufacturing interests as the great source of national prosperity. As the result of his studies upon social, political, and economic questions, he has prepared several pamphlets containing valuable facts and suggestions upon these topics, which have been widely circulated and warmly commended. Among the subjects which early enlisted his attention was the system of internal taxation adopted by the government for the purpose of raising money to carry on the Civil War. These taxes were particularly burdensome to the manufacturing interests. After the war closed, the manufacturers naturally desired to be at least in part relieved from the burdens that had been imposed upon them. The question was how to relieve the productive industry of the country without impairing the ability of the government to meet its obligations. To the solution of this question, Mr. Richardson gave much time and attention, and in December, 1866, as chairman of the committee on internal revenue taxation, appointed by the Manufacturers' Association of Detroit, he wrote a report on the subject, but his advanced ideas did not meet with approval. The following January he proceeded to Washington, and spent several weeks in examining the methods and sources of revenue of European countries, and the prospective necessities of taxation in our own country, and as the result of his researches, in March, 1867, he made a report to the Detroit Manufacturers' Association, in which he advised that "taxation should be so levied as to exempt all articles of prime necessity to the greatest extent possible, and remain upon articles of luxury, where it will be the least obnoxious to the people." His report included a list of ten sources from which he claimed sufficient revenue could be levied to meet all obligations of the government. This report, which was published, caused considerable discussion all over the country, and in October, I867, he submitted an abbreviated report, embracing the essential conclusion of the original report, and it was adopted by the Detroit Manufacturers' Association, and that body issued a call for a national convention of manufacturers to consider the questions at issue. The convention was held at Cleveland, on December 18 and 19, 1867, and was attended by over six hundred leading manufacturers, from twenty-four States, estimated to represent over $400,000,000 of manufacturing capital. Mr. Richardson's report, as adopted by the Detroit Association, was adopted by a committee of this convention, reported to, and adopted without change by the convention, with only six dissenting votes, and a committee was appointed to present the report to Congress. A similar convention, of over fifteen hundred New England manufacturers also adopted Mr. Richardson's report without material change, and the laws in relation to the internal revenue, passed by the Congress of 1868, embody the essential provisions which he proposed. The prosperity which followed was largely due to the relief thereby offered the manufacturers, and as Mr. Richardson did so much to bring about these results, it is his due that the facts be made known. In December, I869, he issued a pamphlet entitled, " A Plan for Returning to Specie Payment, without Financial Revolution," in which the plan adopted by the government several years after was outlined, but which was not entered upon until after the panic of I873. During recent years he has pre

1202 MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. pared and extensively circulated, several pamphlets suggesting methods for the creation of foreign markets, for the surplus products of American industry. As an important aid in this direction, he has urged the construction, at government expense, of the interoceanic canal, via Lake Nicaragua. He has also advocated the adequate defense of our sea coast and a strong navy, the encouragement of ship-building and of ocean commerce by establishing mail transportation in American ships to the leading commercial centers, and suggests various industrial policies which would tend to the betterment of the laboring and producing classes. He is also in favor of liberal government aid to public schools, especially for the late slave-holding States and Territories, and of stringent legislation for the suppression of polygamy. In political faith Mr. Richardson is a Republican. The first elective office held by him was that of a member of the Board of Education of Detroit, representing the Ninth Ward during the years 1863 and 1864. During this period the public school system of the city was greatly improved and the High School established in the old Capitol building. In 1872 Mr. Richardson was elected to the State Senate from the Second Senatorial District, receiving a majority of 1,377 votes over his opponent. During his term he served as chairman of the committee on the State Public School for Indigent Children, at Coldwater, Michigan, and was especially instrumental in securing an appropriation for the purchase of additional land and in increasing the amount of appropriation for the erection of a suitable building and the equipment of the same. He also served as chairman of the committee on the State Capitol. As a member of the committee on the State University, he successfully labored in securing an appropriation to complete University Hall, and to provide for the erection of a new laboratory; he also aided in obtaining the law for a tax of one-twentieth of one mill for the support of the University. He was a member of the committee on railroads, and aided in creating the law relative to the establishment of a Railroad Commission, and the fixing by statute the rates of fare to be charged by railroads within the State, and of the law that lands granted to railroad companies should not be exempted from taxation after the grants had been earned. He also aided in securing the passage of laws establishing the Board of Public Works of Detroit, creating the Board of Estimates, permitting the city to issue $1,0o,ooo0 in bonds to build new water works, and establishing the Superior Court of Detroit. Mr. Richardson is a member of the First Congregational Church, with which he has been connected since 1856. In 1867 he assisted in organiz ing the Ninth Avenue Union Mission School. During the erection of the building, completed in I868, at a cost of $8,ooo, he was chairman of the building committee, and, for the first ten years, acted as superintendent of the Sunday-school. The building was subsequently moved to the corner of Trumbull Avenue and Baker Street, and formed the nucleus of the Trumbull Avenue Congregational Church. Both this church and also the Woodward Avenue Congregational Church, found in him a liberal supporter. Mr. Richardson has been twice married. His first wife was Ellen L. Hibbard, daughter of I. W. Hibbard, whom he married November 23, 1854. She died December 20, I868. Their daughter, Laura M., was born July I4, I856, and died March 26, I876. His second wife was E. Jennie Holliday, a daughter of William Holliday, of Springfield, Erie County, Pennsylvania. They were married May 23, 1871, and have had two children, David M. Jr., who was born May 30, 1873, and died May I, 1876, and Arthur J., born August 12, I876. FORDYCE HUNTINGTON ROGERS was born in Detroit,October 12, I840, and is the son of George Washington and Jane Clark (Emmons) Rogers. His father was born at Vergennes. Vermont, December 14, 1799, and was a descendant of Russell Rogers, who came from England and settled in Vermont prior to the Revolutionary War. He and other members of the family were ardent patriots, and took an active part in the war. George W\. Rogers, who had been engaged in the manufacture of stoves at Vergennes, came to Detroit in 1840, and after his arrival in Michigan established and for several years conducted a general merchandise store in Pontiac, where he died in I860. Mrs. George W. Rogers was a daughter of Adonijah Emmons, and a sister of Judge H. H. Emmons, a distinguished member of the Detroit bar, and one of the circuit judges of the United States courts. Mrs. Rogers died soon after the birth of her son Fordyce H. Rogers. His father's second wife was Harriet L. Williams, a daughter of Oliver Williams, a trader in Detroit and vicinity prior to the War of 1812. Fordyce, or as he is usually called, Ford H. Rogers, was educated in the public schools of Pontiac; came to Detroit in i856 and entered the store of T. H. & J. A. Hinchman, wholesale druggists, where he remained one year. The following year he was employed in the clothing store of Eagle & Elliott. He then went to San Francisco, where an elder brother had preceded him, and was engaged in various occupations until the summer of 1859, when he secured a position with a water company in the mining district of the Sierra Nevada mountains. In the fall of the same year

MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. 1203 he returned to Pontiac, and until 1861 was engaged in mercantile enterprises at Lapeer and Detroit. The Civil War having then broken out, in June, I86I, he was the first man to join Col. Thornton F. Broadhead, and assisted in raising the First Michigan Cavalry, which was mustered into service in August following. Mr. Rogers, who at this time was a minor, was commissioned as Second Lieutenant, but soon after the regiment arrived in Washington he was appointed First Lieutenant and Battalion Adjutant. The regiment was assigned to the Army of Virginia, under Gen. Banks, and lay in camp at Frederick, Maryland, a considerable portion of the winter of I86I-'62, its principal service subsequently being on the Upper Potomac, in the Shenandoah Valley, and near the eastern slope of the Blue Ridge. It saw very active service, especially during the summer of 1862, when it was assigned to Gen. Pope's division and formed a portion of Gen. Beauford's brigade. Lieut. Rogers, who was naturally of a restless and adventurous disposition, grew impatient under the inaction of army life, and at his own solicitation was frequently entrusted with scouting parties, engaged in secret patrols and special duty. His service in this line of duty proved in many instances of great value to the Union forces, and upon one occasion while Gen. Beauford's brigade was on a cavalry raid in the vicinity of the Rapidan River, he performed an almost invaluable service to the Union army. While on the march, and in close proximity to a large force of the enemy, Lieut. Rogers, left the lines and pursued two mounted rebel officers. The latter, in their flight, led him near the headquarters of Gen. J. E. B. Stewart, who, with his staff officers, being warned of the supposed approach of Union forces, beat a hasty retreat. Lieut. Rogers, who was now all alone, pursued Gen. Stewart for some distance and fired two shots at that rebel officer. He then entered the deserted headquarters and secured a haversack containing all the papers of instruction from Gen. Lee to Gen. Stewart, then in command of the cavalry advance guard of the rebel army. These papers furnished valuable information to the Union army and revealed plans of the rebel commanders, which once known were easily averted, but otherwise. would have been far-reaching in their disastrous effects and might have led to the capture of Washington. Lieut. Rogers participated with his regiment in all its engagements until he was mustered out of service at Washington, September I I, 1862. Shortly after he was mustered out he was tendered the rank of Major in both a Michigan and New York cavalry regiment, but declined. After the close of his army experience he returned to California, and was variously occupied in San Francisco until I865, when he served as bookkeeper in the Pacific Bank of San Francisco; was soon after made paying teller, and from 1867 to 1872 was cashier. He then became interested in mining and stock brokerage, and at one time was secretary and treasurer of thirty mining companies. In I879 he returned to the east and for nearly two years was a member of the American Mining Board of New York City. In I880 he returned to Detroit and purchased the Detroit White Lead Works. The works had been established since I865, but at the time of Mr. Rogers's purchase, through poor management was very far from being a profitable concern. Associating Ford D. C. Hinchman and Horace M. Dean in the enterprise, the business was incorporated under the name of the Detroit White Lead Works. The reputation of the corporation was soon established on a firm basis, and in a remarkably short time the liberal policy and business-like methods of the managers resulted in building up an extensive business. Year by year additional buildings have been erected to meet the demands of their varied line of manufactures, and at the present time their plant is one of the most complete and best arranged for the purposes required, and one of the best in the country. Mr. Rogers, as treasurer and manager of the company, has been indefatigable in his exertions, and the business management has been entrusted almost entirely to him; and to his judgment, ingenuity, and energy, the corporation is largely indebted for the success attained. He is possessed of great executive force, is shrewd and careful in his business habits, and the evidence of his work is seen in every branch of the business, but especially is this true in the selling department, where unlimited competition makes success no easy problem. Fifteen salesmen are employed, and their goods find a ready market all over the country. Personally Mr. Rogers is of a frank, open, generous, social disposition, has a wide circle of friends, and is respected and esteemed not only for his business ability, but for those qualities of mind and heart that distinguish a good citizen and a helpful considerate friend. He is progressive and liberal minded and a sure supporter of every deserving public enterprise. He is a charter member of the Loyal Legion, member of the Grand Army of the Republic, Lake St. Clair Fishing Club, Detroit Club, and a thirty-second degree Mason. Growing out of his former occupation as a bank cashier, one of his amusements has been to collect specimens of all the bank notes of the so-called Wild-Cat banks of I837, and he has succeeded in obtaining a collection numbering several thousand specimens, and by reason of the various facts they exhibit, the collection is of great historic value.

1204 MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. Politically he has always been a Republican, and has been an earnest worker in securing victories for his party, but has never held an elective office. His time has been devoted to business interests with such singleness of purpose, that early in life he has achieved a worthy place among the successful manufacturers of Detroit. He was married in I868 to Eva C. Adams, a daughter of Dr. Samuel Adams, the pioneer drug merchant of San Francisco, and a niece of Rev. Nehemiah Adams, D. D., for forty-four years a pastor of the old Essex Street Church of Boston, and an author of considerable repute. FREDERICK STEARNS, for many years a wholesale and retail druggist, and manufacturer of pharmaceutical preparations in Detroit, was born fifty-eight years ago, at Lockport. New York. He is of Puritan blood, being a lineal descendant of Isaac Stearns, who, with Governor Winthrop, and Sir Richard Saltenstall, and other colonists, settled Watertown, Massachusetts. The farm which was occupied by this ancestor is now part of Mount Auburn Cemetery. On the maternal side he is a descendant of Samuel Chapin, one of the earliest settlers of Springfield, Massachusetts. Mr. Stearns early evinced a natural liking for the calling of a druggist. Speaking of his youthful days, he once said: "One of my earliest memories is looking into the windows of Dr. Merchant's Gargling Oil drug store, and wondering at the mystery of the white squares of magnesia and the round balls of cosmetic chalk." At fifteen years of age he was apprenticed to the drug firm of Ballard & Green, in Buffalo, New York. For two years he was the only help the firm had, acting as errand boy, clerk, soda water maker, etc., and was unquestionably one of the busiest boys of that time in Buffalo. He received no wages the first year, and, because of the failure of the house, the same pay the second year. At the end of his apprenticeship, having read, smelt, and tasted everything that came in his way, he made up his mind that what he did not know about the drug business could not be taught. A better situation, with another and more advanced preceptor, soon took away this conceit. After attending a course of lectures at the University of Buffalo, he entered the store of A. I. Mathews, a prominent retail druggist of Buffalo, with whom he remained several years, during the last three as a partner. In I853 he married Eliza H. Kimball, of Mendon, New York, and in the following year, on account of a favorable impression made at a former visit, he decided to locate in Detroit. He arrived at Windsor, January i. I855, on a bitter cold day, and walked across the river on the ice. Soon after his arrival here he was joined by his wife, with their first child, Frederick K. Stearns, and in April following, with L. E. Higby, he opened a retail drug store at 162 Jefferson Avenue, in the middle of the block, owned by Zachariah Chandler, where the stores of Allan Shelden & Company are now located. In 1859 they removed to enlarged quarters in the Merrill Block, and in 1863 to the Porter Block, on the southwest corner of Woodward Avenue and Lamed Street, and here Mr. Stearns bought Mr. Higby's interest. To be a manufacturer of such pharmaceutical preparations, both official and non-official, as were in use as medicine, was always Mr. Stearns's ambition. and in I856 he commenced as a manufacturer in a very limited way, with one room, a cooking stove, and one girl, as a helper. It was his custom at that time, with a small hand bag, filled with samples of his products, to canvass towns on the railroads leading west from Detroit, obtaining such orders as the druggists of the interior were willing to give to a young house struggling to establish a trade for its productions, in a market completely filled with Eastern and foreign brands. From this small beginning has gradually grown a manufacturing business which now reaches large proportions. During these early years, much of the time which otherwise would have been leisure was given to investigation in the line of his profession, and many papers, the result of these studies, were published invarious pharmaceutical journals and society transactions. Introducing steam power, and milling and extracting machinery, much of which was of his own design, he commenced manufacturing on a larger scale. It was at first difficult to introduce his products in the place of goods already established, but these difficulties were gradually overcome. In 187 I, Mr. Stearns's manufacturing establishment was twice destroyed by fire, the second fire resulting in considerable financial lois, but the laboratory was established a third time, on part of the property owned by the Detroit Gas Light Company, on Woodbridge near Sixth Street. During all this period he continued his business as a retail druggist and dispensing pharmacist, retaining, by choice, a prominent interest in his profession, and being vitally alive to its promotion. In pharmacy, however, as in other arts and trades, abuses are liable to creep in; the want of suitable legislative control, the then lack of protection for the educated pharmacist from the uneducated or unqualified person, who might choose to enter upon the business of selling drugs, and the employing of irregular means, thus lowering the standard and the dignity of the calling, were all hindrances to the best development of the art of pharmacy. The practice of quackery, the supplying of secret or so-called patent medicines, which forced upon the druggist the keeping of

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MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. I205 L — -- - numberless worthless and high cost compositions, of little profit to the pharmacist, were also evils stultifying the professional attitude of the druggist, and rendering him to a great extent, a mere trader in quackery. In the correcting of these evils, which have threatened to overwhelm pharmacy as a profession and a means of livelihood, Mr. Stearns has rendered valuable service. When he opened his first store in Detroit, he determined not to sell any secret quackery in the way of patent medicines, looking for the ready support and sympathy of the regular medical profession in so doing; but after one year's trial, he found the public had become so accustomed to buying patented medicines, that it was impossible to conduct his business without supplying everything or any article which the public looked to find in a drug store. He was, therefore, compelled to deal in patent medicines, but he always sought, by every means in his power, to lessen the evil. In 1876 it occurred to him that one means for destroying patent medicine quackery would be to put up ready made prescriptions, suitable and useful for common ailments, in neat and portable form, without secrecy; to put the receipt plainly on the label, with simple directions and explanations, and to trust to the good sense and intelligence of the customer to take such ready made medicines, rather than secret nostrums. This idea, acted upon, was an immediate success in his own retail trade, and in that of his near friends and neighbors. This departure was then, and is still, known as the "New Idea." The development of this system has resulted in the establishment of an immense trade, and to-day nearly every retail druggist in good standing in the United States and Canada, representing over sixteen thousand establishments, are customers of the Stearns's laboratory. The one room, I2XI2, of 1858, has been increased to four acres of flooring in the works now occupied on Twenty-first Street; the one helper to over four hundred helpers; instead of the occasional traveler, with his little grip, and that one himself, there are now thirty-five traveling agents constantly employed; from a retail business of $I6,ooo per year, the business has grown to sometimes more than that d2ily: the area visited for trade has expanded from a small portion of Michigan to the " whole unbounded continent," and sales are also made in the Spanish American Republics, the West Indies, and in many English colonies, and notably in Australia. The works on Woodbridge Street, above alluded to, became too stinted in room, even after every available building in the vicinity was obtained, and in 188i and 1882 the new works now occupied were erected, and are described in another portion of this work. After forty years of an active business life, with its usual cares, disappointments, and with some success, Mr. Stearns, in 1887, retired from the management of the business, leaving it in the hands of his sons, Frederick K. and William L., and of the younger associates, who have been with him many years. If he is proud of one thing, it is of the establishment on a firm basis of a legitimate and extensive business, which is an active and practical opponent of quackery in medicine. He has led a remarkably busy life, and his success has been the result of hard work, united to clear and well poised judgment. A man of the most positive conviction, he pursued a purpose believed to be right, regardless of consequences, with a force and directness liable to arouse the antagonism of men of narrow views and prejudices. He is among the first to depart from established custom or practice when new and better methods of procedure are discovered, and it makes but little difference to him whether he is followed or not. Convinced that he is right, he has the moral courage to fight alone, and this admirable quality has been the main secret of his success. To him nothing is more distasteful than sham and superficiality. He is a man of liberal opinion, and has taste and culture, without a trace of pedantry or touch of imperiousness. He is a natural critic, but his criticisms are intelligent, penetrating, and just. He has been a public benefactor, because he has been a creator and promoter of enterprises which have aided in many ways the public good, and is liberal minded toward every good project to advance the best interests of Detroit. Somewhat reserved among strangers, with trusted friends he is a congenial companion. His business career has been honorable, and no one holds more securely the confidence and respect of Detroit's commercial community. JOSEPH TOYNTON was born July 26, I839, at Brothertoft, four miles west of Boston, Lincolnshire, England. He was the son of William and Elizabeth (Ketton) Toynton. His father was a well-to-do farmer, and he received a good common school education. His mother died in 1852, and his father in I873. On March 3, 1853, he left England for the United States, and for about one year after his arrival here he made his home near Rochester, New York. In 1854 he came to Detroit, and entered the employ of William Phelps, then a prominent manufacturer of confections, where he remained eleven years, and acquired a thorough practical knowledge of the business. In I865 he resigned his position and the house of Gray, Toynton & Fox was established, which at once became the leading establishment of the kind in the West. In I860 he married Margaret Hayes, daughter of

1206 MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. John and Mary (McMarrah) Hayes. He died July 6, I88i, after a very brief illness. Mr. Toynton was a man of strict integrity in all the relations of life. His genial nature made him a large circle of friends, and his unswerving honesty made his word as good as his bond. He was a leading member and for many years one of the trustees of the Central Methodist Episcopal Church. He was a prominent Mason, a member of Union Lodge of Strict Observance, and of Detroit Commandery. One of his Masonic brethren, in speaking of his death, has well said: He came to this country, and to this city, poor in purse, but rich in the qualities which go to make up the successful business man, the honest citizen, the faithful clerk, the humane employer, the loving and indulgent husband and father, and the consistent Christian. The lesson of his life is one of fortitude, industry, fidelity, humility, charity, kindness, and humanity in all the relations of life. Follow him wherever you would, in the family, the church, in his social relations, or into the counting-house, and you would find the same elements of character dominating his life work. Rising from poverty to a condition of comparative wealth, from the position of servant to that of proprietorship in a large and successful business enterprise, he never, in his treatment of others, forgot the hardships of either poverty or service." JOHN HILL WHITING, grandson of Dr. J. L. Whiting, an early physician and merchant of Detroit, and the eldest son of John Talman Whiting and Mary S. (Hill) Whiting, was born at Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, October II, 1852. His parents removed to Detroit in I855. Mr. Whiting received the best education that the public schools afforded, and in I869 became assistant salesman, at Ecorse, for the Detroit River Lumber Company. He remained there one year and then came to Detroit, where he was employed for a short time by the lumber firm of D. A. Ross & Company. In I870 he entered the employ of the Detroit Car Wheel Company, for the purpose of learning the business of moulding and casting car wheels, and general foundry business. He, at first, acted in the capacity of timekeeper and general assistant in the office, devoting a portion of each day to work in the foundry, moulding, pouring iron, and in other mechanical labor, devoting his evenings to office work. About three years after he entered the employ of the company, the Moulders Union, of which he was not a member, raised objections to non-union men being employed, and Mr. Whiting, not wishing to antagonize the company, stopped work in the foundry until, through change of Superintendents, the influence of the union became so weakened that he returned to the foundry without opposition. The output of the company was at first quite small, but under skillful management it became a very large and important enterprise. Mr. Whiting kept pace with its growth, developing talents and aptitudes unthought of at the beginning. In one sense it may be said that the business made him what he is, for it gave him the opportunity to develop his peculiar genius for organizing and directing labor. On the other hand, his skill, ingenuity, and practical judgment, made him an important factor in the success of the corporation. In I88o he was appointed Assistant Superintendent, and later, in the same year, under the trying circumstances of a strike, which took out the Superintendent, he was selected to fill the vacancy. His naturally retiring disposition led him to shrink from the responsibility, and he accepted it with many misgivings; but having accepted it he soon proved equal to his task, and has since shown himself equal to all the duties which the position imposed upon him, and has remained in charge of the works, as Superintendent. The growth of the business may be indicated by the fact that in 1870 the capacity of the works was about sixty-five car wheels a day, and fifteen tons of castings; now it is four hundred and twenty-five car wheels a day, and one hundred tons of castings, and the corporation employs between seven and eight hundred men. In addition to the superintendency of this establishment, Mr. Whiting is Superintendent of the works of the Detroit Pipe and Foundry Company, which produce about fifty tons of cast iron pipe daily, and employ about one hundred and fifty hands. He is also Vice-President of the Detroit Foundry Equipment Company, which controls several patents particularly adapted to the improved manufacture and handling of car wheels. He is the inventor of the "Improved Cupola," the "Overhead Steam Crane," a " Transfer Truck," a "Device for Operating Foundries," and a "Reversible Friction Gearing," patented in 1884 and I885. He is a stockholder in all the companies above mentioned, and also in the Michigan Car Company, the Detroit Iron Furnace Company, and the Vulcan Iron Furnace Company, located at Newberry, Michigan. During the seventeen years of his connection with the Detroit Car Wheel Company, he has shown a character for manliness, integrity, and generosity, which has won the esteem and confidence of all his associates. He has for years made the question of the successful handling of labor a study, and has also studied to devise methods and appliances to facilitate profitable production. As his responsibilities have

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MANUFACTURERS AND INVENTORS. 20o7 increased, with the enlargement of the business intrusted to his care, he has developed a capacity adequate to meet them, and now handles a large force of men with as much ease as he formerly controlled a small number. He, however, attributes much of his success to the suggestions, appreciative courtesy, and generosity, with which he has been treated by the chief stockholders in the corporations in which he is engaged, whose confidence has been fully and cheerfully given. Mr. Whiting is a Republican in political faith, but has been too closely identified with business to take any part in political affairs. He was married February 7, I883, to Carrie Florence Spence, daughter of Dr. T. R. Cpence, formerly of Detroit. They have two daughters, Florence Hill and Barbara. He and his wife are members of the Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian

CHAPTER XCVI. LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUF,.ACURERS, VESSEL OWNERS, INSURANCE AND RAILROAD MANAGERS, ETC. FRANCIS ADAMS is a descendant of the Adamses of Braintree, Massachusetts, and is the son of Moses and Nancy (Phillips) Adams. He was born at Ellsworth, Maine, September 13, I831, and at the age of eight years began to care for himself, with such varied experiences as commonly fall to the lot of energetic boys when thrown upon their own resources. When he was nineteen he came to Michigan, but returned to Maine the same year, and in 1853 went to California, where he was engaged in mining and other operations for nearly four years. In I857 he settled in Michigan and entered into partnership with N. W. Brooks in the lumber business. The firm did a large and successful business, operating mills at Detroit, Saginaw, and Jackson, until the death of Mr. Brooks in 1872. Mr. Adams then retired from the lumber business, ard has since been engaged in caring for his property, with occasional ventures in lumber, real estate, and building. He is a stockholder in the Detroit National Bank and Wayne County Savings Bank, and has been a director in the latter corporation since its organization. He has always been a Republican, and while in California voted for John C. Fremont, there being but thirty-seven Republican votes out of over seven hundred in the precinct. The only public offices he has held have been in connection with the city government. From 1873 to I876, and in I879 and 1880, he was a member of the Board of Estimates. In I868, and again in 1871 and I872, he served as a member of the Board of Aldermen, and has also served as one of the Board of Park Commissioners. His services in the Council were highly appreciated for his knowledge of municipal law, and his sound, practical judgment. As a business man, he ranks above the average; possesses a good deal of natural energy, and his self-reliance has been developed and strengthened by the experiences through which he has passed. He investigates for himself, is firm in his opinions, and yet, when convinced of an error, no one yields with readier grace. He is honorable and upright in his dealings, and of unimpeachable integrity. He was married in February, 1862, to Annie M., daughter of James Graves, of Holden, Maine, and has three daughters, Evelyn F., Annie G., and Mary L. His wife died April 3, i885, and on November I7, 1887, he married Isabella Duncan, of Detroit. JAMES A. ARMSTRONG, the eldest son of Orrin M. and Beulah (Hine) Armstrong, was born in Washington, Litchfield County, Connecticut, on November 21, I805. When a boy, he lived part of the time with his grandfather, James Armstrong, after whom he was named. He attended a common school, and soon after the death of his father, entered a store at Newburgh, on the Hudson River. There and in that vicinity he spent his time until 1832, when he came to Detroit. As a young man, he had a bright intellect, and was strictly moral and industrious, and on his arrival here, obtained a situation in the forwarding and commission house of Oliver Newberry, where he remained many years, and subsequently went into the forwarding and commission business on his own account. He afterwards formed a partnership with A. H. Sibley, and later on became junior partner in the firm of Nickles, Whitcomb & Armstrong. In 1846 he organized the forwarding house of James A. Armstrong & Company, and for many years did a large business. From 1857 to 1862 he was the General Freight Agent of the Detroit & Milwaukee Railroad Company, and at the close of his term of service the officers of the company presented him with a token of their appreciation and esteem, in the shape of a fine gold chronometer watch, bearing an appropriate inscription, and dated May 29, 1862. Soon after [12081

LANI) DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. 1209 this he closed his business in Detroit, and went to Buffalo, where, with Henry P. Bridge, of Detroit, he engaged in the business of forwarding and commission. The relation continued until I866, when he returned to Detroit, as the General Agent of the Western Insurance Company, and remained such until the Chicago fire of October, 1871, broke up the company. After this, and until his death, he held the offices of Secretary and Treasurer of the Detroit Car Loan Company, the Detroit Car Company, and of the Marshall Car Company. He was an active member of the Detroit Board of Trade, and one of its original organizers. He possessed superior business capacity, and was scrupulously honest and exact, his accounts showing that when he used the company's stationery and stamped envelopes, for personal correspondence, he charged them to himself at their full price, a little account book, in his own writing, furnishing curious evidence of his exactness in these matters. It is the uniform testimony of those who knew him most intimately, that as a business man, husband, father, and citizen, his character was without reproach, and few men in social or business circles have commanded more fully the esteem and confidence of their contemporaries, or left behind them a brighter example. He was eminently a charitable man, and showed his kindness to the poor in many practical ways, and was always ready to serve a friend, spending much time, for which he received no compensation, in looking up and locating lands in Michigan for parties desiring to purchase or settle in the State. From about 1842, until his death, he was a member of St. Paul's Episcopal Church, and was a zealous and consistent churchman. He was married in the autumn of 1839, to Augusta, daughter of Judge Solomon Sibley. She lived only until March, 1841, and on February o0, 1847, he married Mary E. Bates, daughter of Phineas P. Bates, of Canandaigua, New York, and sister of George C. Bates, of Detroit. He died March 13, 1874, leaving his widow and three children. STEPHEN BALDWIN was born July 3I, 1834, in Lincoln, England, and is the son of Thomas and Hannah (Pickering) Baldwin. Thomas Baldwin, with his family, came to New York in 1835, and went to Chautauqua Lake, where they remained until the summer of 1836, when they removed to Oakland County, Michigan, where they made their permanent home. Stephen Baldwin lived on the farm, attending the best schools of Pontiac until he was seventeen years old, and then for a short time taught school in Oakland County, and subsequently attended Cor son's Select School, at Birmingham. In I861 he entered the establishment of Messrs. Flower & Newton, dealers in agricultural implements at Pontiac, where he remained for a short time, and in the fall of the same year engaged in the produce and commission business in Pontiac, continuing therein until 1864, when his love of enterprise took him to the oil regions, and he engaged in various successful ventures until I866. Meantime, in I865, he assisted in organizing the Second National Bank of Pontiac, in which he was a large stockholder and director, continuing his connection therewith until 1869, when he withdrew. During most of this time Mr. Baldwin was also engaged in buying pine lands, in lumbering, and for a time, in the manufacture of cloth. In I870, in connection with Leander S. Butterfield, he bought the stock and interest of the Detroit Paper Company, and removed to Detroit, where he has since resided. In 1872 he dissolved his connection with the Paper Company, and in February of that year he helped to organize the wholesale dry goods house of Edson, Moore & Company, in which he has since been a special partner. It is one of the largest and most successful business houses in Michigan. In I883 he aided in organizing the wholesale millinery house of Black, Mitchell & Company, now W. H. Mitchell & Company, in which he was a special partner until July I, 1887. During all the time since 1867, he has retained his lumber business, handling large tracts of pine land, both in Michigan and in Canada, and is at present a member of the firm of Baldwin & Nelson, his partner being Ephraim Nelson, of Cheboygan, Michigan. Mr. Baldwin is also largely interested in the Mineral Land Company of the Upper Peninsula. As a business man he has few superiors. Farsighted, experienced, bold, active, and energetic. his quick perception, keen intellect, and marvelous knowledge of the detail of many branches of business, make him a safe counselor and a successful financier. He is able to generalize rapidly and to reach conclusions, which, to slower minds, might seem hasty, but his judgments are unusually sound, and in scarcely any instance has he made a failure in his investments. He believes in integrity and fair dealing as the foundation of business success, and has the reputation of having well illustrated these principles in all his business transactions. He is public-spirited as a citizen, liberal toward worthy benevolent objects, and has used his means freely in helping deserving young men to start in business. In political faith he is a Democrat, and opposed to a protective tariff; has never sought or held any elective office, but since July I, 1885, has been one of the inspectors of the Detroit House of Correction. He was married October 28, 1868, to Gertrude, daughter of Augustine Hovey, of Pontiac, Michigan.

1210 LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. EDMUND A. BRUSH, the eldest son of Elijah Brush, was born in 1802, graduated at Hamilton College, and upon his return home assumed active charge of his father's estate. He was admitted to the bar, but never practised law. Mr. Brush was early identified with the management of Detroit's municipal affairs. He was City Register in 1823, Recorder in 1832 and 1833, and in I852 was selected by the Legislature as a member of the Board of Water Commissioners, then created for the purpose of enlarging the city Water Works. His services were given to this interest for more than sixteen years, and his counsel and efforts were of great value. In all departments of city administration he was actively and zealously interested, and promoted many measures that tended to the public good, and checked, in a vigorous way, much that promised evil. He assisted in the organization of the volunteer fire department, of which body he was an active member, and was a leading spirit in the promotion of several railroad lines centering in Detroit. His large estate, however, enlisted the most of his attention, and made him one of the very wealthiest landholders that Detroit possessed. In the sale of city lots, he almost invariably made it a condition that the improvements thereon should be in thorough keeping with advanced and liberal enterprise, thus aiding 'not only himself but the city generally. The habits which Mr. Brush formed as a student, during his college days, he maintained to the end of his life. He was devoted to literature, but also found much enjoyment in the amenities of social life. His friendships were strong and deep, and in a large circle he was an honored figure. While quite set in his ways of doing things, he was anything but cold-hearted and ungenerous. He did not parade his charities, but gave very largely and wisely, and relieved many destitute families. He never took advantage of his tenants, nor enforced forfeitures against them, or deprived them of the protection of a home when misfortune prevented them from meeting their engagements. He married Eliza Cass Hunt, daughter of General John E. Hunt, and niece of General Cass. They had five children, only one of whom is living. The death of the others fell with crushing force upon the heart of Mr. Brush, and his grief was so intense, that it is believed his own death was thereby hastened. He died suddenly, July Io, 1877, at Grosse Pointe, leaving his wife and one son, Alfred E. Brush. The next nearest relative is a daughter of William G. Thompson, whose first wife was a daughter of Mr. Brush. WILLIAM N. CARPENTER, the eldest child of Nathan B. and Betsey Carpenter, was born at Cooperstown, New York, July 22, I8i6. His parents removed to Detroit in 1825, and his father, who died in I868, was at the time of his death one of the oldest and best known citizens. He was a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity and of the Mechanic Society, and occupied various positions of honor and trust connected with the city government. William N. Carpenter was educated in the public schools of Detroit, and at the age of thirteen became a clerk in the store of Franklin Moore, with whom he was afterwards associated as partner. He was also employed In the store of Elliott Gray. After acquiring a good commercial education, he began business for himself, opening a dry good store on the south side of Jefferson Avenue, between Bates Street and Woodward Avenue. His business venture was soon rewarded with a substantial success, and in 1834, having accumulated a considerable fortune, he retired from mercantile life. His naturally active temperament, however, demanded employment, and he soon found congenial fields for his business energiesin other enterprises. With ex-Governor Bagley, he became interested in the manufacture of tobacco, and during the earlier history of the extensive tobacco factory of J. J. Bagley & Company, he did much to establish the business on a prosperous basis. He also became a large stockholder in the Peninsular Stove Company, was for several years vice-president, and by his assistance in the management of its affairs, contributed greatly to the success of the corporation. For many years also he was a director of the P'eople's Savings Bank. In connection with ex-Governor Henry H. Crapo, he engaged extensively in the lumber business, and owned large tracts of pine land in the town of Vassar, Michigan. He was also a stockholder and officer in the Eureka Iron Company and held considerable real estate in Detroit. In I879 he erected the large store on the southwest corner of Woodward and Jefferson Avenues. In his varied business projects he evinced excellent business judgment, and his keen business foresight, added to strict integrity, made him a wise counselor and one whose advice was often sought. He is, however, best remembered because of the possession of the qualities which characterize a good and useful member of society. He was a man of large benevolence, and a judicious friend to the really needy. He believed in organized charities, and as a member of the executive board of Associated Charities, was ever ready by personal labor and pecuniary contributions, to further that organization. His benevolence was free from ostentation, He had faith in the practical usefulness of

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LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. 121 1 the church, and supported it with his fortune, personal labor, and by the example of a life of singular purity and faithful devotion to duty. Early in life he united with St. Paul's Episcopal Church, and at the time of his death his membership in the church antedated that of any other person in the diocese. In 1845 he became one of the founders of Christ Church, and remained continuously a member of the vestry, and for twenty-nine years served as warden. The highest offices it was possible for the church to confer upon a layman, were frequently bestowed upon him. He served as trustee of the diocese, deputy to the' general convention, and member of the standing committee of the diocese. The direction made in his will that $25,000 of his estate be appropriated to the building of a free chapel or church, was in accordance with a long cherished purpose, and the carrying out of the project will furnish a most fitting monument to his memory. During the latter years of his life, Mr. Carpenter devoted much time to travel, both in his own and foreign countries. He was deeply interested in the development of the commercial interests of the Southern States, and was pecuniarily interested in the reclamation of portions of the Everglades of Florida, in furthering orange culture, and in promoting the extension of railroads in that State. The only political office he held was that of member of the Board of Estimates. He was married in 1845 to Amanda Gibbs, daughter of William Gibbs. of Skaneateles, New York. They had five children, two of whom died in infancy. The names of those living are: Rev. Samuel B. Carpenter, archdeacon of the Episcopal Church of south Florida; Edith, wife of Rev. S. H. Gurteen, of New York, and Clarence Carpenter, treasurer of the Peninsular Stove Company of Detroit. Mr. Carpenter's death on November io, 1885, was the result of an accident, which shocked the entire community. While driving, his horse becoming frightened, ran away, and he was thrown from the carriage, and sustained injuries from the effects of which he soon died. His sudden and tragic death, while in the possession of good health and with apparently years of usefulness before him, caused universal sorrow among a host of friends. Expressions of sorrow came from many portions of the State, and warm tributes of respect were paid to his memory by the various business corporations, religious and charitable organizations with which he was identified. JOHN PERSON CLARK was born on the Hudson River at a small town a few miles below Catskill, on April io, I808, and was the son of John and Sarah (Person) Clark. His parents, in I812, moved to Black Rock, near Buffalo, where his father was carrying on the grocery business, at the time the British crossed the river and burned the city of Buffalo. His father, with a few neighbors, procured a small cannon, and from a bluff back of the town, fired on the troops as they were crossing the river. Before the war had closed, the family moved to Cleveland, Ohio, and the elder Mr. Clark engaged in keeping a hotel. He was a member of the Masonic order, and the lodge met in one of the rooms on the second floor of the hotel, and in order to drown the voices, so that what was said could not be understood by the uninitiated, they rolled a large cannon-ball over the floor during their meetings. In I818 the family moved to what is now known as Wyandotte, and attempted farming, but after a three years' struggle, gave it up, and bought timbered land three miles back from the river, and there three of the brothers cleared up a farm. John P. Clark, at this time, was only thirteen years old, but learned to build a comfortable log house, without nails or boards. He worked out by the day or month, and, at the age of sixteen, could do as much work as a man. While yet a boy, he concluded that it was not necessary to be as extremely poor as many were with whom he was acquainted, and therefore he eagerly improved every opportunity for employment, and when not engaged at farming, went to Ohio, and worked upon one of the canals at $I3 per month and his board. It was then customary to furnish whiskey to the men three or four times a day, and Mr. Clark partook with the others. The taste of the liquor was at first very unpleasant. He soon found, however, it was becoming palatable, and therefore decided to leave it entirely alone, and holding to his resolution, he came back to Michigan, richer in both experience and money. The only schooling he was able to obtain was in the winter, when he was not employed on the farm. In 1825 his father died, and left five small children. The older sons, however, kept the farm, and ran it for the support of the children. The year after his father's death, Mr. Clark bought a part interest in a fishing company, and continued to have investments in that business until his death. His first shipments were made to various places in Ohio, where he had attended school. The lack of facilities for traveling in those days, and Mr. Clark's energy, is illustrated in the fact that, in I828, he started from Mount Vernon, Ohio, and traveled through the Black Swamp to Perrysburg, on the Maumee River, on foot. At the latter place he met some acquaintances that he had known in Cleveland, and with them formed a company to fish on the Maumee River, with a seine, which he

I212 LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. had made the winter previous. The Maumee River was a noted spawning ground, and there were great numbers of fish in that locality. Upon one occasion, Mr. Clark went to a small island up the river, and in three nights speared twenty-one barrels of fish. The following year he went into the fishing business on his own account, hired a number of men, and continued in the business of fishing for twelve seasons. While he was fishing he worked two crews, one at night and one during the day, and seldom slept more than twenty minutes at a time. On one occasion he and his men put up one hundred barrels in a day, Mr. Clark himself doing all the coopering. In the spring of 1832 he bought some timber land, and supplied wood for the fish trade along the canal, and during the year built a a barge. The next year, with his own barge, he busied himself with towing on the canal. In 1836 he went on an exploring tour to Lake Michigan, traversing the distance from Green Bay to Milwaukee many times, and nearly always on foot. The Indians in that region showed him where they and their fathers before them caught fish in the fall and winter. They usually smoked and dried the fish which they caught, and then put them into sacks and carried them to their wigwams. They also sliced and dried their potatoes for winter use. Profiting by the knowledge he had gained, Mr. Clark, the next year, returned to Lake Michigan, and engaged actively in fishing, and in the spring of 1838 he employed fifty men, and went into the business on quite an extensive scale. At this time his brother George and Mr. Shadrack Gillett were associated with him. In the same year he purchased a vessel, and has owned one or more ever since. From being a vessel owner he naturally drifted into the business of repairing vessels, and in 1850 he relinquished part of his fishing business, came to Detroit, and built a dry dock, erected a saw-mill, and built and repaired vessels. lie also raised sunken vessels. For some years past the shipyard has been leased to other parties, and a number of the largest vessels on the lakes have been built in his yard. Up to the time of his death, he was engaged to some extent in fishing, and had ponds or pools along the river where his fish were stored, and occupied one fishing ground that he located fifty-six years ago. He employed between forty and fifty men, and, in addition to his other business, cultivated five extensive farms. He was one of the oldest residents in this locality, and was in every sense the architect of his own fortune. By his perseverance and his constant personal supervision of his business, he accumulated a handsome property. Like almost all men who achieve success in any sphere of life, he doubtless made some enemies, but he also made warm and strong friends. Mr. Clark was married to Susan E. Booth, on February 20, 1838. She was born in England, on June I, 1815, and died on May I8, I860. Their children were Avis S., Alice E., Alvin S., Florence M., Arthur J., Walter B., Norman S. On February 19, 1863, Mr. Clark married Eliza W. Whiting. She was born in Amherst, Vermont. She died January 14, I883. Mr. Clark died on September 3, I888. DARIUS COLE was born in Wales, Erie County, New York, October II, I818. His parents, Benjamin and Ruth Cole, removed from Rhode Island to Erie County just before the War of I812, and settled on a new farm. They had four children, Melissa, Phoebe, Benjamin, and Darius, who is the youngest and the only surviving member of the family. His father died when he was six weeks old, and his mother, with the assistance of hired help, cleared the farm, and supported the family until her death, in 1824. After herdeath, Darius, who was then six years old, went to live with his grandfather on an adjoining farm, and remained there until he was sixteen. Although his health was quite poor, he worked and saved a small sum of money, with which he came to Detroit in September, 1835, and for a year he worked on a farm in Macomb County. In the fall of 1836 he went with his uncle, Judge William A. Burt, on a surveying expedition west of the Mississippi River, to what was then known as the Black Hawk purchase, in Iowa Territory. IHe was there about eighteen months, and then returned to Detroit, and went with Mr. Burt to survey the tract of country lying between Cheboygan and Manistee, on the Straits of Mackinac. For the six months which intervened between these expeditions, he kept a grocery on the site of the old Board of Trade Building, at the corner of Shelby and Woodbridge Streets, which he abandoned on account of failing health. In the fall of 1839 he made another venture in the mercantile business at Lexington, Michigan, and continued there with fair success until I850. In that year he became interested in the steamboat business, with which he has ever since been identified. He first bought the James Walcott (afterwards rebuilt and called the Scott), and put her on the Saginaw River. She was the first steamboat that plied between what is now Bay City and Saginaw. In 1855 he bought the steamer Columbia, started the first line between Detroit and Saginaw, and extended it to Cheboygan and points along the lake shore. His enterprise had much to do in settling that part of the country, and the early settlers of that region, and their goods and provisions, were principally conveyed by his line of boats. In 1852, Captain Ward put on the Huron, the initial boat of his line,

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LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. 1213 and soon after added the Forest Queen. Determined not to be outdone, Captain Cole, in the winter of 1856, purchased the Northerner, the finest boat that had yet appeared on the lakes, and put her on his line in the spring. While making her first trip on Lake Huron, with a heavy cargo and some two hundred persons, including passengers and crew, on board, she was run into and sunk by Captain Ward's steamer, the Forest Queen, the vessel and cargo being a total loss, and the second engineer drowned. The passengers and crew were saved. 'Ihe next year Captain Cole fitted up the Columbia, which had been laid aside, and ran her over the route until I861, when she was replaced by the steamer Huron, which continued to run until the consolidation of the river and lake shore lines. In 1874 the company was dissolved, and since then Captain Cole has continued the Saginaw and Alpena, or lake shore line, the boats at present being the iron propeller Arundel and the Metropolis. In 1885 the Darius Cole was built by the Globe Iron Shipbuilding Company of Cleveland, Ohio, for and under the supervision of Captain Cole, being finished and fitted out by him in Detroit, in the spring of i886, at a cost of $ 10,oco. This steamer is two hundred and thirteen feet in length over all, her hull is thirty-two feet beam, depth of hold ten feet, and breadth of beam over guards, sixty feet. Her hull is built of iron and steel, having five water-tight compartments or bulkheads, with iron decks, which renders her perfectly safe in case of collision. Her boilers and machinery are completely incased in iron, making her absolutely fire-proof. She was placed on the route between Port Huron and Detroit in I886. Captain Cole is one of the enterprising, selfmade, successful business men of Detroit, and has become one of the best known men on the lakes. He has made hosts of friends and is deservedly popular. He is unostentatious in his manner, and at all times courteous and agreeable. He has won his own way from boyhood, and has earned the right to enjoy the fruits of his success. He possesses good business talents, his integrity is unquestioned, and he has a warm and kindly sympathy for those less fortunate than himself. Originally he belonged to the Whig party, but has been a Republican since the latter party was organized. He was married at Lexington, Michigan, in April, i841, to Ann Wilcox. They had four children, none of whom are now living. His wife and two of the children died in 1848. Benjamin, one of the sons, lived to be nineteen years old, and died suddenly on board the steamboat, at Bay City, in I86I. The daughters were Ruth, Ann, and Cordelia. In I849 he married Hannah Lentz, of Lexington. By this marriage there is one son, Frank Cole, of West Bay City. EBER W. COTTRELL was born February 17, I841, in the township of Cottrellville, St. Clair County, Michigan. In 1753, his great grandfather, Henry Hoofer, while residing in Schenectady County, New York, when only seven years old was captured by the Indians, together with an elder sister. The Indians tomahawked and scalped the rest of the family, five in number, one an infant in its cradle. No tidings were ever heard of the sister, but, three years later, Henry's captors took him to Montreal, where he was ransomed, adopted and educated by an English army officer, named Cottrell, which name was assumed by young Hoofer. In 1774, when he became of age, he went to his native place in search of his family, but soon returned to Montreal, his quest having been in vain. He came to Detroit in I779, traded with the Indians along the river to the north, and married a French lady of Detroit, in 1781. They had nine children, of whom the eldest, George, lived and died on the banks of the St. Clair river, and was the father of thirteen children, the eldest of whom, George H. Cottrell, was a very popular and wellknown pioneer lake captain, more particularly identified with the Detroit, St. Clair River, and Saginaw commerce and travel. He was married to Submit Ward, daughter of the Hon. Zael Ward, at Buffalo, N. Y., on board the schooner Harrison, in May, 1838. They had five children. Eber W. Cottrell, the eldest of the children, was educated at Newport (now Marine City) Academy, and at an early age commenced a maritime life upon the great lakes, where he became proficient in all branches of that pursuit. He also made several sea voyages and spent some time upon the Mississippi and other southern rivers. His career as a sailor was marked by many thrilling and interesting incidents.- In 1868 he married Miss Nellie Smith, and removed to Greenfield, Wayne County, Mich. Entering upon agricultural pursuits, he became interested in and successfully managed one of the finest stock-farms in the State. He also engaged in the growing of small fruits, owning a fine vineyard and fruit farm within two miles of Detroit. He is a prominent member of the State Horticultural Society, and has written extensively upon agricultural topics for the press. In I866-67 he made a tour to the West Indies, visiting all the islands, and spending six months at Jamaica. While there he wrote a series of letters upon those islands for the Detroit Tribune. His articles were marked by a clear, forcible style, and were of high literary merit. Having decided

LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. I214 predilections for political life, he early entered politics, and his strong character and rare powers of organization soon raised him to the leadership of the agricultural element of the Republican party in Wayne County. He has filled the offices of Justice of the Peace, Supervisor, and Superintendent of Schools for the Township of Greenfield, and was a member of the Republican State Central Committee for two terms. He was also nominated by President Grant, and confirmed by the Senate, as Receiver of Public Moneys for the Detroit District of the U. S. Land Office, but declined the position. In 1879 he was elected Representative to the State Legislature from the Third District of Wayne County, and so well did he fulfill the duties of his office, that on his return home at the close of the session he was tendered a public reception, and was presented with an elegant gold watch and chain by his constituents, " for faithful and efficient services in the Legislature." At the end of his term he was re-elected byan increased majority. While a member of the Legislature he introduced and secured the passage of the bill that secured to Detroit what will eventually prove one of its most attractive features: the grand Boulevard that girdles the city, and which will remain a monument to his efforts and memory as long as Detroit shall exist. In the Legislature he served as chairman of the Agricultural College and Prison Committees, was a prominent member of the Railroad Committee, and took a leading part in all matters of legislation. Mr. Cottrell was a trusted friend of the late Senator Zach Chandler during the latter part of his life, and was also a friend and adviser of Ex-Gov. H. P. Baldwin during his political career. While in the Legislature of I879, a warm and lasting friendship grew up between him and Thomas W. Palmer, then State Senator, and later United States Senator, and United States Minister to Spain, and the most confidential relations have ever since existed between them. Mr. Cottrell was an active leader in Mr. Palmer's contest for the gubernatorial nomination in I882, and after the defeat of United States Senator T. W. Ferry, he bent his energies towards securing Mr. Palmer's election to the United States Senate. After this achievement had been accomplished, he accompanied Senator and Mrs. Palmer upon an extended tour through Europe. During this trip they selected many of the fine and valuable Percheron horses and Jersey cattle that have since formed the chief attractions of the celebrated Log Cabin Stock Farm, which farm was made beautiful and attractive largely under the supervision of Mr. Cottrell. In I887 he again visited Europe, extending his travels to Africa and Asia, through Syria, Palestine, and far into the Arabian desert, bringing with him on his return home some valuable animals for the stock farm. In 188i, when the northern part of the Lower Peninsula was desolated by forest fires, over two millions of dollars were contributed to relieve the homeless and destitute people, and the Michigan Fire Relief Commission, one of the most stupendous relief associations ever organized in this country up to that time, was constituted to take charge of the distribution of this fund, with Governor Jerome as chairman. Upon Mr. Cottrell, who was the general manager and confidential agent of the commission, devolved the active work of distributing aid, and under his careful direction three thousand families were succored and relieved from distress. He received much credit for the prompt and efficient manner in which he conducted the work of the Commission, and his efforts did not receive an adverse criticism from a single paper of the State, a fact eloquent with praise and commendation. In the winter of I888-89 Mr. Cottrell conceived the idea of a permanent exposition for Detroit, and, in connection with a mutual friend, organized and carried out to a successful issue a venture that has conferred incalculable benefits upon Detroit, dispelled the idea of slowness that had been associated with her name, and demonstrated that she possessed the enterprise and energy of a metropolitan city. Upon Mr. Cottrell fell the vast mass of detail incident to such a great undertaking, the laying out of grounds, the supervision of plans, the arrangement of buildings, machinery, approaches, docks, etc. The able manner in which he carried out the work was testified to by Senator McMillan, President of the Association, who, in his address at the opening of the Exposition, paid the following tribute to Mr. Cottrell: " In all such enterprises there must be one man to take the lead, and that man was Eber W. Cottrell, who, believing that the time had arrived for Detroit to have a permanent exposition, induced others to join him, and to his untiring energy and large experience we are largely indebted not only for the Exposition itself, but for the admirable arrangements both of the grounds and buildings." Of the same tenor, and equally commendatory, were the comments of the press and citizens. At the close of the Exposition Mr. Cottrell resigned his position as Secretary to accept the office of Land Commissioner for the Detroit, Mackinaw and Marquette Railroad, which position he still holds. Mr. Cottrell has two children living, namely, Willie, now thirteen years old, and Irene, who is three years old. Mr. Cottrell is a member of the Detroit Club, the Michigan Club, the Detroit Commandery of the Knights Templar and other organizations.

LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. 1215 Perhaps the most prominent trait of Mr. Cottrell's character is his great energy. Once embarked in an enterprise, he never rests until it is accomplished. As a farmer and stock-raiser he was considered an expert on fruit culture, bee-raising, sheep, horse and swine breeding, and in the horse-marts of Europe his judgment was recognized as of the highest order. As a politician he took the lead in many campaigns, and was the trusted adviser of some of the most prominent of the Republican leaders. As a business man and manager, he demonstrated his ability by the successful manner in which he has carried out everything with which he has been connected. Possessing a mind extremely versatile in its range, and comprehensive in its grasp of details, together with an active judgment, quick resolution, and energetic nature, he is eminently qualified to carry out large enterprises, and to fill any position requiring executive ability. His approachable disposition, together with his readiness to give a helping hand, has won for him a large number of friends, and under a brusque exterior beats a heart that quickly responds to every cause deserving of support and recognition. ALFRED A. DWIGHT is one of the prominent men whose lives have been spent mostly in Detroit, and whose resolute energy, persevering effort, and Christian integrity have not only brought to themselves deserved success in business and honorable reputation among their fellow-men, but have also tended, in a high degree, to the growth and prosperity of the city. He was born in the township of Thoffpson, Windham County, Connecticut, March 27, 1815, and comes from early New England ancestry, being the lineal descendant of John Dwight, who emigrated from England in 1636, and settled in Dedham, Massachusetts. He is one of the three children of William and Lucia (Dresser) Dwight. His father was a merchant and a manufacturer of cotton goods during the most of his business life. The son received his early education in the common schools of New England, and at the age of fourteen years, became a clerk in a large mercantile firm in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, where he remained for the next six years, engaged in laying those foundations and acquiring that knowledge of business and of the principles upon which it should be conducted, which should fit him for future usefulness and success in life. While thus employed, his father, in 1831, migrated to Detroit, where he died shortly after. His death made it necessary that Alfred A., then just on the verge of manhood, should come here to care for the interests of his widowed mother and the other surviving members of the family. He therefore left his employers in -Massachusetts, and arrived in Detroit, October 30, 1833, on the steamer Henry Clay, after a stormy passage from Buffalo, lasting a whole week. From that day Mr. Dwight has been a resident of this city, but in 1837 returned to his former residence in Sturbridge, Massachusetts, and was there united in marriage to Frances M. Wheelock, the daughter of his former employer. Mr. Dwight was not to find his future work as a business man confined to the routine of the mercantile life in which he had hitherto been trained: a larger field of action was to open before him, well adapted to his energy of character, administrative ability, and sterling integrity, which were to bring the confidence of others willing to entrust him with the care and management of their pecuniary interests. Detroit was even at that time an old city, for it had been settled for one hundred and thirty-two years. It contained, however, only about three thousand inhabitants, and was without water-works, sidewalks, and sewers. It was almost on the western border of civilization, beyond which there was but a very small white population, very sparsely spread over Michigan Territory. Most of the lower peninsula was then an unbroken forest, containing a vast amount of the choicest timber of every variety incident to this latitude, and constituting the material from which a large amount of wealth was to be reaped when the demand for timber should be increased, its price enhanced, and the facilities for conveying it to market largely multiplied and extended. The era of railroads had then scarcely dawned, and the number of steam and sail vessels on our great lakes was quite small, because a large demand for them as bearers of inland commerce had not yet arisen. Within three years after Mr. Dwight's first arrival, the population of the city and territory had so increased that Michigan was admitted into the Union, and during the succeeding half century she has progressed with such gigantic strides as to become the seventh in population among the States of the Union. During the same period Detroit has become the metropolis of the State, and contains now a population of not far from two hundred thousand. In this marvelous development Mr. Dwight has acted an important part. He purchased, at an early day, for himself and associates, large tracts of pine and other timbered land in several of our northern countiesS built saw-mills, and manufactured and sold quantities of lumber, from the avails of which large profits have been honorably acquired. In his operations during almost forty years as the active manager of his firm, he has employed and personally directed the labor of a large number of men, and induced many of the most intelligent

I2I6 LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. among them, with their-families, to become pioneer settlers in the wilderness which he was engaged in opening. Mr. Dwight has been eminently a man of affairs, and his efforts have brought to himself and his associates in business a good degree of pecuniary success; he has also aided largely in the growth and prosperity of the northern counties of the State, by the assistance which he has rendered in settling and organizing townships, draining and reclaiming low and wet lands, constructing State drains, roads, bridges, school-houses, and churches, and making the "wilderness blossom as the rose." In all this progress he has been a constant guide and helper, and his usefulness therein is widely known and cheerfully acknowledged. One township in Huron bears his name, and he well merits the honor and respect which is gratefully accorded to him in Northern Michigan, where the most of his life work has been done. In his home and social life in Detroit he has ever been esteemed as a man wise in counsel, genial and winning in manners, sympathizing with the unfortunate, and has always aided, according to his ability, in carrying on every good work. Early in life he became a member of a Christian Church, and has been connected with the Jefferson Avenue Presbyterian Church in Detroit since its formation, and one of its ruling elders since the year 867, ever respected and loved by all connected therewith. Mr. Dwight has been twice married. His first wife passed away within two years after his marriage, leaving him one daughter, Frances Matilda, now Mrs. C. A. Moross of Chattanooga, Tennessee. In 1843 he married Laura A. Morse of Mount Vernon, Maine, a lady of rare cultivation and refinement, a true wife and mother, whose virtues are best known to those who have had intimate acquaintance with her. They have had two children, Charlotte Eugenia, now deceased, who married Joseph H. Berry of Detroit, and William M. Dwight. Mr. Dwight still survives, after having more than filled up the measure of threescore and ten years commonly allotted to man. He is a worthy example of the typical American man of business, and of the courteous, Christian gentleman. Such men are the pillars which sustain and support our national institutions. ERALSY FERGUSON was born January I4, 1820, in Radfield, Oneida County, New York. When he was quite young he with his parents removed to Canada. In 1826 they went to Monroe, Michigan, and after about a year to Detroit. Here for several years his father kept a small hotel on Woodward Avenue near the river, and Mr. Ferguson well remembers the various vessels then frequenting this port. In I829 his father removed to Oakland County, and settled on a farm. After remaining on the farm for two years, Mr. Ferguson returned to Detroit, and worked on the farm of Judge James Witherell until about the year 1838. During the winter months of this period, he attended school at the old Detroit Academy. Upon leaving Mr. Witherell's employ he received eighty acres of wild land in St. Clair County, and in the winter of I839 commenced clearing it up; but, after two months of hard labor, he abandoned the idea of becoming a farmer, returned to Detroit, engaged in teaming, and in the following winter made three journeys with a team to Chicago, conveying passengers and freight saved from a Chicago bound steamboat, which was partly wrecked late in the season on Lake Huron. Each of these journeys took from nineteen to twenty-six days. In September, I844, Mr. Ferguson entered the employ of the Michigan Central Railroad, serving successively as night watchman, baggageman, freight conductor, and passenger conductor. He had charge of the first passenger train which ran into Chicago over the Michigan Central Railroad. He subsequently became depot and train master at Detroit, resigning the latter position in January, 1875, after over thirty years' continuous connection with the road. About three years previous to his resignation, at the request of James F. Joy, President of the Michigan Central Railroad, he engaged in the transfer, receipt, and delivery of city freight, by means of trucks built especially for that purpose. The business increased to such an extent that he was compelled to retire from the employment of the railroad company, and since that time he has continued in this line of business, and was also for a few years subsequent to 1877, one of the proprietors of the Cass Hotel. In his political sympathies Mr. Ferguson was at first a Whig and is now a Republican, but has never been an office seeker or held a political office of any kind. In 1837 he was commissioned by Governor Mason as First Lieutenant of a militia company, and during the "Patriot War" in the following winter and spring, his company was called into the service of the general government, to guard the Canadian frontier and protect the United States arsenal at Dearborn from a possible raid of the "Patriots." By a wise management of his financial affairs, he has acquired a competency, and is esteemed as an upright and useful citizen. IHe was married January 20, 1842, at Detroit to Miss Nancy Canfield, daughter of Lemon Canfield of Redford, Michigan. They have five children, all

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LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. 21 7 living: Martha E., wife of Wallis Goodwin of Detroit; Julia C., wife of E. W. Cobb of Adrian, Michigan; Frances L., wife of Rev. Harry S. Jenkinson of Detroit; Josephine E. and John G. Ferguson. MOSES WHEELOCK FIELD was born at Watertown, in the State of New York, on February 10, 1828, and is the second son of William and Rebecca (Wheelock) Field. He was educated in the public school and at Victory Academy, where he graduated. In i844 he came to Detroit and engaged in the large mercantile house of F. Moore & Co. In 1832 Mr. Field formed a partnership with John Stephens, under the firm name of Stephens & Field, and they opened a wholesale chandlery and grocery business on the northwest corner of Woodward Avenue and Atwater Street. After the termination of this copartnership, Mr Field conducted the business alone until about I880, when he retired from mercantile pursuits. He was always interested in public affairs. In early life he was a Whig, but afterwards supported the Free Soil movement, and in I860 voted for Abraham Lincoln. In 1872 Mr. Field was elected to Congress. In I883 he was appointed by Governor Begole as a trustee of the Eastern Asylum for the Insane, for the term of six years, and in April, 1885, was elected one of the Regents of the University of Michigan, for the term of eight years. He was especially active in organizing the Michigan State Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals in I865, and was its first president.. To his efforts are largely due the passage of most of the State laws of Michigan relating to humane treatment of animals. He was married on February 2, 1858, to Mary Kercheval, daughter of the late Benjamin B. Kercheval, one of the pioneers of Michigan. He died March 14, 1889. GEORGE SMITH FROST was born June 14, I824, at Marcellus. in the State of New York. His ancestors were among the early emigrants from Great Britain, and several of them were engaged in the War of the Revolution. His grandfather, Josiah Frost, was born at Williamsburgh, Massachusetts, in I763. His father, Josiah Frost, Jr., was born in Williamsburgh, January 28, 1791, and had eleven sisters and brothers. He was married May 20, 1814, to Hannah M. (Smith) Frost, who was one of the thirteen children of Ithamar Smith of East Hartford, Connecticut, and was born June I7, I794. Josiah Frost, Jr., left Massachusetts with his father in 1803, and settled in Marcellus. He was a farmer by occupation. The family included seven children, five boys and two girls, five of whom, including George S. Frost, are still living. Josiah Frost, Jr., died in Camillus, New York, July 31, 1828, and within seven years after his death the family removed to Pontiac, Michigan, where one of the children had preceded them, and there, in May, 1851, the mother died. George S. Frost attended the district school and academy of his native place, and after his arrival in Pontiac, he attended, for a short time, the branch of the University, then located at that place. By the time he was fourteen years old, however, it seemed desirable that he secure employment, and in 1838 he entered the hardware store of Horace Thurber, at Pontiac, and a year later was clerking for his brother, at Troy, and from there, in 1839, came to Detroit, and became a clerk in the store of Lyon & Phelps. Several changes took place in the firm, but Mr. Frost remained for six years, and proved so competent a salesman that his services were frequently sought by others. Meantime, as early as I842, he became a member of the First Presbyterian Church, and happened to occupy a seat near the one almost invariably occupied by General Cass, who, for some reason, seemed to feel kindly disposed towards him, and proffered his friendship; and when Mr. Frost, in 1845, gave up his situation in the store of Hiram Lyon, General Cass immediately engaged him to assist him in his office work. The same year, in the fall, the office of Surveyor-General, northwest of the Ohio, was removed from Cincinnati to Detroit, Lucius Lyon, being appointed Surveyor-General. General Cass immediately procured Mr. Frost's appointment as recording clerk in the office, and the next year he was appointed assistant'draughtsman, and afterwards principal draughtsman, and just before the term of Mr. Lyon expired, he was made chief clerk. Meantime, the important mineral region of the Upper Peninsula was surveyed, and Mr. Frost, as principal draughtsman, constructed a large proportion of the maps of that region from the field notes of the surveyors, and was sent to Washington with the maps. Through the influence of General Cass, then serving as Senator, he was kept in Washington during the Presidential term of James K. Polk, and was engaged in several of the departments of the General Land Office, and also acted as private secretary to General Cass. He became, by invitation, a member of the household of General Cass, and continued as such until his marriage, in I852, gave him a home of his own. Up to the day of his death, General Cass manifested the strongest affection for Mr. Frost; hardly a day passed without his calling him to his side. and he was almost constantly with him during his illness. The intimate relation which Mr. Frost sustained to the General, brought him, while at Washington, into close pc:

12 8 LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. sonal contact and acquaintance with all the leading statesmen of that period. Mr. Frost's familiarity with land matters, especially in Michigan, secured him the appointment, in I852, of Land Commissioner of the Saint Mary's Falls Ship Canal Company, and he personally superintended the selection of the seven hundred and fifty thousand acres of land to which that company were entitled for building the canal, and retained his position until the company, in I864, closed up its affairs by disposing of the unsold land at auction. With the added experience gained in the management of the hundreds of thousands of acres of lands owned by the canal company, Mr. Frost naturally continued in the business of buying and selling pine lands. His business has been solely on commission, and he has probably negotiated the sale of more lands than any other person in Michigan, many millions of acres having been transferred through his agency. His time, however, has not been given solely to business. In I858 and 1859 he served as President of the Young Men's Christian Union; in I862 and I863, as Alderman of the First Ward; from I869 to 1871, as one of the Commissioners on the Plan of the City; later, as one of the trustees of the Detroit Medical College; and for a quarter of a century or more he has served as an elder, and during part of the time as trustee of the First Presbyterian Church. He possesses a warm and kindly heart, and is eminently social in his nature. His willingness to serve and give always keeps pace with his ability, and if he had been less generous, it would doubtless have been to his advantage. In business matters, he is cautious and methodical. He married Ellen E. Noble, daughter of Charles Noble, on October 12, 1852. They have four children living, Rev: Charles Noble Frost, now at West Bay City; Caroline Noble Frost of Detroit; Rev. George Canfield Frost, at Three Rivers; and Conway Alonzo Frost, now in the Medical Department of the University at Ann Arbor. J. HUFF JONES was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and is the son of Thomas J. Jones, one of the first settlers of St. Joseph County, whose ancestors at an early date lived in Albany, New York. Mr. Jones accompanied his parents to Michigan in 1831, moved to Detroit in the spring of 1846, and lived with and assisted his uncle, De Garmo Jones, in the management of various business enterprises until his death in November, I846. Since that time he has been engaged in business connected with the settlement of his uncle's affairs, and has also been the legal guardian of several other estates, involving the care and custody of:* large fortunes, and in the performance of these crusts he has shown the best of judgment and business method, and exceptional faithfulness. He is a member of the Detroit Felting Company, VicePresident of the Detroit Motor Company, and one of the trustees of Elmwood Cemetery. In politics he was formerly a Whig, but since the formation of the Republican party has been steadfast in his allegiance to that organization, though he has never been active in party management nor held political position. Since 1860 he has been a trustee of the Fort Street Presbyterian Church and active in promoting its financial interests. As a member of the Association of Charities and of various philanthropic societies, he has ever been an important factor, but always in a modest, though none the less helpful manner. He is a bachelor, but enjoys society, has an extended social acquaintance, and is a pleasant and agreeable companion, genial, of refined and courteous manner, and well and worthily represents one of the oldest and most highly esteemed families. EDWARD LYON, for nearly a half century one of the best known hotel proprietors in Michigan, was born in the town of Shelburne, near the city of Burlington, Vermont, June 12, 1805, and was the son of Timothy and Mary (Hawley) Lyon. His parents emigrated to the town of Shelburne as early as I795. Edward Lyon was educated in the district schools of his native town, and when but a youth began to gain his own livelihood. Nearly ten years of his early manhood were spent in steamboating on Lake Champlain, on the steam packet Franklin, commanded by Captain R. W. Sherman, which plied between Whitehall, New York, and St. Johns, Canada. By fidelity to his duties, Mr. Lyon gained the confidence of his employers, and was frequently put in charge of the boat during the absence of the commander. While acting in this capacity, he transported thousands of people from St. Johns, who were fleeing from that place to escape the ravages of the cholera, which broke out there on its first appearance in America. Moved with a desire to benefit himself, Mr. Lyon, in 1833, abandoned navigation, and settled at Cleveland, Ohio, where he leased and kept the Franklin House, at that time the best hotel in the city. In the spring of 1836 he sold his interest in the hotel, to Benjamin Harrington, and moved to Detroit. He remained here, however, only a few months. and then removed to Ionia County, where he engaged in merchandizing and the purchase and sale of real estate, with considerable success. He founded the town of Lyons, on the present Detroit & Milwaukee Railway, and thus left a

LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MAN UFACTURERS, ETC. 1219 permanent memorial of his stay in that portion of the State. In 1840 he returned to Detroit, and bought the National Hotel, then standing on the present site of the Russell House. He conducted the hotel successfully for six years, and then sold out, and purchased an interest in the Michigan Exchange, and by his admirable management of this house, for a period of nearly forty years, became well known throughout the country. Several additions were made to the dimensions of the hotel during his ownership, by which its capacity was increased three times its original size. He not only made the hotel popular and widely known, but so ably did he manage it, that he amassed a considerable fortune. In I88[ he retired from active business, and sought the repose which many years of continuous and arduous toil had justly earned, at his residence at Grosse Isle, where for many years he had spent the summer months. Having made considerable investments in Florida, he built himself a winter home in Crescent City, where he spent several months of each year. He loved to recall the fact that he was an eye-witness of the great naval battle on Lake Champlain, during the War of 1812, heard the report of the first gun fired upon that occasion, and, although he was but seven years old, many of the incidents of that memorable engagement were indelibly impressed upon his mind. He acted with the Democratic party, but held no political position, except that of Alderman from the Fourth Ward of Detroit, in I853 and I854. For over half a century he was a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, in which he took great interest. He was for many years the Senior Warden of St. Paul's Church, and a Trustee of St. Luke's Hospital, Church Home, and Orphanage. At the time of his retirement from the hotel business, he was probably the oldest hotel keeper in the State, and without doubt the best known. He was peculiarly adapted by nature for his business, possessing urbanity of manner, energy, and the tact so essential to the highest success. He was kind-hearted and generous, and his donations to charitable and benevolent objects were freely and liberally bestowed. His integrity and business honor were beyond question, and he enjoyed the unlimited confidence of his business associates. He died while at his winter home in Florida, on February 29, 1884. CHARLES MERRILL was born in Falmouth, Maine, January 3, I792, and was the seventh of the eight children of General James Merrill, who was one of the principal citizens of Falmouth. Mr. Merrill spent his earlier years upon his father's farm, and obtained a good English education by attending the common school during the winter. When he became of age he went to the city of Portland, which was only six miles from his home, and in partnership with his brother and a Mr. Scott engaged in mercantile business, under the firm name of S. & C. Merrill & Company. The venture proved unsuccessful, and heavy debts were incurred. The firm being dissolved, Mr. Charles Merrill removed to Virginia, where he took a sub-contract on a railroad leading from Petersburg, which was then in progress of construction. In this new field he was successful, and made money enough to discharge the obligations he had incurred in the business at Portland. Returning there, he took a contract for building a military road from Lincoln to Holton, in Maine. The building of this road, and the acquaintance it gave him with lands and localities, caused him to become a large investor in lands, and from 1835 to I840 he formed one of a company that invested and speculated largely in real estate in various parts of Maine. They subsequently pushed their enterprises to Michigan, and in 1836, he, with ex-Governor Coburn, made large investments in this then new field. Their purchases were located on the Black River, in St. Clair County. When the panic of 1837 came, his Maine partners proposed to withdraw from the joint ownership of lands in that State, on condition that he would assume and pay all the indebtedness upon them. Mr. Merrill accepted and fulfilled these conditions, and became sole owner of large tracts of land in that State. In order to facilitate his care of these lands, he removed in the same year from Portland to Lincoln, and for eleven years was engaged in lumbering. By this time the lumbering interests of Michigan began to attract increasing attention, and in I848 he removed to Detroit, in order to begin the lumbering of the lands he had entered in 1836. He also, in subsequent years, entered extensive tracts of pine lands in various parts of the State, and very soon became, and remained, one of the largest operators in pine lands and lumber that the State has known. He built saw mills in Saginaw and Muskegon, and at Falmouth, in Missaukee County. In I863 Thomas W. Palmer became a partner with him in business. In 1858 he built the Merrill Block, on the corner of -'oodward and Jefferson Avenues, and at the time it was considered the finest business building in the city. Mr. Merrill was a man of great physical endurance, of indomitable energy, and careful and methodical in all his habits. He was an ardent advocate of temperance, and was always ready to give his countenance and support to temperance movements. In political affairs he was a Whig until the organization of the Republican party, and thereafter acknowledged allegiance to that party. *

I220 LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. His retiring disposition kept him from political prominence, but he was always a zealous Republican. Although very successful in business, his success did not make him grasping or narrowminded. To share his ventures with others was an early and never neglected impulse, and he frequently furnished capital for his associates. He was helpful and thoughtful of those who were in distress of any kind, and persons in trouble could always successfully appeal to his sympathy. In his religious feelings he was broadly generous, liberal in his estimate of others, and expected the same treatment. He was a prominent supporter of the Unitarian Church, being one of the founders of the Society, contributing largely to the erection of its first building, and was a trustee of the church from its inception until his death. He married Frances Pitts, daughter of Major Thomas Pitts of Charlestown, Massachusetts, in December, 1836. His only child, Lizzie Merrill, became the wife of Thomas W. Palmer, and now lives in Detroit. Mr. Merrill died December 28, 1872. FRANKLIN MOORE, one of the earlier merchants of Detroit, and up to the time of his death one of the best known and most highly esteemed citizens, was of New England ancestry, of the old Puritan stock, whose patriotism in the colonial and revolutionary times are among the household traditions of their children and grandchildren. John Moore, a great-uncle of Franklin, was a Captain, and commanded a company at the battle of Bunker Hill, and other of his relatives did service in the Continental Army. Franklin Moore's father, Joseph Moore, was an early resident of Manchester, New Hampshire, and an extensive lumberman on the Merrimac River, at the time that region largely supplied the lumber markets of New England. His son, Franklin, was born in Manchester, New Hampshire, in I802, was educated at the common schools, and shortly after attaining his majority entered into mercantile business, continuing therein until I832. Meantime, in 1828, he was elected to the New Hampshire Legislature, on the Whig ticket, and served one term, being the youngest member but one in that body. He was an earnest and active member of the Whig party, but was among the first to join the Republican party when it was organized. Aside, however, from serving in the Legislature, he held no political office. During I832 he came to Michigan, on a prospecting tour, full of youthful enterprise, and ready, if opportunity offered, to engage in business. After looking around, he decided to locate in Detroit, and, accordingly, in I833, in company with his brother-in-law, the late Zachariah Chandler, as a partner, he entered into the dry goods business, under the firm name of Moore & Chandler. Both of the partners were destined to play a conspicuous part, but in different directions: the one for over forty years was a leading merchant and manufacturer; the other, after gaining wealth and distinction in the same line, acquired a national reputation as a politician and statesman. Each found his appropriate sphere of action, and performed its duties with exceptional ability and credit. In 1835 Mr. Moore engaged in the grocery business, and carried it on alone until 1837, when his store and stock were destroyed by fire. The same year he started a new store, with the late Francis Palms as his principal clerk. After a few years' service Mr. Palms became his partner, under the style of F. Moore & Company, the firm continuing until 1846, and doing a large and ever-increasing business. It was succeeded by the wholesale and retail grocery house of Moore & Foote, George Foote being the junior partner. In 1859, on the admission of George F. Bagley, a brother of exGovernor John J. Bagley, the name of the firm was changed to Moore, Foote & Company, and for many years they did the largest business of any grocery firm in the State, their sales aggregating millions of dollars annually. In 1863 Mr. Moore formed a partnership with his brother, Stephen Moore, the firm being F. & S. Moore, and they built a large saw-mill at the foot of Eighteenth Street, and turned their attention to the manufacture and sale of lumber, purchasing large tracts of pine land in Michigan, and operating mills at Detroit and Bay City. In 1867 Franklin Moore organized another firm, of which he was also the senior partner, under the style of Moore, Alger & Company, ex-Governor Russell A. Alger and Stephen Moore being the partners. In 1869 the firm of Moore & Alger was organized, consisting of Franklin Moore and R. A. Alger, and Mr. Moore continued as the senior partner in the firm until his death, on January 17, 1877. He was not only a large-minded and successful business man, but active in many kinds of public and benevolent work. He was one of the original members of the first Board of Trade, a director in the Michigan State Bank and in the American National Bank. He was also a member of the Board of Trustees of Olivet College, and took a deep interest in that institution, and contributed largely to its support. He helped to organize, and was a leading member of the Fort Street Presbyterian Church, and was a constant and liberal contributor to its support. In his will he bequeathed $Io,ooo to the Boards of Home and Foreign Mis

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LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ELIC. I22I sions of the Presbyterian Church of the United States. He was unswerving in his integrity, of strong convictions, and always did what he believed to be just and right, irrespective of popular opinion. While positive in character, he was far from stern; on the contrary, he was peculiarly genial and kind in his intercourse with others, and in his home, patient, gentle, and indulgent. He is remembered by many with warm feelings of respect, and even affection, because of his many amiable traits, and of his personal worth as a man, a citizen, and a friend. He was three times married. He left by his second marriage a daughter, Mattie E., wife of Henry Van Ellemeet, of St. Paul, Minnesota, and by the third a son, Franklin A. Moore. STEPHEN MOORE was born at Manchester, New Hampshire, August 31, I812. His father, Joseph Moore, who was of Puritan ancestry, had the same birthplace as his son, and was born in April, I770. He was a farmer and lumber dealer, a prominent and wealthy citizen, and well known throughout his native State. At his death in I840, he left the largest estate that had been administered upon in the Probate Court for the County of Hillsboro, up to that date. The mother of Stephen Moore, Elizabeth (Kennedy) Moore, was of ScotchIrish descent, and was born at Gostown, New Hampshire, in 1774, and died at Manchester in I816. Stephen Moore was one of a family of eight sons and three daughters. He served as one of the administrators of his father's estate, and after the estate was settled, in the spring of I843, removed to Michigan, locating on the St. Clair River, two miles above the village of St. Clair. Franklin Moore, of Moore, Foote & Company, of Detroit, was a brother. Another brother, Reuben Moore, the father of Charles F. and Frank Moore, now of St. Clair, located at St. Clair in 1837, and soon after Stephen arrived, the two brothers entered into partnership, for the purpose of manufacturing leather. This partnership was dissolved in I85o, and Stephen Moore commenced the purchase of pine lands and the manufacture of lumber, remaining at St. Clair until 1863, when he came to Detroit, and formed a partnership with his brother Franklin, under the firm name of F. & S Moore. They built a saw-mill at the foot of Eighteenth Street, and continued there until the death of Franklin Moore, on January 17, 1877. Meantime, in I867, the brothers had also entered into partnership with Russell A. Alger, under the firm name of Moore, Alger & Company, the firm continuing until I870. In 1871 Stephen Moore formed a partnership with Charles Tanner, his former foreman at the Detroit mills, for the purpose of building a saw mill at Oscoda, Michigan, on the Au Sable River, and under the name of Moore & Tanner the business is still continued. In I880 the corporation of Moore, Whipple & Company (now the Moore Lumber Company) was formed, and Mr. Moore was made President of the company, which position he still retains. Mr. Moore is a kind-hearted and generous man, and, at the advanced age of seventy-five, is remarkably well preserved. He is unusually well informed on all public questions, has clear business foresight, and has been very successful in his extensive business enterprises. He is the owner of two large farms in the vicinity of Detroit, and of one near Ypsilanti, and greatly enjoys their development. Although advanced in years, and possessed of a comfortable fortune, he delights in giving personal attention to the interests of concerns with which he is connected, and his name is a guarantee of the stability and permanence of the interests he has so long managed. He is a staunch Republican, but has never been an office-seeker or an office-holder. He was married to Elizabeth Huse, of Manchester, New Hampshire, in January, I836. His family consists of his wife, two sons, Lucian S. and George H., and a daughter, Josephine, all of whom live in Detroit. JOHN BURRITT MULLIKEN was born at Campbelltown, Steuben County, New York. May 30, 1837, and is the son of Henry and Ermina (Burritt) Mulliken. He is of Scotch ancestry, and his paternal forefathers came to America prior to the Revolution, settling near Worcester, Massachusetts. His grandfather Campbell was a chaplain in the colonial forces under General Gates, at Saratoga. His mother's ancestors settled in Connecticut at an early date, and their descendants are still numerous in that State. Henry Mulliken, a farmer by occupation, removed to Michigan with his family in I838, and settled at Battle Creek, where he remained but a short time, and then went to Rockford, Illinois, remaining in the latter State most of the time until I874, when after short residences at Winona, Minnesota, and Escanaba, Michigan, he settled at Lansing, Michigan, where he and his wife died only a few months since at the advanced age of seventy-nine and eighty years respectively. J. B. Mulliken passed his boyhood upon a farm about thirty-five miles south of Chicago. At the age of fifteen he left home and went to Maumee City, Ohio, where for two years he served as a clerk in a drug store. He then went to Urbana, Illinois, and after a short period of clerkship in a drug store and post-office, he entered the employ of

1222 LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. the Post-office Department as a sub-mail agent on the Illinois Central Railroad, and after a brief service in this capacity, he was appointed station agent of the said company at Mattoon, Illinois, where he remained two years. He then entered the local freight office of the road at Chicago, and after a year's clerkship entered the employ of the Galena, Chicago & Union Railroad, as a clerk in the freight office at Chicago, remaining until August, I858, when he was appointed agent at Rockford, Illinois, in which capacity he remained at that point, and at Belvidere and Sterling, in the same State, until May, I874. He was then made general agent and given charge of the traffic of the Winona & St. Peters Railroad, and a few months later was appointed superintendent of the Peninsular Division of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, with headquarters at Escanaba, Michigan, but within six months came to Detroit, having received the appointment of general superintendent of the Detroit, Lansing & Lake Michigan Railroad. With this last road and its successor, the Detroit, Lansing & Northern Railroad, he has since been connected, and for several years in the capacity of general manager. He is also Vice-President and general manager of the Chicago & West Michigan, and President of the Saginaw Valley and St. Louis Railroads, his general supervision extending over about eight hundred miles of road, a work the successful management of which requires a high order of executive ability, rare judgment, constant and unremitting labor, and a special training and information acquired only by years of close application and familiarity with innumerable details. Mr. Mulliken's reputation as a railroad manager has been earned by his faithful performance of every trust committed to him, and he has justly won approval and promotion. His experience and abilities have made him an important factor in the great transportation system of the country, a knowledge of which has risen to the dignity of a practical science, because of the complex financial problems involved. His life has been given to hard labor, and all that he has gained or become, has been the result of his own efforts. He possesses indomitable will and energy, with faith in his own ability, and a persistent, persevering spirit, which he infuses into those over whom he is placed. He is strong and loyal in his friendships and tenacious in his beliefs. Since his residence in Detroit, his business connections have brought him into intimate relationship with its leading business men, whose confidence and esteem he has thoroughly gained. He is a prominent member of the Masonic fraternity and of various social organizations. He was married in I858 to Emma A. Batcheldor. They have had seven children, five of whom are living, two sons and three daughters. JOSEPH NICHOLSON, son of Thomas and Jane (Small) Nicholson, was born near Kilkell, Down County, Ireland, September 25, 1826, and is of Irish parentage. He is a descendant of Donald McNicol, who, in the reigns of Charles I. and 1I., was chief of the clan in the Isle of Skye. His son, Neil, with many members of the Nicholson family, migrated to America at the end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth century. The spelling of the family name has undergone many changes, which, with the family pedigree, are carefully noted in " O'Hart's Irish Pedigrees." Thomas Nicholson was a prosperous farmer in Ireland, an officer in the Government militia, and a man of standing and influence in his native town. He, with his family, came to America in i85o, and settled on a farm in Illinois, where he died in I855. His wife came of a family conspicuous for bravery in the earlier patriotic wars of Ireland. Her father, Robert Small, participated in the Irish Revolution of 1798, and at its close was sentenced to be shot, but was subsequently pardoned. The birthplace of Joseph Nicholson is one of the most picturesque localities in Ireland. His boyhood days were passed amid rugged scenery and by a seawashed coast, and these early surroundings naturally inspired a love for life on the wave, and doubtless had much to do with determining the occupation of many of his manhood years. His school privileges were limited, and at the age of nineteen, reverses of fortune in his father's family made it necessary for him to begin life's battles for himself. The unsettled condition of affairs in his native land offered but little inducement for advancement, while the possibilities in the New World, to his hopeful vision, had every attraction. Accordingly, in I845, he came to America. and first landed in Quebec, Canada, and having gained some knowledge of navigation at home, he naturally sought and obtained employment on the lakes, and for five years served as a sailor. He then, for a few years, was wheelman on the steamer Detroit, and other vessels of the Ward Line, plying between Chicago and the then western terminus of the Michigan Central Railroad. In I855 he became master of the passenger steamer Arctic, then sailing on Lake Michigan, between Chicago and northern ports. The following year he served as master of the steamer Planet, at that time the largest passenger steamer on the lakes, and plying between Cleveland and Lake Superior ports. For the three years following 1857, he was master of a steam propeller owned by the Ward Line, and in I861 again commanded the Planet. In I862 he

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LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. 1223 was one of the builders and became part owner of the steam tug John Prindeville, of which he was master until I865, when he withdrew from lake navigation. As a result of his long period of continuous service upon the lakes, he became one of the best-known vessel commanders, and was regarded as a most efficient, thorough, and trustworthy sailor. This reputation was gained when to be a master of a vessel meant vastly more than at the present day. Then the authority of the commander was unquestioned; to him was entrusted the charge of every detail, and all responsibility was left to his good judgment. Under the watchful care of Captain Nicholson, no accident to life or property ever occurred. While first mate of the steamer E. K. Collins, in 1854, a gold watch was presented to him by the citizens of Chicago, for his heroic efforts in rescuing the crew of the schooner Merchant, while in distress off the port of Chicago. In I866 the Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Company appointed him Marine Inspector, and he held the position for over eleven years, to the entire satisfaction of the company. Often called upon to decide contested insurance cases, his decisions were so manifestly fair that they were never questioned. During late years, Captain Nicholson has become best known to the citizens of Detroit and State of Michigan as Superintendent of the Detroit House of Correction, a position to which he was first appointed in I877, by Mayor Langdon, and has since held under appointment by the Board of Inspectors. In the management of this institution he has gained a wide reputation as one of the ablest prison superintendents in the country. Although without previous experience in the line of duties required of him, he soon mastered the requirements of his position, and at the end of the first year's service, the financial standing of the House of Correction was changed from a non-supporting institution to one affording an annual profit to the city, a result attained without overtaxing the working capacity of the inmates or the practice of false economy in management. During his occupancy of the office, the changes made under his personal direction, in the erection of new buildings, and in improvement of former structures, have been numerous. He has paid particular attention to the sanitary condition of the buildings, and the Detroit House of Correction is often cited among prison managers as a model of perfection in this regard. As a disciplinarian, he has developed rare ability and tact. Although the institution contains an average of nearly five hundred inmates, many of them of the most vicious and depraved character, there is no insubordination, and the best of discipline is maintained without resort to punishments which partake of cruelty. The employment of the inmates, the disposal of manufactured products, and the purchase of raw material, so as to secure the best financial results, are duties Captain Nicholson has met and solved with excellent business judgment, and it is evident that he discharges every obligation of his public office with the same care he would exercise in his own private business. He has prepared and read several valuable papers on subjects connected with prison management, and his care and conscientiousness have resulted in placing the Detroit House of Correction in the front rank of reformatory institutions. Captain Nicholson has always been a zealous and active member of the Democratic party. From 1875 to 1878 he represented the Ninth Ward in the School Board. In 1877 he was the Democratic candidate for Sheriff, but was defeated by a combination between the Republican and Greenback parties. Although the office he holds is a political one, politics have been so divorced from its management that it may be said to be non-partisan. Captain Nicholson was married in Dublin, Ireland, in I860, to Henrietta Nicholson. She died in 1865, leaving three children, of whom two are now living. In I868 he married Elizabeth A. Gillman. They have had three children, none of whom are living. For the land of his birth Captain Nicholson cherishes a most sincere affection, and is in hearty sympathy with the efforts of the conservative leaders of Ireland to mitigate the condition of the people of that unhappy land. He takes great interest in boating and yachting, and is a member and director of the Michigan Yacht Club. He is also a member of the Oriental Lodge of Masons, of Peninsular Chapter, the Detroit Commandery of Knights Templar, and of all Masonic bodies to the thirty-third degree. He also belongs to the Grosse Pointe Club, and is an honorary member of nearly all the military organizations of Detroit. Personally he is of a genial, pleasant disposition, and is careful, considerate, and watchful in the administration of the important trusts reposed in his hands. While exacting in his demands upon his subordinates, he is not overbearing or arrogant. Long experience in the management of men, and in later years of criminal classes, has only increased his natural kindness of heart. His sympathies are easily aroused, and many an unfortunate prisoner has found in him a sincere and helpful friend. In the institution over which he has so long presided, the work of reformation has been a leading feature. The best estimate of a man's powers and qualities can be found in the work he has done, and in the repute in which he is held by those who know him best. Judged by these standards, Captain Nicholson holds an honorable position, and is recognized

1224 LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. as a most estimable and worthy citizen in the community and State, and few men are more generally known. CHARLES NOBLE was born at Williamstown July 4, 1797. He was the son of Deodatus and Betsey (Bulkley) Noble, of Williamstown, Berkshire County, Massachusetts, and grandson of David Noble, who was a judge of the Court of Common Pleas of that county, and one of the early promoters of Williams College. Charles Noble received his early education at Williamstown, entered Williams College in I81, and graduated in i815. He then studied law and was admitted to practice at Pittsfield, but almost immediately removed to the West, and in i818 located at Monroe, Michigan, and entered zealously upon the practice of his profession. At various times he held the office of postmaster, was a member of the Legislative Council of the Territory of Michigan, a Justice of the Peace, Register of Probate, Secretary of the Board of Commissioners which negotiated the Indian Treaty at St. Joseph's, Attorney-General of the United States for Michigan Territory, Presiding Judge of the County Court, and also held other minor offices. From I851 to 1853 he was Surveyor-General of the United States for the District, composed of Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan, having been appointed to the office by President Fillmore, and continuing in it during his administration. He was a trustee of the Young Ladies' Seminary, and also one of the School Inspectors of Monroe. In the latter capacity he was active in the building up of the very successful Union School, on Washington Street. He was one of the parties who purchased the old Erie & Kalamazoo Railroad from the State, and formed the company known as the Michigan Southern Railroad, and served as its first president. While in Monroe he attended and was a member of the Presbyterian Church, and during many of the latter years he spent there, was one of the elders. Upon his removal to Detroit he was made an elder of the First Presbyterian Church, and held the office at the time of his death. He was for many years President of the Monroe County Bible Society, and after his removal to Detroit was made President of the Wayne County Bible Society. He removed to Detroit in 1867, and became a, member of the firm of Geo. S. Frost & Company, dealers in pine lands. The firm was composed of himself, his son-in-law, Geo. S. Frost, and his son, Charles W. Noble; Mr. Noble was married at Detroit in 1823, to Eliza Symmes Wing, daughter of Enoch Wing, and sister of Austin E. Wing and Warner Wing, wellknown citizens of Michigan, and of Rev. Conway P. Wing, D. D., of Pennsylvania, a highly esteemed minister. With the exception of Rev. Mason Noble, I). D., of Washington, D. C., all of Mr. Noble's brothers followed him to Michigan, David A., Daniel, and William Addison Noble, all finding homes in the State. His sister was the wife of Dr. George Landon, of Monroe, and well known and much respected. Mr. Noble was a man of fine personal appearance, courteous manners, and a great reader. He was the friend of all institutions of learning and of everything that tended in his opinion to advance civilization or religion. He made strong friendships, was benevolent and generous, fond of society, and ready to do good to all as he had opportunity. The citizens of Monroe, where he lived so long, were all his friends, and though, owing to advancing age, his life in Detroit was not so much in public as it had been in Monroe, those who came within the circle of his acquaintance universally recognized his worth. Mr. Noble was a Whig up to the time of the dissolution of that party. After that he had generally a preference for the Republican party, though sometimes casting his vote with the Democracy. He died on December 25, 1874. His wife survived him eleven years. They had seven children, three of whom died in infancy. His daughter Elizabeth married Rev. Hannibal L. Stanley, and died in r849. The children who survive Mr. Noble are: Charles W. Noble of Detroit; Ellen N. Frost, wife of George S. Frost of Detroit, and Conway W. Noble of Cleveland, Ohio. CHARLES WING NOBLE was born in Monroe, Michigan, February 13, I828, and is a son of Charles and Eliza S. (Wing) Noble. His greatgrandfather, David Noble, was at the time of his death, Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Berkshire County, Massachusetts. His grandfather, Deodatus Noble, removed from Williamstown to Monroe in 1832. Charles Wing Noble was brought up at Monroe, where he prepared for college, and in 1843 entered the University of Michigan, and graduated in 1846. After graduating he taught school for a short time, served as clerk in the banking office of N. R. Haskell & Company, at Monroe, for a brief period, and then began the study of the law in the office of Noble & Grosvenor. In I848 he went to Cleveland, and after studying law one year in the office of Hitchcock, Wilson & Wade, he was, in I849, admitted to the bar, and immediately formed a law partnership with Halbert E. Payne, subsequently a general in the Union army, then a member of Congress from Milwaukee, and now practising law at Washington, D. C. The partnership continued

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LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. 1225 about one year, when Mr. Noble became a member of the law firm of Bishop, Backus & Noble. In 1855 Judge Bishop retired, and Judge Ranney became a member of the firm, the style being Ranney, Backus & Noble, and so continuing until I864, when Judge Ranney entered upon his duties as Judge of the Supreme Court of Ohio. The firm was then changed to Backus & Noble, and so remained until I865, when Mr. Noble, having engaged in certain oil ventures in Western Pennsylvania, dissolved his connection with Mr. Backus, and formed a partnership for a short time with his brother, Conway W. Noble, now Judge of the Common Pleas at Cleveland. In I865, in connection with Van Syckel & Olhen, he originated the first successful oil pipe line in the United States, extending from Pithole to Miller's Farm, in Pennsylvania. It is now owned by the Standard Oil Company. In March, I866, he went to Savannah, Georgia, with the design of remaining for the benefit of his wife's health, but after a few months he returned north, went to New York, was admitted to the bar in that city, and practised until 1867. He then came to Detroit and formed a partnership with George S. Frost and Charles Noble, for the purpose of buying and selling pine lands on commission. Mr. Noble has given his close attention to the business since it was organized, and the firm has been quite successful. He is clear-headed, with more than ordinary capacity, exact, and methodical, positive in his opinions, but withal socially very courteous and agreeable. He has traveled quite extensively in his own country, and in 1870, with his wife, visited the Old World. He is a member of the First Presbyterian Church, is liberal in his, benefactions to worthy objects, and as a business man and citizen is held in high esteem. He has been three times married. First to Julia F. Mygatt, daughter of George Mygatt, of Cleveland, by whom he had one daughter, who died at Mrs. Willard's school, at Troy, New York, in 1867. Her mother died at Cleveland in 1852. His second wife was Caroline G. Van Buren, daughter of E. Van Buren, of Penn Yan, New York, afterwards Recorder at Chicago. She died in I867, and in I870 he married Frances Martine, daughter of Stephen A. Martine, of New York. They have three daughters, Frances, Eliza Wing, and Sarah Agnes. One son, Stephen Martine, died in 1883. CHARLES L. ORTMANN was born at Vienna, Austria, September 12, I830. His ancestors lived in the mountain town of Friesach, in the Province of Carinthia, and were prominent bee keepers. His grandfather moved in the eighteenth century to the town of Petersdorf, Austria, and in I831 his father was engaged in manufacturing in a small village near the city of Vienna. His mother died when he was seven years old. He received his early education in the village school, and when twelve years old was apprenticed to the mercantile business, with an uncle living in Vienna, and from that time earned his own living. After the great revolution of 1848, he engaged as a provincial traveler in the produce and wood business, until 1856, when he married his first wife, Marie Elizabeth Bock, whose parents died a short time previously. In I860 he engaged with other parties in manufacturing, but in 1862 sold out and went back into mercantile business. The same year he visited England, and the magnitude and manner of business and life in England impressed him so favorably that he concluded to emigrate. In 1864 he again visited England, and formed the acquaintance of a Mr. Shoemaker, of Baltimore, Maryland, who was then on his way to Germany, to visit his aged mother. Mr. Shoemaker urged him to emigrate to America, and in the summer of that year Mr. Ortmann came to Detroit, and after an extensive trip through the Western States, and Canadian pineries of Georgian Bay, settled at East Saginaw, Michigan, and engaged in the logging and lumbering business. In I866 he became a citizen of the United States. He joined the Germania Society, and was elected Vice-President. He also became and still remains a member of the Workingmen's Aid Society. In the spring of 1871 he was elected the delegate of the German American citizens of the Saginaw Valley to a great convention, held at Chicago, Illinois, for the purpose of collecting funds in aid of the widows and orphans of the fallen heroes of the Franco-German War, and as a result of the convention, over a million dollars was collected and forwarded from America for their benefit. He helped in organizing the East Saginaw Savings Bank, of which institution Dr. Henry C. Potter was elected President, and Mr. Ortmann VicePresident, the latter holding the position until he removed to Detroit. In I872 he became a Chapter Mason, and during the year was elected Mayor of East Saginaw, on the Republican ticket, and the same year the Republican State Convention chose him as Presidential elector of the Eighth District of Michigan, and at the National election he ran six thousand votes ahead of his party on the State ticket. In I877 he lost his eldest son, Charles, and on account of the shattered health of his wife, he removed to Detroit. In 1879, on account of poor health, he retired from business, but after a year's rest again engaged in active life. In November, I882, his wife died, leaving him

1226 LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. with a family of two sons and two daughters. In the spring of I884 he married Marie A. Sohns, of Saginaw City, eldest daughter of Count Emick Sohns, Wieldenfels. They have one son. In the spring of 1887 he was elected a director in the International Sulphite Fibre and Paper Comnpany, of Detroit, Michigan. It has a capital of one million dollars, and owns and controls the exclusive right to manufacture bi-sulphite fibre (cellulose wood fibre), under the patents of Prof. A. Mitscherlich, of Freiburg, Germany, for the United States and Canada. At the same time he, with some of his friends, organized the Detroit Sulphite Fibre Company, under the above mentioned patents, and is president of the company, which has erected a large establishment at Delray, on the River Rouge, five miles south of Detroit. Mr. Ortmann is kind-hearted, and often favors others to his own detriment. He is an honest, upright, and shrewd business man, and in prosperity or adversity, is always a pleasant and agreeable acquaintance and friend. SAMUEL PITTS was born April 17, I8Io, at Fort Preble, Portland Harbor, Maine. The family descent in America is from John Pitts, who was born in Lyme Regis, England, in I668, came to Boston in I694, and became a prominent merchant in that city. He married Elizabeth Lindall, of Duxbury. James Pitts, the second son of John Pitts, was born in Boston in 1712, graduated at Harvard College in I73I, and in 1732 married Elizabeth Bowdoin, daughter of the Councilor James Bowdoin, and was himself a member of the King's Council from I766 to I775. He and his wife and their six sons took leading parts in the Revolution. Their house was a rendezvous for the Adamses and other patriots. His eldest son, John, born at Boston in 1738, was a selectman of Boston from 1773 to I778, Representative from Boston in the second, third, and fourth Provincial Congresses, and Speaker of the House in I778. Another son, Lendall Pitts, who was born in Boston in I747, and died 1787, was the principal leader of the Boston Tea Party, December I6, I773. Samuel Pitts, another son of James, who was born in Boston in I745, and died I805, was an extensive merchant and ship-owner in the West India trade. He married Joanna Davis in 1776, and with his father and brother acquired fame as a patriot in the Revolution. He was an officer in the Hancock Cadets. In 1774 he was one of the committee to carry into execution the resolutions of the Continental Congress. Thomas Pitts, son of Samuel and Joanna (Davis) Pitts, and father of Samuel Pitts, of Detroit, was born in Boston in 1779, and died at Cambridge in I836. He commenced his life as a merchant in Augusta, Maine, but entered the army, was commissioned by President Jefferson as an officer in the United States Light Artillery in I808, and by President Madison in I809, serving with gallantry during the War of 1812. He spent the last years of his life at Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was Inspector of the Boston Custom House. In I8Io, at the time of the birth of his son, Samuel, he was in command at Fort Preble, Portland Harbor, Maine. His son, Samuel Pitts, was fitted for college in the Boys' Preparatory School at Cambridge, taught by Martin Valentine, and graduated at Harvard University in I830, being a classmate and friend of Charles Sumner, Thos. C. Amory, John B. Ken, E. R. Potter, Franklin Sawyer, George W. Warren, and Samuel T. Worcester. Among other college mates was his kinsman, Robert C. Winthrop; also George S. Hillard, C. C. Emerson, George T. Bigelow, James Freeman Clark, Oliver Wendell Holmes, J. Lothrop Motley, George T. Curtis, and George E. Ellis. Mr. Pitts studied law at Harvard and heard lectures from the celebrated Justice Story. He came to Detroit in I831, entered the law office of General Charles Larned, and upon the.death of the latter, became executor of his estate and succeeded to his law business. He devoted himself to his profession, being at various times in partnership with Franklin Sawyer, John G. Atterbury, and Jacob M. Howard. Loss of health compelled him to abandon the legal profession, and he engaged in the manufacture of lumber and in the purchase of pine lands in the Saginaw Valley, erected mills at Detroit, and later at Bay City, and in I860 connected, with his lumber business at Bay City the manufacture of salt. In these enterprises he accumulated a large fortune. Charles D. Farlin was for a time a partner with him in the lumber business. In 1867 he formed a partnership with his son, Thomas Pitts, and his son-in-law, Thomas Cranage, Jr., which lasted until his death. Mr. Pitts was originally a staunch Whig, but became a Republican upon the organization of that party, and steadfastly adhered to its principles. He was a member of the First Presbyterian Church, a liberal contributor to it and its various societies, and to the poor and needy of all races and colors. He was thoroughly educated, of fine personal appearance, with a musical voice, and always spoke and wrote with great elegance and precision. He conversed easily in French or German, was an excellent Latin scholar, and noted for his good stories and apt illustrations. He died on April 26, I868. Among the eulogistic notices that appeared after his death was one by Rev. Dr. George Duffield, published in the New York Independent on May 14, i868, and one by Judge Daniel Goodwin, published in the Detroit

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LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. 1227 Free Press, which are wbrthy of notice. Dr. Duffield said: " He was an enlightened, consistent, faithful follower of Christ, a useful, public-spirited, and benevolent dispenser of his means for the benefit of the suffering poor and the cause of evangelical piety. He loved to minister to the wants of the needy, who came in his way, but, averse to anything like display or show of charity, he let not his left hand know what his right hand did. Prominent among those who bore his remains to their last resting place were members and contemporaries of the bar, with which profession his tastes, liberal culture, and social intercourse kept him identified to the time of his death." Judge Goodwin said of him: "He possessed an intelligent mind, and was a good scholar. He was a man of high integrity and of exemplary character, was liberal in support of objects of public utility, and kind and generous to the poor, many of whom will, with grateful recollections, shed tears over his memory." Mr. Pitts was married June 24, 1836, at New York City, to Sarah Merrill, daughter of Joshua Merrill (a son of General James Merrill, of Portland) and of Elizabeth Bradford, daughter of Peter Bradford, son of Gamaliel Bradford, of the King's Council, whose father, Samuel Bradford, was the son of Major Wm. Bradford, and the grandson of Governor Wm. Bradford, of the Mayflower. The following children of Samuel and Sarah (Merrill) Pitts are still living: Thomas Pitts, residing in Detroit; Julia Lamed Pitts, wife of Thomas Cranage, of Bay City; Frances Pitts, wife of Henry M. Duffield; Caroline Pitts, twin sister of Frances, wife of Judge Henry B. Brown and Isabella Duffield Pitts, wife of Daniel Goodwin, of Chicago. JOHN EDWIN POTTS was born in Vittoria, Ontario, October 9, 1838, and is the son of Edwin S and Martha (Bell) Potts. His father was born in Vittoria, Ontario, in I8I, and his mother in Toronto, Ontario, in 1807. He attended school near Guelph, and at the age of fifteen entered the general store of William Wilson, in his native town. Four years later, in 1857, in company with William Dawson, he established a general store at Port Rowan. They managed it with good success until 1865; Mr. Potts then sold his interest in the store,, and moved to Simcoe, where he embarked in the lumber trade, a business he has followed ever since. Finding Michigan better territory to operate in, he left Simcoe in 1876, and moved to Au Sable, in this State, where he remained until I88I, when hecame to Detroit. Being possessed of unusual push and enterprise, his business has gradually grown until it has become among the largest in the State. In 1884 Mr. Tisdale became a partner, and since then the business has been conducted under the name of the J. E. Potts Salt and Lumber Company. The largest saw-mill in the world is owned by this company, and is located at Au Sable, and they have also a large mill at De Pere, in Wisconsin. In connection with the mill at Au Sable, they have built and own some fifty miles of railway, and they employ about seven hundred men during the skidding season. In order to ship their lumber, they own and operate two barges, the Silana and the Cickands, and they are also forced to charter other vessels during most of the season. Mr. Potts has been so engrossed in business that he has had very little time for politics, and has made but few acquaintances outside of this business, but those he has made are warm and appreciative. He married Margaret Wilson on September It, i86I. She was born at Simcoe, Ontario, November 6, 1842, and is the daughter of William and Maria (Loder) Wilson. Her father was born in Magria, Ontario, in I792, and her mother at Ancaster, Ontario, in I8oo. Mr. and Mrs. Potts have had six children, four of whom, Charles E., Marian B., Florence L., and Effa L., are living and at home. HENRY PERRY PULLING was born at Amsterdam, New York, on November 3, I814. His father, Abraham Pulling, was born in I789; married Deborah Betts, a daughter of Isaiah and Hannah Betts, on February 3, 8r14. He was a physician, and settled in Amsterdam, New York, about 1812, where he practised his profession about half a century, dying there in 1865, aged seventysix years. The maternal grandfather of Henry P. Pulling, Isaiah Betts, was born in Connecticut in 1758, and was a Colonial Lieutenant in the War of the Revolution. He married Hannah Fitch, a granddaughter of Governor Fitch, of Connecticut, and after the Revolution settled in Galway, Saratoga County, New York, where he died on June 30, I844. His wife, Hannah (Fitch) Betts, was born on May 15, 1760, and died on September 30, 1848. Henry P. Pulling is one of eight children, of whom he and two sisters are the only survivors. His sisters are Melissa, wife of James Stewart, and Sarah Pulling, both of Amsterdam, New York. His eldest sister, Maria, was the wife of John Tweddle, of Albany, New York, an old and well known citizen, who built and owned "Tweddle Hall." Mr. Pulling's boyhood was spent in Amsterdam, where he attended the village schools. When quite young he was sent to Johnstown Academy. After spending two years there, he entered the academy at Fairfield, New York, and finished the prescribed course preparatory to entering Union

1228 LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. College. On returning home, however, his father persuaded him to study medicine, and accordingly he took a course of medical lectures at Fairfield, then the Western Department of the New York College of Physicians and Surgeons. After the close of the term, he attended a course of surgical lectures in the private school of Dr. Alden March, at Albany, New York, and in 1837, at the spring term of the Vermont Medical College, under Dr. March, who had long filled the chair of Surgical Lecturer in that institution, he received the degree of M. D. Immediately after graduating he set out for Chicago, intending to make that his home. After practising there nearly a year he returned East, and on August 7, 1838, was married to Miss Joanna J. Bridgman, only daughter of Dr. William Bridgman, of Springfield, Massachusetts. After his marriage, Mr. Pulling, with his wife, started for Chicago, but on reaching his old home at Amsterdam, he found an unusual amount of sickness prevailing, on account of the extensive working of the stone quarries for the locks on the Erie Canal, and the overtasked physicians urged him to stay and assist in taking care of the patients. He concluded to do so, and this circumstance so changed his purpose with reference to going West, that he soon after settled in Albany and engaged in the drug trade, and by strict attention to business, was on the way to prosperity. He had, however, hardly got started in business before the great fire of August 17, 1848, destroyed his whole stock, and with it nearly a quarter of the city. He was too energetic to be discouraged by this event, and within a week had bargained with George Russell, of State Street, for his stock of drugs, leased his store, and again established himself in trade. The next year he purchased the property, and afterwards remodeled it, until it was the most showy building on the street. About I856 he sold his stock to J. H. and A. McClure, and soon after became a partner in a syndicate formed to purchase a controlling interest in the Peninsular Bank of Detroit, which at one time was the most popular banking institution in Michigan. The panic of 1857, which was so disastrous to banks generally, severely crippled its resources. The directors then sought to obtain increased capital from eastern stockholders; the charter was amended, and prospects favored their anticipations, but the panic of I860-6i soon came, and their hopes were blasted. -The stockholders became discouraged and it was decided to close the bank. The responsibility of closing its affairs devolved upon Mr. Pulling, and all claims against it were paid in full, and the stockholders received twenty per cent. as a final dividend. After closing up the business of the bank, Mr. Pull ing engaged in real estate, business and building, but has spent his time largely in improving and working his large farm in Oakland County. He is a man of versatile talents, extensive information, and of upright and honorable character. In his business, domestic, and social relations, he is held in high esteem by all who know him. He is interested in the Spur Iron Mining Company, of Lake Superior, and has been its president since the organization in 188I. He has three daughters, viz.: Ada M., wife of Joseph Lathrop, M. D. of Detroit; Emily B., widow of the late Thomas Spencer Lloyd, a well-known musical composer and teacher of Albany, New York; and Marilla B., wife of Daniel Carmichael, a prominent manufacturer at Amsterdam, New York. DAVID RIPLEY SHAW was born in Lisle, Broome County, New York, July I, 1822. He is of New England descent, being a son of Truman and Nancy (Fay) Shaw, of Rutland, Vermont. In I836 his parents moved to Almont, Lapeer County, Michigan, and about this time David made up his mind that he would like to go to college, but as his parents were unable to spare money for the purpose, he determined to earn the money himself, and entered the general store of John W. Dyar, at Almont, and subsequently taught in several schools. When he was twenty years old, there seemed a specially favorable opening for a commercial life, and, although prepared to enter college the following spring, he gave up the idea, entered the general store of his uncle, C. A. Shaw, and after four years became a partner with him, under the firm name of C. A. & D. R. Shaw. In January, I857, he sold out his interest in the store, and with Samuel Rogers and J. N. Jenness, entered the lumbering business, in which, owing to his energetic endeavors, he met with good success, continuing therein for sixteen years. In 1874 he came to Detroit, and has since been engaged in buying and selling lands, and in mining interests. Mr. Shaw is a member of the First Congregational Church, is retiring and conservative, has never been an aspirant for any kind of office, but has had various minor offices thrust upon him. 'He is at present director of the First National Bank of Pontiac, a position he has held for the past twelve years, and is also a director in the Muskegon National Bank. He was married to Harriet Dewey, of Almont, in November, I849. They have had five children. Their names are: Mrs. R. H. Holmes, James T., and Bessie H. Shaw, all of whom are living in Detroit; another daughter, Mrs. George F. Coin

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LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. 1229 stock, Jr., resides in Syracuse, New York, while a fourth daughter, Mrs. Lester McLean, lives in Elyria, Ohio. ELLIOTT TRUAX SLOCUM was born at Trenton, Wayne County, Michigan, May 15, I839, and is the only son of Giles B. and Sophia M. B. (Truax) Slocum. His mother was a native of Wayne County, and a daughter of Colonel Abraham C. Traux, who came to Michigan in I8oo, and was a volunteer in the United States army at the time of Hull's surrender, and a prominent merchant of Detroit as early as I808. Mr. Slocum passed his boyhood in the vicinity of Trenton, and was prepared for college by Rev. Moses Hunter, at his Episcopal school for boys, on Grosse Isle, finishing his preparatory course in 1857. He afterwards attended Union College, at Schenectady, New York, and graduated Bachelor of Arts in the class of 1862. His diploma was one of the last signed by Dr. Eliphalet Nott, for so many years the widely known President of that institution. Mr. Slocum also took a course in the University of Michigan, and received from that institution his second degree, Master of Arts, in I869. From I862 to 1872 he was extensively engaged in farming and stock raising on lands along the Detroit River, and, in connection with his father, carried on one of the largest stock and grain farms in Michigan. He subsequently enlarged his business interests by the purchase of extensive tracts of land in various parts of Michigan and Wisconsin, which, through the development of certain railroads, have become valuable investments. He is also interested in business enterprises at Muskegon, Whitehall, Slocum's Grove, and other parts of Western Michigan, He was one of the first directors of the Chicago & Canada Southern Railroad, one of the founders, directors, and VicePresident of the First National Bank of Whitehall, and at present is one of the directors of the Detroit National Bank. He is also a Trustee of the Saratoga Monument Association of New York, and, with Senator Warner Miller, George William Curtis, S. S. Cox, and others, took an active interest in the erection of one of the finest monuments in America, on the field of Burgoyne's surrender, at Schuylerville, New York, near the old homestead of his father's family. He is one of the Commissioners and has been President of the Belle Isle Park Commission, is now serving his second term, and takes much interest in the development of this promising pleasure-ground of Detroit. He has traveled extensively in Europe, and is a member of the Detroit and Grosse Pointe Clubs. Politically he has been an earnest and active Republican, and represented the Third Senatorial District in the State Legislature for the term commencing in 1869, and at that time was the youngest member in the Senate. His course as a legislator was marked by diligence and a conscientious discharge of his duties, which earned the good opinion of his constituents, and secured for him the warm friendship of Senator Jacob M. Howard and the late Governor John J. Bagley. The benefit of his personal labors has always been freely given to furthering the success of his party. He is a member of the Michigan Club. He was married July 30, 1872, to Charlotte Gross, daughter of the late Ransom E. Wood, an old resident and wealthy capitalist of Grand Rapids. In the management of numerous business interests left by his father, and in the creation and development of new projects, Mr. Slocum has displayed good judgment, and has been uniformly successful. He is cautious and shrewd, while the honesty and integrity of his public and private life have made him a popular and respected citizen. GILES BRYAN SLOCUM, one of the pioneers of Wayne County, and for more than half a century an honored and influential resident of Trenton, was born at Saratoga Springs, New York, July I, I8o8. He was of a Quaker family, and descended from Giles Slocum, a native of Somersetshire, England, who resided in the township of Portsmouth, Newport County, Rhode Island, in 1638. Jonathan Slocum, his great-grandfather, one of the first of the family in America, was killed in the Indian wars, on the site of the present city of Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania. His son Giles, the grandfather of Giles B. Slocum, was born in Rhode Island, but about 1774 moved with his parents to Wilkes-Barre. He was among the sufferers by the Wyoming massacre, and was one of the sixty who escaped. His sister Frances, then five years of age, was carried off by the Indians, and after a captivity of sixty years was found near Logansport, Indiana, in I837, by Colonel Ewing. A very interesting account of this circumstance has been written by Benson J. Lossing. Giles Slocum was a volunteer in Sullivan's expedition against the Indians in the Genesee Valley. Soon after the close of the War of the Revolution, he moved from Pennsylvania to Saratoga Springs, settling on a farm about four miles from the site of the present village of Saratoga. He purchased his farm of General Schuyler, of Revolutionary fame, and the warmest friendship and esteem existed between them. His son, Jeremiah Slocum, married Elizabeth Bryan, who was of a Connecticut family. They were the parents of Giles B. Slocum, and nature and ancestry combined to give him a good mental and physical equipment for the work he was destined to do.

I230 LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. His boyhood days were passed on a farm, about two miles from the scene of Burgoyne's surrender. He received the educational advantages which the common schools afforded, and during his early manhood taught school four winters in the neighborhood of his home, and at Lockport, New York. The summer of 1830 he spent in farming, in Northern New York, on the Au Sable River. He first came to Michigan in 1831, landed at Detroit, and after prospecting extensively in the interior, and through the woods above Black River, he settled for the winter, and assisted in laying out the town of Vistula, now Toledo, Ohio, where he opened the first store, and engaged in getting out timber for the first wharf at that place. On the death of his father in 1832, he returned East, and purchased the interest in his father's estate, owned by the remaining heirs. He returned to Michigan early in the winter of 1833, and spent the remainder of it in the stave business at the head of Swan Creek Bay, now Newport, Monroe County, where he established a store and engaged in general trade. In the spring of 1834, among many other pioneer experiences, he paddled a canoe from the city of Jackson down the Grand River to Grand Rapids. In the summer of I834 he established the first store and dock at Truaxton, now Trenton, and continued in the mercantile business, with slight intermission, for many years. 'In 1837 he sold the family homestead at Saratoga, and from that date began his career as a real estate operator in Michigan. He was married in I838, to Sophia Brigham Truax, daughter of Colonel Abraham C. Truax, founder of the village of Trenton. Among his early land purchases was a frontage of about three miles on the Detroit River, in the vicinity of Trenton, and for fifteen or twenty years following 1837 he turned his attention, among other interests, to farming and sheep raising, and during that period was one of the largest wool growers in Michigan. Each year he increased his landed interests, and at the time of his death he had cleared and brought under cultivation about two thousand acres of land in the vicinity of Trenton. The timber from these lands was largely consigned to New York as staves, or used in shipbuilding at Trenton. For several years he was also engaged in building docks at Detroit, Windsor, Springwells, Trenton, Sandwich, Gibraltar, and Grosse Isle. In 1859, with Charles Mears of Chicago, having previously purchased large tracts of land on White River and White Lake, they laid out the village of Whitehall, in Muskegon County. Through a contract made July 7, i848, with the County of Wayne, for building two bridges over the River Rouge, he became possessed of several large tracts of land donated by the State to aid in building such bridges. The lands were located in the eastern part of Muskegon County, and by subsequent purchases were increased, so that they included five thousand acres. This property became exceedingly valuable by the extension of railroad facilities. On it, at a place now known as Slocum's Grove, he built mills, where, in connection with his son, he conducted a lumbering and farming business for many years. In i856 he took an active interest in the construction of the Detroit, Monroe & Toledo Railroad, donating the right of way through his own property and purchasing land from others for that purpose. On the completion of the Toledo, Canada Southern & Detroit, and Chicago & Canada Southern Railroads, the junction of the two roads occurred on Mr. Slocum's property, near Trenton. He took a warm interest in the politics of the country, and was a member of the first Republican Convention, held in 1854, at Jackson, and was ever after an influential supporter of the party, and especially active in several memorable senatorial contests. During the war with the South, he was earnest and efficient in support of the Government, and aided much in raising men and money, and equipping soldiers for the field. For several years preceding his death he was a Trustee of the Saratoga Monument Association, of which the late ex-Governor Seymour was President. Notwithstanding the many commercial changes and business revulsions of his time, Mr. Slocum always met his obligations, and the fortune he accumulated was the result of the numerous enterprises which he conducted with care and clear business judgment. His honesty was never questioned, and he possessed the unbounded faith and confidence of those with whom he did business. None of the early pioneers of this section were more widely known throughout the State, nor more sincerely respected and esteemed. He had a kind heart, and helped many men to obtain homes, farms, and fortunes. He died at Slocum's Island, January 26, 1884. He had three children, two of whom, Elliott Truax Slocum and Mrs. Elizabeth T. Nichols, are living. JOHN DANA STANDISH was a lineal descendant of Captain Miles Standish, the most striking figure of that age of the Pilgrims which Rufus Choate so fitly described in one of the most memorable of his orations as The American Heroic Period. Of the six children of the sturdy Puritan soldier, Josiah, the third son, after passing the greater part of an active and influential life in Eastern Massachusetts, finally removed with his family to Preston, Connecticut. His son Samuel and his grandson Samuel remained in that State, but his great

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LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. 1231 grandson, also Samuel, removed to Stockbridge, Massachusetts. He served in the Patriot Army of the Revolution, sharing in considerable border fighting, and being once captured by the British, and while a prisoner witnessing the murder of Jane McCrea by the Indians. After peace was established, he removed to Vermont, and subsequently to North Granville, New York. There was born his only child, the fourth Samuel, who became a leading resident of Northern New York, holding, during his long life, many positions of local prominence, including the office of Surrogate of Washington County. The youngest of his children, the seventh in direct descent from Captain Miles Standish, was John Dana Standish. He was born at North Granville, on October I, 1817, inheriting from his ancestry a vigorous constitution, physical energy, and the sturdy attributes of the typical New England character. He enjoyed the advantages of wise home training, and of thorough study within the limits of an academic course at one of the best institutions of that day, presided over, at Granville, by Dr. Salem Town. The current of emigration to the West, which was so powerfully stimulated by the completion of the Erie Canal, almost drained Northern New York of its young men half a century ago, and in 1837 Mr. Standish, not yet of age, arrived at Detroit, in search of a new home and of the opportunities offered in a growing State. Here he fortunately made the acquaintance of S. V. R. Trowbridge, a splendid representative of the pioneer settlers of Michigan, and by his advice established a select school at Birmingham, in Oakland County. In this calling he spent three years of his early manhood, and among his pupils were not a few lads who have since risen to positions of influence. This experience he often recalled with much pleasure. In I84I Mr. Standish began his business career as a merchant at Pontiac, and at this time married Emma L. Darrow, of Lyme, Connecticut. His domestic life was an unusually happy one, his wife proving indeed a "help-meet," and their four children growing to manhood and womanhood by their side, forming a family circle which death did not break until, in 1884, both parents were buried after forty-three years of wedlock. The rewards of fifteen years of unremitting industry, at Pontiac, Ionia, and Romeo, were meagre, and finally, in I856, a fire swept away all of Mr. Standish's savings, and left him in debt. He was, by this blow, compelled to compromise with his creditors, but when prosperity came to him, every dollar of his obligations was paid in full. After the fire he removed to Detroit, and at first Obtained employment as a clerk. An opportunity soon offering, he entered the commission business, and this venture proved exceedingly successful. He then rapidly extended his operations in a variety of directions, and with uniform good fortune. He dealt largely in pork, provisions, and wool, became interested in the manufacture of paints and of lumber, invested liberally in pine lands and in city real estate, and held stock in many Detroit corporations. He laid out and founded the village of Standish, in Arenac County, and built and operated the first saw-mill in Otsego County. At different times he held the management of the Detroit office of the Tappan & McKillop commercial agency, and acted as agent for Michigan of the Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company. At the time of his death he was President of the Market Bank and a director of the Detroit Fire and Marine Insurance Company. In 1872 he commenced gradually to curtail his business, and during the last few years of his life gave his attention to the management of his property and to his public duties. While not an active partisan, Mr. Standish, although originally a Democrat, was radically antislavery in his opinions, and during the political upheaval attending the Kansas-Nebraska struggle became a Republican. In I869 he received that party's nomination for Mayor of Detroit, and, although defeated, ran largely ahead of his ticket. He was subsequently chosen a member of the Board of Estimates, and in i88o was appointed to the responsible office of City Assessor. Three years later he was made a member of the new Board of Assessors, for the long term, and was the first President of that body. Mr. Standish was from his youth a member of the Baptist Church, and was always one of the active laymen of his denomination in this State. He was a consistent member and a deacon of the Romeo Church, and of the Lafayette (now Woodward) Avenue Baptist Church, of Detroit. In the last Society he was President of the Board of Deacons, and he was also President of the Baptist Social Union of Detroit. His loyalty to his church was free from sectarianism, and he was liberal without as well as within the channels of its action. Mrs. Standish died in July, I884, after a prolonged illness, and four months later, apparently in the full vigor of health, and in the midst of an active life, Mr. Standish was seized with some obscure disease of the heart, and expired instantly. He left four children: Mary, wife of William C. Colburn, Eva, wife of Charles K. Backus, James D. Standish, and Fred. D. Standish. His death ended an industrious, honorable, and prosperous life, crowned with an enviable memory.

1 232 LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. ISAAC NEWTON SWAIN, one of the earliest pioneers in the western part of the lower peninsula of Michigan, was born in Jefferson County, New York, near Sackett's Harbor, November 20, 1807, and was the son of Richard Swain. He was of English descent, and his ancestors were among the earliest Quaker settlers in this country. They came from Plymouth, in Devonshire, England, and first settled in Salem; but in I790, on account of the persecution growing out of the Salem witchcraft, they removed to Nantucket, Massachusetts, where many of their descendants still reside. Richard Swain was born in I773. In early life he engaged in mercantile and real estate business, and in 1796 purchased a valuable tract of land on the east shore of Lake Cayuga, in the town of Scipio, Cayuga County, New York. After several years' residence he found the title defective, and removed to Jefferson County, New York. When twentythree years old he married Martha Seaman. The founder of her family in America was Thomas Seaman, who came from Rehoboth, England, in 1696, and settled in Massachusetts, twelve miles east of Providence, on a tract which he named Rehoboth. There one of his grandsons preached until he was one hundred and four years old. Three others also attained a great age. Mrs. Swain was a woman of rare intelligence, a diligent student of the Scriptures, and did much to inculcate the sound principles which ever animated the actions of her son. In I816 the family removed from Sackett's Harbor, and settled in a dense wilderness on the Holland Purchase, since known as Royalton, in Niagara County, New York. Here, with his parents, Isaac N. Swain passed through all the privations and hardships of early pioneer life in Western New York. His early education was obtained in the log school-house, and he was specially aided by the encouragement and assistance of his mother. In the fall of I82I, although only fourteen years old, he assisted in the construction of the Erie Canal, and continued in the work until cold weather prevented further labors. At the age of sixteen he received a teacher's certificate, and for the next, four years taught during the winter months. He devoted the proceeds obtained by teaching to defraying his school expenses at the Middlebury Academy, located about forty miles from his home, walking to and from the academy when he could be spared from work on the farm. In order to obtain money for a collegiate education, he went South, and taught school until his health failed. Returning North, he made a tour of three months through Michigan, and purchased eighty acres of land near the present site of Jackson. In I830 he married Vallonia, daughter of William Smith, of Royalton, and removed with his wife to Michigan. The next year he purchased some government land in what is now Spring Arbor, Jackson County. Here he built a house and settled down. At this time he was the only white settler within a radius of many miles from his residence. Indians were numerous and troublesome, and personal encounters with wild beasts, especially wolves, were frequent. He resided at Spring Arbor, enduring all the hardships of frontier life, until 1834, when he removed within four miles of the village of Concord, where he continued his farming, and at the same time did much in the way of surveying and engineering. With the means thus acquired, he embarked in the lumber business, and for a time also conducted a saw-mill and engaged in mercantile pursuits. After trying in vain to secure a canal or a railroad in the vicinity of Concord, he removed into the then dense forest in the Paw Paw valley, and began clearing a farm near the present site of Watervliet, Berrien County, supposing he had settled on what would be the route of the proposed Michigan Central road. In this he was disappointed, but he continued to prosecute his business enterprises with energy and success. The years from I855 to I858 were spent in traveling, in the hope of restoring his wife's health, but it proved unavailing, and during the latter year she died. At this time, by his labors in farming, surveying, merchandising, and lumbering, he had not only accumulated a large fortune, but had performed an important part in developing the resources of the State. After his wife's death, he purchased twelve acres of land on the western bank of the Detroit River, fronting on Fort Street. Here in 1862-3 he erected a large and beautiful residence, where he resided until his death. He was a man of extensive reading, a great lover of books, and possessed of rare literary attainments. He collected a fine library, and found his greatest comforts during the latter years of his life in study and investigation, time for which, during the earlier period of his life, was denied him. He was simple in manner, kindly in disposition, firm in his friendships, took great delight in social intercourse, and was notably benevolent and charitable. In early life he was a Democrat, but from I864 voted with the Republican party. He was however, without political aspirations, and never held a public office. During the Civil War he gave his hearty support to a vigorous prosecution of the Union cause. He always sympathized with the temperance movement, and was an earnest advocate of total abstinence from alcoholic liquors, occasionally delivering public addresses upon the subject. His personal appearance was such that he would command attention anywhere. He was

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LAND DEALERS, LUMBER over six feet in height, with large physical frame, and an ideal specimen of the sturdy pioneer. He married his second wife, Eleanor J. Champion, of Ypsilanti, September i, I859. He died at Detroit, April 30, I88o. ANSON WARING is of English descent and of Quaker ancestry. His grandfather, Anson Waring, married Margaret Adams, of Massachusetts, and settled in Saratoga County, New York, about the year 1800. One of his children, Joseph Adams Waring, married Susan Tompkins Jeffers. Their son, Anson Waring, was born in Farmington, Ontario County, New York, January I6, 1832. In 1835 the family removed to the adjoining County of Wayne, where, at the age of eighteen, with a good English education, acquired at Lyons Academy, Anson Waring commenced his business career as a clerk in a dry goods store. In I856 he came to Michigan, remaining until 1863, when he went to Fort Wayne, Indiana, and engaged in the wholesale iron and hardware trade, continuing in that line for a number of years. In the meantime, he assisted in organizing the National Pin Company of Detroit, of which he was chosen Secretary, and in I875 came to Detroit, to look after the interests of the company. He was subsequently instrumental in organizing the Imperial Life Insurance Company of Detroit, and has been the Secretary of the company since its organization. He is well known as a careful, conservative, and successful business man, and though naturally somewhat retiring in disposition, is not lacking in energy or firmness. His personal character and worth are indicated by the positions which he fills. He is a member of the Church of Our Father, and one of its Board of Trustees, and Treasurer of the Society. He has always been a steadfast Republican, but takes little active part in political affairs. He was married in December, 1852, to Mary, daughter of Tunis Woodruff, of Wayne County, New York. They had two children, both of whom are living. Their mother died. In I858 Mr. Waring married Eleanor Fuller, of Plymouth, Michigan. She died, leaving two children, both of whom are living. On February 9, 1887, he married Mary Virginia Hard, of Detroit. JARED C. WARNER, like many others of the older and substantial citizens of Detroit, came from New England. He was born in Chester, Connecticut, December 9, 1804, and was the son of John and Mehitable (Clark) Warner. His father was born August 4, 1772, and died in the autumn of 1850. His mother was born July 14, I777, and diecd Iecember I, I826. MANUFACTURERS, ETC. 1233 Mr. J. C. Warner lived in Chester until 1831, when he came to Detroit, where he soon engaged in the hotel business, and continued in it until 1856. His first venture was in the old Eagle Hotel, on Woodbridge Street, between Griswold and Shelby Streets. In 1837 he began keeping the Franklin House, at the southwest corner of Bates and Lamed Streets, and subsequently removed to the " Yankee Boarding House," which was on the southeast corner, the site of the present Franklin House. One of the almost universal features of hotels at that time was the bar, but in I843 Mr. Warner resolved to have none in his hotel, and his house became widely known as the Franklin Cold Water House, and has ever since been maintained as a temperance hotel. After leaving the hotel business he engaged in various real estate transactions, and by careful investments secured a large fortune. He was a Democrat in his political faith, and sincere and earnest in adhering to his convictions. He served as a member of the Board of Education from 1856 to I86I, and as member of the Board of Review from i866 to 1872. For nearly twenty years prior to his decease he had lived rather a retired life, but he was always affable and courteous, universally esteemed by those who knew him, and among his intimates was designated as " Uncle Warner." He was one of the earliest members of the First Baptist Church of Detroit, and a consistent and courageous advocate of the Christian faith. He was married October I, 1836, to Sarah Finney, daughter of Thomas and Harriet (Beatley) Finney. She was born in Delaware, New York, May I5, I815. After enjoying fifty years of exceptionally happy married life, Mr. and Mrs. Warner celebrated their golden wedding on October I, I886. He died within one year after, on July I8, 1887, leaving his wife and one daughter, Mrs. H. H. James. DEODATUS C. WHITWOOD was born in West Stockbridge, Berkshire County, Massachusetts, July 17, I813. The homestead stood upon the State line, one half being in the State of New York and the other in Massachusetts. The head of the family voted in the State of New York, while the children from the same home attended school in Massachusetts. Before Mr. Whitwood became of age he made two journeys to Western New York, purchasing large numbers of cattle and driving them East for sale. ITe came to Michigan in 1836, and was interested for a number of years in a line of stages running between Chicago and Detroit, making his headquarters alternately at Ypsilanti, Ann Arbor, and Jackson. About 1840 he engaged in merchandizing,

234 LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. at Dexter, Michigan, and was quite successful. About I848 he disposed of his interests in Dexter, came to Detroit, and became at once identified with the produce business, the sale of farming implements, and also dealt in cattle. In 1853 he was appointed agent for the Sault Ste. Marie Canal Company, and held the position until I860. In 1862 he was appointed Comptroller of the city of Detroit, and is conceded to have been one of the most careful, exact, and scrupulous men that ever filled that important position. In politics Mr. Whitwood was a staunch Democrat, and one of the leaders of the party in Washtenaw and adjoining counties. The old inhabitants of some localities relate many amusing stories and anecdotes regarding his stump speeches, and the way in which he managed political campaigns. In 1864 and 1865 he was engaged in constructing the harbor at Frankfort, on Lake Michigan. His connection with the Sault Ste. Marie Canal Company led him to become largely interested in pine lands throughout the State. He also owned a large fruit farm on the shore of Lake Michigan, together with considerable real estate in Detroit. For several years previous to his death he was connected with the Wayne County Savings Bank, as second Vice-President, assistant Secretary and Treasurer. Mr. Whitwood was a man of warm attachments, but resented injury, deceit, and misrepresentation with such outspoken scorn that he drove from his presence any who attempted to impose upon him. His quick perception, large and varied experience in business, and his unimpeachable integrity, together with an extensive acquaintance, made his services of great value in any enterprise in which he engaged. In January, 1842, he married Caroline E. Farrand, of Ann Arbor. She died in I864, and in i866 he married Harriet Murdock, and within a year he was again bereaved. He died on October 7, 1884, leaving four children, D. B. Whitwood, Mrs. A. B. Case, Mrs. E. H. Flinn, and Mrs. H. W. Barnard, all of Detroit. EBER B, WARD was born December 25, 18 1, in Canada, during a visit of his father's family to that country. The family were all natives of Vermont, and they returned to that State just at the commencement of the War of I812. In 1818 they emigrated to Ohio, Mrs. Ward dying on the journey, at Waterford, Pa. Young Eber arrived in Detroit in I821, aged nine years, and when twelve years old he was serving as cabin boy on a lake schooner. Being very enterprising and energetic,, he steadily advanced, until he commanded his own craft. Steam navigation on the lakes was then in its infancy. He was quick to see the favorable opening, and continuing his investments he soon became prominent in various steamboat lines, and commanded personally several once well-known boats. As there were no railroads in those days to compete for travel and traffic, steamboating became immensely profitable, and Mr. Ward laid the foundations for his subsequent large fortune. Gradually as railroads began to spread out towards the west and steamboating began to wane, he had the shrewdness and foresight to part with his vessel interests, and devoted his attention to iron manufacture just inaugurated in the west. He saw it must become an important interest, and buying up a large quantity of the depreciated stock of the Eureka Iron Company, which, owing to mismanagement, had not been successful, he procured the dismissal of the salaried officers of the company, and taking the management into his own hands he performed effectively and without charge duties that had previously entailed a great expense on the corporation. This was the turning point in the success of the Eureka Iron Company. It at once became a profitable establishment, and Captain Ward was fairly launched in the iron business. New plants were established at Chicago and 'Milwaukee, mines purchased on Lake Superior, blast furnaces erected at Wyandotte, Toledo, and other points, and immense pieces of timber land secured for charcoal purposes. At this time Mr. Ward was President of the Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad, and he had been for a long time a director in the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad. As a railroad man his influence soon extended westward to Iowa, where he was soon in charge of the Burlington and Southwestern Railway. About this time immense deposits of silver were discovered on the north shore of Lake Superior, and Captain Ward was quick to occupy this new field for enterprise. The entire island known as Silver Islet was purchased, and extensive mining operations inaugurated, followed by the erection of silver smelting works at Wyandotte. Hearing of large deposits of sand suitable for the manufacture of plate glass on the Mississippi river, below St. Louis, he investigated the same, bought the entire property, and in company with other parties established the American Plate Glass Works, which became the most extensive on the continent. It was always a wonder to his friends how Mr. Ward managed to successfully maintain the mastery of so much business. The secret lay in the fact that the captain was a good judge of men, and had the faculty of attaching faithful and competent men to himself, upon whom the details of his multifarious business could be placed, and whose fidelity he never failed to reward with princely generosity.

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LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. I235 In politics Mr. Ward was a Republican, and at the time of the impeachment movement against Andrew Johnson, Captain Ward's name was prominently mentioned in connection with the secretaryship of the treasury. In character he was a man of mild and agreeable manners, quick in action, open-handed and generous. Possessed of almost invincible determination, if he thought his plans were unreasonably opposed he would brook no opposition, and usually carried his point, but in general he was far from being a difficult man to please. As a friend and patron of young men of force and enterprise he was held in great esteem. He possessed a strong mind, and for one of comparatively limited education, was surprisingly well posted in science, modern history, political economy and philosophy, and could write most forcibly upon subjects in which he was interested. He had considerable taste for and thoroughly appreciated and enjoyed the accomplishments and graces of culture. His cabinet of mineralogy, his library, and his garden, all bespoke a high degree of natural refinement. Though bred a sailor, he was a thorough gentleman in his deportment. No oath or vulgar expression ever escaped his lips, and though possessed of great wealth, he was democratic in his habits and free from all the petty weaknesses of pride. Mr. Ward's religious views were broad and liberal. To quote the words of one who holds his memory in grateful affection, " he believed in God, in universal law, in the communion of spirits, in life everlasting, and in eternal progress." His heart was large and his charity abundant, his forethought and foresight wonderful, making his judgment in business superior to ordinary men. His nieces and nephews, and a long list of relatives and friends, remember with gratitude his kind heart and open purse. He was far from being a bigot, and altogether free from petty jealousy. Though nominally a Unitarian, he was always ready with a liberal donation to any church or denomination that needed aid. Mr. Ward's death, which occurred on January 2, 1875, was very sudden, and was caused by a stroke of apoplexy. By his first marriage Mr. Ward had five sons, John P., Henry S., Milton D., Charles H. and Frederick, and two daughters, Lfzzie V. and Mary E. By his second wife he had two children, Eber B. and Clara. EMILY WARD, familiarly and almost universally known as Aunt Emily, was born March I6, I809, at Manlius, near Syracuse, N. Y. Her father, Eber Ward, was the son of a Baptist clergyman, and her mother the daughter of Captain Potter, a retired shipmaster. After the birth of Emily, Mr. Ward, who was a native of Vermont, moved back to that State with his wife and two little daughters. Living there but a short time, he went to Canada, locating near the present site of Toronto. Mr. Ward remained in Canada about a year and then returned to his former home near Rutland, Vt., where he resided with his family for five years. In December, I817, he, with his family, left for Kentucky, where he intended to settle permanently. It being winter, they were obliged to travel in a canvas-covered sleigh, and the journey, which was through New York and Pennsylvania, was a wearisome one, and rendered much more so by the inclemency of the weather. After they had been on the road for several weeks Mr. Ward was taken with pleurisy, and the providing for the family was thrown on Mrs. Ward, until her husband was restored to health. The additional exertion she was impelled to make was more than she could sustain, and on their arrival at Waterford, Pa., she was taken sick, and after a few days' illness, died. Her death induced Mr. Ward to give up his intention of settling in Kentucky, and he directed his way toward the lake regions, reaching New Salem, now Conneaut, Ohio, when he brought his journey to a close, and remained four years. When Mrs. Ward died she left four children, "Aunt Emily," Sallie, Eber B., and Abbie, and at the age of nine years "Aunt Emily" was installed as housekeeper, and faithfully and well performed the duties and assumed the responsibilities of that position. In I822 the family went to Marine City, then known as Yankee Point, where Mr. Ward's brother Samuel lived and owned several vessels which he used for trading purposes. The family remained in Marine City about five years, during which time Aunt Emily taught school in addition to looking after the needs of her father's household, but finally, as the members of the family were suffering severely from malaria, they moved back to Conneaut. At this time Aunt Emily's sisters married and went to make homes for themselves. Sallie became Mrs. Brindle and Abbie, Mrs. B. F. Owen. About 1831 her father was appointed keeper of Bois Blanc Island Light-house, and after a few months Aunt Emily joined him, remaining there for eight or ten years. "Aunt Emily assumed the active responsibility involved in the care of the light stations, a man being employed by her father to carry out her instructions. * * * During the progress of a severe storm, while her father was at Mackinac, Aunt Emily discovered that the masonry of the light-house tower was being undermined. Watching anxiously, she discovered seams appearing, running its whole length from top to bottom. In spite of the fierce wind that was blowing, she climbed in

1236 LAND DEALERS, LUMBER MANUFACTURERS, ETC. side the spiral stairs leading to the top of the tower, which was even then swaying back and forth, removed the lamp and other things of value and descended. She had scarcely reached the ground before the tower toppled over, but luckily it fell in such a manner as not to crush the residence." About 1845, Aunt Emily returned to Marine City, living there for the next twenty years. During this time both of her sisters died, leaving large families, over whom she exercised the same kind guardianship she had exercised over their mothers. As has been truly said of her, "she found her mission amongst children, and it was a mission in which her devotion was earnest and unwearying." She had under her care as many as ten children at one time, and brought up fourteen children from childhood to maturity. She cared for half a dozen others for periods of several years, and the number of those who felt the benefit of her assistance and the influence of her words of advice and encouragement would reach into hundreds. She reared her charges in a good old-fashioned way, keeping them out of mischief by giving them something to do. She had a contempt for many of the acquirements and arts which are supposed to be essential to the training of the young ladies of the present day. She sought to impress upon the children the importance of work and the necessity of thrifty and economical habits. The late Captain Ward gave her material assistance in carrying out her projects and good deeds. He built a school for her at Marine City and fitted it out with all the equipments and appliances essential to a good education. A college graduate, whose salary he paid, was generally placed in charge, but Aunt Emily was the presiding genius, or, as it has been happily put, " she had charge of the school-master, the school-house and the pupils, and was a board of education of one, with original and appellate jurisdiction." Though Aunt Emily had several proposals of marriage, she always refused, as she herself has said, " she didn't have time to get married." Like her brother, she possessed considerably business talent, was quick to comprehend a business proposition, and to take in the phases of a commer cial situation. Captain Ward, over whom she had great influence, always attributed much of his success in business to her foresight and prudent suggestion. At a crisis early in his career, he was saved from ruin by the timely assistance of a sum of money which she had laid by, and with which the captain successfully overcame his embarrassment. In I865, she joined her brother in Detroit, where he had moved some years previous, and in I869 Captain Ward built for her a large old-fashioned home on Fort street, nearly opposite his own beautiful house, and she has resided there ever since, being frequently visited by those who have felt the benefit of her kind attention, and over whom she exercised the care of a mother. Her career has been full of incident. Placed in a position of responsibility at an early age, she soon displayed that force of character which has been one of her most prominent traits, and which years of energetic action have highly developed. Having once made up her mind to do a thing, and becoming convinced of the rightness of her position, she went ahead, regardless of what the world thought, bravely facing all obstacles, and if possible, overcoming them. She has always had a contempt for the demands of fashionable society, and clothed herself in dresses of the plainest kind, adhering to the same style year after year. Accustomed from her childhood to work, she was never happy when idle, and frequently after spending the day attending to the wants of her own flock she would be seen hurrying off, bearing succor and good cheer to some sick or distressed family, and in the kindness of her heart she has always managed to have several such ones on her hands. Although she has never failed or faltered in her benevolent deeds and her cheerful good nature, honest, whole-souled sympathy, and steady generous giving of both money and time, and her wise counsel have endeared her to many scores of persons. She has not shone in the literary, social, or political world, but she has left the impress of her life upon many, and will live, with thanksgiving, in their memory long after she has passed away.

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CHAPTER CVII. MERCHANTS AND MANUFACTURERS. JOHN BRENNAN, of the firm of John Brennan & Company, Manufacturers of boilers and workers of sheet iron, was born in Ireland, on March I6, I820. During the same year his parents emigrated to America, settling in New York City. At ten years of age he was an orphan and thrown upon his own resources, a fact that so materially interfered with his education that he may be called a self-educated man. While but a youth, he entered the Allair Iron Works in order to learn the blacksmithing business, and in 1847, with the capital which he had acquired by industry and economy, he joined his uncle, James Brennan, in the boiler-making business at Detroit, under the name of J. & J. Brennan. In 1865 he became sole owner of the establishment, and in 1882 the business was incorporated with a capital of thirty-five thousand dollars, Mr. Brennan becoming President. The institution has steadily prospered, and now gives employment to ninety or one hundred men, and a branch was established at Battle Creek in t883. Mr. Brennan's business life has been eminently successful, and he is now enjoying the reward of a life of continuous industry. In 1839 he married Matilda Van Drummond, of Long Island. She died shortly after her arrival in Detroit, leaving a son who subsequently died. On April 28, i85i, he married Hannah Hilton Butler, a native of Maine. When the old volunteer fire department was in its prime, Mr. Brennan was a member of Continental Co., No. 8, and often ran with the machine. He was also prominent in musical circles, and was at one time Treasurer of the Handel and Haydn Musical Association. His integrity and sterling qualities being well-known, his fellow citizens often tried to induce him to hold public office, but he always resisted the allurements of politics, and attended strictly to his personal affairs. Up to the beginning of the war with the South he was a Democrat, but after that time he voted the Republican ticket. In every respect, Mr. Brennan is a self-made man. By his own energies he has raised himself to a position of affluence and independence, and close application, strict business methods and persevering energy have won for him a success of which he may well be proud. CONRAD CLIPPERT was born in Hesse-Cassel, Germany, in 1834. His parents Henry and Anna Catherine (Kimbal) Clippert, died in Germany, leaving a family of four sons and four daughters, of whom John, Mrs. Mary Bornman and Conrad now survive. Conrad received a good education in Germany, and after coming to this country acquired an English education by attending night schools and by contact with English-speaking people. In the spring of I850 he came to Wayne County, settled at Springwells, and commenced his business career the following year as an errand boy in the employ of Richard H. Hall. Later on he became the book-keeper, and finally general manager of that gentleman's extensive brick-making business, holding the position until 1874, when he organized the firm of Clippert & Daniels. He has taken a prominent part in public affairs, serving as Town Clerk one year, and being elected Supervisor in 1870. He filled this position for ten years, and was then elected Sheriff of Wayne County In 1882 he was re-elected as Sheriff, retiring from office in I884. When Mr. Clippert was elected Sheriff he sold out his large brick-making interests, but re-engaged in them at the expiration of his term of office, and now gives employment to seventy-five or one hundred men. He was married to Christina Frederica Pfeifle in I859. She was born in Germany in 1840, and came to Detroit in 1844. They have six sons and one daughter, namely, George H., Frederick J., Charles F., Conrad, Jr., William, Julius Caspar and Hattie Frederica. Mr. Clippert attends the German Lutheran Church at the corner of Jay and Russell streets. In politics he is a Republican and is an excellent worker for the interest of his party. Of a genial, friendly nature, he quickly makes friends, and numbers them by hundreds. His great popularity amongst his fellow-citizens is attested by the fact 11237]

1238 MERCHANTS AND that he was elected to the Sheriff's office on the Republican ticket in a largely Democratic county. Strictly honorable in his dealings, he has the confidence of all with whom he deals. His efforts in business ventures have been attended with gratifying success, and he is truly entitled to a place in the list of our self-made men. VICTOR COLLIAU was born in Paris, France, July 4, 1827, and is the son of Francois and Fortune Adelaide Colliau, nee Lottin. His grandfather and great grandfather were clock and watch makers of reputation, their time-pieces being still in use in many French palaces. His grandfather, who in I820 founded the iron works at Toutesvoyes near Chantilly on the River Oise, made the first wire nails by machinery and his father who succeeded to the business made the first iron wirerope ever manufactured by machinery. Mr. Colliau himself was at the head of this iron establishment for ten years and then sold out on account of the business stagnation that followed the revolutions of I848 to I85i. He lived at his home in Paris, which had witnessed the birth of four generations of the Colliau family, until his eighth year, and then went to l'Abbe Poiloup's College at Vangirard, near Paris. He remained at College until his seventeenth year, and amongst his college mates and friends were the present great chemist Berthelot and General de Gallifet, the sons and nephews of Lafayette, de Chateaubriand, de Larochejaquelain, de La Rochefoucauld, de Clermont Tonnerre,the sons of Admirals de Moge and Duperre, de Polignac, the nephews of Monsignor Affre, Archbishop of Paris, who was killed at the barricades in the revolution of 1848. On leaving college in 1844 he worked for his father until the latter's death in I846, and then went as draughtsman for the Seguin Brothers, the great railroad and bridge builders. While with them he assisted in the construction of the railroad from Troy to Monteraux, and in the erection of three cast-iron cantilever bridges over the River Seine. On the death of his mother in I85O, he took possession of the iron-works, which he managed for six years, and then sold out to go to England, where he was engaged as draughtsman for Easton & Amos, machinists. In 1857 he returned to Paris, preparatory to starting for America. While in Paris one of his sisters introduced him to a gentleman who had taken some shares in a company just organized in Paris for the exploration and development of millions of acres of mineral lands, which the company claimed to hold by virtue of certain letters patent issued by the American government, conferring large grants of land on certain persons who had done service for the Republic under the Marquis de Lafayette. Young Colliau was MANUFACTURERS. employed by the company to journey to America and superintend the'mines. On arriving at Wytheville, Va., the supposed seat of the company's offices, he found neither land nor mines, and learned to his disgust that the whole concern was a swindle. He sent a detailed report of the fraud to the Police Department of France, and had the satisfaction of hearing that the offices of the company were closed and the manager imprisoned. Mr. Colliau then determined to remain and cast his lot with this country. He earned a living by teaching French and by occasionally drawing a few plans. In two years he had saved a little money and set up a general store in Wytheville. When the war broke out he had acquired a considerable fortune, which was wiped out by a raid of the Federal troops, and then the Rebels gave him sixty days to join the army or leave the country. He determined to go north and started out with his wife and two children in a carriage drawn by mules. After a long journey full of thrilling incidents he finally arrived in New York, where he spent six months looking for a situation. He was finally engaged as mechanical superintendent of the copper mines controlled by the Lafayette and Carp Lake Mining Company, situated at Ontonagon, Michigan. Shortly after reaching the mining region, Lincoln was assassinated, and in the panic which followed, the company by which Mr. Colliau was employed, failed, and he was compelled to return to Detroit, where he had stopped a few days before going to Ontonagon. Shortly after his arrival in Detroit he was given the position of chief draughtsman of the Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, and for six years served also as professor of mechanical drawing for the Mechanic Society, and had from thirty to sixty pupils every winter, some of whom are now foremen and head draughtsmen in large shops. In 1876 he resigned and made a trip to France, where he studied the question of saving fuel in iron-melting. He then returned to Detroit and patented an invention by which the number of pounds of iron meltable by a pound of coal was increased from six to ten. He soon organized a company of which he was President, but was finally " frozen out " of it. He however was not discouraged, but kept on working at his cupola, and in 1884 invented the present Colliau Cupola, which melts I3Y pounds of iron to one pound of coal. He is at present engaged in the building of cupolas and over 500 Colliau Cupolas are now in successful operation in every State in the Union, and in Canada and Mexico. In addition to his cupola he has invented the " Colliau Washing Machine " and the " Colliau Smelting Furnace," and has eclipsed all his former efforts by the invention of the Colliau Steam Generator, an invention which will effect a great saving of coal in generating steam.

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MEKCHANTS AND MANUFACTURERS. I239 In personal appearance Mr, Colliau is below the medium height, of portly build, with clear cut features and a cast of countenance that indicates his Gallic origin. His predominant trait is a dogged determination, which he has shown during his whole career, and which has spurred him on to renewed efforts, even under the most discouraging circumstances. He was married in England in 1857 to an English lady. They had nine children, seven of whom are still living, namely, Francis, who is married and is superintendent of the cupola shop, Lucie, now Mrs. Archibald MacMillan, Clara, Victor, Jr., Emile, Charlotte, and Harry. SIDNEY B. DIXON was born May 19, 1841, in the village of Whitesborough, near Utica, Oneida County, New York, and is the son of Richard and Cornelia Dixon. His father, who had been the foreman in a large cotton manufactory, removed to Detroit in 1852, where he went into the meat business at the corner of Brush and Clinton Streets. Sidney B. Dixon attended a public school until fourteen years of age, and then went to work for his father, continuing with him for six years. In I86i he married Catherine C. Langley, daughter of Henry Langley, a retired builder. The following year, on August 7, I862, he enlisted as a private in Co. G, Twenty-fourth Michigan Infantry, going to the front a few weeks later. He participated in all the campaigns on the Potomac, and in 1865 returned to Detroit, where he was mustered out of service. After his return home he worked for William A. Owen, who was then located at the corner of Jefferson Avenue and Rivard Street. After serving Mr. Owen for nine months, he entered the employ of Geo. H. Hammond. Here his talent and ability for business was soon manifest, and from a subordinate position he rose rapidly until 1872, when he became a partner. In 1882 a corporation was formed, and Mr. Dixon became the Vice-President and has continued as such. He is also interested in the H. C. Hart Manufacturing Co., the Detroit and Montana Cattle Co., the Fire and Marine Insurance Co., the Michigan Savings Bank, the Detroit Spiral Tube Co., the Congress Mine, of Breckenridge, Colorado, and many other business enterprises. Though interested in various business ventures, Mr. Dixon does not permit them to absorb all his attention. He takes an active interest in masonic affairs and is Past Eminent Commander of the Detroit Commandery. Of strong social predilections, he is frequently present at evening gatherings, is a prominent member and director of the Rushmere Club, and a worthy example of a self-made man. As a business man he has been energetic and upright, and as a citizen, public-spirited and enterprising, and his genial nature has won for him a host of friends. Modest and unassuming, kind and generous at heart, he easily secures the esteem, confidence and good-will of all with whom he is associated. His family consists of himself, his wife, three sons and a daughter, namely, Sidney R., Edward M., Maud M. and Frederick S. One son, Eugene H., died during I889. WALTER JOHN GOULD was born in the town of Kenton, Somersetshire, England, seven miles from the historical Glastonbury Abbey, December 25, 1830, and is the only son of John and Mary Elizabeth (Hill) Gould. When Walter was but six years of age, his father being desirous of bettering his financial condition, and realizing that much greater inducements were offered in the new world, sailed for America with his wife and son, and settled in Detroit in June, I836. Young Walter's first schooling was obtained in a little school house situated near the corner of Bates and Lamed Streets, where now the large drug house of Williams, Sheley & Brooks is located. He next attended school in the University building, located near the corner of Bates and Congress streets. His father upon reaching Detroit opened a grocery store on Randolph Street, near where the Biddle House now stands, but during the financial troubles of i854 went West, and was never heard from thereafter. In I839 his mother died. The principles of hon esty and integrity, however, which she had instilled in his youthful mind, and to which he continued to adhere, have won for him the respect and esteem of all who know him. At the age of eighteen years, Walter J. entered the employ of the widely known financier, Capt. E. B. Ward, and while with him he obtained a business education that was of great value. He remained with Mr. Ward for seventeen years, filling in a commendable manner the position of clerk on the steamers, Samuel Ward, Huron, Pacific, Cleveland, Forrester, and Planet, and attended Goldsmith's Commercial College during the winter months. Indomitable will and energy soon gave him a good business education, and in I86. he launched forth for himself and opened a wholesale grocery house at No. 22 Woodward Avenue with a Mr. Fellers, under the name of Gould & Fellers. In 1873 the partnership was dissolved, and Mr. Gould renting the stores known as Nos. 82 and 84 Jefferson Avenue, continued the business alone. His generosity and warm-heartedness and his sterling qualities soon won for him a wide reputa

124Q MERCHANTS AND MANUFACTURERS tion and many friends, and in 1881 his business had reached such a magnitude, being constantly on the increase, that he was obliged to seek more commodious quarters. The stores Nos. 59, 6I and 63 Jefferson Avenue were then obtained, and he became senior member of the firm of W. J. Gould & Co., the largest wholesale grocery house in Michigan. Mr. Gould is a large subscriber to charitable organizations, and many a poor family have had reason to be grateful for his benevolence in time of need. In politics he is a Republican, but does not engage actively in political life. DE WITT C. GAGE was born April 6, 1836, in Seneca County, New York, and is the son of Justice and Ruth (Tinkler) Gage. His father who was born in Oneida County, New York, was a minister of the Universalist Church, and was one of thirteen children, the youngest of whom, Eli, is the father of Lyman J. Gage, a prominent Chicago business man and banker, and now a member of the World's Fair Commission. When but a year old De Witt C. Gage removed with his parents to Cass County, Michigan, and in its district schools he received his early education. When fourteen years of age he left home, going to the village of Dowagiac, then just started, where he remained for one year, attending school in the winter and serving as clerk for Henry Lybrooks, the leading merchant of the place. The following winter he taught school, and with the money he earned he entered the Normal School at Ypsilanti the next autumn. In the winter of I857 he again taught school at Waterford, in this State, and the next summer worked his father's farm, whilst the latter was on a visit to New York. That winter he traveled for a Chicago publishing house, to obtain subscriptions, and in the spring went north with a party looking for lands, walking from Kalamazoo to Grand Traverse City, through what was then a perfect wilderness. Failing to find suitable land, he returned by way of Chicago to Dowagiac, but immediately started out in the same spring with five others to take a drove of cattle over the plains to California. On arriving in California, he sold his horse for six hundred dollars in gold, and this was the extent of his wealth. He there hired out to an old Frenchman who ran a garden-farm near San Jose. The latter had one hundred and fifty head of cattle, but being without a range upon which to pasture them, he proposed to Mr. Gage to take the cattle and find a range, and for his compensation take half the increase. Mr. Gage consented to the proposition, and securing another hundred and fifty head on the same conditions, started out to look for a location, which he found on the Middle Range of Mountains, midway between Stockton and San Luis, seventy-five miles away from the nearest post-office. He remained on this range for five years, during three of which he did not see a post-office, town or store. At the end of the five years he returned to his home at Dowagiac by the way of the Isthmus of Panama and New York. He secured employment with his brother, who was then running a lumber mill in Berrien County, and after working a week for him, bought the mill, which he controlled for four years. At the end of that time he sold out and went to Boulder City in Colorado, which was then a Territory. Remaining there for the summer and winter, he returned at the solicitation of his brother, who was book-keeper for Backus Brothers, lumber manufacturers of Detroit, who had written to him that they wanted a forKman for the lumber yards. For six years Mr. Gage worked in this capacity for that company, and in 1872, in connection with W. A. C. Miller, started a lumber yard at the corner of Tenth and Fort Streets. At the end of nine years they dissolved partnership, Mr.Gage retaining the old stand. One year later he entered into partnership with Mr. Hebert, establishing a yard at the corner of Fifteenth and Fort streets. In May, I889, he sold his interest, and since that time has not been engaged in active business. He was married in 1874, to Jane Schneider, who is a native of Marengo, Michigan. They have two children, named Minnie and Jennie. JOHN ALLEN GRAY was born in Glasgow, Scotland, March 24, I854, and is the son of John and Margaret (Allen) Gray. When he was but a year old his parents, with their family of four children, emigrated to America, and settled at Utica, New York. In I856 they removed to Hamilton, Canada, where five more children were born. In 1863 the family came to Detroit, where two more children were added to the already large family, making in all eleven children, nine of whom are now living, namely, Mary, Andrew, Maggie, John H., William N., Robert, Eliza, Alice and Edward. The mother died in 1884, but the father is still living, and serves as engineer in his sons' carriage manufactory. John Allen Gray attended the public school for a few years, the rest of his education being acquired at night school and by private reading. When but twelve years old he went to work, working part of the time at gardening and again at making measures. Subsequently, for five years he served as an engineer. At seventeen years of age he began learning the general smithing trade, and in 1879 engaged in the smith

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MERCHANTS AND MANUFACTURERS. I241 -.....-,..._ ---- _ ing, wagon-making and repairing business with a capital of forty-one dollars. Amongst his first orders was one given by the Diamond Fanning Mill Co. for twelve wagons. He had neither material nor money with which to buy them. Nothing daunted, however, he went to several business houses, explained the situation, and asked for thirty days credit, at the end of which time he said the wagons would be completed, and he would have the money to pay for them. Several firms to which he applied refused to aid, but he found others who did have faith in him, and these same houses have since received the benefit of his large patronage, and naturally he has always felt grateful to those who were willing to take his word in an hour of need. From this modest beginning the business rapidly grew, and the firm now gives employment to thirty or thirty-five men. In 188I he established himself on Cass Avenue, and in 1882 entered into partnership with his brother, under the firm name of J. A. Gray and Brother. In I886 they reorganized, and were incorporated under the name of Gray Brothers. In addition to their other manufactures they also make wire nails, their factory being on Trumbull Avenue. Mr. Gray was married in February, 1878, to Eliza Smith. They have two sons, Chester M., and Allen S., and one daughter, Elsie. Mr. Gray is a prominent Odd Fellow, being Past Grand of Wayne Lodge. In religion he inclines to Presbyterianism, having been brought up in the faith of that denomination. In politics he is independent, acknowledging allegiance to neither of the parties, but supporting for office whoever in his estimation is the best. Unaided by others, and by his own perseverance and hard labor, he has raised himself to a position of independence. He is quiet in disposition, but his strong determination and personality soon impress themselves on any one who meets him. WILLIAM A. GRAY is of Scotch descent. His father, John, and his mother Margaret (Allen) Gray were born in Glasgow, Scotland. They came to America in I855, and took up their residence at Utica, New York. From there, in I856, they removed to Hamilton, Canada, and here, on August I th of the same year, the subject of this sketch was born. In 1863 the family came to Detroit, and owing to the number of children, the boys were obliged to shift for themselves at an early age, and William was deprived of any extended schooling. He at first engaged in the manufacture of cigar boxes, and continued in this occupation for several years, and then went to learn the trade of carriage-body making at John Patton's carriage establishment. The faithful and diligent manner in which he applied himself to his trade made him a thorough workman at the completion of his apprenticeship, and in 1882 he entered into a partnership with his brother, John A. Gray, who had already acquired a large general smithing trade, and together they engaged in the manufacture and repairing of wagons and carriages. In I886 the firm was reorganized and incorporated under the name of Gray Brothers. The high quality of their work has brought them a large trade, and they now give employment to between thirty and forty persons. They are also engaged in other manufacturing enterprises, amongst which is the manufacture of wire nails. Mr. Gray is a thorough master of his trade, energetic and upright, and his perseverance, industry and abilities have raised him to an enviable position. His education has been largely acquired through contact with the world. He is a believer in the tenets of the Presbyterian church and is independent in politics, although he inclines to the Republican party. He is a member of the Ancient Order of United Workmen and of the National Union Benefit Association. In 1877 he married Sarah M. Arnold. They have a family of three children, Florence Sibyl, Arthur John, and William. ANTHONY F. GROSFIELD was born in Westphalia, Prussia, in 1843, and is the son of Theodore and Francesca (Grobbel) Grosfield. His mother died in Germany, leaving five children to mourn her departure Anthony attended the higher schools of Germany, and received a classical education. In 1863 he came to Detroit and engaged in manufacturing cutlery, sabres and army implements; three years later he started in the grocery business on Michigan Avenue, and soon after increased his stock, adding hardware and builder's materials. He has also dealt extensively in real estate, and owns considerable property in various parts of the city. Mr. Grosfield was elected Alderman for the Twelfth Ward in 1874, and was subsequently elected a member of the Board of Education, remaining on the Board from 1883 to 1887. He was a member of the Board of Estimates in I889, and in 1888 was elected State Senator for the Third District by a large vote. In 1885 he gave up his grocery and hardware business, and in company with Peter Schulte is engaged in the real estate and insurance business He is a firm believer in Democratic principles, and works hard for the success of his party. His religious views are those of a Roman Catholic, and he has done much towards building up St. Boniface's Church, of which he was a trustee for ten or twelve years. By economy and shrewd business 4r

1242 MERCHANTS AND MANUFACTURERS. foresight, he has accumulated considerable wealth. He has a quiet and modest disposition, but makes himself heard and felt in public affairs. His unquestioned integrity and solid worth have secured to him the respect and esteem of his fellow-citizens. Faithful to his friends, with an even tempered mind, and taking life's cares easily, he is a valuable friend and well thought of by those with whom he is associated. He was married on November 14, 1871, to Elizabeth Vogt, who was born in Grosse Pointe. They have a family of five sons, Theodore, John, Frank, Charles, and Frederick. EDWARD W. LEECH was born at Newboro, Province of Ontario, Canada, on January 20, I849, and is the son of Robert and Elizabeth (Earl) Leech. His great grandfather on the maternal side was killed at Wexford, Ireland, in the Rebellion of I798. His grandfather emigrated about 18Io from Ireland to Canada, settling in the County of Leeds, Ontario, then a complete wilderness. His father and grandfather were both wood-workers, the former in his early years manufacturing lumber. His father who was born in Leeds county, Ontario, lived there until I859, and then moved to the Queen's Bush, Ontario, where he built a lumber and flour mill, and established the village of Leechville. It was at the public school of this village that E. W. Leech received his education. At the age of sixteen he went to work in his father's mills. After he had mastered this business he became a partner with his father in the flour and saw mills, and in the dry goods business. He rapidly acquired wealth, but in I879, lost all that he possessed by the failure of a relative, whose paper he had indorsed. He then determined to go to Winnipeg, Manitoba, but on arriving in Detroit, in I880, he changed his mind, and determined to remain here and engage in the lumber business. Having but little money, he was obliged to start in an humble scale, buying a car-load of lumber at a time and selling it from the car. By strict economy and close attention to business he was soon able to establish a yard, and within ten years he built up the largest business in hard-wood lumber in Detroit. In March, I890, he and P. M. Gamble of the well-known firm of Lindsay & Gamble, manufacturers of pine lumber, entered into partnership under the firm name of E. W. Leech & Co., and consolidated the business of their pine and hard-wood lumber yards, running them separately. They have leased for a term of years the yards, ware-houses, planing mill, dry-kilns, etc., of Lindsay & Gamble, and have restocked the yards with a large assortment of pine and hard-wood lumber, made extensive improvements in the mill and dry-kilns, and now have unrivaled facilities for drying, working and handling lumber. Mr. Leech has never held any political office, is rather inclined to free trade tendencies, and is a believer in the principles of the Prohibition party. He is a member of the Royal Arcanum, of the Iron Hall, and when in Canada was an active member of the Good Templars. He is one of the leading members and an official in the Simpson Methodist Episcopal Ghurch. He possesses a quiet, good-natured disposition, but is of a determined spirit, and is the same in adversity or prosperity. He is strong in his likes and dislikes and blunt of speech, always speaking his mind openly and freely, and is intensely democratic in his ways, abhorring ostentation and display. His kind treatment of his employees has won for him their esteem and affection, and he never fails to give them aid in hours of sickness and distress. Self-made, self-educated, he is esteemed as a successful business man, a worthy citizen, and a desirable friend. He was married on February 27, 1878, to Rachel May Jackson, a farmer's daughter, and a native of Glengarry County, Ontario. Mrs. Leech possesses much business ability, and supervised the office work in connection with her husband's business for about six years. They have one son, Earl, who is nine years of age. CHARLES H. PRESTON was bornin Lenawee County, Michigan, September 9, 1854, and is the son of Simon B., and Julia E. Preston. His father, who was a miller by occupation, was a Lieutenant in the Mexican War, and again entered the service as First Lieutenant in the late Civil War. For gallant services on the field he was promoted to the captaincy of Company F, of the old Fourth Michigan Regiment. He was wounded in the battle before Richmond, and died in Libby Prison as a result of the amputation of his arm. His wife is still living at Hudson, in Lenawee County. C. H. Preston was educated in the public schools of Hudson. When twelve years of age, he began to work on a farm in the summer, attending school during the winter months. He continued in this manner until 1870, when he came to Detroit. and went to work in the Michigan Central Locomotive Works, learning the machinist's trade. After he had mastered this trade he entered the mechanical department where he became an expert draughtsman. He remained with this company for six years, and only left it when it removed its works to Jackson, Michigan. After this he went to Chicago, where he remained off and on for three years. During the latter part of his stay in Chicago he had charge of a match factory, but lost this situation by the burning

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MERCHANTS AND MANUFACTURERS. I243 of the buildings. A few days subsequently he met the late D. M. Richardson, of Detroit, who was then in Chicago endeavoring to secure the help of Chicago capitalists in reopening his match factory which had shut down because of his failure a short time before. Mr. Richardson engaged him as engineer, and in July, 1879, he became engineer and machinist of the Richardson Match Factory. In April, i880, he was advanced to the position of Superintendent, and during that same year the company became known as the Diamond Match Company. Mr. Preston held the position of Superintendent until February, 1889, and at that time, on the resignation of D. M. Richardson, he succeeded him as manager, which position he still holds. In the fall of I888 he joined the Free Masons and became a member of Kilwinning Lodge. He advanced rapidly through the different degrees of Masonry, and is now a 32~ Mason, a member of the Michigan Sovereign Consistory, Scottish Rite, and has passed through the Enrolled Chapter. In politics Mr. Preston is a Republican on national issues, but in local affairs he supports the best men. He is a member of the Michigan Club and of the Young Men's Republican League. Mr. Preston, although a comparatively young man, has met with a most gratifying success, a success that is all the more notable from the fact that he started out with few advantages and reached his present position in so brief a number of years. Under the most adverse circumstances he always kept his courage up and manifested an inflexible determination, which trait of his character is shown upon his clear-cut features and strong face. Though holding a responsible position, he does not forget to be considerate and is uniformly agreeable. He responds readily to calls upon his benevolence, and is always ready to give a word of cheer to those with whom he comes in contact. He was married oih October 22, 1873, to Ida M. Beers, of Detroit, whose father was his predecessor as Superintendent of the Richardson Match Factory, and is now Superintendent of the Diamond (Union) Match Company. They have one child, a little girl, Georgie M. Preston. HENRY SPITZLEY was born in Mayen, Germany, a town near the junction of the rivers Rhine and Moselle, on September 19, 1829, and is the son of Stephen and Agnes (Thomas) Spitzley. He lived in the vicinity of the beautiful Rhine until 1848, when with his parents he immigrated to America, arriving in Detroit on November 2 of that year. In the spring of 1849 he engaged as an apprentice with Hugh Flynn to learn the carpenter trade. In I853 he married Margaret Schmitz, a native of the same locality as himrelf. Two years later he moved to Chicago, where he engaged in business for himself, but the panic of 1857 came on, and he lost everything he had. He then moved to Kansas City, Missouri, where he engaged in the building business, and on the outbreak of the war with the South he moved to a point near South Bend, Indiana, residing there until 1867, when he returned to Detroit, mainly for the purpose of educating his children. In company with his brother Joseph he soon started a carpenter shop where their present extensive business is located. Possessed of but little capital, but having great energy, they built up one of the largest and most profitable carpenter and building establishments in the city. In 1874 they erected a three story building, fitted with steam power, in which all the work necessary for their business was done. In 1886 they suffered a severe loss by fire, their large mill and lumber yard being burned. They had only a small insurance, but immediately rebuilt, and in four months had a better factory, with the best of machinery, in full running order. The responsibility of the firm and the extent of their business may be inferred from the fact that they erected the beautiful residences of Wells W. Leggett, Joseph Black, Richard H. Fyfe, and Thos. Nestor, on Woodward Avenue; the residence of W. K. Muir on Jefferson Avenue; St. Albertus church on the corner of St. Aubin Avenue and Canfield Street; St. Anne's new Church; St. John's Church and School, on the corner of Russell and Chestnut Streets; the beautiful Baptist Church on the corner of Woodward Avenue and Winder Street, and many business blocks and residences in various parts of the city. Mr. Spitzley was appointed Building Inspector by Mayor Thompson, and gave great satisfaction while he held the position. Other than this he has held no public office, his large business interests preventing him from taking an active part in political affairs. He has five children, namely, Jacob H., who superintends the buildings in course of erection by the firm, Matilda, the wife of George W. Rice, Pauline now Mrs. Ray W; Jones, Josephine A., the wife of Mr. P. Henry Toepp and Louisa who married Augustus P. Connor. The family is highly esteemed, and is prominent in German society circles. JOHN V. RUEHLE was born in Baden, Germany, September 4, I812, and is the son of John, and Susan (Croneweth) Ruehle. He attended the government schools until fourteen years of age, and then commenced to learn the trade of a baker. While thus employed he heard glowing accounts of the greatness of America, and the opportunities it offered a young man, and he was filled with a

1244 MERCHANTS AND MANUFACTURERS. restless desire to come to this country, and through his persuasions his father, in I832, was induced to emigrate to America, coming direct to Detroit. After his arrival here Mr. Ruehle worked three years at his trade, and then settled in business for himself. In 1836 he joined the old volunteer fire department, serving as an active member until I844, when he was elected to the Legislature on the Democratic ticket. During the years 1840 to I842, he was a member of the board of Aldermen, serving with such wellknown citizens as Jerry Moore, A. Ewers, P. J. Desnoyers, Charles Moran, Chauncey Hurlbut and W. F. Chittenden. In I859 he was appointed by the Common Council as a member of the Board of Water Commissioners, and in I880 was elected one of the first Board of Boulevard Commissioners. His predilections lead him to take an active interest in military affairs, and in 1841 he organized the Scott Guards, and much against his wishes was made captain. Subsequently, when the Frontier Battalion was formed, he was elected major of that body. At the breaking out of the Mexican War he went to Mexico as Major of the First Michigan, the only complete regiment from the State. He served all through the war, distinguishing himself by his bravery and his soldierlyqualities. After his return home he went into the manufacture of soap and candles, but had hardly gotten his business in good condition when the Civil War began, and although he had already shown his devotion to the land of his adoption by serving through one war, he did not hesitate, but quickly engaged in organizing the.Sixteenth Michigan, or what was better known as Col. Stockton's Independent Regiment, and was made Lieutenant-Colonel. On its arrival at Washington in i86I, the regiment was assigned to Butterfield's Brigade, Porter's Division, and Colonel Ruehle participated in the stirring and desperate events of the Seven Day's Retreat, taking part in the battles of Mechanicsville, Hanover Court House, Gaines Mill and Malvern Hill. In I862, on account of illhealth, he was obliged to resign while at Harrison's Landing, and for the same reason in 1863 he removed with his family to his farm in Hamtramck, where he has since resided. Even in his retirement he was followed by the esteem of his fellow-citizens, who elected him Supervisor. He refused to accept this office, but for fifteen years has held the position of School Director. The high esteem in which he is held is evidenced by the many positions of trust which he has filled. He is truly known as of the highest integrity and honesty of purpose, and inspires all who come in contact with him with confidence and respect, and has always borne his honors with dignity and modesty. He is firm in his convictions and selfreliant in their execution, and his conduct has always been characterized by the highest patriotism. His love for his adopted country is only equaled by the willlingness with which he sacrificed everything in her behalf. His life has been crowned with success, and his career is one to which he can point with justifiable pride. Colonel Ruehle was married in 1835 to Phoebe Schneider, who was born in Bavaria, Germany. They have had a family of eleven children, eight of whom are now living, namely, John V. Jr., Edward F., Albert E., Phoebe, Cornelia, Wilhelmina, Hattie and Cecilia.

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MERCHANTS AND MANUFACTURERS. x245 CHARLES A. LORMAN was born November and after working a short time for Mr. Farnsworth, I, I829, at Geisslingen an der Steig, a little village he went to Newport, now Marine City, where he resting at the foot of the Alps, in the kingdom worked as a boat-joiner for E. B. Ward. At the of Wiirtemberg, Germany. His father, Christian end of a year he returned to Detroit, and started a Lohrman, was a blacksmith by trade, and his shop for himself. He gave up this to take charge mother, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Vetter, of a small ice business belonging to Christopher was a native of Geisslingen, and a woman of superior Reeves. This was the turning point in his career. education and abilities. Charles A. Lorman was He soon gained a foothold in business, and with educated in the town of his birth. attending school Mr. Reeves' support, entered into a partnership, until his fourteenth year, and receiving a good Ger- under the firm name of McLees, Lorman & Co., the man education and thorough courses in Latin and company being a Mr. Harper, who was soon after French. After he left school, he went to learn the bought out by the other partners, and the firm cabinet-making trade, at which he remained until became McLees & Lorman. This partnership was his seventeenth year, when he left home, with knap- dissolved at the end of two years, and Mr. Lorman sack on back and cane in hand, traveling through started in business for himself, his first ice-house different'countries, working at times at his trade, being located at a point just south of the present until he finally arrived at Rotterdam, Holland. Belle Isle bridge. He has been engaged in the ice From Rotterdam he started for America, passing business ever since, and now has the, largest trade through London, England. and embarking in the in Detroit. sailing ship " Prince Albert " for this country, where Shortly after the erection of his first ice-house an he landed on August 9, I849. incident occurred which caused him no inconsiderThe first business that Mr. Lorman engaged in able expense. A boom of logs had been tied up in after his arrival in Detroit was that of selling Yan- front of his ice-house, shutting him out from immekee notions and dry-goods. A man who had re- diate access to the river. This gave much trouble turned from a trip to the country, was disgusted and also increased the expense of getting the ice with the business, and offered young Lorman his into the house., Mr. Lorman protested to the owner horse, wagon and goods, for which the latter was of the logs, but received no satisfaction, He then to pay when he had sold the goods. Mr. Lorman brought suit for damages, borrowing the money quickly accepted the offer, and early one morning with which to start'the suit. Leading lawyers were started into the country, going out the Gratiot road. employed on both sides, and the case wasi finally It is of interest to note that the horse which Mr. decided by the Supreme Court in Mr. Lorman's Lorman drove, afterwards cost General Brady his favor. This case has since become famous in the life by running away, the latter having purchased history of the law of Michigan, for it was in the him a short time after Mr. Lorman's return from decision of the case that the principle which governs the country. riparian ownership in Michigan and many other Mr. Lorman next worked at the Mansion House States, was enunciated by the Supreme Court of this for a year, and also at the Commercial Hotel, State. which was then under the management of B. S. Personally Mr. Lorman is a man of much energy Farnsworth. After that he traveled about con- and determination. Frequently confronted in his siderably, and we next find him penniless in New career by almost insuperable obstacles, he bravely Orleans, having spent all his money in his wander- met them, and his present prosperous condition ings. He there hired out as a blacksmith on a shows with what success he overcame them. His Mississippi steamboat, having picked up considerable genial, approachable disposition has made for him knowledge of that trade from his father. He next numerous friends from whom he receives support shipped as a painter on a boat, but shortly after met and encouragement. He is upright and strict in with a severe accident. On jumping from the his business methods, and in commercial circles wheelhouse to the deck he pierced his foot with a stands high. nail, upturned through a board, and was laid up a He was married on December 31, 1857, to Miss long time, under the care of his friend Mr. Winde- Jeannette Linn, of Detroit. They have six children, lin Lochbiler of this city, who at that time was in Jennie, Caroline, Flora, Jessie, Carl, and Robert. St. Louis. When able, he came back to Detroit,

PART XIV. TOWNSHIP AND BIOGRAPHICAL.

I

I I I I i i Ii t CHAPTER CXVI I I. TOWNSHIPS-ORGANIZATION, OFFICERS, AND BIOGRAPHICAL. BROWNSTOWN TOWNSHIP. The Township was first created by Act of April 12, 1827, and included all of Town 4 South, Range io East and fractional Township 5 South, Range ten East. By Act of February 16, 1842. Section i and the East half of Sections I, 12, 13, I4, 23, 24, 25 and 26 of Town 4 South, Range io East, were detached and added to the township of Monguagon. The township was named after Adam Brown who when a lad was captured by the Indians at Greenbrier, in Virginia. He was a brother of General Brown of that commonwealth, but grew to manhood among the Indians married an Indian woman, and was always highly respected for his upright life. The first township meeting of Brownstown was held at the house of John Sturgis on the last Monday in May, 1827. Jacob Knox was chosen Moderator and Seth Dunham, Clerk. The following officers were elected: Supervisor, Moses Roberts; Clerk, James Vreeland; Assessors, Jacob Knox, Wm. Hazard, D. Smith; Highway Commissioners, Elias Vreeland, Wm. Fletcher, Isaac Tyler; Constable and Collector, Truman Bearss; Overseers of the Poor, Arthur Ruark, Garret Vreeland; Fence Viewers, Hiram A. Hecox, Claude Campau, Wm. Fletcher, Jason Thurston, John Conrad, Thomas Lang; Overseers of Highways, Isaac Tyler, George Clark, Hiram A. Hecox; Pound Keeper, Isaac Tyler. The officers since elected have been as follows: 1828. Supervisor, Seth Dunham; Clerk, James Vreeland; Assessors, Jacob Knox, Marshal Bronson, Adna Hecox; Road Commissioners, Isaac Tyler, Claude Campau, Wm. Hazard; Overseers of the Poor, David Smith, Truman Bearss; Overseers of Highways, Isaac Tyler, David Smith; Fence Viewers, James Felt, Benj. F. Knapp, Truman Bearss. 1829. Supervisor, Seth Dunham; Clerk, James Vreeland; Assessors, Adna Hecox, D. C. Vreeland, Claude Campau; Overseers of the Poor, Michael Vreeland, Adna Hecox, Constable and Collector, Hiram A. Hecox; Constable, John Stanton. 1830. Supervisor, Gardner Brown; Clerk, James Vreeland; Assessors, D. C. Vreeland, Jacob Knox, Abel Aspenwall; Road Commissioners, Elias Vreeland, Jacob Knox; Directors of the Poor, James Sutliff, David Smith, D. C. Vreeland, Claude Campau, Isaac A. Combes; Treasurer, James Vreeland; Constable and Collector, John Forbes. 1831. Supervisor, D. C. Vreeland; Clerk, James Vreeland; Highway Commissioners, Isaac A. Combes, B. F. Knapp, Elias Vreeland; Assessors, Isaac A. Combes, James Clark, Garret Vreeland; Poor Director, Isaac A. Combes; Treasurer, James Vreeland; Constable and Collector, John Forbes. 1832. Supervisor, David Smith; Clerk, James Vreeland; Assessors, Isaac A. Combes, D. C. Vreeland, Claude Campau; Highway Commissioners, Claude Campau, Elias Vreeland, Augustus Button; School Inspectors, Dr. Kimball, David Smith, James Vreeland, B. F. Knapp, Augustus Button; Poor Director, Isaac A. Combes. 1833. Supervisor, John Forbes; Clerk, James Vreeland; Assessors, D. C. Vreeland, Claude Campau, B. F. Knapp; Highway Commissioners, Claude Campau, B. F. Knapp; Elias Vreeland; Poor Director, Isaac A. Combes; Treasurer, David Smith; Constable and Collector, Wm. Munger. I834. Supervisor, John Forbes; Clerk, James Vreeland; Assessors, Stephen Mawnawsaw; Daniel C. Vreeland; Isaac A. Combes; Highway Commissioners, Charles McCloud, John Smith, Stephen Mawnawsaw; Constable and Collector, John C. Vanriper; Constable, Wm. Munger; Poor Directors, Peleg T. Clark, James Vanriper. [,, 1835. Supervisor, Thomas Harryman; Clerk, James Vreeland; Assessors, Peleg T. Clark, Stephen Mawnawsaw, John Conrad; Highway Commissioners, Augustus Button, David Smith, Claude Campau; Constable and Collector, Rensselaer Wallace; Constable, Vincent Conrad. 1836. Supervisor, Thomas Harryman; Clerk, John L. Near; Assessors, John L. Forbes, John Clark, Sr., John Conrad; Highway Commissioners, Augustus Button, Isaac A. Combes, Daniel C. Vreeland; Poor Directors, David Smith, Cornelius Van Horn; Collector, Rensselaer Wallace; Constables, Rensselear Wallace, Benj. F. Knapp; School Inspectors, John L. Near, Peleg T. Clark, Russell Ransom, Charles F. Irwin, Augustus But i I [1247]

I 248 BROWNSTOWN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. ton; Justice of, the Peace, Russel Ransom, for one year; Nathaniel Case, for two years; John Forbes, for three years; and Claude Campau, for one year. I837. Supervisor, John Forbes; Clerk, John L. Near; Assessors, Augustus Button, James Vreeland, B. S. Hicks; Highway Commissioners, Thomas Harryman, Leaman Bronson, Claude Campau; Overseers of the Poor, John Clark, C. Van Horn; School Inspectors, James Grieve, Jesse A. Dearborn, Nathaniel Case; Constables, R. Wallace, B. F. Knapp, Ransom Curtis; Collector, R. Wallace; Justice of the Peace, John Clark, Jr. i838. Supervisor, John Forbes; Clerk, John L. Near; Assessors, B. S. Hicks, C. Van Horn, Peter Navarre; Highway Commissioners, Thomas Harryman, Leamen Bronson, John Cook; Justice of the Peace, Alman Dunbar; Collector, Rensselaer Wallace; Constables, R. Wallace, B. F. Knapp, C. P. Waterman, P. B. Smith, Ransom Curtiss; Poor Directors, John Clark, Garret Vreeland; School Inspectors, H. P. Van Cleve, John L. Near, James Grieve. I839. Supervisor, John Forbes; Clerk, John L. Near; Justices of the Peace, Daniel Barnes, Civilian Morse; Assessors, Henry Van Riper, Alva -T. Armstrong, B. S. Hicks; Highway Commissioners, Daniel C. Vreeland, Thomas Harryman. Leamen Bronson; Collector, Ransom Curtiss; Constables, Jacob Loss, B. F. Knapp, John M. Alvord, Ransom Curtiss; Treasurer, John Forbes; Poor Directors, B. S. Hicks, D. C. Vreeland; School Inspectors, John L. Near, James Grieve, John Cook. 1840. Supervisor, John Cook; Clerk, John L. Near; Assessors, James Van Riper, Jr, Benj. F. Knapp, B. S. Hicks; Highway Commissioners, Thomas Harryman, Wm. Milliman, Alexander Wallace; Justices of the Peace, Russell Ransom, Wm. Button, Wm. Busenbark; Collector, Ransom Curtiss; Treasurer, John Cook; Poor Directors, B. S. Hicks, D. C. Vreeland; School Inspectors, John L. Near, Augustus Button, Henry Woodruff; Constables, Ransom Curtiss, David Wallace, Charles Conrad, David Milliman. I841. Supervisor, Thomas Harryman; Clerk, John L. Near; Assessors, James Van Riper, Jr., Stephen Webster, Charles F. Conrad; Highway Commissioners, Leaman Bronson, B. F. Woodruff, Wm. Milliman; Justices of the Peace, B. S. Hicks, Augustus Button, Ezra Coan; Collector, Alexander Wallace; School Inspectors, John L. Near, Russell Ransom, Henry Woodruff; Poor Directors, John Clark, D. C. Vreeland; Treasurer, Thomas Harryman; Constables, Alexander Wallace, David Milliman, R. Curtiss, Wm. Aspinwall. 1842. Supervisor, Thomas Harryman; Clerk, Daniel C. Vreeland; Assessors, John Forbes, James Van Riper, Jr.; Highway Commissioners, Eli Kellogg, Samuel Hendricks, Benj. F. Woodruff; Treasurer, Alexander Wallace; Justices of the Peace, Alanson Parsons, Joseph Selden; Poor Directors, John Clark, Ransom Curtiss; School Inspectors, John Cook, John L. Near, Rensselaer Wallace; Constables, A. Wallace, Wm. B. Hitchcock, Lewis Strong, Selah Dustin. I843. Supervisor, Thomas Harryman; Clerk, Daniel C. Vreeland; Assessors, John Forbes, James Van Riper, Jr.; Justices of the Peace, Leaman Bronson; Treasurer, Alexander Wallace; Highway Commissioners, Benj. F. Woodruff, Chas. F. Conrad, Geo. A. Hitchcock; School Inspectors, John L. Near, E. W. Stoddard; Poor Directors, D. C. Vreeland, Lewis Moores; Constables, R. Curtiss, Lewis Strong, Alexander Wallace, Miles B. Coon. 1844. Supervisor, Daniel C. Vreeland; Clerk, Geo. W. Moore; Assessors, James Van Riper, George Carson; Justice of the Peace, Russell Ransom; Treasurer, Wm. Munger; Highway Commissioners, E. W. Stoddard, Abner Wood, Claude Campau; School Inspector, E. W. Stoddard; Poor Directors, D C. Vreeland, George A. Hitchcock; Constables, Fred. S. Conrad, Alex. Wallace, Lewis Titus, Wm B. Hitchcock. 1845. Supervisor, Horatio P. Van Cleve; Clerk, John L. Near; Justice of the Peace, Daniel C. Vreeland; Treasurer, Wm. B. Hitchcock; Highway Commissioners, Amasa Strong, Elias Vreeland, Geo. Busenbark; School Inspector, Horatio P. Van Cleve; Poor Directors, John Forbes, A. Wallace; Constables, John Smith, A. Wallace, J. Vreeland, M B. Coon. 1846. Supervisor, John Forbes; Clerk, John L Near; Justices of the Peace, Benj. F. Woodruff, Walter McFarlane; Assessors, B. F. Knapp, E. W. Stoddard; Treasurer, Wm. J. Duddleson; Highway Commissioners, George A. Hitchcock, John Miller, Amasa Strong; School Inspectors, E. W. Stoddard, John Cook; Poor Directors, Simon Rumsey, B. F. Knapp; Constables, Alex Wallace, Wm. J. Duddleson, D. Wallace, Jarvis Van Cleve. I847. Supervisor, Joseph Selden; Clerk, Henry Woodruff; Treasurer, Timothy Stiles; Justice of the Peace, John Smith; Assessors, D. C. Vreeland, Wm. J. Duddleson; Poor Directors, James Van Riper, Ransom Curtiss; Highway Commissioners, for one year, Walter McFarlane, Jr., for two years, George A. Hitchcock, for three years, Ezra Coon; School Inspector, John F. Peters; Constables, James Van Riper, James Vreeland, Wm. B. Hitchcock, Lewis Strong. 1848. Supervisor, John Forbes; Clerk, John L Near; Treasurer, Abner Wood; Justice of the Peace, Wm. J. Duddleson; Assessors, Daniel Lit

BROWNSTOWN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1249 tlefield, Walter McFarlane, Jr.; Highway Commissioners, Joseph Selden, Hiram Blakely; Poor Directors, R. Curtiss, D. Littlefield; School Inspector, E. W. Stoddard; Constables, Wm. B. Hitchcock, Benj. F. Knapp, D. Wallace, D. Littlefield 1849. Supervisor, John Cook; Clerk, Thomas N. Thompson; Treasurer, Eli Kellogg; Justice of the Peace, Jonathan Metcalf; Assessors, Joseph Viles, Joseph Selden; Highway Commissioner, Abner Hard; School Inspector, John A. Peters; Poor Directors, John Forbes, Jacob Miller; Constables, Orson W. Bruce, D. Littlefield, John Eldred, John W. Van Riper. I850. Supervisor, Benjamin F. Knapp; Clerk, C. G. Littlefield; Treasurer, Emanuel Lewis; Justice of the Peace, Cornelius Van Riper; Assessors, Hiram Blakely, Nicholas W. Van Riper; Highway Commissioners, Stephen Mawnawsaw, James Van Riper; School Inspector, Thomas N. Thompson; Poor Directors, Jacob Miller, Garret Garretson; Constables, J. C. Van Riper, John W. Van Riper, John Eldred, Garret Garretson. I851. Supervisor, John L. Near; Clerk, Vincent Y. Penoyar; Treasurer, Emanuel Lewis; Justice of the Peace, George Carson, Claude Campau; Assessors, N. W. Van Riper, B. F. Knapp; Highway Commissioners, Abner Wood, Hiram Blakely; Overseers of the Poor, Russell Ransom, John L. Near; School Inspector, R. B. Murray; Constables, John Eldred, B. F. Knapp, John P. Reeve, George Langs. 1852. Supervisor. George Carson; Clerk, Vincent Y. Penoyar; Treasurer, Stephen Mawnawsaw; Justices of the Peace, Wm. J. Duddleson, Ransom Curtiss; Highway Commissioner, Thomas S. Pattee; Assessors, Wm. J. Duddleson, Samuel Stewart; Poor Directors, John Forbes, Ransom Curtiss; School Inspector, John Cook; Constables, John W. Van Riper, John Eldred, B F. Knapp, Garret Garretson. I853.. Supervisor, George Carson; Clerk, Vincent Y. Penoyar; Treasurer, Stephen Mawnawsaw; Justice of the Peace, John Metcalf, John M. Alvord; Highway Commissioner, John L Near; Assessors, John W. Carson, Samuel Stewart; School Inspectors, John M. Thompson; Poor Directors, Garret Garretson, C. Van Riper; Constables, Garret Garretson, Henry Mawnawsaw, George Langs, John W. Van Riper. I854. Supervisor, Benjamin F. Knapp; Clerk, George W. Frasier; Treasurer, John W. Van Riper; Justice of the Peace, John L. Near; Highway Commissioner, Abner Wood; School Inspector, R. B. Murray; Poor Directors, Garret Garretson, C. Van Riper; Constables, Henry Mawnawsaw, John W. Van Riper, George Langs, Edward Ramsdell. I855. Supervisor, R. B. Murray; Clerk, Oscar W. Bruce, C. G. Littlefield, each part of a year; Justice of the Peace, George Carson; Treasurer, John W. Van Riper; Highway Commissioner, Joseph Van Horn; School Inspector; Joseph Pierson; Poor Directors, Garret Garretson, B. F. Knapp; Constables, E. C. Ramsdell, Tunis Van Cleve, John W. Van Riper, Henry Mawnawsaw. 1856. Supervisor, Benj. F. Knapp; Clerk, W. S. Morey; Treasurer, John W. Van Riper; Highway Commissioner, John N. Hitchcock; School Inspector, R. B. Murray; Poor Directors, Garret Garretson, E. C Ramsdell; Justice of the Peace, J. M. Alvord; Constables, O B. Alford, E. C. Ramsdell, Tunis Van Cleve, E. Galpin. I857. Supervisor, John W. Van Riper; Clerk, Garret Garretson, Jr; Treasurer, Seth Jones; Justice of the Peace, Garret Garretson, Sr.; Highway Commissioner, Alexander Parsons; School Inspector, Vincent Y. Penoyar; Poor Directors, Moses Rumsey, Adrian Van Riper; Constables, Titus Van Cleve, Edson Montoyne, Enoch Seton, James Vreeland. I858. Supervisor, Benj. F. Knapp; Clerk, Freeland Garretson; Treasurer, Seth Jones; Justice of the Peace, Vincent Y. Penoyar; Highway Commissioner, Stephen Mawnawsaw; School Inspector, Joseph A. Pierson; Poor Directors, T. A. Armstrong, Joseph Van Horn; Constables, Isaac Navarre, Edson Montoyne, Tunis Van Cleve, Evelin Galpen. I859. Supervisor, John W. Hitchcock; Clerk, Freeland Garretson; Treasurer, G. Garretson; Justice of the Peace, George Carson; School Inspector, Hiram W. Lobdell; Overseers of the Poor, Moses Rumsey, Thos A. Armstrong; Highway Commissioner, A. Broadrick; Constables, James Hooks, James Vreeland, Benj. Pierson, O. B. Alfred. I860. Supervisor, John W. Hitchcock; Clerk, Willet S. Morey; Treasurer, John H Peters; Justice of the Peace, John Miller; Highway Commissioner, Benj. F. Knapp; School Inspector, Jacob E. Vreeland; Overseers of the Poor, Josiah Chase, Ransom Curtiss; Constables, Orson W. Bruce, Benj Alford, James Vreeland, Elisha Anson. I861. Supervisor, John W. Van Riper; Clerk, F. Garretson; Treasurer, A. A. Van Riper; Justice of the Peace, J. A. Pierson; School Inspector, Seward Vreeland; Highway commissioner, Joseph H. Hanchet; Overseers of the Poor, Josiah Chase, Lewis Vreeland; Constables, W. L. Walters, Evelin Galpin, Elisha Anson, Benj. Alfred. 1862. Supervisor, John W. Van Riper; Clerk, F. Garretson; Treasurer, A. A. Van Riper; Justice of the Peace, John Cone; Highway Commissioner, J. B. Van Horn; School Inspector, H. WV.

1250 BROWNSTOWN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. Lobdell; Overseers of the Poor, Josiah Chase, Jacob Miller; Constables, David Milliman, James Vreeland, Frank Springstead, John Loss. 1863. Supervisor, John W. Van Riper; Clerk, Freeland Garretson; Treasurer, A. A. Van Riper; Justice of the Peace, George Carson; School Inspector, Cornelius Munger; Highway Commissioners, Moses Rumsey, Jacob Miller; Directors of the Poor, Cornelius Holstein, Josiah Chase; Constables, John P. Reeves, James Hooks, Frank Springstead, Robert Navarre. 1864 Supervisor, J. W. Van Riper; Clerk, M. J. Vreeland; Treasurer, E. W. Parsons; Justices of the Peace, A. Hosmer, Jr, A. Marandett; School Inspector, J A. Pierson; Highway Commissioner, Guilfoil; Poor Directors, Josiah Chase, Moses Rumsey; Constables, Jesse Dowling, M. Pruyee, Conrad Pierson, Evelin Galpin. 1865. Supervisor, John N. Hitchcock; Clerk, Cyrus Stiles; Treasurer, Marcus Warden; Justice of the Peace, Romeyn B. Murray, W. J. Duddleson, Benj. F. Woodruff; Highway Commissioners, John Lindsley, Joseph Van Horn; School Inspector, Irving T. Wood; Poor Directors, James Gait, Austin Fay; Constables, Henry F. Long, John Loss, Lewis Chandler, Oliver B. Alford. I866. Supervisor, John N. Hitchcock; Clerk, Cyrus Stiles; no further record of officers obtainable as the record is destroyed. I867. Supervisor, John N. Hitchcock; Clerk, Arthur E. Boylan; Treasurer, James H. Hitchcock; Justice of the Peace, John G. Carson; Highway Commissioners, Joseph Van Horn, John Collard; Poor Directors, James Gault, Sylvester D. Bates; School Inspector, Irving T. Wood; Constables, Edward C. Ramsdell, George Hitchcock, Daniel Bentley, Herman Alford. I868. Supervisor, Benj. F. Knapp; Clerk, S. S. Potter; Treasurer, James H. Hitchcock; Justice of the Peace, Herman Alford; Highway Commissioner, Samuel Boyer; School Inspector, Andrew Miller; Poor Directors, Sylvester Bates, James Gault; Constables, Edward C. Ramsdell, Henry Terwilliger, S31lvester Stoddard, Daniel Bently. I869. Supervisor, Wm. H. Hooper; Clerk, Albert Hosmer, Jr.; Treasurer, Benj. W. Pierson; Justice of the Peace, Joseph A. Pierson; Highway Commissioner, Henry C. Hendricks; School Inspector, Charles Stoflet; Poor Directors, James Gault, Barzaleal Clago; Constables, Wm. B. Hitchcock, Samuel Hanchet, Tunis Van Cleve, Charles T. Clark. I870. Supervisor, William Stoflet; Clerk, Freeland Garretson; Justice of the Peace, Irwin T. Wood; Highway Commissioner, Lorant Bondy, John Collard; School Inspector, Barzaleal Clago; Poor l)irectors, James Gault, Stephen Mawnawsaw; Constables, Frank Blakely, Sylvester Stoddard, Jesse Doling, Charles Merrell. I871. Supervisor, Wm. Stoflet; Clerk, Wm. S. Vreeland; Treasurer, Enoch Seaton; Justice* of the Peace, John G. Carson; School Inspector, Andrew Miller; Drain Commissioner, James Campbell; Highway Commissioner, Tunis Van Cleve; Overseers of the Poor, James Gault, Wm. Chase; Constables, Franklin Blakely, John Brown, Wm. B. Hitchcock, Benj. Alford. 1872. Supervisor, Wm. Stoflet; Clerk, Edwin Ransom; Treasurer, Clinton D. Peters; Justice of the Peace, M. J. Vreeland; Highway Commissioner, Henry Harryman; Drain Commissioner, James Campbell; School Inspectors, Barzaleai Clago, B. F. Woodruff; Poor Directors, Barton Van Horn, Samuel Chase; Constables, Jacob E. Vreeland, F. H. Blakely, Tunis Van Cleve. I873. Supervisor, Wm. Stoflet; Clerk, Freeland Garretson; Treasurer, Wm. F. Stoflet; Justices of the Peace, Jacob E. Vreeland, Seth C. Hanchet; Highway Commissioner, Thomas D. Cooke; Drain Commissioner, J. P. Reed; School Inspector, Sylvester D. Bates; Poor Directors, James Gault, Barton Van Horn; Constables, Frank H. Blakely, Wm. B. Hitchcock, Wm. Stead, Tunis Van Cleve; Sylvester Bates, declining to qualify as school Inspector, B. F. Woodruff was appointed. I874. Supervisor, Win. Stoflet; Clerk, F. Garretson; Treasurer, Wm. F. Stoflet; Justices of the Peace, Irving T. Wood, John J. Miller; Highway Commissioner, George McDonald; Drain Commissioner, B. Clago; School Inspectors, John G. Carson, A. J. Montgomery; Poor Directors, Samuel Chase, Henry Jones; Constables, Wm. E. Bigelow, Samuel Bailey, Daniel D. Bently, Frederick Lafleur. I875. Supervisor, John Wood; Clerk, Curtis L. Mettler; Treasurer, Wm. F. Stoflet; Justice of the Peace, George Carson; Superintendent of Schools, J. B. Reed; Highway Commissioner, Samuel Hendricks; Drain Commissioner, John Morrison; School Inspector, Morand Thompson; Poor Directors, Samuel Chase, Tunis Van Cleve; Constables, F. H. Blakely, Fred. Lafleur, Jacob E. Rupert, Charles Springstead. I876. Supervisor, Samuel Hendricks; Clerk, Albert W. Wager; Treasurer, Charles W. Butler; Justice of the Peace, Peter E. Williams; Superintendent of Schools, J. P. Reed; Highway Commissioner, George McDonald; Drain Commissioner, Barton Van Horn; School Inspector, Thomas D. Cooke; Poor Directors, Samuel Chase, Enoch Langs; Constables, Thomas Brown, Jacob E. Rupert, F. H. Blakely, John R. Hulbert. 1877. Supervisor, Samuel T. Hendricks; Clerk, Arthur K. Wager; Treasurer, Charles W. Butler;

BROWNSTOWN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I251 Justice of the Peace, Freeland Garretson; Superintendent of Schools, A. T. Montgomery; Highway Commissioner, Henry Jones; Drain Commissioner, John Groh; School Inspector, Morand Thompson; Constables, Samuel Smith, Wm. E. Bigelow, Richard Brown, John R. Hulbert. I878. Supervisor, Wm. F. Stoflet; Clerk, Robert Wells; Treasurer, Nelson F. Olmstead; Justices of the Peace, Herman Alford, Daniel Brown; Superintendent of Schools, Freeland Garretson; School Inspector, Wm. Carson; Highway Commissioner, Robert Brighton; Drain Commissioner, Ezra I. Guilfoy; Constables, Wm. E. Bigelow, Charles Stoup, Wm. Milliman, John Hulbert. 1879. Supervisor, Wm. F. Stoflet; Clerk, Cornelius G. Munger; Treasurer, Nelson F. Olmstead; Justice of the Peace, George McDonald; Superintendent of Schools, F. Garretson; School Inspector, D. H. Gregory; Highway Commissioner, Robert Brighton; Drain Commissioner, John Groh; Constables, John D. Loss, F. Dowling, Charles Springstead, Wm. Milliman. I88o. Supervisor, Wm. F. Stoflet; Clerk, Arthur K. Wagar: Treasurer, John P. Reeves; Justice of the Peace, James Parsons; Superintendent of Schools, John Collins; School Inspector, Wm. H. Stoddard: Highway Commissioner, Cornelius Collins; Drain Commissioner, Alexander Marantett; Constables. Wm. Milliman, E. Milliman, Spencer Langdon, Elliot Gray. I88i. Supervisor, Wm. F. Stoflet; Clerk, Arthur K. Wagar; Treasurer, John P. Reeves; Justices of the Peace, F. Garretson, Wm. Maynard; Highway Commissioner, George McDonald; Superintendent of Schools, Wm. H. Stoddard; School Inspector, Daniel H. Gregory; Constables, Wm. Milliman, T. M. Munger, Edward E. Milliman, Wm. Dwyer. 1882. Supervisor, Wm. F. Stoflet; Clerk, J. C. Van Riper; Treasurer, A. R. Reading; Justice of the Peace, Irving T. Wood; School Inspectors, Thos. D. Cooke, two years, Wm. Spedding, one year; Highway Commissioner, N. F. Olmstead; Drain Commissioner, W. Clago; Constables, Wm. Milliman, Thos. M. Munger, Wm. Dwyer, Ed. Milliman 1883. Supervisor, Wm. F. Stoflet; Clerk, Jos. A. B. Wolven; Treasurer, Andrew Reading; Justice of the Peace, George McDonald; Highway Commissioner, Nelson F. Olmstead; School Inspector, Wm. Spedding; Constables, Edward Milliman, John J. Loss, William Milliman, Thomas M. Munger. I884. Supervisor, Wm. F. Stoflet; Clerk, Charles W. Langs; Treasurer, John P. Reed; Justice of the Peace, Cornelius Springstead; Highway Commissioner, Wesley B. Littlefield; Drain Commissioner, Edward Milliman; School Inspectors, Freeland Garretson, Thomas D. Cooke; Constables, Thomas M. Munger, Wm. Milliman, John Brown, Frederick Dowling. 1885. Supervisor, Wm. F. Stoflet; Clerk, Joseph A. Pierson; Treasurer, John P. Reed; Justices of the Peace, Freeland Garretson, James Parsons; Highway Commissioner, Napoleon Valrance; School Inspector, John Collins; Constables, Thomas M. Munger, Paulete Valekat, Edward Sullivan, John McCourt, Jr. i886. Supervisor, Andrew R. Reading; Clerk, Joseph A. Pierson; Treasurer, J. P. Reed; Justices of the Peace, Irving T. Wood, John H. Lobdell; Highway Commissioner, Napolean Valrance; Drain Commissioner, George McDonald; School Inspector, Thomas D. Cooke; Constables, Spencer Langdon, Wm. Milliman, Frank Springstead, Lewis Girard 1887. Supervisor, Andrew R. Reading; Clerk, Wm. Speicher; Treasurer, J. P. Reed; Justice of the Peace, Royal Smith; School Inspector, WVillet S. Morey; Constables, W. B. Littlefield, Wm. Milliman, Walter Clago, Isaac Navarre. I888 Supervisor, A. R. Reading; Clerk, Wm. Speicher; Treasurer, Ira S. Miller; Justice of the Peace, \Wm. Spears; Highway Commissioner, Wm. Milliman; Drain Commissioner, George McDonald; School Inspector, Thomas D. Cooke; Constables, Wesley B. Littlefield, -Wm. Milliman, W. H. Stoddard, Lewis Strong. 1889. Supervisor, Andrew R. Reading; Clerk, John L. Near; Treasurer, Ira S. Miller; Justice of the Peace, Thos. D. Cooke; Highway Commissioner, Walter Clago; School Inspector, W. S. Morey; Constables, W. B. Littlefield, N. Valrance, E. Dennison, V. Van Cleve. I890. Supervisor, J. P. Reed; Clerk, Wm. Speicher; Treasurer, A. W. Wagar; School Inspector, F. Garretson; Justice of the Peace, F. T. Bondy; Justice of the Peace, to fill vacancy, G. W. McDonald; Highway Commissioner, Walter Clago; Drain Commissioner, James Mathewson; Constable, McGlora Mawnawsaw. POPULATION. The population of the township in various decades has been as follows: In 1850, 1025. In I860, 1380. In 1870, 2037. In 1880, 2567. The valuation of the township at various periods has been as follows: 1840, $I55,488; 1850, $63,60I; i86o, $I33,390; I870, $217,620; I88o, $804,897. SCHOOLS. The number of scholars in the township in 1846, was 215, and in other years as follows: I850, 328; i86o, 530; 1872, 780; i88o, 930; i888, 868,

1252 BROWNSTOWN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. In I889, there was a total of ten school-houses costing $I9,675, with a seating capacity of 9ot; 668 pupils were enrolled with an average attendance of 502. The school libraries contained I783 volumes. INDIANS AND TREATIES. Primarily of course the land was in possession of the Indians, and by treaties of I785, 1795, and 1807, they conveyed to the United States all the land they possessed in Wayne County. By Act of February 28, 1809, Congress conveyed back to, or reserved for the Indians two tracts of land including the two Indian villages of Brownstown and Maguaga. By treaty of September 20, i818, the Wyandotte Indians again ceded their rights to these tracts and in lieu thereof were granted 4996 acres in what is now Huron township, Early in the century the two leading chiefs of the Wyandottes in Michigan were named, Roundhead and Walk-in-the-Water. The former lived at the main Wyandotte village, which was where Gibraltar is now located; the latter at what is now Wyandotte. These two chiefs took opposite sides during the war of I812, or rather Walk-in-the-Water took a neutral position, while Roundhead was active in furthering the interests of the British, as was also Chief Warrow, who was leading chief of the Wyandottes, on the Canada side of the Detroit river. Blue Jacket was the name of another important Wyandotte chief. He possessed much mental vigor, owned a large tract of land and in his latter years lived in much the same manner as his white neighbors As early as the year I80o, there was an Indian village near the mouth of the Detroit river, on the American side, known as Brownstown, and during the war of 1812, a severe battle was fought there. It should be remembered that this Indian village of Brownstown was east of the later, and present village of Flat Rock, formerly called Brownstown. The Indian village occupied land that would now be described as on Section 2 of Town 5 South, Range Io East. STREAMS AND NAMES. Many of the streams in the county have lost their original names, and even the streams, in many cases have disappeared by reason of the hundreds of drainage ditches, which have been dug in the various townships. Some of these in part follow the routes of old streams and in other cases an entirely new drainage route has been selected; and the bed of the original stream has been filled with dirt from a new ditch. Brownstown Creek was of course named from the township through which it flows. Huron River the largest stream in the county perpetuates the name of the old Indian tribe. Muddy Creek has a name that indicates its own significance. Silver Creek was so named because of its bright and silvery appearance. In the extreme N. E. quarter of Section 32 on the Thomas Quirk farm, there is a sulphur spring, which has been flowing since the recollections of the oldest settler, converting the adjoining land into a swamp. The spring will probably be utilized at an early day in connection with a health resort, as it is the largest in the State. CEMETERIES. The Flat Rock burial ground was deeded to the public in 1835, by Elias and Nancy Vreeland; and is located on Section 31, Town 4 South, Range IO East, about half a mile northeast of the village. The lots therein are free to all, the expense of the taking care of the grounds being raised by contribution. The cemetery contains one and one-third acres About two miles northeast of Flat Rock, on the Rumsey farm, there is a burial ground known as the Rumsey burying ground, which has been used for over fifty years, About ten years ago J. R. Vreeland laid out a cefietery about a mile north of Rumsey's, and for some thirty years a cemetery known as the Van Horn cemetery has been located just southwest of Trenton. A Protestant cemetery, just out of Gibraltar, has been in use for about forty years, and the Catholic grounds near by for ten years. FLAT ROCK, FORMERLY BROWNSTOWN. This village lies on the Huron River on Section 31 of Town 4 South, Range Io East, and on the line of the Detroit Branch of the L. S. & M. S. Railroad, which was opened in I873. The site of the village was originally platted in 1834, as Vreeland, by Jacob Vreeland. By Act of March 6, 1838, the name was changed to Flat Rock, the Post-office, however, for many years was known as Brownstown. In its earliest days the locality was known as A" Smooth Rock," and in common with all the earlier villages of Michigan, it possessed anticipations of brilliant commercial prosperity. An Act of April 3, 1838, incorporated the Gibraltar and Flat Rock Compaay, which was to be composed of B. B. Kercheval, Joshua Howard, Phineas Davis, Enoch Jones, James H. Forsyth, Peter Godfrey, Harry Conant, Charles Noble, and such others as chose to associate with them. The company was incorporated for the purpose of "building a city at the mouth of the Detroit river, and at Flat Rock, on the river Huron, and for the purpose of improving the harbor of Gibraltar at the mouth of the Detroit river." The Act also authorized the com

BROWNSTOWN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. '253 pany to erect " piers, wharves, warehouses, and other necessary buildings and improvements, and to connect the village of Flat Rock by a canal with the City of Gibraltar." It was also authorized to construct a branch canal from Gibraltar to Ypsilanti. By a supplementary Act of April I7, 1839, they were empowered to increase their capital to one million dollars. The company actually expended about $Ioo,ooo on these projects but the canal was never completed or used. In 1838, the village of Flat Rock had four stores, two saw mills, a flour mill, and about 250 inhabitants. Within two years after, the canal project was entirely dead, and the hopes of its projectors had vanished. Thepopulationin I880,was373. There is a very well conducted school in a substantial brick building which cost $I2,000, and there is also a public hall seating about I,000. The Huron Valley Mill at Flat Rock, was built in 1838, by Jacob and Curran Vreeland, and remained in their family until November, I871, when it was purchased by M. H. Mettler, it is a fifty barrel mill with two run of stone and apparatus of the roller process. The Flat Rock Mills, built in I858, by J. A. B. Wolvin, were sold by him to Stile & Wallace, and by them sold to Redding & Near, in I868. They were purchased in October, 1871, by G. W. Mettler & Son, and by them operated for custom work. Both mills obtain power from the Huron river, and there is an abundance of water power which as yet has not been utilized. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. This church may be properly called the successor of the Huron or Wyandotte Mission. This mission was originally organized for the benefit of the Wyandotte Indians, who lived on a reservation on the Huron river, just west of the present village of Flat Rock. The following account of a visit bythe Rev. J. B. Finley to this mission is given in his History of the Wyandottes, he says: "Late in the afternoon of Sunday, December 14, 1823, we arrived at the Huron river, on the Wyandotte reserve of eight sections. Here we had a very formidable diffidulty to encounter. The river was just fordable, and frozen on both sides for two or more rods. We alighted, took our tomahawks and cut the ice; then jumped our horses down into the water, got on and rode to the ice on the opposite shore. Here we sat on our horses and cut the ice, when the water was more than midsides deep; and I think a colder day I hardly ever experienced. After staying in the water nearly half an hour, we got on the ice and were not out of the water ten minutes before our clothes were frozen stiff; and, then we had two miles to go before we should arrive at any house. We set off at full speed and arrived at sundown at the residence of our old friend Honnis, where we were most cordially and heartily welcomed, and our wants were comfortably supplied. How good it is even in a land of savages, to find a friend and a welcome in the hour of need; and never were men more kindly received than we were on this occasion. This being the Sabbath (though it had been our intention to reach this place on Saturday, but the roads and weather had prevented), we immediately sent forth word in the village that we would hold meeting at night. All were in attendance. I tried to preach, and brothers Mononcue and Gray-eyes exhorted. Then we invited such as were seeking religion to come forward to be prayed for. Several came, whom we endeavored to point to the Lamb of God, who taketh away the sin of the world. Some of them believed with the heart unto righteousness. The next morning we had meeting again, and formed a class of twelve members. This was the first Indian class formed in the Michigan Territory." From the time of Finley's visit services were maintained with considerable regularity, and at a session of the Ohio Conference, held at Columbus in October, 1825, Rev. Mr. Finley was appointed in charge of the mission. In addition to looking after the spiritual welfare of the Indians, the early white settlers naturally became the subjects of his care and of the itinerant ministers who came after him. In I833 the building of a church was strongly urged by Rev. Elias Pattee and others, and in the spring of 1834, as soon as the frost was out of the ground, they began the erection of a building, and services were held in it during the summer by Rev. W. H. Brockway, Rev. A. Buckles, and Rev. E. Pattee. It was fully completed in the fall, under the supervision of Elnathan C. Gavitt, then in charge of the mission. In 1833-4 the society was known as the Smooth Rock and Wyandotte Mission, and in 1835 was attached to the Ohio Conference, but up to 1838 it was called the Huron Mission, with no regular minister, except as supplied from time to time from Trenton and other adjacent charges. The pulpit was supplied in 1833, 1836-1838, by the Rev. W. H. Brockway; in 1834-5, by Revs. E. C. Gavitt, A. Buckles, Elias Pattee; in 1843-5, by Rev. R. Pengelley and Rev. George King. In 1846 it became a separate charge, since which the pulpit has been supplied by the following pastors: 1846, Rev. Wm. H. Haze; 1847, Rev. G. F. Hemminway: I850, Rev. S. C. Woodard, Rev. Isaac C. Abbott; i851, Rev. R. Bird; 1852, Rev. S. C. Stringham; 1853, Rev. B. F. Doughty; i854, Rev. Richard McConnell and Rev. R. Johnson; 1855, Rev. Richard McConnell; I856, Rev. Jedediah Dwelle; I857, Rev. J. J. Smith; I858, Rev. J. J. Gridley and Rev. James R. Cordon; 1859, Rev. J. J. Gridley; I860-1, Rev

1254 BROWNSTOWN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. Thomas Wakelin; 1862-3, Rev. Rufus C. Crane; 1864-5, Rev. Alfred Allen; 1866-7, Rev. George Stowe; 1868-9, Rev. S. Kitzmiller; 1870-2, Rev. Jesse Kilpatrick; 1873-4, Rev. James Kilpatrick; I875-6, Rev. Alexander Gee; 1877-8, Rev. Andrew W. Miller; 1879-I880, Rev. N. W. Pierce; 1881-3, Rev. Wm. J. Clack; 1884, Rev. J. L. Walker'; 1885-7, Rev. William Cook; I888, Rev. Lewis N. Moon. In I849, Moses and John Vreeland donated the society a lot, and in the same year a new church was built, at a cost of about $I,600, with a seating capacity of about 300. The present valuation of the property, including the parsonage, is about $2,000. During a revival in the winter of 1888-9, the membership was largely increased. The first Sunday School in connection with the Methodist Episcopal Church in Flat Rock, and the first in Wayne County, outside of Detroit, was organized May 3d, 1835. PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, This church was established about 1832, by Peleg F. Clark. The society began the erection of a church, but his removal to Ohio caused the interest in the work to cease, and the church died out. In I856, F. I. Clark came to Flat Rock with the intention of reviving the old church, but was persuaded by Dr. Kitchell, of Detroit, to organize a Congregational Church. The former members were accordingly gathered together, the services of Rev. James Nall, of Wyandotte, obtained, and in September, 1857, a church was organized. The church lot was donated by Mrs. R. B. Murray. Messrs. F. I. Clark and S. A. Whipple were elected deacons, and a frame church was finished and dedicated in the summer of I861, at a cost of about $1,200. It seats 300. The Rev. Mr. Nall continued in charge about two years, and in 1859 was succeeded by Rev. -- Mackinne, who remained until I865, and was followed by Rev. Robert Parsons, who served in I867-8, Rev. P. Barker serving in I888. The present church property is valued at $I,5oo, and there is a membership of sixty. ST. MARY'S ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. This congregation was organized as early as 1847, and a church was built on the old United States Road, near Rockwood, by Father Louis. He was succeeded by Rev. J. Van Gennip, in I853; by Rev. Girard, in 1862; Rev. Dr. Montebrick, in i868; Rev. C. J. Manger, in I870; Rev. M. H. Schacker, in 1871; Rev. P. J. DeSmedt, in 1873; Rev. M. Dekiere, in 1874; Rev. E. Maesfranc, in 1876; Rev. N. W. Grimme, in I879, Rev. B. G. Soffers and Rev. -- Debroux, since 1880. In the spring of 188o, the foundation of a fine brick church was laid, on land donated by Stephen Mawnawsaw, and in June, I88o, the church was consecrated by the Right Rev. C. H. Borgess, Bishop of Detroit. The cost of the church was $5,ooo, and it seats 403 The present value of the property, including a fine brick parsonage on the adjoining lot, is $8,ooo. The congregation numbers 130 families. FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH. This society was organized in I872, and on January ISt, 1874, dedicated their church. The lot cost $250 and the building $4,000, and it will seat 200. The society began with fifteen members, and in 1885 had thirty members. The pastors have been as follows: Rev. W. R. Northrup, March i, I873. to 1874; Rev. Wm. Buxton, April, 1874, to 1876; Rev L. P. Tompkins, September, 1876, to September, 1877; Rev. D. J. Parker, December, 1879, to December, 1880: Rev. T. H. Cary, September, 1882, to September, 1885. A Masonic Lodge, known as the Hiram Lodge, No. IIo, was organized in 1859. In the fall of 1883, H. Egabroad published a paper called the Flat Rock Journal, but after one year it was discontinued. GIBRALTAR. This place is on the Toledo Division of the M. C. R. R. The plat of the village was recorded in 1837, by B. B. Kercheval, Joshua Howard and Peter Godfrey, trustees of the Gibraltar and Flat Rock Company. It was named Gibraltar because it was located near the entrance to Lake Erie, its noted namesake being near the entrance to the sea. It was expected that this would be one of the important cities of the strait. In 1838 the wildcat Bank of Gibraltar was here located, and, according to Blois's Gazetteer, the place had "one large storehouse, two stores, a large hotel, and perhaps fifteen or twenty families." A lighthouse was erected, and about 150 feet of wharf built. The Flat Rock and Gibraltar canal terminated here. The lighthouse was maintained until the spring of 1879, and was then discontinued because of the establishment of a light at the mouth of the river. The Bank of Gibraltar was enjoined and closed up the same year that it started, and the Canal Company came to grief soon after. ROCKWOOD. This village is located on the line of the L S. & M. S. R. R, and it is also a station on the Canada Southern branch of the M. C. R. R. It has a basket factory, and ships considerable amounts of wood and grain. The Presbyterian Church at Rockwood began as a mission of the Flat Rock Church in i860 A

CANTON TOWNSHIP —ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I255 church was organized In the winter of 1885-6. A lot was donated by A. B. Chapman, and a church, seating 200, was completed and dedicated in August, I886, at a cost of $2, 00. The church, when organized, had twenty members, and now has fifty. For many years a Methodist Episcopal Church class at Rockwood was cared for from Flat Rock, and on March I3th, I886, under Rev. Wm. Cook, trustees were elected, and the first M. E. Church of Rockwood formed They purchased a lot for $60 and at once built a church costing $1,730. It was dedicated on Sunday, October Ioth, I886, is a fine frame building, seating about 200, and with other property owned by the church is valued at $2,500. The society has fifteen members. CANTON TOWNSHIP. This township was created by act of March 7, 1834, out of part of what had been Plymouth township. It was named Canton, after the city by that name in China, the object being to get a name not found elsewhere in the United States. The first meeting to organize the township was held at the house of Henry Chafee, on the first Monday of April, 1834. James Safford was chosen Moderator, and L.Witter, Clerk. The following town officers were elected in that and subsequent years: 1834. Supervisor, James Safford; Clerk, Lyman Witter; Assessors, Ira M. Hough, Alfred Moore, Ira Towle; Collector, Thomas Huston; Directors of the Poor, Aruna Bradford, John Chambers; Commissioners of Highways, Isaac Cummings, S. R. Tripp, A. Y. Murray; Constables, John Cortright, Benj. Clark; Commissioners of Common Schools, A Y. Murray, Jos. Brearley, Amos Stephens; Inspectors of Common Schools, Wm. Morrison, Jacob Ramsdell, Alonzo Henrys. I835. Supervisor, James Safford; Clerk, Augustus Andrews; Assessors, Ira M. Hough, J. Brearley, A. Moore; Collector, L. Kimoie; Poor Directors, J. Chambers, J. Fairman; Highway Commissioners, J. Cummings, S. R. Tripp, L. Cole; Constables, J. Cortright, S. Kinyon; School Inspectors, James Safford, A. Henry, D. Smith; Justices of the Peace, A. Bradford, Amos Stephens. I836. Supervisor, Archibald Y. Murray; Clerk, Augustus Andrews; Highway Commissioners, A. Bradford, A. C. Leach, H. Hackett; Assessors, P. Bird, R. Follett, W. Hannan; Poor Directors, J. Fairman, J. Chambers; Collector, S. Kinyon; Constables, J. Cortright, S. Kinyon; Justices of the Peace, A. Stevens, T. Huston, R. Safford, D. D. Cady; School Inspectors, D. D. Cady, T. Huston, T. Bigham. 1837. Supervisor, Archibald Y. Murray; Clerk, Timothy F. Sheldon; Highway Commissioners, A. Bradford, S. Cobb, J. Cortright; Poor Directors, J. Fairman, J. Chambers; Assessors, P. Bird, I. Sines, Wm. Glannan; Collector. S. Lindon; Constables, T. Bigham, S. Lindon; Justices of the Peace, J. Foster, A. C. Leach; School Commissioners, D. D. Cady, B. Huston, A. McCann; School Inspectors, P. Bird, J Safford, T. Bigham. 1838. Supervisor, Philander Bird; Clerk, John V. Jackson; Justices of the Peace, A Stevens, D. D. Cady, B. W. Huston, A. J. McCann; Highway Commissioners, H. Fairman, A. Andrews, P. Sines; Poor Directors, W. Huston, E. J. Downer; Collector, S. Kinyon; Constables, S. Kinyon, N. Vanhorn; School Inspectors, T. Bigham, P. Bird, A. C Leach. 1839 Supervisor, Philander Bird; Clerk, John V. Jackson; Justice of the Peace, J. Foster; Treasurer, Amos Stevens; Assessors, D. D. Cady, B. W. Huston, W. Hannan; School Inspectors, A. R. Mott, A. C. Leach, P. Bird; Highway Commissioners, A. Y. Murray, O Kinyon, I. Sines; Collector, J. Cortright; Poor Directors, W. Huston, E. G. Downer; Constables, J. Cortright, A. Parrish, W. J. Adams, O. Beach. I840. Supervisor, Philander Bird; Clerk, John V. Jackson; Treasurer, Amos Stevens; Justice of the Peace, D. D. Cady; Assessors, D. D. Cady, B. W. Huston, W. Hannan; Highway Commissioners, A. Y. Murray, 0. Kinyon, R Gill; School Inspectors, A. R. Mott. T. Bigham, O. Kinyon; Poor Directors, A. Y. Murray, P. Sines; Constables, T. Bigham, D. Cady; Collector, T. Bigham. 1841. Supervisor, Archibald Y. Murray; Clerk, John V. Jackson; Assessors, W. Hannon, D. D. Cady, B. W. Huston; Highway Commissioners, R. Gill, A. Andrews, H. Warner; School Inspectors, O. Kinyon, E. Adams, W. C. Foster; Justice of the Peace, A. C. Leach; Treasurer, A. Stevens; Poor Directors, T. F. Sheldon. M. Bradford; Collector, T Bigham; Constables, T. Bigham, D. Cady. 1842. Supervisor, Philander Bird; Clerk, John V. Jackson; Justice of the Peace, T. Bigham; Assessors, B. W. Huston, W. Hannan; Highway Commissioners, S. Cobb. H. Warner, A. Y. Murray; School Inspectors, O. Kinyon, E. Adams, W. C. Foster; Treasurer, J. Cortright; Poor Directors, J. Huston, A. Chambers; Constables, A. Fitzgerald, T. Downer, S. Lindon, A. R. Mott.

1256 CANTON TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I843. Supervisor, Philander Bird; Clerk, William Palmister; Justice of the Peace, H. Warner; Assessors, B. W. Huston, W. Hannan; Highway Commissioners, A. Y. Murray, S. Cobb, J. I). Cilly; School Inspectors, W. C. Foster, J. Safford; Treasurer, Wm. Huston; Poor Directors, A. J. McCann, J. Foster; Sealer, A. Andrews; Constables, D. Cady, W. T. Miller, A. Hannon, J. D. Cilly. 1844, Supervisor, Archibald Y. Murray; Clerk, William Palmister; Justice of the Peace, O. Kinyon; Treasurer, Wm. Huston; Assessors, I, M. Hough, Wm. Hannan; Highway Commissioners, A. Y. Murray, J. D. Cilly, S. Cobb; School Inspector, G. Booth; Poor Directors, H. Smith, J. Foster; Constables, A. R. Mott, J. D. Cilly, D. Boldman, D Cady. 1845. Supervisor, Amos Stevens; Clerk, John V. Jackson; Justice of the Peace, B. W. Huston; Treasurer, D. Cady; Assessors, D. D. Cady, I. M. Hough; Highway Commissioners, M. Bradford, A. C. Leach, H. Smith; School Inspector, J. Safford; Poor Directors, P. Bird, T. F. Sheldon; Constables, D. Cady, T. P. Downer. I846. Supervisor, David D. Cady; Clerk, John V. Jackson; Justice of the Peace, T. Bigham; Assessors, W. Hannan, A. Stevens; Treasurer, P. Bird; Highway Commissioners, M. Bradford, A C. Leach, J. D. Cilly; School Inspector, W. Palmister; Poor Directors, E. Kinyon, J. Fairman; Constables, T. W. McKee, A. R. Mott. i847. Supervisor, James Safford; Clerk, Thomas McGraw; Justice of the Peace, H. Warner; Treasurer, D. Cady; Assessors, B. W. Huston, W. Hannan; Highway Commissioners, I. M. Hough, M. Bradford, D. Boldman; School Inspector, J. Safford; Poor Directors, P. Bird, A. Y. Murray; Constables, A. Hannan, D. Cady, T, W. McKee, F. Fairman. 1848. Supervisor, James Safford; Clerk, David Cady; Justice of the Peace, P. Bird; Assessors, B. W. Huston, A. J. McCann; Treasurer, T. W. McKee; Highway Commissioners, I. M. Hough, J. H. Rowley; School Inspector, W. Palmister; Poor Directors, A. Towner, A. Y. Murray; Constables, T. W. McKee, J. Cortright, W. Lewis, R. Huston. I849. Supervisor, James Safford; Clerk, John V. Jackson; Justice of the Peace, B. W. Huston; Treasurer, T. W. McKee; Highway Commissioner, T. Bigham; Poor Directors, O. W. Holt, A. Towner; School Inspectors, J. Safford, L. R. Hough; Constables, 6. W. Holt, T. W. McKee, D. Bolden, A. Hannan. I850. Supervisor, James Safford; Clerk, Asa Parrish; Justice of the Peace, T. Bigham; Treasurer, D. Cady; Highway Commissioner, A. Cobb; School Inspector, O. Kinyon; Assessors, A. Hannan, B. W. Huston; Poor Directors, O. W. Holt, J. D. Cilly; Constables, 0. W. Holt, D. Cady, R. Huston, A. Hannan. I851. Supervisor, James Safford; Clerk, Asa Parrish; Justice of the Peace, I. M. Hough; Treasurer, D. Cady; Assessors, B. W. Huston, H. Warner; Highway Commissioners, I. M. Hough, O. W. Holt; School Inspectors, J. Safford, B. W. Huston; Poor Directors, A. C. Leach, T. Westbrook; Constables, D. Cady, O. W. Holt, W. Hannan. I852. Supervisor, Archibald Y. Murray; Clerk, David Cady; Justice of the Peace, P. Bird; Treasurer, R. Huston; Assessors, B. W. Huston, P. Stevens; School Inspector, B. W. Huston, Jr.; Highway Commissioner, T. Bigham; Poor Directors, P. Bird, A. C. Leach; Constables, T. Jeffry, O. W. Holt, R. Huston, L. Secord. I853. Supervisor, David Cady; Clerk, John V. Jackson; Justices of the Peace, B. W. Huston, B. Hodgkinson; Treasurer, C. W. Sines; Poor Directors, P. Bird, A. C. Leach; Highway Commissioners, 0. W. Holt, G. Berdan; Constables, O. W. Holt, G. Berdan, G. Smith, J. Kenyon. I854. Supervisor, David Cady; Clerk, Charles E. Andrews; Justice of the Peace, B. Hodgkinson; Treasurer, C. W. Sines; Highway Commissioner, D. Cady; School Inspector, A. J. Leach; Poor Directors, A. C. Leach, T. Westbrook; Constables, G. Smith, C. W. Sines, O. Hartwell, D. S. Dean. I855. Supervisor, David Cady; Clerk, Charles E. Andrews; Justice of the Peace, I. M. Hough; Treasurer, G Berdan; Highway Commissioner, B. Hodgkinson; School Inspector, C. W. Sines; Poor Directors, A. C. Leach, W. P. Adams; Constables, G: Berdan, C. W. Sines, O. W. Holt, D. Cady. I856. Supervisor, James Safford; Clerk, John V. Jackson; Justice of the Peace, P. Bird; Treasurer, J. Cady; School Inspector, J. A. Safford; Highway Commissioners, B. W. Huston, J. Hannan; Poor Directors, J. M. Chambers, A. B. Palmer; Constables, J. Cady, O. Kinyon, C. W. Sines, O. W. Holt. I857. Supervisor, James Safford; Clerk, Charles E. Andrews; Justice of the Peace, B. W. Huston; Treasurer, W. Hannan, Jr; Highway Commissioner, A. B. Palmer; School Inspector, C. W. Sines; Poor Directors, A. B. Palmer, O. Kinyon; Constables, J. Huston, G. Berdan, W. Hannan, Jr, C. W. Sines. I858. Supervisor, James Safford; Clerk, George W. Booth; Justice of the Peace, B. Hodgkinson; Treasurer, G. M. Sines; Highway Commissioner, B. Hodgkinson; School Inspector, E. G. Downer; Poor Directors, A. B. Palmer, I. M. Hough; Constables, G. Berdan, J. Huston, G. M. Sines, C. Coykendall. I859. Supervisor, James Safford; Clerk, George W. Booth; Justice of the Peace, D. B. Brown;

CANTON TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION ANDI) OFFICERS. 1 25 7 Treasurer, J. Huston, 2d; Highway Commissioner, W. Cotton; School Inspector, C. W. Sines; Poor Directors, A. B. Palmer, S. Barber; Constables, J. Huston, 2d, O. W. Holt, S. Barber, P. Berdan. 1860. Supervisor, James- Safford; Clerk, R. Huston; Justice of the Peace, P. Bird; Treasurer. S. Barber; Highway Commissioner, A. J. Murray; School Inspector, E. P. Barbow; Poor Directors, C. W. Sines, S. Barber; Constables, W. Cotton, J. Huston, 2d, P. Berdan, S. Barber. i86r. Supervisor, Bradshaw Hodgkinson; Clerk, Reuben Huston; Justices of the Peace, B W. Huston, S. Barber, A. N. Parrish; Treasurer, C. E. Andrews; School Inspector, R. C Safford; Highway Commissioners, C. W. Sines, S. Barber; Poor Directors, I. M. Hough, W. Hannan, Jr; Constables, W. Cotton, J. Huston, 2d, J. W. Chambers, J. Harmon. 1862. Supervisor, Bradshaw Hodgkinson; Clerk, R. Huston; Justice of the Peace, B. Hodgkinson; Treasurer, E. Anderson; Highway Commissioner, W. Cotton; School Inspector, C W. Sines; Poor Directors, W. Hannan, Jr, J Harmon; Constables, P. Berdan, W. Cotton, J. Huston, 2d, J. Harmon. 1863. Supervisor, Bradshaw Hodgkinson; Clerk, Reuben Huston; Justice of the Peace, S. Barber, B. Hodgkinson; Treasurer, W. Cotton; Highway Commissioner, S. Barber; School Inspector, R. C. Safford; Poor Directors, W. Hannan, Jr, D. Boldman; Constables, J. M. Chambers, W. Cotton, J. Huston, 2d, J. Kenyon. 1864. Supervisor, Bradshaw Hodgkinson; Clerk, Charles E. Andrews; Justice of the Peace, A. N. Parrish; Treasurer, D. Boldman; Highway Commissioner, C. W. Sines; School Inspectors, C. W. Sines, J. P. Safford; Poor Directors, W. Hannan, Jr, S. Lyndon; Constables, G. Berdan, W. Cotton, D. Boldman, J. Kenyon. i865. Supervisor, Bradshaw Hodgkinson; Clerk, Charles W. Sines; Justice of the Peace, J. Huston, 2d; Treasurer, W. Hannan; Highway Commissioners, D. Boldman, H. Murray; School Inspectors, E. R Crawford, E. C. Warner; Poor Directors, W. Hannan, Jr, O. Kinyon; Constables, W. Hannan, J. Butterfield, O. Coyl, S. Lyndon. 1866. Supervisor, Bradshaw Hodgkinson; Clerk, Charles W. Sines; Justice of the Peace, B. Hodgkinson; Treasurer, John Hannan; Highway Commissioners, R. Huston, R. Barker; School Inspectors, 0. Hough, H. O Hanford; Poor Directors, W. Hannan, C. W. Sines; Constables, J. Hannan, C. Westfall, W. Cotton, J. Butterfield. 1867. Supervisor, Bradshaw Hodgkinson; Clerk; Charles W. Sines; Justice of the Peace, S. Barber, Treasurer, Walter R. Rich; Highway Commissioner, J. Tillottson; School Inspectors, J. A. Safford, J. V. Jackson; Poor Directors. J. Harmon, W. Hannan, Jr; Constables, J. Butterfield, W. Cotton, H. W. Geer, W. Hannan, Jr., I868. Supervisor, BradshawHodgkinson; Clerk, Charles W. Sines; Justice of the Peace, J. Harmon; Treasurer, J. P. Parshall; Highway Commissioners, R. Barker, G. Berdan; School Inspectors, L. C. Hough, J. V. Jackson; Poor Directors, W. Hannan, Jr, S. Barber; Constables, W. Hannan, P. Goodell, M. Cragg, B. Tillottson. I869. Supervisor, Bradshaw Hodgkinson; Clerk, Charles W. Sines; Justices of the Peace, J. Huston, H. Murray; Treasurer, W. Penney; Highway Commissioner, R. Huston; School Inspector, J. V. Jackson; Poor Directors, W. Hannan, Jr, J. Huston, 2d; Constables, W. Penney, W. Hannan, W. Cotton, F. Howard. I870. Supervisor, Bradshaw Hodgkinson; Clerk, Charles W. Sines; Justices of the Peace, B. Hodgkinson, 0. Kinyon; Treasurer, J. Huston, 2d; Highway Commissioner, G. Berdan; School Inspector, C. L. Hough; Poor Directors, W. Hannan, S. Barber; Constables, \W. Hannan, O. Butterfield, M. Cragg, F. Howard, 1871. Supervisor, Bradshaw Hodgkinson; Clerk, Charles W. Sines; Treasurer, S. Barber; Justices of the Peace, S. Barber, I. M. Lewis; Highway Commissioner, D. Boldman; School Inspector, J. V. Jackson; Poor Directors, W. Hannan, Z. Winsor; Drain Commissioner, W. Artley; Constables, W. Hubbell, M. Craig, F. Howard, W. Cady. 1872. Supervisor, Bradshaw Hodgkinson; Clerk, Charles W. Sines; Treasurer, A. Riggs; Justice of the Peace, I. M. Lewis; School Inspector, J. A. Safford; Highway Commissioner, R. Huston; Poor Directors, S. Lindon, W. Hannan; Drain Commissioner, R. Barker; Constables, M. Cragg, M. Francisco, A. Hannan. I873. Supervisor, John Huston, 2d; Clerk, Charles W. Sines; Justice of the Peace, J. Huston, 2d; Treasurer, B Tillottson; Highway Commissioner, J. Harmon; Drain Commissioner, R. Barker; School Inspector, J. V. Jackson; Poor Directors, Z. Winsor, W. Hannan; Constables, M. Cragg, J. Butterfield, W. Hannan, C. Sayles. I874. Supervisor, John Huston, 2d; Clerk, Charles W. Sines; Justice of the Peace, C. W. Sines; Treasurer, G. C. Padget; Highway Commissioner, D. Boldman; Drain Commissioner, J. P. Parshall; School Inspector, C. E Andrews; Constables, M. Cragg, J. Gunn, J. Butterfield. 1875. Supervisor, John Huston, 2d; Clerk, Mark Sines; Justice of the Peace, J. B. Cady, S H. Joslin, I. E. Kinyon; Highway Commissioner, D. Boldman; Supt. of Schools, L. C. Hough; Drain Commissioner, J. Harmon; School Inspector, I. E. Kinyon; Constables, M. Cragg, D. H. Parshall, J. Gunn, N. Kinyon.

1258 CANTON TOWNSHIP-ORGI I876 Supervisor, John Huston, 2d; Clerk, Mark Sines; Justice of the Peace, I. E. Kinyon; Treasurer, R C. Sayles; Highway Commissioner, D. Boldman; Supt. of Schools, L C. Hough; Drain Commissioner, S. Lyndon; School Inspector, I. E. Kinyon; Constables, J. Kissand, D. H. Parshall, J. Gunn, T. Harmon. 1877. Supervisor, John Huston, 2d; Clerk, Mark Sines; Justices of the Peace, J. Huston, 2d, J. P. Parshall; Treasurer, D. H. Parshall; Highway Commissioner, W. R. Suggett; Supt. of Schools, S. P. Codner; School Inspector, I. E. Kinyon; Constables, J. Gunn, J. Kissand, C. Dohr, F. Tillottson. 1878. Supervisor, J. A. Safford; Clerk, Henry F. Horner; Justice of the Peace, S. H. Joslin; Treasurer, F. Corwin; Highway Commissioner, G. C. Podget; Drain Commissioner, V. Tillottson; Supt. of Schools, S. P. Codner; School Inspector, J. Gillespie; Constables, A. Smith, U. P. Packard, W. Hannan, C. S. Sayles. I879. Supervisor, James A. Safford; Clerk, Mark Sines; Treasurer, P. Packard; Justicesof the Peace, R. P. Clark, W. F. Ballou; Highway Commissioner, G. C. Podget; Supt. of Schools, W. H. Boldman; School Inspector, C. H. Jones; Constables, A. Smith, J. Gunn, F. Tillottson, G. H. Berdan. I880. Supervisor, James A. Safford; Clerk, Henry F. Horner; Justices of the Peace, A. Cody, W. P. Packard; Treasurer, C. Truesdall; Highway Commissioner, S. Howard; Drain Commissioner, G. Berdan; Supt of Schools, J. A Safford; School Inspector, Frank Tillottson; Constables, A. Smith, J. Gunn, W. Hannan, C. Sayles. I88I. Supervisor, Herbert W. Bradford; Clerk, Samuel H. Joslin; Justices of the Peace, J. Huston, 2d, J. B. Tillottson; Treasurer, L S Clark; Highway Commissioner, R. C. Sayles; Drain Commissioner, R Barker; Supt. of Schools, W. Boldman; School Inspector, F. Tillottson; Constables, S. Barker, J. Gunn, A. Smith, W. E. Cady. 1882. Supervisor, James A. Safford; Clerk, Henry F. Horner; Justices of the Peace, C. E. Andrews, W. Manchester; Treasurer, H. Safford; Highway Commissioner, J. Harmon; Drain Commissioner, J. Wiles; School Inspectors, A. Stevens, F. Tillottson; Constables, D. Truesdall, S. Goodell, J. Gunn, J. Lilley. 1883. Supervisor, James A. Safford; Clerk, Chas. E. Andrews; Justice of the Peace, W. P. Packard, H. H. Safford; Treasurer, M. E. Carlton; Highway Commissioner, R. C. Sayles; Drain Commissioner, W. R. Suggett; School Inspector, H. F. Horner; Constables, J. Eyloff, G. Smith, Jr, J. Padgett. 1884. Supervisor, Henry F. Horner; Clerk, Charles E. Andrews; Treasurer, Oscar Huston; kNIZATION AND OFFICERS. Justices of the Peace, F. A. Tillottson, G. Berdan; Highway Commissioner, Hiram Bissell; Drain Commissioner, Wm. R. Suggett; School Inspector. Oscar Stevens; Constables, Geo. Smith, J. Gunn, J. Eyloff, W. Harmon. I885. Supervisor, Henry F. Horner, C. E. Andrews, each part of a year; Clerk, Charles E. Andrews, part of a year; Treasurer, J. C. Padgett; Justices of the Peace, John Huston, Henry 0. Hanford, James A. Safford; Highway Commissioner, H. Bissell; School Inspector, Ira E. Kinyon; Constables, J. Gunn, H. Anderson, Albert Smith, T. L. Harmon. I886. Supervisor, Henry F. Horner; Clerk, John Huston, 2d; Treasurer, Albert W. Bradford; Justices of the Peace, Charles E. Andrews, G. H. Berdan; Highway Commissioner, Samuel Barber; Drain Commissioner, J. B. Tillottson; School Inspector, M. Winters; Constables, J. Gunn, J. Savage, E. Courtrite, Wm. Mott. I887. Supervisor, Orlando R. Pattengell; Clerk, John W. Cady; Treasurer, F. Huston; Justice of the Peace, Henry Anderson; Highway Commissioner, Samuel Barber; Drain Commissioner, T. L. Harmon; School Inspector, C. R. Huston; Constables, J. M. Savage, J. Gunn, E. Courtrite, Christian Lohr. i888. Supervisor, Orlando R. Pattengell; Clerk, John W. Cady; Treasurer, Albert Smith; Justices of the Peace, H. O. Hanford, Wm. Harmon; Highway Commissioner, T. L. Harmon; Drain Commissioner, W. R. Suggett; School Inspector, M. H. Winters; Constable, J. Gunn. I889. Supervisor, Orlando R. Pattengell; Clerk, James H. Hanford; Treasurer, Albert Smith; Justices of the Peace, John Huston, 2d, Samuel Barber; Highway Commissioner, T. L. Harmon; School Inspector, A. G. Huston; Constables, J. Gunn, J. Savage, T. Geer, J. Gordon I890. Supervisor, 0. R. Pattengell; Clerk, James H. Hanford; Justice of the Peace, C. E. Andrews; Treasurer, G. M. Cotton; Highway Commissioner, Theo. L. Harmon; Drain Commissioner, Wm. Suggett; Board of Review, P. Goodell, C. E. Andrews; Constable, John Gunn. The town hall is located on the southwest quarter of section I5, cost about $700, will seat 400, and was first used in I874. The report for the school year ending September 3d, I888, showed an enrollment of 392 scholars in the township, with an average daily attendance of 274. There was in the township three frame school houses, seating I50, valued at $I,040, and six brick school houses, seating 296, and valued at $8,900. Four male teachers and thirteen female teachers were employed. The first public cemetery was opened about 1834,

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CANTON TOWNSHIP-BIOGRAPHICAL. 1259 on the northeast quarter of section 19, and is known as the "Ridge Cemetery." In 1835 a cemetery was established on the northwest quarter of section 36. This is known as the " Old Sheldon" Cemetery. In 1840, what is known as the " Kinyon " Cemetery, was opened on the northwest corner of section 5, and in I868, the "-New Sheldon" Cemetery was located on the southwest quarter of section 27. The population of the township in 1850, was 1,333; in I860, 1,554; in 1870, 1,392; in I88o, 1,350. The decrease between I860 and I870 is evidently due to the loss of those who were engaged in the War with the South. The valuation in the several decades, as appears from the records of the Board of Supervisors, is as follows; I840, $154,832; I850, $76,728; i86o, $302,990; 1870, $331,362; i880, $1,077,345 The township is watered by what is known as the Lower Rouge, by Tonquish Creek, and by other smaller streams. It has a rich soil, much of which has been reclaimed bv a very extensive system of drainage. CANTON, FORMERLY SHELDON'S CORNERS. This place was named after Timothy F. Sheldon, who bought lands there in 1842 A Presbyterian Church was organized on August 31, 1848, and a church built in I85o, at a cost of $I,ooo. It seated 175. The pastors have been as follows: Rev. J S. Kidder, from 1848 to 1852; Rev. Mr. Green, during part of 1853; Rev. George M. Boardman, from 1854 to I859; Rev. John Pierce, from the fall of I859 to I866; Rev. Mr. Murden, from 1869 to 1870; Rev. Mr. Platt, from 1870 to I879; Rev. E. P. Goodrich, from i880 to 1884. The society has had no pastor for several years, and the church has been for sale. There is a Methodist Episcopal Church, and the society worship in a building which was erected in 1858. The lot was donated by T. F. Sheldon; the building seats 225, and cost $i,800. The following persons have served as pastors: 1859-I860, John Levington; I860-I86I, R. R. Richards; I861-1862, R. C. Crane; I862-1864, H. N. Brown; 1864-1865, S. P. Warner; I865-I867, M. C. Anderson; I867 -I869, Jesse Kilpatrick; I869-1870, Jesse Kilpatrick and W. W. Washburn; I870-I87I, S Kitzmiller; 1871-1873, J. S. Sutton; I873-1874, H. M. Brown; 1874-1876, N. Newton; 1,876-I879, L. C. York; I879-188I, S. Clements; I881-1882, R. Wrench; 1882-1884, W. Warren; I884-1885, L. C. York; I885-I888, J. A. Lowry; I888 —, S. W. Bird. SHELDON'S STATION. This is located on the Michigan Central R. R., about three-quarters of a mile south of Sheldon's Corners. CHERRY HILL. This locality, on section 19, was formerly known as the Ridge, from the rise of ground on which it is situated. About I86o, a man named Hitchcock built a hotel here, and from the number of cherry trees growing near by, he named his place the Cherry Hill House, and thus the name originated. The first beginnings of the Methodist Episcopal Church of this place date from 1836. In 1848 the Society was formally named the Crandall Church, after Mr. Crandall, the first class leader. The Society has occupied two different buildings; the first cost $600, and was dedicated in the fall of 1848. The present church building was dedicated February 9, 1882, and cost $2,500. Among the earlier ministers were the Revs. Messrs. Steel, Bradley, Sprague, King, Staples, Hall, D. Burns, Wm. Fox, Adam Minnis, S. E. Warren, J. F. Davidson, Wm. C. Way, - Buchanan, J. W. Kellogg, Wm. Hevener, C. C. Yemans, R. Bird, T. Wakelin,- Scotford, Geo. Smith, S. Caulkins, and J. K. Gillett. The Society has always been connected with the Sheldon Church, and the names of the ministers since 2871 will be found in connection with the history of that church. TONQUISH CREEK. This is a station on the F. & P. M. R. R., and is named after the Indian chief who was killed near this place. BIOGRAPHICAL. JOHN HUSTON, the seventh child of William and Mary (Winder) Huston, was born in the town of Leroy, Jefferson County, New York, on June 30, 1809. His early life was spent working on a farm, and the only education he received was the meagre one afforded by the rude district school of those days. He sailed a short time on the lakes; had a great fondness for the water; was an expert swimmer, and saved many persons from drowning, notably his friend, Hugh Clide, who, as they were crossing the Detroit river in I827, narrowly escaped death by the capsizing of the canoe. Mr. Clide would have drowned but for the skillful swimming of his friend.

1260 CANTON TOWNSHIP-BIOGRAPHICAL. On January 4th, I827, Mr. Huston came to Michigan, but only remained two years, and then returned to New York State where, on September 26, 1830, he was married to Laura Bentley. In the spring of I833 he returned, with his family, to the wilds of Michigan, traveling by way of the Erie Canal to Buffalo, and then by boat to Detroit. Shortly after their arrival in Detroit they removed to Canton, Wayne County, being obliged to make part of the journey on foot on account of the almost impassable condition of the roads. The place where they located was a wilderness, and they underwent the hardships and labors that mark the pioneer's life. They were far removed from any town or store, and were often dependent upon Huston's gun for a living. Mr. Huston united with the Methodist Episcopal Church, but is now prevented by his years from giving active attention to church work. He was a Democrat until the nomination of John C. Fremont for the Presidency, and since then he has been a Republican. His family consists of eight children, namely: Mary, born February 3, 1832; Robert, born November 7, 1833; Amanda, born February 6, I836; John J., born May 13, I838; Sally, born January 2, 1840; Laura, born November 13, I841; Elizabeth, born February I5, 1844; Eliza, born January ii, 1847. Mr. Huston has always led a farmer's life, and, by strict economy, has accumulated a competence sufficient to keep him and his faithful helpmate in their old age. Their life and habits have been simple, and they are greatly esteemed by the many who know themn for their honest and upright ways. ORLANDO R. PATTENGELL, a resident of the township of Canton, was born February 24, 1824, at Stowe, Vermont, and is the son of Clark and Abigail Pattengell, who were also natives of Vermont. He received his early educational training in the common schools of his native State and in New York, and when he was sixteen years of age began working his own way in the world, gaining that self-reliance and practical knowledge of business which is the foundation of success. He spent the years between 1837 and 1845 in the State of New York, and in the spring of 1845, when seventeen years old, he came to Michigan, and worked on a farm for four years, at the end of which time he began teaching, and taught for fourteen terms. He took up the occupation of teaching in order to obtain money to pay for a farm, which he had purchased the year he had attained his majority. By teaching in winter, and working the farm in summer, by economical habits and hard toil, he succeeded in clearing his farm of encumbrances, and then turned his attention to the bringing it up to a high and profitable state of cultivation. In September, 1862, he was married to Ann Green, of Farmington. They have had one child, a daughter, named Cora. Mr. Pattengell was a member of the State Legislature in I871-72, and for the last eighteen years has been Secretary and Deputy, Treasurer of the Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Company, of Monroe and Wayne Counties. He has been a School Director for twenty years or more, and has served as Town Supervisor for three years, beginning with 1887, and was the first Republican to fill that position since the town was organized-a fact that indicates far better than words can his popularity amongst his fellow townsmen, for the township is strongly Democratic. He is also a member of the Wayne County Jury Commission. being appointed to that position by Governbr Luce, in the spring of I889. He has been a director of the Plymouth National Bank since its organization. Of quiet and unassuming manners, Mr. Pattengell must be known to be appreciated at his true worth. Starting in life with practically nothing but his arms and intelligence, he has succeeded in placing himself amongst the well-to-do farmers of the county. Of unquestioned integrity, he is respected and esteemed by all who know him. His farm is a model in every respect, indicating the strict and orderly methods of its owner, and showing that his labor and perseverance have been well rewarded. ROBERT CRAWFORD SAFFORD was born in Canton, Wayne County, March 21, 1838, and is the son of Rufus and Elethear Safford. His father was the son of Jabez Safford, and was born in Canterbury, Windham County, Connecticut, on June I, I800. His grandfather was one of three brothers who came from Scotland, one of whom settled in Connecticut, one in Vermont, and the last in New York. Rufus Safford, after reaching his majority, worked on a farm in summer and taught school during the winters, eventually going to New York City, where he worked at the stonecutter's trade for a number of years. In 1832 he emigrated to Michigan, and settled on Section 2 in the township of Canton, Wayne County. In I835 he married Elethear Crawford, the daughter of Robert and Hannah Crawford. She was born near Saratoga Springs, Saratoga County, New York, on October 30, 1803, and came to Michigan, with her brother Ezra, in 1833. Rufus and his wife continued to live on the farm which he first bought until his death, on June 1, 1884. His wife died on March 28, I889, at the age of 86. 1 hey had three sons, namely, Robert Crawford Safford, Jabez A. Safford,

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DEARBORN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I26I who was born on September 17, I839; he died February 6, I853. Winfield Scott Safford, the third son, was born January 23, I841, was a soldier in the Civil War, and was wounded at the battle of Gettysburg on July I, 1863, and died the next day. Robert Crawford Safford was educated in the district school, and also attended one term at the State Normal School in Ypsilanti. He continued with his father on the farm until April, 1864, when he moved to Plymouth, and still occupies the farm upon which he has lived for a quarter of a century. He was married on January 29, 1863, to Elizabeth A. Murray. daughter of Archibald Y. and Abigail Murray, who settled in Canton, Wayne County, in [826, and were among its earliest inhabitants. They have had one son and two daughters, namely, Lenora, who was born on April 13, I865; she died on October 9, 1868. Homer Erwin was born September 18, 1869, and their daughter, Ada Murray, on November 26, 1877. Mr. Safford subscribes to the doctrines of the Universalist Church, but is not a member of any branch society. He is a strong temperance man, and, believing that all legal measures should be adopted to restrict the liquor traffic, he supports the Prohibition movement, and has done much to advance the cause of that party. In I889 he was serving as Chairman of the Wayne County Prohibition Committee, and is esteemed and respected as an able and useful citizen. DEARBORN TOWNSHIP. This township originally formed part of the township of Bucklin, which was created by Act of April 12, 1827, the first township meeting being held on the last Monday of May, 1827, at the house of William Hickcox. Dearborn township was created by Act of March 9, 1833, and the first meeting to organize the township was held at the house of Conrad Ten Eyck. As the township of Nankin had been organized four years previous, the records of the original township of Bucklin are given in connection with the history of Nankin township. The township was named Dearborn, in honor of Henry Dearborn, a distinguished United States General in the Revolutionary War and the War of 1812. At the time of the first settlement of the township, game of all kinds, especially deer, bears, wolves, and wild turkeys, were very plentiful. There was also no lack of sweets in the forest, for maple trees were abundant, and some families made hundreds of pounds of maple sugar. every year. Wild honey bees were also common, and many immense hollow trees were often found filled with stores of honey. The population of the township in I850 was 1,385; in 1860, 1,546: in 1870, 2,302; in 1880, 2,094. The valuation of the property of the township in the several decades was as follows: 1840, $176,282; 1850, $82,915; 186o, $289,686; 1870, $335,524; i880, $1,1 53,990. The educational facilities in the township consist of six brick and two frame houses, with a seating capacity of 630, and costing $8,425. The schools, in 1888, had an enrollment of 782, with an average attendance of 454; there were five male and nine female teachers. The officers of the township have been as follows: 1833. Supervisor, Conrad Ten Eyck; Clerk, Benjamin L. King; Assessors and Highway Commissioners, J. Dort, J. Bucklin, C. McCurdy; Collector, A. Thomas; Poor Master, A. Gordon; School Commissioners, C. McCurdy, T. Bucklin, T. Dort, J. F. Rupeley; Constables, J. Abbott, R. Abbott, J, Mudge, A. Thomas; Treasurer, J. F. Rupeley 1834. Supervisor, Conrad Ten Eyck; Clerk, Benjamin L. King; Assessors, J Bucklin, J. Kilburn, H. B. Adams; Collector, R. H. Abbott; Poor Directors, A. Gordon, J. F. Rupeley; Highway Commissioners, T. Bucklin, A. Sherman, J. Bucklin; School Commissioners, H. B. Adams, L. Anderson, T. Holden; School Inspectors, J. Dort, H. B. Adams, T. E. Schooler, B. L. King; Constables, R. H. Abbott, B. Merrill. i835. Supervisor, Conrad Ten Eyck; Clerk, Benjamin L. King; Assessors, James Bucklin, Titus Dort, J Ryan 1st, J. Kilburn; Collector, D. Thompson; Poor Directors, J. Dort, J F Rupeley; Highway Commissioners, J. Kilburn, J. Hickcox, J. Dort, J. Chapin; School Inspectors, B. L. King, H. Wightman, T. Bucklin; Constables, D. Thompson, J. Coon, R. H. Abbott, H. B. Adams, M. Chapin, T. M. Sweeney. 1836. Supervisor, Conrad Ten Eyck; Clerk, Benjamin L. King; Assessors, J. Kilburn, J. Ryan Ist, R. E. Hepburn, H. Wightman; Collector, D. Thompson; Highway Commissioners, H. VWightman, J. B. Wallace, D. Thompson; School Commissioners, A. Gulley, L Ladd, T. M. Sweeney; Justices of the Peace, Hiram Wightman, Aaron Sherman, Josiah Dort, Cyrus Howard; School Inspectors, T. Bucklin, B. L. King, W. G. Porter, T. M. Sweeney, H. Wightman; Constables, D. Thompson, M. Chapin, J. Coon, J. Eastman.

I 262 DEARBORN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I837. Supervisor, Conrad Ten Eyck; Clerk, Benjamin L. King; Assessors, R. Gardner, H. Wightman, T. Dort; C. Howard; Highway Commissioners, D. James, T. Bucklin, J. B. Wallace; Poor Directors, L. Ladd, J. F. Rupeley; School Inspectors, J. Bucklin, T. M. Sweeney, B. L. King; Collector, N. Cochrane; Constable, M. S. Chapin, N. Cochrane, E. Farnsworth. 1838. Supervisor, Hiram Wightman; Clerk, J. W. Sherman; Justice of the Peace, John B. Wallace; Assessors, Joseph Pardoe, H. Wightman, A. Gulley, R. Gardner, J. Dort; Highway Commissioners, Geo. Troup, R. C, Hepburn, M. Vrooman; School Inspectors, T. M. Sweeney, C. Howard, A. Gage; Collector, Wm. Cramer; Overseers of the Poor, L. Ladd, J. F. Rupeley; Constables, J. G. Jackson, D. C. Kelley, W. Cramer, G. Farnsworth. I839. Supervisor, Cyrus Howard; Clerk and Treasurer, J. W. Sherman; Justices of the Peace, Aaron Sherman, Titus Dort; Collector, J. Saxton; Assessors, R. Gardner, C. Howard, J. Pardoe; Highway Commissioners, A. Gulley, E. Quirk, M. Vrooman; Poor Directors, A. Merritt. J. F. Rupeley, J. Sexton; School Inspectors, T. M. Sweeney, L. Ladd, J. Howard; Constables, J. Cochrane, A. Bentley, T. Marston, J. Jackson. 1840. Supervisor, Martin Vrooman; Clerk, J W. Sherman; Justice of the Peace, M. Vrooman; Treasurer, J. Dort; Assessors, A. Gage, A. Gulley, R. Gardner; Highway Commissioners, George Troup, A. Gulley, J. F. Rupeley; Collector, E. H. Strong; School Inspectors, T. M. Sweeney, A. Gage, M. Vrooman; Poor Directors, M. D. Windsor, A. Merritt; Constables, M. D. Windsor, J. Lorain, T. M. Marston, A. Gage. 1841. Supervisor, Walter G. Porter; Clerk, J. W. Sherman; Justice of the Peace, C. Howard; Treasurer, M. D. Windsor; Assessors, J. Nowlin, O. Morehouse, J. U. Baxter; Collector, J. U. Baxter; Highway Commissioner, Geo. Troup, G. Purdy, G. Abell; School Inspectors, W. Manning, A. Gage, W. G. Porter; Poor Directors, A. Sherman. M. D. Windsor; Constables, J. Bucklin, J. Palmer. 1842. Supervisor, Walter G. Porter; Clerk, J. W. Sherman; Assessors, J. F. Rupeley, R. Gardner; Highway Commissioners, J. Nowlin, M. Vrooman, J. Bucklin; Treasurer, Wm. Ten Eyck; Justice of the Peace, Jas. Bucklin; School Inspectors, D. W. Carroll, T. M. Sweeney, W. G. Porter; Poor Directors, M. D. Windsor, A. Merritt; Constables, D. D. Tompkins, F. Landon. 1843. Supervisor, Walter G. Porter; Clerk, J. W. Sherman; Treasurer, Wm. Ten Eyck; Justice of the Peace, R. Gardner; Assessors, J. Bucklin, R. Gardner; School Inspectors, W. G. Porter, T. M. Sweeney, L. Ladd; Highway Commissioners, J. Cronin, J. Bucklin, O. Morehouse; Poor Directors, J. F. Rupeley, A. Merritt; Constables, T. Marston, D. Tompkins. 1844. Supervisor, Titus Dort; Clerk, J. W. Sherman; Treasurer, George Troup; Justice of the Peace, M. Vrooman; Assessors, J. Nowlin, R.,Gardner; Highway Commissioners, J. Pardoe, J. Bucklin, J. Cronin; School Inspector, T. M. Sweeney; Poor Directors, A. Merritt, C. Ten Eyck; Constables, T. M. Marston, W. R. Thompson. I845. Supervisor, Thomas M. Sweeney; Clerk, William Ten Eyck; Treasurer, George Troup; Justice of the Peace, Cyrus Howard; Assessors, R. Gardner, O. Morehouse; Highway Commissioners, J. Nowlin, A. Gulley, J. Bucklin; School Inspector, A. B. Gulley; Overseers of the Poor, C. Ten Eyck, A. Merritt; Constables, D. McClary, J. Duffee, D. Sloss, Wm. Nowlin. 1846. Supervisor, Joshua Howard; Clerk, Cyrus Howard; Treasurer, George Troup; Justice of the Peace, J. Bucklin; Assessors, J. Nowlin, O. Morehouse; Highway Commissioners, B. L. King, H. Thomas, A. Hackney; School Inspector, T. M. Sweeney; Poor Directors, A. Merritt, J. Coon; Constables, D. Sloss, D. McClary. 1847. Supervisor, Titus Dort; Clerk, Cyrus Howard; Treasurer, Geo. Troup; Justice of the Peace, R. Gardner; Highway Commissioners, Geo. Troup, T. Dort, J. Bucklin; School Inspectors, A. B. Gulley, A. Gage; Poor Directors, J. Bucklin, A. Merritt; Constables, T. Marston, T. Sloss, R. Taylor, J. Halpin. 1848. Supervisor, Titus Dort; Clerk, Benjamin L. King; Treasurer, George Troup; Justices of the Peace, John B. Wallace, M. Vrooman; Highway Commissioner, A. B. Gulley; School Inspector, A. B. Gulley; Poor Directors, A. Merritt, J. Coon; Constables, J. Halpin, R. Taylor, T. Marston, J. Kirk. I849. Supervisor, Titus Dort; Clerk, J. A. Patrick; Treasurer, George Troup; Justices of the Peace, C. Howard, N. Ladd; School Inspector, O. Gulley; Highway Commissioner, George Troup; Poor Directors, A. Stocking, 0. Morehouse; Constables, E. Howard, J. Halpin, D. ). Tompkins, J. Palmer. I850. Supervisor, Cyrus Howard; Clerk, Hubbard Hidden; Treasurer, George Troup; Justice of the Peace, John B. Wallace; Assessors, A. Stocking, R. Gardner; Highway Commissioner, C. Howard; School Inspectors, E. S. Snow, S. H. Aldrich; Poor Directors, A. Stocking, S. H. Aldrich; Constables, J. Halpin, E. Howard, J. Palmer, A. Lapham. I85I. Supervisor. Hiram Wightman; Clerk, Tobias Holden; Treasurer, J. F. Rupeley; Justice

DEARBORN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1263 of the Peace, R. Gardner; Highway Commissioner, H. Wightman; School Inspector, T. M. Sweeney; Poor Directors, Wm. Daly, T. Dort; Constables, D. McClary, A. Ward, E. Howard, J. Halpin. 1852. Supervisor, Hiram Wightman; Clerk, Tobias Holden; Treasurer, J. D. Rupeley; Justice of the Peace, H. Wightman; Highway Commissioner, W. Daly; School Inspector, E. S. Snow; Poor Directors, W. Daly. W. Ten Eyck; Constables, J. Halpin, J. Clay, A. J. Worden, T. Marston. 1853. Supervisor, Hiram Wightman; Clerk, Tobias Holden; Treasurer, D. Sloss; Justice of the Peace, A. Stocking; Highway Commissioner, J. Nowlin; School Inspector, J. Nall; Poor Directors, W. Daly, T. Dort; Constables, D. D. Tompkins, J. Halpin, J. Palmer, J. Bannister. 1854. Supervisor, Hiram Wightman; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, C. N. Brainard; Justices of the Peace, J. B. Wallace, M. Vrooman; School Inspectors, E. S. Snow, N. Tucker; Highway Commissioner, H. Wightman; Poor Directors, D. Thompson, O. Ladd; Constables, D. D. Thomkins, J. Bannister, J. Halpin, T. Ladd. I855. Supervisor, Titus Dort; Clerk, Solomon Wightman; Treasurer, O. Morehouse; Justices of the Peace, R. Gardner, T. M. Sweeney; Highway Commissioner, W. Daly; School Inspector, T. M. Sweeney; Poor Directors, T. Holden, J Lavey; Constables, J. Halpin, D. D. Tompkins, J. Bannister, A. W. Cole. I856. Supervisor, Hiram Wightman; Clerk, Amos Gage; Treasurer, L. Ladd; Justice of the Peace, Hiram Wightman; Highway Commissioner, A. B. Gulley; School Inspector, N. Tucker; Poor Directors, W. Daly, W. Denning; Constables, J. Halpin, C. Randall, D. D. Tompkins, J. Bannister. 1857. Supervisor, Hiram Wightman; Clerk, Amos Gage; Treasurer, O. C. Abell; Justice of the Peace, S. Wightman; Highway Commissioner, J. Ryan; School Inspector, T. M. Sweeney; Poor Directors, W. Daly, D. Allen; Constables, J. Halpin, B. Lewis, A. Cole, D. D. Tompkins. 1858. Supervisor, Titus Dort; Clerk, Hubbard Hidden; Treasurer, Joseph N. Brown; Justice of the Peace, William Daly; School Inspector, Titus Dort; Poor Directors, Wm. Daly, D. Allen; Constables, D. D. Tompkins, J. N. Brown, J. Halpin, D. Allen. I859. Supervisor, Hiram Wightman; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, Joseph N. Brown; Justices of the Peace, Richard Gardner, T. M. Sweeney; School Inspectors, T. M. Sweeney, Amos Gage; Poor Directors, Wm. Daly, D. Allen; Highway Commissioner, E. Howard; Assessors, M. Vrooman, George Troup; Constables, C. Randall, D. D. Tompkins, R. C. Hepburn, J. Halpin. I860. Supervisor, Richard Gardner; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, A. P. Demay; Justice of the Peace, Hiram Wightman; Highway Commissioner, John Ryan; Poor Directors, Wm. Daly, D. Allen; Constables, D. D. Tompkins, C. Randall, D. Allen, John Halpin. I86I. Supervisor, Hiram Wightman; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, A. P. Demay; Justice of the Peace, S. Wightman; Highway Commissioners, Wm. Daly, John Nowlin, M. Vrooman; School Inspectors, M, A. Vrooman, R. C. Hepburn; Poor Directors, Wm. Daly, D. Allen; Constables, J. Fox, E. Howard, J. E. Wheeler, D. Allen. 1862. Supervisor, Titus Dort; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, A. Lapham; Justice of the Peace, Wm. Daly; Highway Commissioner, E. Howard; School Inspectors, D. D. Brown, N. P. Morehouse; Poor Directors, Wm. Daly, D. Allen; Constables, D. Allen, E. Howard, J. Rady, J E. Whalen. I863, Supervisor, William Daly; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, E. Howard; Justices of the Peace, R. Gardner, M. Vrooman; School Inspector, J. M. Sweeney; Highway Commissioner, John Nowlin; Poor Directors, T. Dort, T. Allen; Constables, D. D. Tompkins, E. Howard, J. Rady, J. J. Vrooman. 1864. Supervisor, William Daly; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, E. Howard; Justice of the Peace, H. Wightman; Highway Commissioner, J. J. Vrooman; School Inspector, D. B. Brown; Poor Directors, J. Bannister, D Allen; Constables, O. Trowbridge, J. Magoonaugh, Wm. Stevenson, F. W. Thomas. 1865. Supervisor, William Daly; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, J. Magoonaugh; Justice of the Peace, M. Vrooman; Highway Commissioner, E. Howard; School Inspector, Wm. Stevenson; Constables, D. D. Tompkins, E. Howard, W. Stevenson, J. Magoonaugh. i866. Supervisor, William Daly; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, J. Magoonaugh; Justice of the Peace, Wm. Daly; Highway Commissioner, R. Wight; School Inspector, J. W. Kellogg; Poor Directors, T. Dort, D. Allen; Constables, 0. Trowbridge, W. Stevenson, E. Howard, J. Magoonaugh. 1867. Supervisor, Titus Dort; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, John Cosby; Justices of the Peace, Wm. Stevenson; Highway Commissioners, M. Vrooman, J. Ledbeter; School Inspector, Isaiah Stevenson; Poor Directors, J. W. Alexander, W. Daly; Constables, J. Magoonaugh, G. Maxwell, J. B. Vrooman, S L. Howard. I868. Supervisor, William Daly; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, S. L, Howard; Justice

1264 DEARBORN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. of the Peace, Wm. C. Sutton; School Inspectors, Wm. Stevenson, T. M. Sweeney; Highway Commissioner, M. Kenney; Poor Directors,J. W. Alexander, W. Daly; Constables, C. Gregory, O. Trowbridge, J. B. Vrooman, J. Magoonaugh. I869. Supervisor, William Daly; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasufer, G. W. Haigh; Justice of the Peace, M. Vrooman; Highway Commissioner, D. D. Tompkins; School Inspector, J. A. Sexton; Ioor Directors, Wm. Daly, J. Magoonaugh; Constables, J. Powers, J. Magoonaugh, H. Stevenson, A. J. Collier. 1870. Supervisor, Jared A. Sexton; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, G. W. Haigh; Justice of the Peace, Wm. Daly; School Inspector, J. B. Chapman; Highway Commissioner, A. P. DeMay; Poor Directors, W. Dale, J. Vagoonaugh; Constables, J. E. Crouch, W. Rady, T. Crowley, H. Stevenson. 1871. Supervisor, Jared A. Sexton; Clerk, Amos Gage; Treasurer, J. Probert; Justice of the Peace, J. B. Chapman; Highway Commissioners, M. Vrooman, J. Travis, W. Morehouse; School Inspector, G. W. Haigh; lPoor Directors, A. Gage, S. W\ightman; Constables, J. Halpin, J, E. Van Riper, W. Rady, W. Ward. 1872. Supervisor, Charles Brainard; Clerk, Hubbard Hidden; Treasurer, J. I robert; Justice of the Peace, J. A. Patrick; School Inspector, A. B. Gulley; Highway Commissioner, Wm. Morehouse; Poor Directors, C. Pohen, D. D. Tompkins; Drain Commissioner, T. Dort; Constables, O A. DeLong, T. Iixon, L. Mundinger, J. Campbell. 1873. Supervisor, William Daly; Clerk, Hubbard Hidden; Treasurer, C. Gregory; Justice of the Peace, W. Kihen; Highway Commissioner, W. Ward; Drain Com'missioner, A. B. Gulley; School Inspector, S. P. Duffield; Poor Directors, J. C. Brock, J. Fox; Constables, F. Bartz, J. Forsythe, L. Mundinger, J. Roberts. I874. Supervisor, William Daly; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, C. Gregory; Justices of the Peace, W, Daly, J. H. Thompson; Highway Commissioners, M. Vrooman; Drain Commissioner, A. Harger; School Inspector, A. Sloss; Constables, T. Dixon, O. A. DeLong, A. M. Shaw, J. Burger 1875 Supervisor, Wm. Daly; Clerk, Hubbard Hidden; Treasurer, J. Fox; Justice of the Peace, W. M. Holton; Highway Commissioner, J. H. Thompson; Drain Commissioner, J. Campbell; School Inspector, A. Sloss; Superintendent of Schools, J. B. Chapman; Constables, G. Mitte, C. Purdy, B. H. Purdy, A. M. Shaw. 1876. Supervisor, John Cosby; Clerk, Hubbard Hidden; Treasurer, J. Fox; Justice of the Peace, C. N. Brainard; School Inspectors, F. R. Ward, A. T. Sloss; Highway Commissioner, A. B. Gulley; Supt. Schools, F. R. Ward; Constables, F. Bartz, L C. Walker, H. Longbush, J. M. Forsythe. 1877. Supervisor, John Cosby; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, J. Fox; Justice of the Peace, J. H. Thompson; Supt. Schools, G. W. Long; School Inspector, G. W. Long; Highway Commisisoner, F. A. Gulley; Drain Commissioner, A. Lapham; Constables, G. Mitte, F. Bartz, J. Magoonaugh, J. P. Frank. 1878. Supervisor, William Daly; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, J. Fox; Justice of the Peace, Wm. Daly; Supt. School, F. R. Ward; School Inspector, W. Sloss; Highway Commissioner, J.!i. Thompson; Drain Commissioner, J. Probert; Constables, J. P. Frank, J. Magoonaugh, F. H. Bartz, J. Burns. 1879. Supervisor, William Daly; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, J. Ford; Justice of the Peace, W. M. Holton; Supt. Schools, G. W. Long; School Inspector, J. Probert; Highway Commissioner, J. H. Thompson; Constables, J. Magoonaugh, C. Randall, G. Mitte, F. H. Bartz. I88o. Supervisor, William Daly; Clerk, John W. Alexander, Treasurer, James Ford; Justice of the Peace, Chas. N. Brainard; School Inspector, A. T. Sloss; Supt. of Schools. Geo W. Long; Drain Commissioner, J. Probert; Highway Commissioner, J. H. Thompson; Constables, G. Mitte, C. Randall, F iH. Bartz, J. W. Forsythe. I881. Supervisor, Charles N. Brainard; Clerk, Hubbard Hidden; Treasurer, C. H. Purdy; Justice of the Peace, J. H. Thompson; Supt. of Schools, O. P. Gulley; School Inspector, A. T. Sloss; Highway Commissioner, S. L. Howard; Constables. C. Forsythe, J. Fenelos, Wm. Strafrex, C. Languish 188'. Supervisor, William Daly; Clerk, Hubbard Hidden; Treasurer, J. Jubb; Justice of the Peace, A. Wagner; Highway Commissioner, S L. Howard; Drain Commissioner, A. B Gulley; School Inspectors, O. P. Gulley, A. T. Sloss; Constables, J. Fenelos, W. H. Lowrie, C. Forsythe, A. Mundinger. 1883 Supervisor, William Daly; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, J. Jubb; Justice of the Peace, W. M. Holton; Highway Commissioner, S. L Howard; School Inspector, O. P Gulley; Constables, James Magoonaugh, John Blake, A. Mundinger, J. Giller. 1884. Supervisor, William Daly; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, Wm H. Halpin; Justices of the Peace, E. Howard; School Inspector, A. T Sloss; Drain Commissioner, A. B. Gulley; Hignway Commissioner, S. L. Howard; Constables, W, Ham, C. Forsythe, A. Mundinger, J. Magoonaugh.

DEARBORN TOWNSHIP —ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1265 1885. Supervisor, Jared A. Sexton; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, Wm. H. Halpin; Justice of the Peace, John Cosby; School Inspector, S. B. Long; Highway Commissioner, J. Theisen; Constables, C. Schrader, J. Magoonaugh, A. Schloff, F. Peba. I886. Supervisor, Samuel B. Long; Clerk, Arthur T. Sloss; Treasurer, John Cosby; Justice of the Peace, A. Wagner; School Inspector, H. M. Snow; Drain Commissioner, Saml. Cogswell; Highway Commissioner, J. Theisen; Constables, J. Magoonaugh, C. Hess, C. Forsythe, F. Miller. 1887. Supervisor, Samuel B. Long; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, E. Howard; Justice of the Peace, Wm. M. Holton; Highway Commissioner, S. L Howard: School Inspector, F. R. Ward; Constables, C. F. Forsythe. J. Magoonaugh, W. A. Blake, S. McNutt. 1888 Supervisor, Samuel B. Long; Clerk, John W. Alexander; Treasurer, C. T. Forsythe: Justice of the Peace, J. Theisen; Highway Commissioner, S. L. Howard; School Inspector, J. A. Sexton; Drain Commissioner, J. Fox; Constables, J. Magoonaugh, L Bucklin, A. Steward, R. Campbell. 1889 Supervisor, Samuel B. Long; Clerk, W. H. Hatton; Treasurer, C. F. Forsythe; Justice of the Peace, John Cosby; Highway Commissioner, S. I. Howard; School Inspectors, F. R. Ward, T. J. Owen; Constables, Wm. Ham, A. Klett, J. Lawrence, C. Randall, Jr. I890. Supervisor, Wm. Walton; Clerk, Joseph Cronogue; Treasurer, Joshua Jubb; Highway Commissioner, O. P. Gulley; Justice of the Peace, A. Wagner; School Inspector, J. A. Sexton; Drain Commissioner, D. D. Tompkins; Board of Review, John Dailey; Constables, J. Magoonaugh, A. Snider, J. Pierce, J. Burns. DEARBORN, FORMERLY DEARBORNVILLE. This village is located on the line of the M. C. R.R.' on Sections 21 and 22, of Town 2 South, Range 10 East, on the banks of the River Rouge, the location being one of the finest in the county. It is said that there were white settlers here even before the American occupation began. The earliest known settler, Titus Dort, began brick making on the Rouge in 1829, near the site of the present village. The place received its earliest and largest encouragement from the establishment here of a United States arsenal. The site of the arsenal was selected while it was still government land, in July, 1832, by a board of officers appointed for the purpose. The corner stone of the main building was laid on July 30, 1833, and the building completed in 1837. The establishment consisted of eleven brick buildings, erected about a central square having 360 feet on a side. The principal building occupied the center of the eastern side of the square, and was 120 feet long by 30 feet deep, and three stories high, exclusive of the basement. It was intended for the principal armory. The buildings surrounding this square were connected by a continuous wall of heavy masonry, 12 feet high, and were calculated to accommodate two officers and fifty artificers and workmen, and, in case of an emergency, would easily accommodate double that number About four years after the arsenal was built, Captain Webb, who was in charge, claimed that an old log tavern, about half a mile east, owned by David Thompson, was located on ground belonging to the government, and he therefore ordered it removed. His orders not being obeyed, he called together about fifty soldiers and employes of the United States, and they tore down the buildings. Colonel Joshua Howard, who had located and erected the arsenal, and was still living at Dearborn, objected to these doings, and sought to prevent them, as did also other citizens, but their expostulations were of no avail. During the altercation that took place, a Mr. Potter, who resided at Dearborn, was struck on the head with a club, and the blow was believed to have been the cause of his death, which took place soon after. By Act of February 13, I849, the State military stores, field artillery and equipage were ordered stored at Dearborn, and the arsenal was occupied by the Government up to August 15, 1875, on which date its use as an arsenal was officially discontinued. The serviceable munitions, mostly infantry equipments, and old guns, were then sent to the Rock Island arsenal, and the balance sold at auction. The grounds, containing about 235 acres, were then surveyed, laid out into lots, and in 1877 portions of the property were sold at auction, and from time to time other portions have been sold, and about half of the property has now been disposed of. John Cosby was custodian in charge from i850 until October 24, 1878, when he was succeeded by Joseph A Patrick, who continued until 1885, when Bernard Magoonaugh was appointed. At the time of its erection, the arsenal was the finest and largest structure in the State, and with the neat and walledin grounds, surpassed in appearance every improvement in this region. It was thought a large city of importance would soon be built up, and speculation in city lots was the rage. Elliot Gray, of Detroit, had a boat, the "General Jackson," built at Mt. Clemens, to ply between Dearborn and Detroit, on the River Rouge, but after a few trips, want of patronage, suspended her voyages. The plat of the village was recorded by Paul D. Anderson, in 1833, and the village incorporated on April 5, 1838. The first election was to be held on the first Monday in May. The Act of incorporation

1266 DEARBORN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. was repealed on May I, 1846. According to Blois's Gazetteer, of 1839, the settlement then had a sawmill, flourmill, seven stores, two blacksmith shops, and an iron foundry, in which horse power was used. The population numbered sixty families. The population in 1870 was 530, in I880 it was reported at 410. At the sale of a portion of the government property, in 1877, the township purchased the building in which was the lavatory, paint shop and commissary quarters, and, removing the inside partitions, converted the building into a town hall, which will seat five hundred persons; it cost about $1,200. There is'also a Masonic Hall, which was erected in I869, and is occupied by Dearborn Lodge, No. I72. The lodge was organized on April Io, i865, but their warrant bears the date of January I, I866. The most imposing structure in the place is the institution known as St Joseph's Retreat for the Insane. It was originally located in Detroit, and its earlier history is fully given elsewhere in this work. The property on Michigan Avenue, in Detroit, was sold in I887, and the present building erected in 1885. It is located on the government road, about three-quarters of a mile west of the Michigan Central Railroad depot. The building is of brick, and has a frontage of 400 feet, with a depth of I80 feet. The main building is four stories high, and the two wings three stories high. The cost of erection was $220,000. It was opened on Nov. I, I886. The grounds consist of 140 acres, of which Ioo were obtained in exchange for the five acres of city property. The estimated cost of the land is $35,ooo. Six male attendants and sixteen sisters are employed in its management, all under the direction of the Sister Superior, Mary Borgia. METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. This church has a clear right to be considered a lineal descendant of the oldest and earliest church organization in Michigan. A Methodist Episcopal Church was established near Dearborn in the year I8Io, and after the close of the War of 1812, on March 31, I8I8, a church building, located about two miles east of the present village, was dedicated by the same society, and aside from the Moravian Church, erected near Mt. Clemens, in 1782, it was the first Protestant church erected in Michigan. In Chapter 57 of this work a detailed history of these events is given. Four years after the erection of the church, in June, 1822, Rev. John P. Kent, assisted by the Rev. Wm. Case, presiding elder of the Upper Canada district, held a camp meeting near the church, on the farm of Wm. Stacey, one of the members, and this was doubtless the first camp meeting held in Michigan. Subsequent to this time, and as early as 1828, the locality was included in what was known as the Huron Mission, and was regularly supplied with preaching by the Methodist itinerants, but by this time the log church ceased to be used, and services were held in private houses. The following ministers officiated: I828 -1829, Benjamin Cooper; 1829-1830, Leonard B. Gurley; 1832-1834, W. H. Brockway; 1835-1837, E. H. Pilcher; 1837, W. H. Brockway. In December of this year, on a lot bought of Joshua Howard, for $50, the society began the erection of a new church, and in May of 1838 it was dedicated. It seated 200. In 1871, a lot for a parsonage was purchased, at a cost of- $ioo, and soon after a parsonage, costing about $I,ooo, was finished. In I887, at a cost of $350, the congregation purchased a lot on the northeast corner of Military Avenue and Chicago Road, on which it is proposed to erect a new building. The pastors since 1837 have been as follows: 1838, Wm. H. Brockway; I839-1840, Adam Minnis, John Babcock and Jonathan Blanchard; 1841, John Gray, Wm. Taylor; 1842, John Gray and Alonzo Fleming: I843, G. J. Shurtliff and H. Penfield; 1844, Alonzo Fleming, Chas. Bruce; I845, J. Blanchard, W. W. Hayes; 1846, D. Bush, and W. Benson; 1847, D. Bush and F. Glass; I848, Isaac Abbott and B. F. Prichard; I849, W. Mothersill and R. Bird; I850, I. F. Collins and W. Fox; 1851, S. Bessey and W. Fox; 1852, S. Bessey and J. C. Wortley; 1853, A. Steel and C. W. Seaman; 1854, Curtis Mosher; 1855, J. H. Caster; I856, J. W. Kellogg; 1857, J. W. Kellogg and A J. Bigelow: I858, J. Levington and W. C. Way; 1859, W. C. Way; i860, G. Smith; I86I-I863, B. F. Hedger and C. L. Church; 1863-1865, J. W Kellogg; 1865-1868, J. W. Kellogg; 1868, R. Bird; 1869, R. C. Lanning; I870, A. Allen; 1871, J. S. Sutton; 1872-1875, J. R. Noble; 1875-1877, G. W. Owen; 1877-I879, J. M. Truscott; 1879-1882, D. J. Odell; 1882-1885, L. C. York; 1885-i887, S. E. Warren; I887, G. W. Lowe; I888, F. Berry; 1889, W. Cooke. EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION CHURCH. This church was started as a mission in I860. A church building was erected at a cost of $I,000, and it has since been enlarged and improved at a cost of about $1,500, and will now seat 250. On April i8, I875, it became a self-supporting church, with Rev. Daniel Heininger pastor in charge. The subsequent pastors have been: Rev. F. F. Mayer, from April, 1876; Rev. J. M. Fuchs, from April, 1877; Rev. John Orth, from April. 1878; Rev. C. J. Koch, from April, I880; Rev. John Meck, from April, I882; Rev. Jacob Young, from April, I885; Rev. Christian Ude, from April, i888. The membership in 1875 was 140, and in 1880, 119. SACRED HEART CATHOLIC CHURCH. This society was organized in 1836, the first mass

DEARBORN TOWNSHIP —ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1267 being celebrated by Rev. Father 0. Kavanah, at the house of Mrs. Ryan, in that year. In I837, and also in I839, mass was celebrated in private houses by Rev. Father Cullum. In I842, Rev. Martin Kundig officiated; next after him came Rev. Messrs. Laurence Kilroy and - Dillon. About I843, Rev. Dr. Farnham came; he was followed by Rev. P Kindekins and Rev. A. Vandendriessche. The first regular resident pastor was Rev. Father Pulsers, who came in 1852, and remained some three years. Rev. P. 0. Kelly came on April 27, 1866, served two years and then passed away. His successor, Father Lemogie, remained a little over a year, and then the church was served by various pastors, among whom were Rev. Edward Dumont and Rev. Edward Kindekins. In I862, E. Van Paemel became the pastor, and remained until I872. His successor, Rev. P. B. Murray, was followed by Rev. H. P. Delbeau, who came on January 24, 1873. and remained one year. After him came Rev. Leitner, for six months, and then Rev. P. Kilroy. Rev M. H. Schacken was appointed on September 14, 1874. and remained until I877. His successors were Rev. Muer, from 1877 to I883; Rev. John Reichenbach, from 1883 to 1885; Rev. Louis Van Straelen, from 1885 to 1887; Rev. Francis Broegger, from 1887. The first church building was erected in I843, and was several times moved and at various times remodelled and improved. It was moved to the present site, and practically rebuilt, in November, I874, and on January 12, 1875, was consecrated. A large and flourishing school of about one hundred scholars is maintained. The graveyard of two acres, established in 1862, was newly fenced in I875, and a neat Gothic chapel erected through the liberality of Wm. Kelly and Mrs. J. Magoonaugh, and on May 2, 1876, the cemetery was blessed by the Bishop, and newly christened as Mount Kelly Cemetery. The parish, in i888, numbered one hundred families. BAPTIST CHURCH (EXTINCT). This society was organized on December I6, I840, as a branch of the First Baptist Church, of Detroit, On July 3, I842, it was organized as an independent church. There has never been any regular pastor. The services were held in the Presbyterian Church, and conducted by ministers from Detroit. In 1853, a lot west of the Johnson House was purchased, but the society never erected a building. The last meeting was held on April I4, 1875, when the members met, voted themselves letters, and the society disbanded. THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. This society was organized in 1840, and in I848 they dedicated a church which seated Ioo, and cost $500. The present valuation of their property is $2,200. The membership has never been large, and for some years they have had no pastor or any regular services. PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH. This society was organized June 12, 1867. Their church lot cost $400, and their building $4,500. It was dedicated in 187I, and will seat 200. Rev. C. W. Fitch, Chaplain United States Army, at Fort Wayne, Michigan, was the first rector. He commenced his duties in January, 1867, and remained until the autumn of 1874. Between this time and September, 1876, Rev. H. Banwell served as rector for three months. The church was kept open by lay readers, with occasional services by clergymen, until September I, I876, when Rev. J. C. Brown became rector, and so remained for nine years. The term of Rev. T. R. Reid began October IO, I886. ST. PAUL'S FIRST EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN U. A. C. CHURCH. This society was organized August 22, I870, by Rev. Karl L. Moll, with twenty-three families. A lot on Beech Street, in Farland's addition, was purchased for $330, and a church erected in the summer of 187I. It cost $i,800, and will seat 250. A school was started the year the church was built, which has an average attendance of fifty. In I880 the church numbered fifty-two families. Rev. Marcus Halboth, the first pastor, continued till I874, when he was succeeded by Rev. Gustav Berndt, who was still serving in I888. MESSIAH ADVENTIST CHURCH. This society was organized in I874. A lot about a mile southwest of the village was donated, and a church, seating I60 persons, and costing $,5oo00, was dedicated in I875. At the organization of the church there was twenty members, and in I889 six. The present valuation of the property is $i,coo. Rev. C. W. Learned was the first and only regular pastor. The Detroit Stock Brick Company was established in I868, and passed into the possession of A. Wagner & Son, in 1875. The yard covers twenty-eight acres, they giving employment to twenty-eight men, and manufacture upwards of three million bricks annually. The shipments require about 0oo cars each year. They also manufacture about eighty thousand feet of tile annually. WALLACEVILLE. This village is located on Section 6, and is named after John B. Wallace, a lumber manufacturer, who conducts the chief business of the place. There are also several small shops.

I268 DEARBORN TOWNSHIP-BIOGRAPHICAL. BIOGRAPHICAL. ELIZUR R. CARVER was born A pril i6, I830, at Marietta, Ohio and is the son of John and Mary Carver. He was educated in Detroit, and at the age of sixteen began to work for the government, in the arsenal at Dearborn, After working there for some time. he became a clerk in a dry-goods store at that place. From there he went to Aurora, New York, and was employed by John Allen, a dry-goods merchant. While in New York he married a daughter of Dr Talman subsequently returning to Michigan, where Mrs Carver died, leaving two sons and one daughter. The latter only is now living. After his return to Michigan, Mr Carver engaged in the grocery business at Detroit for a number of years, having his store at the corner of Monroe Avenue and what is now known as Cadillac Square. From Detroit he removed to Dearborn, where he engaged in farming. At the outbreak of the War with the South, he enlisted as a private in Berdan's Sharpshooters, and for bravery and gallant services was 'rapidly promoted, until at the time of his resignation, in 1862, he held the position of Captain Shortly after his return from the War he married Rosella Fox, of Detroit. They had two children namely, Walter and Birdie. While returning home from Detroit, on September 7, 1883, Captain Carver's horse became frightened at a train of cars, and, running away, threw him over the bank of the Rouge, and he was drowned. He was a Republican in politics, but was so engaged in business, that he had no inclination for political office, and though repeatedly requested by' his friends to run for office, he always declined. In religious affairs his sympathies were with the Methodist Episcopal Church, and he was generally esteemed and respected. WILLIAM DALY was born at Killarney, County of Kerry, Ireland, on March 25, I819. His parents, John and Mary Daly, emigrated to this country, coming direct to Detroit, where they arrived in June, I837. William received his education in Ireland, and for a short time before he came to this country attended college. After his arrival in Detroit, during 1837 and 1838, he worked for Mayor Kearsley. In I839, he went to Chicago, and helped to grade up the first street in that city. In I841, he began sailing on the steamboat " Erie," and' while on the Detroit River, the boiler exploded. Five or six men were killed, and he had a narrow escape from death, being badly scalded and burned. He was married on November 26, 1842, to Mary Lester, a native of Kilkenny, Ireland, the same year he settled in Dearborn, and engaged in farming, and is still living on the same farm of I60 acres Mr. Daly has always taken an active part in the public affairs of the township in which he lives, and has held every office within the disposal of his fellow-citizens In 1843 he was elected Poor Director, and continued to hold the office for twenty years. In 1844, he was made Highway Commissioner, remaining in that office for eighteen years. For twenty-four years in succession he fulfilled the duties of Justice of the Peace, being first elected in I858. In 1863, he was elected Supervisor of the township, and held the office for eighteen years. He was also County Superintendent of the Poor for six years, and School Director for twenty years. That he gave satisfaction as a public official is abundantly evidenced by the number of offices he has filled, and by the length of time he held each office. Mr Daly has always been a Democrat in politics, and has done much active work in furthering the interests of the party. He is a Catholic in his religious views, and amongst his most pleasant recollections is the fact that he helped to build the first Catholic Church in Dearborn, drawing the timber with his own team and hewing it himself. His wife died April 6, 1887, leaving four sons, Patrick, John, James and Thomas, and one daughter, Mrs. Gleason, of Detroit. The sons are all respected, and have large farms of their own in the immediate neighborbood of the old homestead. Personally Mr. Daly has a genial disposition, is generous of heart, and firm in his friendships. His love for his adopted country is only equaled by his pride in her greatness and prosperity. By his thrift and economy he has laid up a comfortable fortune for himself and his children, and his integrity and good qualities have secured to him the esteem of his fellow-citizens, who have shown their high regard by conferring upon him year after year all the honors at their command. JAMES GARDNER was born on November 14, 1844, on the old Gardner homestead, at the Scotch settlement in the township of Dearborn. His father, Richard Gardner, was a native of Wroxton, Oxfordshire, England, and came to this country in his eighteenth year, landing in 1828. After remaining in Detroit and vicinity for three

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DEARBORN TOWNSHIP-BIOGRAPHICAL. I269 years he settled on his farm in Dearborn on which he continued to live for a period of fifty years He was a man of strict integrity and having a good education his services were often required by his fellow-citizens in various capacities. He served as Justice of the Peace for twenty-four years, and as Supervisor for twelve years, besides repeatedly filling minor positions. The great confidence his friends had in his honesty and integrity is evidenced by the fact that he was almost continuously wanted to act as guardian of various orphan children, and as administrator of the estates of various persons. He died on May 15, 1878, in his 7Ist year of age. His mother, formerly a Miss Gould, came to this country from Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in I831. She possessed a kind and genial disposition, and was universally respected and loved. She had ten children, of whom James Gardner was the seventh. When old enough he attended the district school in winter and worked on the farm in summer. After he had reached the age of twentyone, he left home, going to Iowa and Minnesota. At the end of two years he returned, and shortly after bought a farm in Monroe County, upon which he resided for six years. After his father's death he returned to Dearborn, and buying out the interest of his brothers and sisters in the old homestead, he moved there, and has lived upon it ever since. He was married on November 29, 1882, to Miss Jennie Flaherty; she died on April 6, 1884. They had no children. Mr Gardner inherited many of the sterling qualities of his father. He is modest and conversative in disposition, and his strict probity has won him the confidence and respect of his fellow-townsmen. His neighbors have frequently tried to persuade him to hold office, but with the exception of serving several terms as School Director, he has always declined. Mr Gardner is a communicant in the Protestant Episcopal Church, and has done much to promote the interests of that church in his vicinity. He devotes his time to agriculture, and his farm, which is in a splendid state of cultivation, plainly shows the benefit of his attention. He uses all the latest improvements in labor and time-saving machinery, and the farm is thoroughly stocked with fine breeds of horses and cattle. Mr Gardner's industry and attention to his farm has brought him excellent returns, and the future presents prospects upon which he may well be congratulated. EDWARI SPARROW SNOW, M. D., the subject of this sketch, is a native of Austinburg, Ashtabula County, Ohio, where he was born July 5, I820. His parents, Sparrow and Clara (Kneeland) Snow, were natives of Massachusetts, of English descent, and were married in Sandersfield, Berkshire County, in i81 r. They emigrated to Ohio in 1817, and settled in Ashtabula County, on wild land, which, by the most arduous labor, was cleared and made into a fertile farm. Here they raised a family of four girls and four boys, and here they lived until separated by the death of Mrs. Snow. The early part of the life of Edward S. was passed at hard work on the farm. with such schooling as could be obtained at the district school, until 1838, when the young man, feeling that he desired some other avocation, and realizing that an education must be the foundation, entered the Grand River Institute, where he graduated with honors in 1842. While at this institute he displayed the pluck and energy which has characterized his whole life, for he not only supported himself, but paid for his tuition, bought his books, clothes, etc., and had saved $25 when he finished. Not having decided on a profession, and having been one of the most expert in the class of surveying, and understanding and liking the business of a surveyor, he thought that if he could combine pleasure with profit in traveling through the almost unknown West, that it might be advantageous, and with this end in view, made application for a position as one of the governmental surveyors of the Northwest Territory. This application was made through his representative in Congress, Joshua R. Giddings, the well-known anti-slavery politician. About this time an intimate friend was taken with a serious and protracted illness, during which he was faithfully nursed by Edward, who, becoming greatly interested in watching the effects of the remedies administered, was strongly advised by the attending physician to take up the study of medicine, and this advice was followed after careful consideration. Before commencing his medical studies he spent two years in teaching school, spending a year each at Palmyra and at Jefferson, Ohio. This work finished, he began preparing himself for his chosen profession, under the tutorship of Dr. O. K. Hawley, and in 1847 graduated from the Western Reserve Medical College, at Cleveland, Ohio. Still thinking the West the place for the young man who had his own way to make in the world, he determined to go to Missouri, but just as he was starting, he was requested by a friend to go to Plymouth, Wayne County, Michigan, and take charge of the practice of Dr. Markham, who wished to take a vacation to recuperate his health. From Plymouth he soon removed to his present home in Dearborn, arriving with but a slender supply of medicine furnished by Dr Markham, and in debt for the horse that he rode. Here he was successful from the start, and soon found himself in possession of all the practice that he could attend to. The year following he was

1270 DEARBORN TOWNSHIP-BIOGRAPHICAL. appointed surgeon in charge of the United States arsenal, located at Dearborn, and with the exception of the next year. held that position twenty-five years, until the abandonment of the arsenal by the government, and at one time he had over 1,400 men under his care. He was married on October 22, 1850, to Elizabeth Austin, of Austinburg, Ohio. They had two children, Herbert Montgomery and Edward Auchmuty. The last named died on September 8, 1884. When he first located at Dearborn, the Michigan Central Railroad was completed only to Dexter, and was about the only railroad in Michigan. The country was covered with forests, almost the only roads were bridle paths through the woods, and for a number of years nearly all his traveling was done on horseback. In 1857, having bonght a large tract of land in the outskirts of the village, he built his present home, and has resided there continuously since that time. Shortly after coming to Dearborn, hs was appointed one of the surgeons of the Michigan Central Railroad, a position he has held for the last forty-three years. He has long been a member of the State Medical Society, has held an office in that body several times, and has been its representative in the meetings af the National Medical Association held at Washington, Louisville, Buffalo, Chicago, New York, St. Paul and Detroit; has also been a member of the Wayne County Medical Society since its organization, and has been an official of that body a number of times. In 1876, at a meeting of the Medical Alumni of the University of Michigan, he was unanimously elected a member of that body. There is but one physician in Michigan who has been in practice as long as Dr. Snow, and while his strength will not permit him to do as much work as formerly, he is still in practice. While not a politician, he has always taken an active interest in politics, and has always been a staunch Republican. He has had some experience in military matters, having served two years as Adjutant of the First Rifle Regiment, Second Brigade and Twenty-first Division of Ohio, under Colonel Tracy and General Stearns. During the late war he promised to attend, and did attend, as physician, free of charge, to any family furnishing a volunteer to the Federal army, during the absence of the volunteer, or in case of death, during the war. His travels through the United States and Europe have been extensive. On his last trip to Europe he inspected very thoroughly the Paris Exposition, and met some of the most eminent surgeons in the world. Dr. Snow has never used tobacco or intoxicating drinks in any form, and has always been a strong advocate of temperance. His character has always been of unswerving integrity, and his successful life shows that no boy with resolution and industry need fear failure. JOHN B. WALLACE was born on October 22, I809, at Pultney, Steuben County, New York, and is the son of Samuel and Elizabeth Wallace, both of whom were natives of Saratoga County, New York. He received his education in the district school, and when twenty-one years of age began teaching. After one year's service as a teacher, he came to Michigan, settling in Dearborn in 1831. He subsequently engaged in lumbering in the woods on Black River, and on his return to Dearborn purchased a lumber mill and continued to operate it until I870. In connection therewith he also worked a large and well-stocked farm, Although unusually busy with his own affairs, Mr. Wallace performed the duties of Justice of the Peace for sixteen years, served as Highway Commissioner for a long period, and in I859 was elected a member of the State Legislature, serving one term, He has also been Postmaster of Wallaceville, where he resides, for more than twenty-five consecutive years,and still holds the office Mr.Wallace has been a Republican in politics since the birth of that party, and, to use his own words, " is a stronger Republican than ever." In June, 1838, he married Irene M. Nelson, of Manchester, New York. They have had ten children, namely, Howard H., Jesse N., and Albert A.; the last was killed in the battle of the Wilderness. The other children were Amasa E., John A., Samuel E., William M., Alice A., Annette I., and Floretta F. He once suffered a severe loss by fire, which swept away three thousand dollars worth of his property, but by hard work and strict attention to his business, Mr. Wallace has accumulated a competence, and, better than this, has the esteem of his neighbors. He is one of the oldest inhabitants in his part of the country, possesses an approachable, genial disposition, makes friends easily, and retains them as surely. Although upwards of eighty years old, he is still mentally alert and vigorous, and loves to recall the struggles of the past, and contrast them with present and future prospects and achievements.

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ECORCE TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 127r ECORCE TOWNSHIP. This township was first created on April 2, 1827, and then included also what is now the township of Taylor. The township now known as Taylor was detached from Ecorce by Act of April, I847. The first township meeting for Ecorce township was held at the house of Daniel Goodell, on Monday, May 28, 1827. The township was called Ecorce, because of the stream by that name which flows through it. The population of the township in I850 was 653; in I860, 2,399; in 1870, 2,211; in I880, 2,648. The valuation of the property in the township in several decades was as follows: 1840, $197,190; 1850, $41,167; i86o, $269,072; 1870, $185,419; i88o, $890,000. The township officers for the several years have been as follows; 1827. Supervisor, James Cicotte; Clerk, Nathaniel Case; Assessors, Daniel Goodell, Nathaniel Clark, James Jacox; Highway Commissioners, Louis Laduc, Jonas Goodell, Simon Rousseau; Collector, Daniel Goodell. 1828. Supervisor, James Cicotte and Daniel Goodell, each part of the year; Clerk, Nathaniel Case; Assessors, Joseph Corbus, Dominick Bondy, Charles Barrow; Highway Commissioners, Jonas Goodell, Alex. Frazer, Joseph Barrow, Jr.; Overseers of the Poor, John B. Muziee, Antoine Oudin; Collector, Joseph Barrow; School Inspectors, Joseph Corbus, Nathaniel Case; Constable, Jonas Goodell. 1829. Supervisor, Daniel Goodell; Clerk, Joseph Barrow and Nathaniel Case, each part of year; Assessors, Dom. Bondy, Sr., Charles Baum, Joseph Baum; Highway Commissioners, Charles Baum, Alexis Delisle, Louis Leduc; Overseers of the Poor, Antoine Oudin, Alexander Frazer; Collector, John Palmer; School Inspectors, Daniel Goodell, Joseph Baum, Samuel Abbott, John Palmer, Nathaniel Case. I830. Supervisor, Daniel Goodell; Clerk, John Palmer; Assessors, Dom. Bondy, Charles Barrow, D. Goodell; Highway Commissioners, Jonas Goodell, Simon Rousseau, Amable Bondy; Constable, Jonas Goodell; Collectors, Joseph Barrow and Jonas Goodell, each part of year. 1831. Supervisor, Daniel Goodell; Clerk, John Palmer; Assessors, John Palmer, Charles Barrow, Dom. Bondy; Highway Commissioners, Jonas Goodell, Simon Rousseau, Lewis Cicotte; Collector and Treasurer, Jonas Goodell; Constables, Jonas Goodell, Thomas Knowlton. 1832. Supervisor, Daniel Goodell; Clerk, John Palmer; Assessors, D. Bondy, Chas. Barrow, John Palmer; Highway Commissioners, John Knaggs, Lewis Cicotte, Simon Rousseau; Collector, John Palmer; Treasurer, Jonas Goodell; Constables, Jonas Goodell, Peter Perry, James Palmer. 1833. Supervisor, John Palmer; Clerk, Daniel Goodall; Assessors, Lambert Beaubien, Wm. Burbank, James Sutliff; Highway Commissioners, James Goodell, Simon Rousseau, Peter Coan; Collector, Jonas Goodell; Constables, Jonas Goodell, Peter Perry; Poor Director, Daniel Goodell; School Inspectors, Daniel Goodell, Lambert Beaubien and John Palmer. 1834. Supervisor, John Palmer; Clerk, Daniel Goodell; Assessors, Lambert Beaubien; Wm. Burbank, James Sutliff; Highway Commissioners, Jonas Goodell, Dom. Bondy, Peter Coan; Trustees, Daniel Goodell, Lambert Beaubien, Giles Eastwood; School Commissioners, John Falmer, Peter Coan, Paul Rise; Poor Directors, Daniel Goodell, Giles Eastwood; Collector, Jonas Goodell; Constables, Jonas Goodell, Peter Perry, James Palmer. I835. Supervisor, John Palmer; Clerk, Daniel Goodell; Assessors, Wm. Burbank, Chas. Barron, Lambert Beaubien; Highway Commissioners, Lewis Cicotte, Peter Perry, Lambert Beaubien; Poor Directors, Joseph Burreaux, Simon Rousseau; Collector, Peter Goodell; Constables, Peter Goodell, Peter Perry, James Palmer; Treasurer, Dominick Bondy. 1836. Supervisor, Jonas Goodell; Clerk, Daniel Goodell; Assessors, John Palmer, Lambert Beaubien, Wm. Burbank; Highway Commissioners, Peter Coan, John Palmer, Abram Griffin; School Commissioners, Daniel Goodell, Augustus Coan, John Kelley; Collector and Constable, Peter Goodell; Poor Directors, Simon Rousseau, Daniel Goodell; Justices of the Peace, Daniel Goodell, John Palmer, Richard Sutliff, Austin D. Robinson. I837. Supervisor, Jonas Goodell; Clerk, Daniel Goodell; Assessors, Dom. Bondy, Joseph Visger, Murray Sherman; Highway Commissioners, John Palmer, Lewis Cicotte, Martin Pierce; Collector, Peter Goodell; Constables, Peter Goodell, James Palmer, John Jarrett; Poor Directors, Daniel Goodell, John Palmer; School Commissioners, D. C. Kelley; Justice of the Peace, Peter Coan. 1838. Supervisor, Jonas Goodell; Clerk, Daniel Goodell; Assessors, John Brass, Wm. Burbank, Edward Campau; Highway Commissioners, Jonas Goodell, John Palmer, W. N. Steward; Collector, Peter Goodell; Constables, Peter Goodell, H. B. Reves, Chandler Wells; School Inspectors, John Biddle, Jonas Goodell, Wm. Sutliff; Justices of the Peace, M. Wood, Joseph Visger.

1272 ECORCE TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I839. Supervisor, John Biddle; Clerk, Daniel Goodell; Assessors, Wm McVey. A. Campau, Chas. Strand; School Inspectors, John Biddle, Jonas Goodell, Chas. Steward; Highway Commissioners, Jonas Goodell, John Palmer, Moses Steward; Treasurer, Jonas Goodell; Justice of the Peace, Daniel Goodell; Collector, Peter Goodell; Constables, Peter Goodell, Chandler Wells, H. B. Reves; Poor Directors, Wm. Burbank, John Blau. I840. Supervisor, John Biddle; Clerk, Daniel Goodell; Assessors, John Palmer, Richard Sutliff, Lewis Cicotte; School Inspectors, John Biddle, Joseph Visger, Charles Steward; Highway Commissioners, Wm. Burbank, Jonas Goodell, W. N. Steward; Treasurer, Joseph Visger; Collector, Peter Goodell; Constables, Peter Goodell, Chandler Wells, Henry McVey; Justices of the Peace, Daniel Goodell, John Palmer, Joseph Visger; Poor Director, J. Johnson. I841. Supervisor, John Biddle; Clerk, Daniel Goodell; Assessors, John Palmer, Lewis Cicotte, Richard Sutliff; Highway Commissioner, Jonas Goodell, Wm. Burbank, N. P. Steward; Justice of the Peace, Peter Coan; School Inspectors, John Biddle, Charles Steward, Joseph Visger; Treasurer, Jonas Goodell; Collector, Peter Goodell; Constables, Peter Goodell, Chandler Wells, Jesse Hicks. 1842. Supervisor, John Biddle; Clerk, Daniel Goodell; Highway Commissioners, George Brandicott, Wm. Burbank, Edward Campau; Assessors, John Palmer, Jared Sexton; Justices of the Peace, Daniel Goodell, Jared Sexton; Treasurer, Peter Goodell; School Inspectors, John Biddle, Charles Steward; Constables, Peter Goodell, Chandler Wells, Jesse A. Hicks: Overseer of the Poor, Josiah Johnson. 1843. Supervisor, John Biddle; Clerk, Daniel Goodell; Highway Commissioners, Charles Steward, Edward Campau, John Palmer; Treasurer, Peter Goodell; Constables, Peter Goodell, Edward Visger, Chandler Wells; School Inspectors, John Biddle, Chas. Steward; Overseer of the Poor, Josiah Johnson. 1844. Supervisor, John Biddle; Clerk, Daniel Goodell; Highway Commissioners, Edward Campau, Lewis Cicotte, Wm. Sutliff; Assessors, Peter Le Blanc, Charles Steward; Justices of the Peace, Daniel Goodell, Joseph Visger, Hugh Henry; Treasurer, Peter Goodell, Directors of the Poor, Edward Campau, Peter Coan; School Inspector, John Biddle. I845. Supervisor, John Biddle; Clerk, Daniel Goodell; Treasurer, Peter Goodell; Justices of the Peace, Peter Coan, Wm. Burbank; Assessors, Chas. Steward, Archibald Campau; Poor Directors, Peter Perry; Constables, Peter Goodell, Lewis Cicotte, Chandler Wells. I846. Supervisor, Joseph Visger; Clerk, Daniel Goodell,; Treasurer, Peter Goodell; School Inspector, Peter Goodell; Assessors, Charles Steward, Wnm. H. Case; Highway Commissioners; Lewis Cicotte, Peter Perry, Wm. Sutliff; Justices of the Peace, Joseph Visger, Hiram H Stone; Poor Directors, Dominick Bondy, Peter Perry; Constables, Peter Goodell, Lewis Cicotte, Chandler Wells. 1847. Supervisor, Jonas Goodell; Clerk, Daniel Goodell; Treasurer, Peter Goodell; Highway Commissioners, Peter Perry, Archibald Campau, Louis Borassau; Assessors, Wm. Burbank, George Le Blanc; Poor Directors, Peter Perry, Wm. Burbank; Constables, Peter Goodell, Abraham LeBlanc, D. B. Reaume; Justices of the Peace, Daniel Goodell, Joseph Visger, Wm. H. Case, Michael T. Collard. 1848. Supervisor, Lewis Cicotte; Clerk, Daniel Goodell; Treasurer, Peter Goodell; School Inspector, Peter Goodell; Highway Commissioner, John Debeaux; Assessors, Joseph Visger, James Bondy; Constables, Peter Goodell, Joseph B. Goodell, David LeBlanc; Poor Directors, Peter Perry, Joseph Visger; Justice of the Peace, Wm. Burbank. I849. Supervisor, Lewis Cicotte; Clerk, Daniel Goodell; Treasurer, James A. Visger; Justices of the Peace, L. P. Felt, L. A. Wells; School Inspectors, Joseph Visger, L. P. Felt; Assessors, Joseph Visger, James Bondy: Highway Commissioner, Joseph Cicotte; Poor Directors, Toussant LeBlanc, A. D. Bordino. I850. Supervisor, Lewis Cicotte; Clerk, L. P. Felt; Treasurer, James A. Visger; School Inspectors, L. B. Wells, Joseph Visger; Justices of the Peace, Lewis Cicotte, Joseph Visger; Highway Commissioner, Archibald Campau; Constables, James Goodell, Joseph Delisle, John Cicotte, Andre Buchia; Poor Directors, James Bondy, Moses Salliotte; Assessors, George LeBlanc, Lewis Burnham. 1851. Supervisor, Lewis Cicotte; Clerk, Laurence P. Felt; Treasurer, James A. Visger; Justice of the Peace, Wm. Witherspoon; Road Commissioner, James Bondy; Assessors, John Debo, William Delisle; Constables, John B. Cicotte, Joseph Delisle, Peter King, David LeBlanc; Poor Director, Emanuel Lacroix. 1852. Supervisor, Lewis Cicotte; Clerk, David LeBlanc; Treasurer, James A. Visger; Justice of the Peace, Laurence PI. Felt; School Inspectors, Wm. Witherspoon, L. P. Felt; Highway Commissioner, Wm. Delisle; Constables, Peter King, Joseph Goodell, Cleophas Goodell, Joseph Vernett; Assessors, John Debo, Francis Labadie; Poor Director, Emanuel Lacroix. 1853. Supervisor, Louis Cicotte; Clerk, David LeBlanc; Treasurer, James A. Visger; Justices of the Peace, Louis Cicotte, Daniel Goodell; Highway Commissioner, Cleophas Goodell; Constables, An

ECORCE TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I273 toine LeBlanc, Joseph Goodell, Joseph Bondy, Peter King; Poor Director, Peter Perry; School Inspector, Daniel Goodell. 1854. Supervisor, Louis Cicotte; Clerk, David LeBlanc; Treasurer, James A. Visger; Justices of the Peace, Joseph Visger, Louis Cicotte; Highway Commissioner, Francis Campau; Constables, J. B. Cicotte, Peter King, Joseph Goodell, Joseph Delisle; Poor Director, Peter Perry; School Inspector, Wm. Witherspoon; Assessors, Joseph Visger, Edward Cicotte. I855. Supervisor, Louis Cicotte; Clerk, David LeBlanc; Treasurer, James A. Visger; Justices of the Peace, Wm, Witherspoon, Leander Ferguson, Wm. Sickles; School Inspector, WVm. Sickles; Highway Commissioner, Peter Perry; Assessors, Leander Ferguson, Edmund Visger; Poor Director, Edmund Visger; Constables, Cleophas Goodell, John B. Cicotte, George S. Beebe, Antoine LeBlanc. 1856. Supervisor, Edmund Visger; Clerk, Frederick Ferguson; Treasurer, James A. Visger; Justice of the Peace, Daniel Goodell; School Inspector, Wm. Witherspoon; Highway Commissioner, Welcome Delisle; Poor Director, Emanuel Lacroix; Constables, Peter King, Joseph Delisle, Joseph Goodell, Antoine LeBlanc. I857. Supervisor, Edmund Visger; Clerk, David LeBlanc; Treasurer, Win. Witherspoon; Justice of the Peace, Orrin Packard; School Inspector, Daniel Goodell; Highway Commissioner, Charles L. Way; Poor Director, H. H. Eby; Constables; John B. Cicotte, Joseph B. Goodell, Joseph Delisle, Leander W. Ferguson. 1858. Supervisor, Edmund Visger; Clerk, John S. Van Alstyne; Treasurer, Wm. Witherspoon; Justices of the Peace, Leander Ferguson, Daniel Goodell; Highway Commissioners, Charles L. Way, Daniel Goodell; School Inspector, Peter L. Lacy; Overseer of the Poor, James H. Vaughn; Assessors, John Grantzinger, Russell F. Johnson; Constables, Scipio Reaume, Joseph Goodell, Joseph Delisle, L. W. Ferguson. 1859. Supervisor, Edmund Visger; Clerk, L. P. Felt; Treasurer, Welcome Delisle; Justices of the Peace, John F. W. Hoersch, Wm. Witherspoon; Highway Commissioner, Cleophas Goodell; School Inspector, Wm. Witherspoon; Assessors, John Debo, John Heintzen; Overseer of the Poor, John Grantzinger, Emanuel Lacroix; Constables, Scipio Reaume, James Callahan, George Heintzen, Joseph Goodell. 186o. Supervisor. Edmund Visger; Clerk, Frederick Ferguson; Treasurer, Welcome Delisle; Justice of the Peace, James A. Visger; Highway Commissioner, James Bondy; School Inspector, John Brophy; Assessors, John Debo, Jas. Heintzen; Directors of the Poor, Patrick Rentz, 'Edward Cicotte; Constables, James Callahan, Amanzer Syckmond, George Heintzen, Michael Dunn. I86i. Supervisor, James A. Visger; Clerk, Frederick Ferguson; Treasurer, Welcome Delisle; Justice of the Peace, Wm. Witherspoon; Highway Commissioner, James Heintzen; School Inspectors, James Thorpe, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Assessors, Andrew Budosy, Wm. Thon; Directors of the Poor, Wm. Morris, Emanuel Lacroix; Constables, Joseph Goodell, Amanzer Syckmond, Michael Forbes, Michael Dunn. I862. Supervisor, James A. Visger; Clerk, Chas. Partridge; Treasurer, Welcome Delisle; Justices of the Peace, Leander Ferguson, Wm. F. Morris; Highway Commissioner, Daniel Meagher; School Inspector, Wm. 0. Vining; Assessors, Peter Perry, George Marx; Directors of the Poor, Edward Cicotte, Dennis Sullivan; Constables, Joseph Goodell, Michael Dnnn, Frederick Singer, Patrick Gallagher. I863. Supervisor, James A. Visger; Clerk, Chas. Partridge; Treasurer, Welcome Delisle; Justice of the Peace, John F. W. Hoersch; School Inspectors, Hyacinth F. Riopelle, Leander Ferguson; Highway Commissioner, Michael Roulo; Assessors, Peter Perry, George Marks; Directors of the Poor, Emanuel Lacroix, James Callahan; Constables, Francis Perry, Michael Dunn, Joseph Salliotte, John Smith. I864. Supervisor, James A. Visger; Clerk, Moses B. Widner; Treasurer, Welcome Delisle; Justice of the Peace, Hyacinth F. Riopelle: School Inspector, Matthew H. O'Connor; Highway Commissioner, James Heintzen; Assessors, Chas. Genthe, Touissant Drouillard; Directors of the Poor, Dennis Sullivan, Emanuel Lacroix; Constables, Michael Dunn, John Smith, A. Bourassa, J. Ingalls. 1865. Supervisor, James A. Visger; Clerk, Moses B. Widner; Treasurer, Henry H. Eby; Justices of the Peace, Bartholomew Russell, George Henry; Highway Commissioners, Daniel Meagher, William Otto; Assessors, George Seis, Alexander Riopelle; School Inspectors; Hyacinth F. Riopelle, Leander Ferguson; Overseers of the Poor, Dennis Sullivan, Emanuel Lacroix; Constables, John Smith, Fred. H. Perrigo, James Burt, Michael Dunn. 1866. Supervisor, James A. Visger; Clerk, Moses B. Widner; Treasurer, Alexis M. Salliotte; Highway Commissioner, Wm. Otto; Justice of the Peace, Leander Ferguson; School Inspector, J. Wesley Nelson; Assessors, James Cahill, Christian Schmidt; Directors of the Poor, Emanuel Lacroix, Patrick Beatty; Constables, Joseph Delisle, Augustus Schuffert, Daniel Meagher, Fred. H. 'errigo. 1867. Supervisor, Hyacinth F Riopelle; Clerk, David LeBlanc; Treasurer, Joseph Goodell; Highway Commissioners, John J. Smith, James Bondy,

1274 ECORCE TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. Edmund Visger; Justices of the Peace, Daniel Goodell, John S. Wilson, Moses B. Widner; School Inspectors, Hyacinth F. Riopelle, John Copland, Sr.; Assessors, Touissant Drouillard, Joseph Ditmar; Directors of the Poor, Michael Roulo, Peter Perry, Sr.; Constables, Joseph Delisle, Frederick F. Perrigo, Antoine Drouillard, Charles Schoenfield. I868. Supervisor, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Clerk, Ephraim P. Abbott; Treasurer, Joseph Goodell; Justices of the Peace, Hyacinth F. Riopelle, James A. Visger; Highway Commissioner, Edmund Visger; School Inspector, Peter B. Delisle; Assessors, Joseph Ditmer, Alexander Bourassa; Overseer of the Poor, Michael Roulo; Constables, Joseph Delisle, Charles Schoenfeld, John Drouilllard, Geo. Perry. I869 Supervisor, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Clerk, Ephraim P. Abbott; Treasurer, Joseph Goodell; Justice of the Peace, Moses B. Widner; Highway Commissioner, Antoine Labadie; School Inspector, Jasper Robinson; Assessors, Alexander Bourassa, Laurence Bicker; Overseers of the Poor, Peter Pellon, Michael Roulo; Constables, Joseph Delisle, Michael Roulo, Louis LeBlanc, Francis Riopelle. 1870. Supervisor, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Clerk, Ephraim P. Abbott; Treasurer, Joseph Goodell; Justice of the Peace, Noah LeBlanc; Highway Commissioner, John J. Smith; School Inspector, Moses B. Widner; Assessors, Laurence Bicker, Michael Campau; Directors of the Poor, Peter Pellon, Michael Roulo; Constables, Joseph Delisle, Francis Riopelle Louis LeBlanc, Michael Roulo. 1871. No records can be found for this year. 1872. Supervisor, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Clerk. Ephraim P. Abbott; Treasurer, Cleophas T. Goodell; Justice of the Peace, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Highway Commissioner, Abraham LeBlanc; Drain Commissioner, Owen McQuade; School Inspector, Joseph Ditmer; Assessors, Pascal Odette, Rinehart Schafer; Poor Directors, Alexander Bondy, Peter Pellon; Constables Joseph Delisle, Francis Riopelle, Louis T. Goodell, Michael Dunn. I873. Supervisor, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Clerk, Ephraim P. Abbott; Treasurer, Francis X. Riopelle; Justice of the Peace, E. P. Abbott; Highway Commissioner, John J. Smith; Drain Commissioner, Owen McQuade; School Inspector, Joseph Ditmer; Poor Director, Joseph Bondy, Jr.; Constables, Michael Dunn, Joseph Delisle, Claude Solo, Michael Roulo. 1874. Supervisor, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Clerk, Jasper Robinson; Treasurer, Francis X. Riopelle; Justice of the Peace, Joseph Salliotte; Assessor, Desia Bourassa; Highway Commissioner, John Schoenfield; School Inspector, Alexander Rousseau; Poor Director, Claude Solo; Constables, Charles Labadie, George Drouillard. 1875. Supervisor, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Clerk, Noah LeBlanc; Treasurer, Michael Roulo; Justice of the Peace, Jasper Robinson; Assessors, Charles Cicotte, John A. Shoemaker; Highway Commissioner, Peter Drouillard; Drain Commissioner, Laurence Bicker; Siperintendent of Schools, Jasper Robinson; School Inspectors, James Heintzen, Joseph Ditmer; Poor Directors Alexander Bondy, Claude Solo; Constables, Oliver Demay, Sebastian Shaffer, Michael Dunn, Francis Goodikie. 1876. Supervisor, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Clerk, Noah LeBlanc; Treasurer, Michael Roulo; Superintendent of Schools, Jasper Robinson; School Inspector, James Heintzen; Justice of the Peace, Ephraim P. Abbott; Highway Commissioner, Peter Drouillard; Drain Commissioner, Laurence Bicker; Assessors, Charles Cicotte John C. Stilzer; Directors of the Poor, Alexander Bondy, William Solo; Constables, Joseph Delisle, Michael Dunn, George Cicotte, Claude Solo. 1877. Supervisor, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Clerk, Noah LeBlanc; Treasurer, Michael Roulo; School Inspector, Joseph Ditmer; Superintendent of Schools, Thomas H. Somers; Commissioner of Highways, John Debo; Justice of the Peace, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Constables. Joseph Delisle, Abraham Brisboise, Lawrence Hiedy, Charles Labadie. 1878. Supervisor, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Clerk, Noah LeBlanc; Treasurer, George Cicotte; Justice of the Peace, Joseph Salliotte; School Inspector, Henry Htaltinner; Superintendent of Schools, Thomas H. Somers; Highway Commissioner, John Debo; Drain Commissioner, Owen McQuade, Poor Directors, Peter Pillon, Claude Campau; Constables, Abraham Brisboise, Alexander J. Bourasseau, Charles Labadie, Louis C. Goodell 1879. Supervisor, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Clerk, Alexis M. Salliotte; Treasurer, George Cicotte; Justice of the Peace, Jasper Robinson; Superintendent of Schools, Thomas H. Somers; School Inspector, Joseph Salliotte; Highway Commissioner, Matthias Raupp; Directors of the Poor; Peter Pillon, Claude Campau; Constables, Abraham Brisboise, Joseph Delisle, Alexander J. Bourasseau, Charles Labadie. I880. Supervisor, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Clerk, Alexis M. Salliotte; Treasurer, George Perry; Superintendent of Schools, Thomas H. Somers; School Inspector, Andrea Dittmar; Justices of the Peace, Ephraim P. Abbott, Frederick Krenger; Highway Commissioner, Mathias Raupp, Jr; Poor Directors, Pascal Odette, Claude Solo; Constables, Alexander J. Bourasseau, Charles Labadie, Joseph Delisle, Abraham Brisboise. 1881. Supervisor, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Clerk, Cleophas T. Goodell; Treasurer, George Perry;

ECORCE TOWNSHIP —ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I 275 Superintendent of Schools, James C. Riopelle; School Inspector, Eli Odette; Justice of the Peace, Hyacinth F Riopelle; Highway Commissioner, Francis LeBlanc; Poor Directors, Pascal Odette, Claude Solo; Constables. Hyacinth Burke, Harmon Schoenfield, Charles Labadie, Edwin Longton. 1882. Supervisor, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Clerk, Cleophas T. Goodell; Treasurer, John Leavitt; School Inspectors, James C. Riopelle, Ambrose Cicotte; Justice of the Peace, Thomas H. Somers; Highway Commissioner, Francis LeBlanc; Poor Directors, Alexander Bondy, Alexander B. Bondy; Constables, Charles Labadie, Harmon Schoenfield. Hyacinth Burke, Alexander J. Bourasseau. 1883. Supervisor, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Clerk, Noah LeBlanc; Treasurer, John Leavitt; School Inspector, James C Riopelle; Highway Commissioner, Francis Cicotte; Justice of the Peace, Henry Haltinner; Poor Directors, Alexander Bondy, Oliver Demay; Constables, Harmon Schoenfield, Charles Labadie, Joseph Delisle, Charles L. Bourasseau. 1884. Supervisor, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Clerk, Noah LeBlanc; Treasurer, Gustave A. Raupp; School Inspector, Louis Odain; Highway Commissioner, Francis Cicotte; Justice of the Peace, Ephraim P. Abbott; Drain Commissioner, Louis Bourasseau; Constables, Alexander J. Bourasseau, Harmon Schoenfield, Chas. A. Labadie, Peter Burger. I885. Supervisor, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Clerk, Noah LeBlanc; Treasurer, Henry F. Ferguson; School Inspector, Edmund T. Drouillard; Highway Commissioner, Michael Steffes; Justice of the Peace, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Constables, George Allen, Alexander J. Bourasseau, Harmon Schoenfield, Peter Burger. I886. Supervisor, Hyacinth F. Riopelle; Clerk, Noah LeBlanc; Treasurer, Henry F. Ferguson; School Inspector, Robert Osborne; Highway Commissioner, Michael Steffes; Drain Commissioner, Joseph Cicotte, Sr.; Justice of the Peace, Thomas H. Somers; Constables, Charles Demay, Wm. Solo, Harmon Schoenfield, Peter Burger. 1887. Supervisor, Gustave A Raupp; Clerk, William A. Ferguson; Treasurer, Edmund LeBlanc; School Inspector, Francis Cicotte; Justice of the Peace, Ari E. Woodruff; Constables, Wm. Solo, Harmon Schoenfield, James F. Riopelle, Chas. Dema 1888. Supervisor, Gustave A. Raupp; Clerk, Wm. A. Ferguson; Treasurer, Charles L. Bourasseau; Highway Commissioner, George LeBlanc; Justice of the Peace, John Haltinner; School Inspector, Peter McQuaid; Drain Commissioner, Alexander Labadie; Constables, Alfred A. Salliotte, John A. Frasier, George B. 'lorongo, Samuel Drouillard. I889. Supervisor, G. A. Raupp; Clerk, Wm. A. Ferguson; Treasurer, C. L. Bourasseau; Highway Commissioner, Geo. LeBlanc; Justice of the Peace, H. F. Riopelle; School* Inspector, Chas. Foley; Drain Commissioner, John Quandt; Constables, F. Kamin, Wm. Solo, A. A. Salliotte, W. Roulo. 189o. Supervisor, T. Saunders; Clerk, J. Leavitt, Jr.; Treasurer, A. C. Bouchard; Justice of the Peace, C. N. Riopelle; School Inspector, P. McQuaid; Highway Commissioner, Alex. Reaume; Drain Commissioner, Peter Burger; Board of Review, M. Dunn, A. Labadie; Constables, Wm. Perry, Wm. Smith, W. C. Delisle, W. Solo. Schools. The condition of the schools in the township in the year ending September 3, i888, was as follows: There were ten school districts, with an enrollment of I,Ioo pupils, and an average daily attendance of 653. The township contained one brick house, costing $3,900, and seating 188, and nine frame houses, costing $6,86i, and seating 619. Six male and nine female teachers were employed. There were libraries in each district, the total number of volumes being 1,260. Cemeteries. A Catholic cemetery was opened about 1836, on the St. Combe line road, a little northwest of Ecorce, and just west of the brick school-house. This was discontinued in 1876, on the opening of a new one about a quarter of a mile west. In I86o a Catholic cemetery was opened on Section 29, bounded on the north by the north line road, and on the other three sides by the James T. Hurst property. Oakwood cemetery on the estate of John P. Clark, just north of the north city limits, was incorporated August I3, I869, by John P. and E. W. Clark. On August 24, 1878, by consent of the Circuit Court of Wayne County, the Board of Health sold the old "Potter's field," and purchased a piece of land on fractional Section 20, part of the estate of John Cobden, to be used as a burial ground for the poor of Ecorce. Streams and Islands. The banks of the Ecorce, on both sides, are low and marshy, and the stream almost unapproachable except by a boat from the Detroit river. In a few places the banks have been raised, in order to give a foundation for the bridges across the channel. A little distance below Wyandotte there is a lagoon which is variously designated as Monguagon, or Stone Quarry Creek. The last name was undoubtedly given because of its proximity to the limestone quarries from which Detroit was supplied in the very earliest years of the settlement. 1 he creek

1276 ECORCE TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. opens into the Detroit, nearly opposite Sibley's quarries, and extends up northwesterly through the farm of George Payne; across the creek, on the farm named, in recent years there was the remains of a corduroy bridge, said to have been constructed by Hull's army in 1812, while on the way from Dayton to Detroit. Another small creek, within the limits of the present city of Wyandotte, could at one time be easily traced. It is now entirely obliterated. It was on the route of this creek, or in its immediate vicinity, that Lieutenant-Colonel Miller was attacked by the British and Indians on August 9, I812. The creek extended up from the Detroit, across Biddle Avenue, and thence northwesterly through the city. Its outlet was through Chestnut street. The office of Dr. E. P. Christian, and the Presbyterian church, are located on its route, The islands in the Detroit river, named Grassy, Mud and Mama-Juda Shoal, are assessed as belonging to this township. ECORCE, FORMERLY GRANDPORT. The site of this village was once occupied by the Indians, and as late as 1813 the smoke of their wigwams marked the site of their encampment. Soon after this date several white families settled here, but the plat of the village was not recorded until I836. It was laid out by Simon Rousseau, A. Labadie, L. Bourassa and P. LeBlanc, and named Grandport. It is on the line of the Canada Southern branch of the M. C. R. R., and also on the L. S. & M. S. R. R. One of the principal industries of Ecorce is the saw-mill and lumber yard of Salliotte & Raupp, whose plant covers about fifteen acres of land on the Detroit river at the mouth of the Ecorce. It was established by John Copland in 1855, and in 1876 came into the hands of the present owners. In 1878 the entire works were destroyed by fire, but were at once rebuilt, and the buildings, consisting of a saw-mill, planing-mill, dry kilns, and all necessary adjuncts to a first class mill, cover about 16,000 square feet of floor space, giving employment to an average of sixty men on the day run and forty at night. In connection with the mill are two kilns, by which the mill-slabs are converted into charcoal, which finds a ready sale in Wyandotte. In 1886 a grist mill was opened by Jos. Salliotte, and on December 29, 1887, the Ecorce Cornet Band opened their hall. It seats about 400, and is used as a town hall and for public entertainments. The Roman Catholic church of St. Francis Xavier was established about I845 by Rev. Charles L. DePreiter, and under his direction a frame church was erected. He had charge of the congregation until 187, when he was succeeded by Rev. L. Barunoux. On February 14, 1882, Rev John F. Van Gen nip came and under his pastorate the old church was moved away, and on July 23, 1882, the corner stone of the present church was laid by Right Rev. Caspar H. Borgess. It was completed and dedicated August 5, I883. It cost $7,coo, and will seat 300. The parsonage cost about $3,500. At the time Rev. Van Gennip took charge of the congregation there were iio families; in I888 there were 150 families, numbering 800 persons. WYANDOTTE. Its Beginnings and B'usiness Establishments. The city of Wyandotte is located about midway between lakes St. Clair and Erie, on the west bank of the Detroit river, and on the line of the Canada Southern branch of the M. C. R. R, and also on the line of the L. S. & M. S. R. R The relatively high banks of the river at this point afforded a favorable camping place for the Indians, and it was selected by the Wyandottes at a very early date as the site of the village of Mongaugon, and as late as 1820 to 1840 there were large numbers of Indians still in the vicinity. One of their burial grounds was just below where the rolling mills are now located, and another was about a mile south of the old Biddle mansion, which in later years was occupied by Thomas Watkins. In the last named burial ground the old chief Walk-in-theWater was buried. His remains are said to have been subsequently exhumed and taken east by some one interested in antiquarian research. The various tribes conveyed their title to the lands along the Detroit by several treaties concluded between the years 1784 and I8o8. In I8 8 the first public sale of United States lands in Michigan took place, and some of the land now occupied by the City of Wyandotte is said to have been sold at $40 per acre. It is a curious illustration of the change in values, that Major John Biddle sold the same lands in 1854, 2,200 acres, to the Eureka Iron Company, for $20 per acre. The Eureka Iron Company was organized on October 15, 1853, and consisted of E. B. Ward, president; T. W. Lockwood, treasurer; George S. Thurber, secretary; and the following stockholders: Eber B. Ward, Harmon DeGraff, Silas N. Kendrick, U. Tracy Howe, Silas M. Holmes, Philip 'Thurber, Elijah Wilson, Thomas W. Lockwood, Francis Choate and Sylvester Lamed. The capital stock of the company at the beginning was $500,000, in shares of twenty-five dollars each, of which $II7,500 was paid in. The profits increased so rapidly that the amount of surplus, over and above the dividends paid to the subscribers, was sufficient, in 1873, to pay up the entire capital stock. The site selected for the works was deemed specially

ECORCE TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1277 favorable for the proposed enterprise, because of the splendid river frontage, with its facilities for receiving ores by water from northern Michigan. The land was also covered with a dense forest, which could be utilized in the production of charcoal, while the nearness of the neighboring limestone quarries would enable the company to cheaply obtain the lime needed for the ores and metal. The next year after being organized the company erected a blast furnace and bar mill, with a full complement of buildings, among which was a large boarding house for the accommodation of their workmen, which may be said to be the starting point in the real history of Wyandotte. The Wyandotte Rolling Mill Company was organized in 1855, with E. B. Ward as president, for the manufacture of all kinds of merchant's bar iron, and for a time was very successful, but after the death of Mr. Ward there was great uncertainty as to the future of these corporations, in which he was so extensively interested, and the works were controlled by numerous parties, enduring many vicissitudes. In the fall of 1877 the Rolling Mill Company failed, and the Eureka Iron Company bought up the mortgage bonds, and by foreclosure absorbed the rolling mill and carried on the entire business until December 19, 1883. when the present corporation, the Eureka Iron and Steel Company, was formed. The offices are at Detroit. The officers are: William K. Muir, president and general manager; Sidney D. Miller, secretary; George Hendrie, treasurer; J. S. VanAlstyne, agent, and T. D. Evans, superintendent. They make charcoal pig iron, from Lake Superior ores, for foundry, car wheel and malleable use, also boiler plate, tank iron, and the usual variety of common and refined bar iron. The plant consists of two blast furnaces, a rolling mill for merchant bar iron, having three trains of sixteen, ten and eight-inch rollers, a plate mill, with puddling furnaces, and everything necessary for the conducting of their business, giving employment to from four hundred to five hundred men, and occupying nearly 400,000 square feet of land, in the heart of the city. The first successful experiments in the manufacture of Bessemer steel in the United States were made at these furnaces, under the direction of Captain Ward, and to Wyandotte belongs the honor of having produced the first Bessemer steel made in America. The probability that iron vessels would take the place of those constructed of wood, was often suggested by E. B. Ward, and the present extensive ship-yard owes its beginnings to his enterprise and foresight. He became acquainted with Messrs. F. E. and F. A. Kirby in 1872, and was so favorably impressed with their abilities that he provided the facilities and gave them an order to construct an iron tug, which was to be the largest and best possible to build. The order was given in the spring, and in August of the same year, 1872, they completed the steam tug "E. B. Ward." The same year they built the "Queen of the Lakes," the "Myrtle," and the "Sport," and other vessels in rapid succession. After the death of Mr. Ward, the Detroit Dry Dock Company purchased the plant, and a new company was organized to carry on the business of ship-building, and both of the Messrs. Kirby became large stockholders. Under their supervision the work of building iron passenger steamers was successfully entered upon, and those magnificent floating palaces now operated by the Detroit and Cleveland Steam Navigation Company afford the best of evidence of the capacity of the yards, and of the skill and ability of those who designed and constructed them. The principal office of the corporation is at Detroit, and is alluded to elsewhere in this work. Three hundred men are employed in the establishment, and the monthly pay roll is over $Io,ooo. The machinery employed, though massive, is very simple, including principally rolls and forges for shaping the plates and frames, and fully equipped carpenter shops. Sixty per cent. of the cost of an iron boat is in days' work at the shipyard. In addition to the other enterprises at Wyandotte established by Mr. Ward, there was the Silver Smelting and Refining Company. The works were built in I87I, under the supervision of Thomas McFarlane, who discovered the Silver Islet mine some years before. The corporation, with Mr. Ward as president, began operations in 1872, taking the silver ore as brought by boats from the mines on the north shore of Lake Superior, and treating it, sending the silver and gold bullion to the government to be stamped, and afterwards selling it in New York. The lead was sold mostly to the Detroit Lead Works, and the nickle, saved in the nickle net, was concentrated and sent to England. While at their zenith, the works kept from seventy-five to one hundred men employed, but, flushed with prosperity, and indications showing the bottom of the Silver Islet mine to be *early reached, they attempted to refine Western ore, but the venture proved unprofitable, and the business was abandoned. Mr. McFarlane was superintendent for two years, being followed by Wm. Curtis the same length of time, and H. C. Hahn for one year, at the close of which time Mr. McFarlane again became superintendent, and held the position until the fall of 1878, when the property fell into the hands of New York capitalists, who, with Sidney D. Miller, of Detroit, caused the property to be disposed of. The buildings and land were sold to the Star Mineral Com

1278 ECORCE TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. pany, composed of John Clee and E. C. Sewall, who for a time manufactured barytes, both crude and refined, the ore being imported from Germany. Among the notable business enterprises of Wyandotte is the Long Wool Rug and Duster factory of J. H Bishop, there being but one other establishment of the kind in the United States. Mr. Bishop experimented for a series of years before he was able to overcome the obstacles in the way of producing satisfactory rugs, but at last achieved complete success, and he now not only makes great numbers of wool rugs, but also imports thousands of Chinese goat skins, which he transforms into elegant mats, robes and rugs, employing about fifty persons. The extensive steam planing mill, and sash, door and blind factory of James T. Hurst, the stave and hoop factory of Shelly & Company, the Burrell & Whitman hoop heading factory, and the Detroit Cooperage Company's factory, are also here located. The Wyandotte Savings Bank was organized November 20, 1871, with a capital of $50,000. The original and present officers are John S. Van Alstyne, president, and W. Van Miller, cashier. The population of the city in I870 was 2,73I, and the valuation of real and personal property $I86,135. In I880 the population was 3,631, and the valuation of real and personal property $792,464. The Czty Corporation. The City of Wyandotte was created by Act of March 5, 1867. the charter being subsequently amended by various acts dated March 2, I869, April 4, 1873, April 27, 1875, May io, 1877, March 13, 1883, and May 4, i885. The bounds of the city are the same as at first defined, and include all of the lands east of the west line of the lands of the Detroit, Monroe & Toledo Railroad to the Detroit River, and between the south line of Sections 20 and 21, of Town 3. Range ii East, and a center line running east and west through the center of Sections 31 and 32. Under the original act the city was divided into three wards, as follows: The First Ward, including all north of Oak Street; the Second Ward, all between Oak Street an4 Eureka Avenue; and the Third Ward, all south of Eureka Avenue. In the original act the city was required to publish yearly, for two weeks, in some weekly paper issued in Detroit, a detailed statement of its yearly receipts and expenditures. The elective officers provided for in the original act were a Mayor, a Recorder, a Treasurer, who was also to serve as Collector, a Marshal, two School Inspectors, two Directors of the Poor, three Justices of the Peace, and two Aldermen and a Constable for each Ward. The Council were to appoint a City Attorney, a Street Commissioner, and a Chief Engineer of the Fire Department The Mayor, Treasurer, Marshal and one School Inspector, and one Director of the Poor were to be elected yearly, the Recorder every other year, and the Justices for terms of one, two and three years. Under Act of I869, provision was made for electing an Assessor. Act of 1873 provided for the election of a Police Justice, and Act of 1877 provided for the election of a Street Commissioner, and for four Justices of the Peace, instead of three, as before. The annual election is held on the first Monday in April. The first election was held on the first Monday of April, 1867, and the polls for the First Ward were at the District School House; for the Second Ward, at Farnsworth Hall; and for the Third Ward, at the house of Joseph Gartner. The first meeting of the Common Council was held on April 8th, 1867. The city officers for the several years have been, as follows: 1867. Mayor, John S. Van Alstyne; Recorder, Peter Lacy; Aldermen, E. P. Christian, R. C. Conwell, R. W. Leighton, Dennis Sullivan, H. N. Ocobock, Fred. Kreiger; City Attorney, Robert V. Briggs; Street Commissioner, H. W. Pardo. i868. Mayor, Charles Partridge; Treasurer, Frank Bohl; Marshal, John Smith; Justice of the Peace, James Kelley; School Inspector, Robert V. Briggs; Overseers of the Poor, John McPeck; Aldermen, Joseph Massett, Peter Casper, John Bittorf; Constables, Augustus Schuffert, Dennis Sullivan, Henry Kaul. I869. Mayor, Charles Partridge; Recorder, Peter Lacy; Treasurer, John F. W. Thon; Marshal, John Smith; Assessor, George Marx; Justice of the Peace, Robert V. Briggs; School Inspector, Wm. Leighton; Aldermen, Isaac Strong, Thomas Delaney, James Cahill; Constables, Augustus Schuffert John Leockner, Robert Huston. I870. Mayor, E P. Christian; Treasurer, John F. W. Thon; Assessor, John A. Morgan; Marshal, A. McTaggard; School Inspector, John S. Van Alstyne; Poor Master, George Thon; Justice of the Peace, John Robinson; Aldermen, Charles Jacobs, George Zeis, Charles Wilks; Constables, Augustus Schuffert, Claus Speck; Supervisors, John Morgan, Isaac Strong. 1871. Mayor, Thomas Jewel; Recorder, Francis Murphy; Treasurer, John F. W. Hoersch; Justice of the Peace, Moses B. Widner; Assessor, Leander Ferguson; School Inspector, A. Whiting; Marshal, P. Welch; Overseer of the Poor, Christ. Grimm; Aldermen, Alfred Plumb, Patrick Keavney, James Cahill; Constables, Augustus Schuffert John Leockner, H. W. Pardoe; Supervisors, Leander Ferguson, Charles V\ ilks.

ECORCE TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I279 1872. Mayor, Thomas Jewel; Treasurer, John F. W. Hoersch; Assessor, George Marx; Justice of the Peace, Leander Ferguson; School Inspector, Francis Murphy; Marshal, P. Walch; Overseer of the Poor, P. Keavney; Aldermen, H. H. Eby. Mark Rush, Peter Coaster; Constables, A. Schuffert. John Leockner, E. Whalen; Supervisors, George Marx, Louis Stilzer. 1873. Mayor, Horace N. Ocobock; Recorder, Alfred Plumb; Treasurer, John S. Bennett; Assessor, George Marx; Police Justice, S. A. Gonman; Justice of the Peace, J. Inoise; Marshal, H. Bullard; Director of the Poor, Wm. Bolton; School Inspector, J. A. Morgan; Aldermen, F. Steiler, M. Gauley, S. D. Hinds; Constables, Augustus Schuffert, John Leockner, C. H. Tompkins; Supervisors, George Marx, H. H. Eby. I874. Mayor, Theophilus J. Langlois; Treasurer, John S. Bennett; Assessor, George Marx; Justice of the Peace, Moses B. Widner; Police Justice, Richard Jones; Marshal, John Smith; School Inspectors, Wm. Bolton, Frederick Raubolt; Director of the Poor, John George Thon; Aldermen, James Keusch, Patrick Fury, Oscar Sanborn; Constables, Augustus Schuffert, John Leockner, H. W. Pardo; Supervisors, George Marx, James Keusch. 1875. Mayor, Charles Partridge; Recorder, Alfred Plumb; Treasurer, William Armstrong; Assessor, George Marx; Police Justice, Oliver Colburn; Marshal, Patrick Welch; Justice of the Peace, Richard Jones; School Inspector, George W. Tilford; Director of the Poor, John McPeck; Aldermen, Joseph Girardin, Michael Gauley, Jacob Shepherd; Constables, Augustus Schuffert, John Leockner, Daniel Block; Supervisors, George Marx. Oscar Sanborn. On May 29, Mayor Partridge resigned, and John Bittorf was elected to fill the vacancy. 1876. Mayor, John Bittorf; Treasurer, Christian Grimm; Assessor, Francis Murphy; Police Justice, Anthony Leskey; Marshal, Augustus Schweirs; Justice of the Peace, Leander Ferguson; School Inspector, A. Whiting; Director of the Poor, John McPeck; Aldermen, Theodore Magges, Patrick Fury, Oscar Sanborn; Constables, Augustus Schuffert, John Leockner, Fred. Kinsella; Supervisors, Francis Murphy, Joseph Girardin. 1877. Mayor, James S. Campbell; Recorder, Jeremiah Drennan; Treasurer, Christian Grimm; Assessor, George Marx; Police Justice, Francis Murphy; Street Commissioner, Frederick Raubolt; Justice of the Peace, Oliver D. Hibbard; School Inspector, John P. Debo; Director of the Poor, Frank Stieler; Aldermen, Charles J. Northrup, Martin Jordan, Peter Coaster; Constables, Augustus Schuffert, John Leockner, Patrick Walsh; Supervisors, George Marx, Patrick Fury. 1878. Mayor, John Bittorf; Treasurer, R. C. Conwell; Assessor, R. W. Leighton; Street Commissioner, John Franklin; Police Justice, George W. Telford; Justice of the Peace, John J. Tillman; Director of the Poor, Frank Steiler; School Inspectors, Christian Speck, Hezekiah Milkins; Aldermen, John E. Mellis, Richard Mason, Reinold Thon, August Asmus; Constables, August Schuffert, Hiram Millspaugh, H. W. Pardo; Supervisors, R. W. Leighton, John J. Thon. 1879. Mayor, James Keusch; Recorder, Jeremiah Drennan; Treasurer, Joseph Gartner; Assessor, R. W. Leighton; Justice of the Peace, Richard Jones; Police Justice, Moses B. Widner; Street Commissioner, Charles Sachs; Director of the Poor, Wm Watson; School Inspector, Henry Eichman; Aldermen, H. H. Eby, John Robinson, John P. Debo, A. W. Milkins; Constables, Augustus Schuffert, James Collins, Charles F. F. Behme; Supervisors, R. W. Leighton, John P. Debo. i880. Mayor, James Keusch; Treasurer, Frank Brohl; Assessor, Robert W. Leighton; Justice of the Peace, James S. Campbell; Street Commissioner, August Lehman; Director of the Poor, John G. Thon; School Inspector, T. J. Langlois; Aldermen, Richard Mason, John Beattie, S. D. Hinds; Constables, Augustus Schuffert. John Leockner, Charles Behm; Supervisors, Robert W. Leighton, Richard Mason. I88I. Mayor, Michael Gauley, Sr.; Recorder, Almond L. DePoutee; Treasurer. Frank Brohl; Assessor, Robert W. Leighton; Street Commissioner, Frederick Raubold; Justice of the Peace, Francis Murphy; School Inspector, Henry E. Thon; Director of the Poor, James Calahan, Sr.; Aldermen, John Robinson, Conrad Caspers, Albert Raubold; Constables, Christian Marquette, Dennis Sullivan, Moses H. Clements; Supervisors, Robert W. Leighton, Richard Mason. 1882. Mayor, Thomas D. Evans; Treasurer, Frank Brohl; Assessor, Jeremiah Drennan; Street Commissioner, John Coop; Justice of the Peace, Sylvester Pray; School Inspector, Samuel T. Hendricks; Poor Master, Henry Rentz; Aldermen, Richard Mason, Thomas Raynard, Sylvester D. Hinds; Constables, Christian Marquette, Edwin H. Bessey, Patrick Welsh; Supervisors, Jeremiah Drennan, Sylvester D. Hinds. I883. Mayor, Thomas D. Evans; Recorder, Almond L. DePoutee; Treasurer, Frank Brohl; Assessor, Jeremiah, Drennan; Police- Justice, Charles G. Chittenden; Street Commissioner, John Coop; Justice of the Peace, John J. Tillman; School Inspector, James Shannon; Director of the Poor, John George Thon; Aldermen, Samuel J. Lawrence, Wm. H. Lacy, John C. Jackson; Constables, Christ, Thon, Jr., Dennis Sullivan, Samuel

I280 ECORCE TOWNSHIP-ORGANiZATION AND OFFICERS. Lyon; Supervisors, Jeremiah Drennan, Samuel J. Lawrence. 1884. Mayor, Thomas D. Evans; Treasurer, Frank Brohl; Assessor, Charles Schuffert; Police Justice, Oliver D. Hubbard; Street Commissioner, Peter Lasalle; Justice of the Peace, Martin A. Cone; School Inspector, Charles G. Chittenden; Director of the Poor, John Riley; Aldermen, George Stormount, Conrad Caspers, Edward Purcells; Constables, Christ. Thon, Jr., Dennis Sullivan, Charles Shamburg; Supervisors, Charles Schuffert, Samuel J. Lawrence 1885. Mayor, Joseph H. Bishop; Recorder, D. W. Roberts; Treasurer, Joseph Girardin; Assessor, Charles Schuffert; Police Justice, John J. Tillman; Street Commissioner, Frederick Theide; Justice of the Peace, Charles G. Chittenden; School Inspector, Aaron Strong; Director of the Poor, John George Thon; Aldermen, Samuel J. Lawrence, John Teeling, Thomas W. Bristow; Constables, Christ. Thon, Jr., John Leockner, John M. Green; Supervisors, R. W. Leighton, Dennis Sullivan, James Cahill. i886. Mayor, Joseph H. Bishop; Clerk, Charles H. Genthe, Jr., Treasurer, Joseph Girardin; Marshal, John Allen; Street Commissioner, Frederick Theide; School Inspectors, C. W. Thomas for one year, William Gartner, for two years, Wm. Bolton, for three years; Aldermen: For one year at large, J. S. Trites, for two years at large, C. Schuffert, First Ward, George Stormont, Second Ward, Jas. McCloy, Second Ward to fill vacancy, C. Bigler, Third Ward, R. Tims; Constables, First Ward, Christ. Thon, Jr., Second Ward, H. W. Pardo, Jr., Third Ward, John Leockner; Supervisors, First Ward, Robert W. Leighton, Second Ward, Dennis Sullivan, Third Ward, James Cahill. 1887. Mayor, F. A. Kirby; Clerk, Charles H. Genthe, Jr., Treasurer, Joseph Girardin; Marshal, Christian Thon; Street Commissioner, John Bonehill; School Inspector, Charles W. Thomas; Jusice of the Peace, John Leockner; Aldermen: At large, John S. Trites, First Ward, Wm. H. Lacy, Second Ward, Conrad Bigler, Third Ward, Louis P. Miller; Constables, Martin Olius, John S. Brophas, John Perdo; Supervisors, Robert W. Leighton, Dennis Sullivan, John H. Smith. I888. Mayor, T. J. Langlois; Clerk, Charles H. Genthe, Jr.; Treasurer, Wm. H. Denman; Marshal, Frank Wolcott; Street Commissioner, William Watson; School Inspector, Wm. Gartner; Justice of the Peace, Francis Murphy; Aldermen: At large, John Ginzel, First Ward, Frank Marx, Second Ward, James McCloy, Third Ward, H. F. Walter; Constables, George Beebe, J. B. DeLisle, Wm. Stefkey; City Attorney, George W. Coomer; City Physician, E. P, Christian; School Inspector, Michael Gauley; Chief Engineer, Gustave Baumler; Assistant Engineer, Charles Millspaugh; Engineer, Edward Timm; Pound Master, N. Tewksbury; Supervisors, Richard Mason, Dennis Sullivan, John H. Smith. I889. Mayor, Wm. Campbell; Marshal, Christian Thon; Clerk, J. S. McGlaughlin; Treasurer, Wm. H. Denman; Street Commissioner, Wm. Watson; School Inspector, Joseph Girardin; Jusice of the Peace, A. S. Hunter; Aldermen: At large, R. C. Conwell, First Ward, Wm. Gartner, Second Ward, C. Bigler, Third Ward, George Crassweller; Supervisors, First Ward, R. Mason, Second Ward, D. Sullivan, Third Ward, C. G. Chittenden; Constables, First Ward, J. Weivich, Second Ward, J. B. DeLisle, Third Ward, Wm. Donaldson. I890. Mayor, Wm. Campbell; City Clerk, J S. McGlaughlin, Jr.; Marshal, Daniel Campau; Treasurer, Charles Wambier; Street Commissioner, Christopher Dolan; Justices of the Peace, Ed. Beathe, Francis Murphy; School Inspectors, Wm. Lawrence, T. T. Busha; Aldermen: At large, Frank Walcott, R. C. Conwell, First Ward, full term, Frank Marx, First Ward, to fill vacancy, Col. Busha, Second Ward, Jeremiah Drennan, Conrad Bigler, Third Ward, Rudolph H. F. Walter, George Crassweller; Constables, Wm. Olms, J. B. DeLisle, Wm. Donaldson; Supervisors, Wm. Bolton, Dennis Sullivan, Chas. G. Chittenden. The City Hall. In October, 1870, a petition was presented relative to building a jail, and referred to the Committee on Ways and Means, on whose report an election was held, and a majority of 174 obtained by those opposed to the purchase of the site for a city building. The question then rested until June, i88o, when another petition was presented, asking the Council to make the necessary appropriations to erect a lockup, city hall and engine house. The Committee on Ways and Means reported favorably, and the Mayor was requested to call a meeting of the citizens to vote on an appropriation of $8,000 for that purpose. An election was held on August I8, I880, and by a majority of 62 the city voted to issue bonds to the amount of $7,000 for the purpose indicated. A site for the building was purchased of Wm. Farnsworth, at a cost of $i,coo, and in October, I880, the city entered into a contract with Edward Garratt to erect the building for $6,915. Everything seemed to move smoothly on until the refusal of Recorder Drennan to sign the bonds. On steps being taken to compel him to comply with the vote of the people and action of the Council, the bonds were issued and placed in the hands of the Treasurer for disposal. The following citizens each purchased $I,ooo in bonds:

ECORCE TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I28 Edward Chandler, John Robinson, Joseph Girardin, and E. P. Christian. Bonds for $I,500 were sold to Antoine Labadie and Nelson Dupey. On March 25, 1882, the building committee reported the city hall completed. It consists of a two-story brick building with mansard roof and tower, ornamented with cut stone trimmings. It has a frontage on Biddle Avenue of sixty-seven feet, with sixty-two feet on Elm Street. The first room on the main floor is twenty-seven by fifty-one feet, and is used for an engine house. Back of this, there is a wide hall opening off from Biddle Avenue, with stairs leading to the second story. To the left of the hall is the city jail, containing eight cells, four on the lower and four on the upper floor. Over the engine room is the public library and reading-room, the same size as the lower floor, and over the jail part is the Council chamber and court room, twenty-six by eighteen feet, with two other rooms which can be used as jury rooms. Sewerage. The first suggestion in the way of a sewer was contained in a petition from John H. Jones and Wesley Sheldon, who asked leave to fix up the drain running through their lots. Their petition was presented by Alderman Christian on April I6, I867, and from time to time since then the Street Commissioner, acting under instructions, has put in box drains, and more recently crocks of from eight to twenty-two inches in diameter. These, with surface drains and ditches sloping toward the river, have effectually sewered the city. As no separate account of this department of improvements has been kept, it is impossible to give the exact amount of piping or cost of sewerage, but there is about three miles of sewer pipe, and the cost has been about $Io,ooo. Fire Department. In the beginnings of Wyandotte, its location on the river and the agility of the " bucket brigade " formed the only protection against fire. In January, i868, a petition was received by the Council relative to a fire department, which was referred to S. L. Potter, Abraham Whiting and J. S. Trites, with instructions to ascertain the cost of and terms of payment for a fire engine. This movement resulted in the purchase, in October, I870, of twelve Babcock fire extinguishers, at a cost of $630, which were distributed in various parts of the city, and an ordinance passed relative to their custody and use. In January, I871, Wm. Armstrong and others petitioned to be organized as a fire company. The petition was granted, and the officers of the fire department appointed to organize the company. In November, I875, an election was ordered to be held on November 4, for the purpose of voting a tax to purchase a fire engine, the result of which was one hundred and forty-six votes for and thirteen against the purchase. Accordingly the bonds of the city were issued for $6,ooo, payable in four, five and six years, for the purchase of a steam fire engine. A contract was made with L Button & Sons, and the following January the engine was received and named the "City of Wyandotte." John Merreth was appointed engineer in charge, and G. W. Telford chief engineer. In November, I885, an ordinance was passed to provide for organizing a fire department under the State law, and repealing all former ordinances in regard to the extinguishment of fires. In January, I886, in accordance with this action, a number of persons met and organized a new fire company, to be known as " Wyandotte Stean Fire Company, No. i." The company list was accepted by the Council on February 3, i886, and was composed as follows: James McCloy, president; Joseph Marx, vice-president; Nelson Dupey, recording secretary; Wi. Marx, treasurer; J. J. Hoersch, financial secretary; C. Bigler, foreman: Gust. Baumler, chief engineer; Charles Millspaugh, assistant chief engineer; Ed. Finn, engineer; Wm. Watson, assistant engineer; Joseph Darby, Wm. McCloy, John Welch, John Brant, Wesley Wright and Fred. Raubolt. The subject of providing water works received much attention, and it was finally decided to bond the city for $50,000 to provide for the erection of suitable works, and the work was begun in the fall of I889. Public Schools and Public Library. Wyandotte is one of the few cities in which a graduate from the high school is prepared for college without further examination. Before the city was incorporated it was in District No. i, of Ecorce Township, and its public school was held in the old brown house lately sold to Mr. Bishop and converted into an opera house. Soon after the city charter was procured, steps were taken to build a large brick school-house in the Second Ward, and it was speedily erected. It was completed in I868 at a cost of $23,000, is three stories high, and contains five rooms with seats for 340 pupils. In I889 it had an enrollment of 264 pupils, with an average daily attendance of I98, for whose instruction, including the Superintendent, there was employed six teachers at a yearly expense of $2,870. This school is known as the Central Union or High School, and was opened the first Monday in September, I869, as a graded high school with four departments. There are now five teachers. The Superintendents since the opening have been as follows: September, I869 to June, 187I, Daniel H.

1282 ECORCE TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. Thomas; September, 1871, to June, 1875, Jerome H. Bishop,; September, 1875, to June, 1876, J. H. Burke; September, 1876, to June, 1877, 0. J. Roberts; September, 1877, to June, I88i, Miss Belle Widner; September, I88r, to June, I886, C. O. Hoyt; September, 1886, to June, I888, M. O. Graves; September, I888, to -—, L. M. Kellogg. In 1872 the city, at a cost of $8,oo0, erected a two story brick building in the Third Ward, containing four rooms, with a seating capacity of 200, employing two teachers, whose combined salary is $650. The enrollment in this is IOI, with an average attendance of seventy-six. In I886 the First Ward was supplied with a one story brick building containing two rooms and seats for eighty pupils, for which the city paid $8,000. The enrollment in this building is 118, with an average attendance of eighty-nine. It has two teachers who are paid the same salary as the teachers in the Third Ward School. The entire course from the Primary School through the Central Union or High School covers twelve years, or four years in each department. In addition to the public schools there are several parochial schools which are mentioned in connection with the churches which control them. Connected with the public schools and under the control of the Board of Education is a public library of nearly 2,000 volumes. This is the outgrowth of the old school library which was only open from two to four P. M., each Saturday. In the summer of 1887, J. H. Bishop, then Mayor of the city, and President of the Board of Education, in behalf of the latter asked for and was granted by the Council an unoccupied room in the city hall for the purpose of establishing a library and reading room, he agreeing to donate an amount equal to that raised by the Board to put the library in such shape as would make it a credit to the city. Connected with the library is a reading room containing leading papers and magazines. The library was opened in September, I887, and the published report of the Librarian, Mrs. Nellie K. Briggs, shows an average daily attendance of sixty in the reading room, and a monthly average of 800 books drawn. It is open daily from 2 to 6, and from 7 to 9:30 P. M. St. Patrick's, formerly St Charles's, Catholic Church. The influx of workmen into Wyandotte in 1854, many of them being Roman Catholics, caused the Rev. Charles DePreiter, then in charge of the parrish at Ecorce, to establish a mission at Wyandotte, and in a short time he removed there and organized St. Charles's church, of which he had charge until 1873. He was succeeded by the following priests: Rev. W. DeBeaver, 1872-1876; Rev. H. W. Grimme, I876-1878; Rev. Hebstrett for one year, and F. J. Broegger, 188o-1883; Rev. T. Roeper, 1883-1886; Rev. George Langel, I886 -The first church was built about 1854, and was a plain frame edifice now used for the parochial school. The closing of the mills rendered it impossible to sustain two churches, and this church and St. Joseph's were temporarily merged under the charge of one priest until 1874, when Rev. W. DeBeaver, of Ypsilanti, took up the work, and at this date the present St. Patrick's church began. Five lots were donated by Captain Ward, and the foundations of a new church laid, and after several years' laborious work on the part of the congregation the church was dedicated in 1884 by Bishop Borgess, of Detroit. The building, by far the largest in the city, is of brick, cost $22,000, and seats about 700. The parish numbers some 200 families, and they have a parochial school of about 200 scholars, in charge of five Sisters of Charity. St. Josei5h's Catholic Church. This was organized in the spring of 1870, the Germans separating from the parent church and purchasing two lots at a cost of $700 and erected a church at a cost of about $8000. They organized with some seventy families, and now have Ioo. It has been in charge of the following priests: Rev. Undereiner, Rev. Trottenberger, Rev. Joseph Reis, Rev. H. W. Grimme, from I876-I879; Rev. Hebstrett, 1879; Rev. F. J. Broegger, 1880-1883; Rev. Roeper, 1883-1886; Rev. Geo. Langel, 1886-1888; Rev. Charles Settele, January 27, 1888, to First Presbyterian Church. This society was organized September 9, I856. Services were held at intervals in the old brown school-house by Rev. James Nall and others until April 17, 1860, when the society practically ceased, On December 26, I866, Rev. Dr. Duffield, of Detroit, reorganized the church with eleven members received by letter, and four by profession of faith. A lot was donated by the Eureka Iron Company, and a church building seating 325 persons and costing $4,000 was dedicated October i6, 1867. From this date the church had the following pastors; Rev. 0. D. Hibbard, from October 1867 to October, 1868; Rev. Sylvanus Warren, November 1868, to October, 1869; Rev. O. D. Hibbard, October, 1869, to May, 1870; Rev. A.W. Sanford, May, 1870, to May, 1873; Rev. W. K. Ingersoll, from June, 1873, to June, 1877; Rev. I. N. Sprague from November, 1877, to April, 1883; Rev. Thomas Middlemiss, from January I, 1884 to January I, 1889. The church property is valued at $7,000, including a parsonage costing $1,400. From a membership of seven in I856, they had 23 in 1860; 64 in 1870; 85 in 1880, and 95 in I888.

ECORCE TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1283 Methodist Efiscopal Church. During the years 1855 part of the old brown school-house was built, and for two years was used as a place of worship, the Methodists and Presbyterians holding morning and evening services alternately, and the Episcopalians an afternoon service, the Methodist Episcopal ministers from Trenton taking charge of the services of their church. The Methodist society were the first to erect a house of worship. It was dedicated in I860, and cost about $2,500, seating about 230. The following pastors have been in charge: Rev. John Levington, 1861; Rev. George Wilson, I862; Rev. O. J. Perrin, 1863: Rev. W. Mahon, I864; Rev. John S. Joslin, I865 -i866; Rev. J. M. Arnold, 1867-1868; Rev. W. J. Campbell, I869-I87I; Rev. H. 0. Parker, 1872 -1873; Rev. W. J. Campbell, 1873; Rev. F. E, York, 1874; Rev. Daniel C. Jacokes, I875; Rev E. Barry, 1876-1877; Rev. G. W. Owen, I878-I879; Rev. B. F Pritchard, I88o-I88i; Rev. C. W. Turrill, I882; Rev. S. P. Warner, 1883-1884; Rev. James Rose, 1885; Rev. S. E. Warren, I886; Rev. J. Stanfield, 1887 to -- In 1870 the church had 99 members and 23 probationers; in I880, 80 members and in I888, 70 members and 10 probationers. The church property is worth about $6,000. Protestant Episcopal Churches. St. Stephen's Church was organized October I6, 1860, Dr. E. P. Christian and John Bennett being the first wardens, and Dr. Christian has held the office of Senior Warden ever since, with the exception of one year. For some time services were held in the Methodist Church on Sunday afternoons. Finally a lot was donated by the Eureka Iron Company, and in 1867 a church was built. The Rev. M. H. Ward, the first rector, was followed in I866 by Rev. Josiah Phelps, who served two years, and was followed in I868 by Rev. H. Banwell, who remained three years, and was succeeded by the Rev. Levi Courson, who was succeeded in 1875 by the Rev. George W. Bloodgood. Rev. Wm. Charles was called in October, 1887. The church building cost $3,500 and seats about 200. The present membership is 40, and the annual cost of sustaining the church is about $700. The church property is valued at $2,700. In connection with his charge in Wyandotte, the Rev. Mr. Charles also served St. Thomas' Church at Trenton, St. John's at Grosse Isle, and St. James' at East Grosse Isle. Evangelical Lutheran Trinity Church. This society was organized July 13, I86I, purchased a lot for $700, and the following summer erected a house of worship. Services meanwhile were held in private houses by the Rev. J. A. Huegli of Detroit. The pulpit was supplied by Rev. J. G. Walthew from August 30, 1863, to November 26, 1867; Rev. M. Halboth from August, I868 to October 16, 1871; Rev. G. Markworth from November 19, I871 to April, 1887; and by Rev. J. J. Bernthal since August, 1887. Under the pastorate of Mr. Bernthal the old church became too small to accommodate the members, and a new brick church, costing exclusive of furniture $1I,oo3, was built. It was dedicated September 23. I888, ahd seats 800. In connection with the church is a parochial school with about 160 pupils. From 1863-I867 the school was in charge of the minister as teacher; after that date a regular teacher was obtained, and since 1878 two have been employed. The old church building is used as a schoolhouse, as is also a building adjoining the church. The present value of the property, including the school buildings, is $I8,50o. The membership since the organization of the society has increased from 30 voting members in 186i to 84 in I870; I60 in I880, and 18I in January, I889. There are about I,ioo persons connected with the Church. German Evangelical St. John's Church. In 1870 some 25 members went out from the Evangelical Lutheran Church and under the pastorate of Rev. Frederick Zimmerman formed this church, which was organized May 14, 1870. A lot was presented by the Eureka Iron Company, and a church erected costing $7,000, and seating 400 It was dedicated in June, 1872. Mr. Zimmerman was succeeded on August 17, I875 by Rev. P. Vontobel followed in June, 1877, by Rev. Theo. Munzert; in July, I879, by Rev. J. G. Fetzer; in April, 1885, by Rev. Julius Schuman; on March io, 1887, by Rev. F. Smidt. In i880 the parish numbered 75 families, and now includes 130 families, representing about 800 persons. In connection with the church there is a parochial school in charge of the pastor, and having about Ioo pupils. The value of the church property, including the pastor's residence and the school-house, is about $9,000. Societies. Wyandotte Lodge, No. 170, F. & A. M., was organized January 30, 1865. E. B. Ward Lodge, No. 172, I. O. O. F., was granted a charter on November 18, 1871. Wyandotte Council, No. 321, Royal Arcanum, was instituted May 2, 1879.

1284 ECORCE TOWNSHIP-BIOGRAPHICAL. Turner Lodge, No. 563, Knights of Honor, was instituted March 14, 1877. Wyandotte Branch, No. 36, C. M. B. A., was organized July 25, i886. Division No. 3, A. O. H., of Wayne County, came into existence October 23, 1882. Iron City Lodge, No. 73, A. O. U. W., was instituted May 4, I88o. Eureka Assembly, No. 6056, Knights of Labor, held its first meeting March 14, i886. Eureka Conclave, No. 41, Royal Adelphia, was instituted May 16, 1887. The Arbeiter Verein was organized November IO, 1872. The WVyandotte Courier. This paper was independent in politics, and devoted to the interests of the county, literature, agriculture, etc. It was first issued on June 5, 1867, and was the first newspaper ever published in the Iron City. The office was in the second story of the Farnsworth Block, where the city hall is now located. J. Lee & Company were the publishers. It was issued Thursdays, at $2 a year. The office was destroyed by fire in July, 1867, with a loss of $3,100. The paper was started up again on a small scale, but the great strike of the rolling mill men that year compelled its suspension. The Wyandotte Ezterprise. This was published by Daniel E. Thomas, who at that time was superintendent of the public schools. He did the editorial work, 0. T. Brinton furnished the financial backing, and A. Griffin did the mechanical work, the firm name being Brinton, Thomas & Griffin. The paper was soon left on the hands of Mr. Griffin, who, with Morgan Bates, Jr, published the paper about two years. Mr. Bates' interest was then purchased by John E. Nellis, and the publication was continued until 1878, when the establishment was moved to Detroit, and the name changed to the Wayne County Courier. The Wyandotte Herald. This was first issued on January 2, 1879, under the management of G. W. Owen. In October, i88o, Frank S. Abbott, of the Richmond Review, purchased the paper and continued it until August 25, 1882, a part interest being held from October, I881, until January, 1882, by Virgil Miner, of Jonesville. On August 25, 1882, S. H. Egabroad assumed control, and with his son Henry continued the publication until July 2, i886, when J. D Haven purchased the paper. It is published every Friday, at $i per annum. In connection with the Wyandotte edition, the same matter is published as the Flat Rock Herald and also as the Carlton Herald. BIOGRAPH ICAL. JEROME HOLLAND BISHOP was born at Oxbow, Jefferson County, New York, on September 3, 1846. His father, Wm. Bishop, was a descendant of the Bishops who settled near Springfield, Massachusetts, before the Revolutionary War. His mother, Betsey Jerome (Stearns) Bishop, was from near Syracuse. Her mother was a sister of Judge Jerome, of Palmyra, New York, and aunt to Leonard, Lawrence and Addison Jerome, of New York City, men well known on both sides of the Atlantic. Mr. Bishop's boyhood and the years of his early manhood, were spent at Redwood, New York, to which place his parents removed when he was four years old. He received a thorough education in a private academy, and at the early age of fifteen began teaching school. The first school over which he presided was at the village of Chippewa Bay, on the St. Lawrence river. At eighteen he was superintendent of the village schools of Redwood. He next taught at the Lowville Academy, and then in Dyrenfurth College, Chicago. When but twenty-two years old, he was made superintendent of the village schools of Decatur, Michigan, coming to Michigan in the winter of I869. From Decatur he went to Wyandotte, as superintendent of the schools of that city, holding the position from 1871 to 1875. Up to this time- Mr. Bishop had always been engaged in the profession of teaching, with the exception of two years as head clerk in Sterling and Mosher's bookstore, in Watertown, New York, and a year as book-keeper in Memphis, Tennessee. He now determined to seek some other occupation which furnished a wider field for his energy and a greater reward for his activity. Commencing in 1875 with the manufacture of wool dusters, sheepskin mats were added in 1878, animal skin rugs in I884, and Asia Minor angoras and China goat skin rugs and robes in 1888 and i889. There being no one in America, except those engaged in the same business in New York, who knew how to manufacture these go3ds, Mr. Bishop was forced to depend entirely upon himself, and was compelled to originate every method and to invent every process; and in this lay the secret of his ultimate success, as his methods finally became the best in the world, and were known only to hinself. The

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ECORCE TOWNSHIP-BIOGRAPHICAL. 1285 strulggle was long and often doubtful, but after fifteen years of perseverance, he has now the satisfaction of making the finest goods in his line in either Europe or America, and of having the largest works of the kind in the 'world. In politics, Mr. Bishop is an ardent Republican. He was, twice elected Mayor of Wyandotte, serving in 1885 al:l 1886. Such was the satisfaction given by his first administration that he was elected the second tine without opposition, being supported by Republicans and Democrats alike. For several years he was a member and president of the Board of Education. It was through his efforts, whilst Mayor and President of that board, that the public library and reading room was established, and largely by his means it was furnished with books, and he still gives largely to its support. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church and for the past fifteen years has been superintendent of the Sunday School. A liberal giver to his own church, he is also noted for his generosity to all churches ill need of aid. He was married in I867 to Jennie Gray, at Redwood, New York. She died at Wyandotte, in 1873, leaving a daughter, named Maud. In 876 he married Ella Clark, of Wyandotte, daughter of I. S. Clark. His family now consists of himself and wife, his daughter, his son Clive, aged I2, and Della and Mabel, aged nine and six years respectively. His residence, lately erected, is the finest and largest in the city, and in every way an attractive and pleasant home. Mr. Bishop is one of the most popular men in the city, approachable, generous and kind-hearted. The good fortune which has attended his efforts is used for the good of others as well as for himself, and kind and genial to all, he dispenses with liberal hand the profits annually received from his business. Strong in his determinations, energetic in action, firm in his friendships, public-spirited and upright, he is a good citizen, an invaluable friend, and has fairly won the favors which kind fortune has bestowed upon him. GEORGE CLARK was born in the town of Kingston, Ontario County, New York, on March 9, I804, and died at Ecorce, Wayne County, Michigan, on October 14, I877. His grandfather, Wattrous Clark, was a native of Norwich, Connecticut, where he was born on June 20, 1742, and where he died in 1822. His wife, Lucy, was born on November 9, 1741. At the outbreak of the War for Independence, in 1775, Wattrous Clark was one of the first patriots to respond to the call of his country. He distinguished himself for his bravery, and was engaged in most of the early battles, including those at the siege of Boston and the battles of Bunker Hill, Trenton, Princeton, New York, White Plains and others. He drew an officer's pension until his death. His son, Charles, aged eighteen was in active service at New London and at the massacre of Croton Heights. The gun which he carried in those conflicts attracted much attention at the Centennial exhibition, held at Croton Heights on September 6, i88i. John Clark, the son of Wattrous and the father of George Clark, was born at Norwich, Connecticut, on Nov. 14, I777, and died in Brownstown township, Wayne County, Michigan. on February 22, 1827. His mother, Sally (Person) Clark, was born in Brunswick, New York, June I, 1780, and died at Buffalo, New York, April 18, I813. John Clark married his second wife, Sally Swain at Buffalo, on November io, I813. She was born at Buffalo, October 25, 1786, and died at Brownstown in July, I859. John Clark was an active participant in the War of I812, and was captain of a troop called Saugerties Rangers. His family at that time were living at Black Rock, New York, where they were despoiled by the enemy of nearly all that they possessed. It was amongst such exciting events that the late George Clark passed his youth. Amongst the many reminiscences of those times, Mr. Clark was particularly fond of relating how, on one occasion, when a party of American soldiers were eating at their house, their meal was suddenly brought to a close by a cannon ball fired by the enemy, which entered the room and cut off two of the table legs, but harmed no one. In connection with this war, Mr. Clark loved to relate how he and his brothers rolled cannon balls down a hill to the soldiers to be loaded on the boats His boyhood was spent at Kingston, Buffalo and Black Rock, New York and at Rocky River, near Cleveland, Ohio. The family came to Ecorce in 1819, and soon after went to live in a log house just below Wyandotte. From there they moved to Brownstown township, but most of Mr. Clark's life was spent at Ecorce. He was extensively engaged in farming and fishing, and as one of the pioneer fisherman of the lakes, he probably did more than any other man to develop and bring to its present high state the great fishing interest of the northwest. In 1833 he obtained, possession of Grassy Island, in the Detroit River and erected thereon large fisheries. He also operated fisheries in Ohio, at Maumee, on Lake Huron, at Fort Gratiot, at Belle Isle, and on Fighting Island, in the Detroit river. He was not. however. merely a fisherman; he made the life and habits of the different fish a subject of much study and held high rank as a pisciculturist. Early realizing that the waters of the great lakes would soon be depopulated of their inhabitants, unless something was done to offset the great annual losses, he was one of

I286 ECORCE TOWNSHIP-BIOGRAPHICAL.; the first and most strenuous advocates of the artificial propagation of fish. Owing to his abundant knowledge concerning fish and their habits, he was enabled to render much aid to Prof. J. W. Milliner, Deputy United States Fish Commissioner, and assisted him very materially in collecting specimens of the diffe ent varieties of fish that have their home in the waters of the great lakes. When the State Fish Commission was organized in 1873, Governor Bagley appointed him one of the commissioners, and his extensive practical knowledge was of very great value to the State. He held the office of Fish Commissioner until the time of his death in 1877. Outside of his regular avocation of farming and fishing, Mr. Clark found his greatest pleasure in perfecting different devices which had originated in his fertile brain, and he invented what is known as Clark's Metallic Life Raft, now in general use on the lake steamers. Although leading an unusually busy life, he found time to give to literary work, and wrote several articles for Professors Agassiz and Baird, on the different varieties of Michigan fish, and also supplied them with specimens. The Michigan Farmer, of Detroit, for a number of years received many valauble articles from his pen. Politically he was an energetic and zealous Republican from the organization of that party. During the War of the Rebellion, he spent considerable money and time in forwarding provisions and clothing to the Michigan soldiers, and also cared for and relieved from want many soldiers' families. He never held any office except the one already named, and though frequently urged to accept various positions he always declined. In I874 the Republican Convention, assembled at Wyandotte, unaminously nominated him for representative in the State Legislature, but despite the flattering manner in which the nomination was tendered, he refused to become a candidate. He was eminently a self-educated man, having received but little education in schools, and his success in life was due to his own inherent energy and ability. An intimate friend of Mr. Clark's describes him as "a man of remarkable force of character, of strong purposes and of great self-reliance. His business enterprises almost always of a conservative order, were carefully managed, and his property, of which there was considerable, was left in a good condition He was public-spirited and progressive to a high degree. He had his peculiarities, as all men have. who, with small advantages, and amid many obstacles, rise by their own efforts to positions of prominence and influence, but these did not lessen the high respect in which he was held in' the county and State, and wherever he was known. Beneath his brusque exterior there was a kind and most considerate heart. He was a man of unswerving integrity and rare good judgment. Simple in his habits, and by nature unostentatious, his rise to the position of universal confidence and esteem which he occupied is attributable solely to his sterling worth." He was married at Ecorce in 1837, to Eleanor Sutliff, who was born at Salem, New York, January 6, 1812, and died at Ecorce, March 19, I849. They had five children, viz., Catherine, born in the township of Brownstown, November 15, 1838, and died at Ecorce, August 23, 1870; Annie R., born in Brownstown, November 22, 1840; Eleanor, born at Ecorce, November 26, 1842; Edith E., born at Ecorce, May 20, 1845; Laura J., born at Ecorce, on September 17, 1847. Mr. Clark married his second wife Orpha Wright, on July 17, 85 I. She was born in the State of New York in 1826, and died at Ecorce in I854. They had two children, namely, Charlotte O., born at Ecorce, October 6, I852, and Clay W., born at Ecorce, in March I854, and died in September of the same year. On January io, i856, Mr. Clark married Rebecca J. Widner, who was born at Chili, Monroe County, New York, on September 19, I827. She is still living at the family homestead in Ecorce. The children of his last marriage were Florence C., born April 12, 1857, and died September 28, 1883; Carrie E., born December I6, I858, and died January 6, I880; Frances G., born April 4, 86i; George, born November 22, 1863; Mabel M., born July 19, I866, and Jessie L, born October 23, 1869, and died March 14, 1872. THOMAS D. EVANS is a native of Wales, and was born in the thrifty manufacturing town of Blaina, Monmouthshire. This county, though included among the English countries for over half a century, is considered a part of Wales; nine-tenths of the population talk the vernacular, and are thoroughly Welsh. George and Ann Evans, the parents of Thomas D. Evans, after their marriage settled at Blaina, on September 28, 1847. George Evans was a native of Monmouthshire, and was born in the village of Varteg, seven miles from Blaina, on June 20, i818. His parents were also natives of the same place, and the family can be traced back on the parish records for severalgenerations. They were prominent in local affairs, and well known as of great integrity. Ann Evans was born at Bryn Maur, five miles from Blaina, in the county of Brecon, on September 22, 1827. She also descended froma long line of Welsh ancestry. Her father, James W. Jones, was a mining superintendent and contractor, and his ancestors were among the oldest and most prosperous. as well as respected, of the inhabitants of the parish.

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ECORCE TOWNSH When Thomas D. Evans was only six months old, his parents decided to emigrate to America, and on March 10, I848, they left Newport on the sailing vessel Erin, and after calling at Bristol and Liverpool, on the I6th were fairly on the ocean bound for New York The voyage was an uneventful one, with the exception that there were four births and seven deaths during the passage, and on April 20, 1848, they arrived at Staten Island. The family left New York the following month for Pittsburg, the journey be'ng made principally by canal and over the old gravity roads across the mountains, three weeks being consumed in the trip. They settled at Stewart's Town, now known as Etna Borough, opposite Pittsburg, which, even at that time, was the centre of the iron trade of America, and George Evans was soon enrolled among the toiling thousands in that city. Being an experienced heater and roller, he had no difficulty in obtaining good work, and he worked for the firm with whom he began, Messrs. Spang, Chalfant & Co., until his death, on June I, I886. He was the first tube and pipe welder west of the Alleghenies, the tube works of Messrs. Spang, Chalfant & Co., being the third built in the United States. He was the father of eight children, five of whom had grown up before he died; two he had followed to the grave. Of the children Thomas D., was the only one born in the old country, the remainder being all born in Etna Borough. The sons were brought up to work in rolling mills, and all who are living are still working in different capacities in such mills. The widowed mother is still living, and is a most devout and consistent member of the Baptist Church at Etna, known to the entire community for her many deeds of charity and benevolent acts. She is in the enjoyment of excellent health, very active, and promises to be a source of much comfort to her children, and a pillar in the church of her faith for some years yet to come. The school days of Thomas D. Evans were uneventful. He was attentive to his lessons, but left school when nearly fifteen years of age to enter the rolling mills of Messrs. Spang, Chalfant & Co. When he entered the mills to commence the battle of life, the country was in the vortex of the great Civil War. The impetus that the war gave to the iron industry of the country was something marvelous, and the skilled and experienced ironworkers found ready and lucrative employment, the higher and best paying branches being much sought, rolling in particular, especially in guide mills, which paid the highest wages, To attain this latter position was Mr. Evans' ambition, when he first entered the mill. For the first few years he worked in various positions, gradually rising from one position to IP-BIOGRAPHICAL. 1287 another, until finally, after five years, he succeeded to the position of roller, which position he held the succeeding seven years. In June, 1864, when in his seventeenth year, a call being made for volunteers for a hundred days for the defense of arsenals and towns bordering the scenes of action in the East, he, to the amazement of his parents, presented himself before them, dressed in uniform and ready to march. His short service was spent at Harrisburg, Pa., and Wilmington, Del, the company being discharged at the end of the hundred days, and he returned home and again entered the mill The taste of military life, short though it was, had determined him to again enlist should the war continue the coming Spring. He did not wait till Spring, but in 1865 enlisted in Company K, Sixty-first Regiment of Peunsylvania, for the defense of Washington. During his service, which lasted until the surrender of Lee, he participated in the siege of Petersburg, went through many thrilling and exciting marches, and was honorably discharged on June 28, i865, and returning home resumed his tongs at the mill. He filled the position of a roller for seven years at Spang, Chalfant & Co.'s mill, and then, being ambitious to advance, he accepted a similar position in the Sharon, Mercer County, Pa., Rolling Mills, where he remained two years. He then returned to Pittsburg to occupy a position in the mills of Lewis, Dalzells & Co,, and remained a year, leaving the mill to engage in the manufacture of mill lubricators, in which business he engaged for another year, at the end of which time he again accepted and resumed his old position at the Sharon mills. At the end of another year he was given charge of the guide mill, a different and much more important branch of rolling, and the most advanced process then in use in iron and steel mills. After a year's work in this department, he received a call from the well-known mills of Lewis, Oliver & Phillips, of Pittsburg, which he accepted, but had not been there many months when he received a very flattering offer, by telegram, from the Eureka Iron Company, of Wyandotte, Michigan. He accepted their offer, and on May 13, 1879, commenced work at Wyandotte as head roller in the merchant department of the works, taking full charge of the guide and bar mills. Here he has since remained, and by strict and faithful attention to his duties, securing complete and entire satisfaction in the various grades of iron passing through his hands, he soon won the confidence and esteem of the corporation, and after six years' services as head roller, on April 2, I885, the President of Eureka Iron and Steel Company offered him the superintendency of the entire mill, which position he now occupies. As

1288 ECORCE TOWNSHIP-BIOGRAPHICAL. Superintendent he has given unqualified satisfaction, both to his employers and to the men under his control. Always prepared to guard and protect the interest of his employers, he is equally as zealous in defending the just rights of the men. Cool, level-headed, with a keen eye, fine discriminative powers, and possessed of good common sense and practical ideas, he has received and retains a wide popularity. He was married on January I, I867, at Pittsburg, to Cecelia Whitman, of Kitanning, Armstrong County, Pa. Mrs. Evans comes from a long line of Pennsylvania Germans, a distinct race of people noted for frugality, thrift and morality, who have stamped their individuality and character upon the social institutions of the State. Mrs. Evans' father, John K. Whitman. was born in Bellefonte, Centre County, Pennsylvania, and her mother, previous to marriage, was a Miss Rachel Stewart, of Indiana township, Pennsylvania Mr. and Mrs. Evans have had five children, namely, John A., born March 28, 1871; Henry S., born August 7, 1873; A. Burdette, born December 24, I875; Elizabeth M., born June II, I879; and Thomas D., born December 7, I88I. With the exception of the last named and the youngest, who was born in Wyandotte the other four were born in Etna Borough. Mr. Evans became a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, at Etna Borough, Pa., when twenty-one years old, and two years later become a member of the Masonic Brotherhood, at Sharpsburg, Pa. In the fall of I882, he took the degree of Royal Arch, in Monroe Chapter, Detroit, and in the spring of 1889 he received the Scottish Rite degree. He is an out and out man of the people, taking a lively interest in all matters that have a tendency towards the improvement, socially. morally, sanitarially and intellectually in the community. Always ready, with a helping hand, and a kind word, it is not suprising that he should be popular, and as a fitting evidence of the appreciation in which he is held, is the fact that he was three consecutive times elected Mayor of Wyandotte. Politically Mr. Evans is a thorough and uncompromising Republican, and is looked upon as one of the strongest and most influential workers in the State. He was one of the charter members of the Michigan State Republican Club, and is often consulted on matters in connection with his party. He is a regular attendant at the Methodist church, which he supports liberally, and contributes liberally towards other churches, as well as to general charitable or benevolent movements. He owns considerable real estate in Wyandotte and in other parts of Michigan, and also in Ohio and Pennsylvania. In the prime of life, in the enjoyment of excellent health, full of life, vigor and enterprise, he may confidently anticipate a career of increasing prosperity und usefulness. JAMES T. HURST of Wyandotte was born in.Onondaga County, New York July 28. I843. His father, Samuel Hurst, was born in Ireland and his mother, Amanda (Lewis) Hurst, in Onondaga, New York where they were married In June, 1844. they removed to Wayne County, M ichigan in which county they resided until their death The father died iu April. 1855 and the mother in September, 1875. They had a family of nine children four of whom are now living, namely, Sarah E., James T., Catherine and Hester. As a boy, James T., had but few educational advantages, and experience and contact with the world have been his chief educators On April 25 I863, when but twenty years old, he enlisted as a private in Company M, Fourth Michigan Cavalry. His record as a soldier is an excellent one. Shortly before the close of the war, he returned to Michigan commissioned to raise a company. He succeeded in getting together one hundred men, and was about to enter upon active duty when the great struggle came to an end, and on May II, i865, he was mustered out of service. Had his company gone into active service, Mr. Hurst would have been its Second Lieutenant. Before the war he had been engaged in the lumber business, and became an expert in estimating standing timber. In 1867, he settled at Wyandotte, and on October I6, of the same year he was appointed Inspector of Customs for the Eastern District of Michigan, under Collector N. G. Isbel. He resigned in I874, in order to give his attention to the lumber business, which he had established at Wyandotte in 1869, and which had now attained extensive proportions. In 1872, he built a large steam saw and planing mill, in which he produced dressed lumber, doors, sash and blinds. He subsequently sold the mill, in order to give his attention to his large interests in pine land, of which he now owns some fifty thousand acres. He is also the owner of a stock farm of three hundred and twenty acres, situated a short distance outside of Wyandotte, and on which there are fine specimens of Percheron, Clydesdale and Hambletonian horses, and short horn Durham, Hereford and Jersey cattle. Under Col. N. S. Andrews he was commissioned, Deputy U. S. Marshal, without being required to give bonds, and reappointed under Joseph R. Bennett, his commission being sent to him without asking. His first vote was cast for Abraham Lincoln, in I864, and he has ever since voted the Republican ticket. He is not an active member of any church, but affiliates with the Presbyterian, and gives liberally to other societies. He is a member of the Masonic Lodge No. 70, of Wyandotte.

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ECORCE TOWNSHIP-BIOGRAPHICAL. I289 Mr. Hurst is quick to take advantage of every opportunity, and has raised himself to the front rank among the active, energetic men of the State, and is an eminent example of our self-made men. On July 5, I869, he married Mary A. Lacy. She was born in Canada, July Ii, I843. They have a family of four children, namely, Albert L., James A.. and twin daughters, Eva and Effie. F. A. KIRBY is the eldest son of Captain Stephen R. and Martha Ann Kirby, and was born in Cleveland, Ohio, December 30, I847. His parents removed to East Saginaw, Michigan, in 1857, and he passed from youth to manhood in that city. He possessed a studious turn of mind, passing through the several grades of the public schools, obtaining a good groundwork for future study. Ambitious to begin for himself and make his mark in the world, at the age of eighteen he bade adieu to home and friends and started westward Montana was his objective point. In the fall of i865 he reached the mountain section of that territory, which was then an almost unbroken wilderness. Here he engaged in mining, and for a series of years worked and fought against obstacles that would have sooner discouraged a less determined character. Success did not come to him in this region, and in 1870 he was forced to turn his steps homeward, and now located in Detroit, where his parents had removed during his absence. In August, 187I, he removed to Wyandotte, where he embarked in business with his brother, F. E. Kirby. The latter had completed a course of study in engineering in several of the best technological schools in the East. The evident ability of the two brothers made such a strong impression upon Captain E. B Ward, the then well-known shipbuilder, iron manufacturer, and leading spirit in all Wyandotte manufacturing industries, that he soon decided to employ them to carry to a successful issue an enterprise he had long had in contemplation, and offered to contract with them for the construction of a first-class plant for the building of steel ships "Buy the best, and build the best,:' were the specific instructions given. Under their thoughtful, capable and energetic supervision and effort, the appliances and material were gathered and put in order. The first work undertaken after the completion of the yard was the building of the mammoth tug " E. B. Ward, Jr.," of 550 tons burden. This was purchased by the Government and transferred to the seaboard, where to-day she is doing good service, a standing testimonial to the skill of her designer and builder. In quick succession were built the ' Queen of the Lakes," the " Myrtle " steam yacht, seventy feet long by eight feet beam, with a running record of twenty miles an hour, the " Sport," and other craft. Then came the panic of 1873, and the shutting down of mills and shipbuilding enterprises, followed by the death of Captain Ward, and the end for a time of all Wyandotte's industry. The facilities and opportunities in their yards, and the abilities of the Messrs. Kirby, were, however, not destined to lie dormant. In 1877 the Detroit Dry Dock Company purchased the shipbuilding plant, continuing F. E. Kirby as engineer, and F. A. Kirby as superintendent. They soon laid down a sidewheel steamer for the Detroit and Cleveland Steam Navigation Company. The composite steamer " City of Detroit" was launched, and put in commission the following spring. During the intervening years to date, this company, in addition to a score of vessels built at their yard at Detroit, have turned out a fleet of iron and steel steamships and propellers that would do credit to the older and more extensive yards on the sea-coast. Notably among the number may be mentioned the palace steamer "City of Cleveland," the new "City of Detroit," "City of Alpena," "City of Mackinac," and propellers "Hudson," " Harlem," "Albany," " Syracuse," " Livingstone" and "Palmer." It is well understood among vessel men that the Wyandotte ship-yard, as managed by Superintendent Kirby, is a model establishment Everything to the remotest detail is thorough and systematic, and the work of six or seven hundred men is carried on without friction, and with the regularity of clockwork. " A place for everything, and everything in its place," is the ruling idea, and is noticeably evident even to casual visitors. Mr. Kirby has demonstrated that he is possessed of much inventive and executive ability, and ie directs and controls the large force of employes with rare skill, judgment and courtesy. In politics he is classed as a Republican, but, except as local honors, such as the Mayoralty of the city, and other positions are thrust upon him, he prefers the duties of ordinary citizenship. He possesses a cheerful, frank and friendly disposition, that easily procures him all the friends he can desire, and possibly because of this fact he abjures all societies, whether secret, political, literary or scientific, and finds in the family circle his chief attraction and pleasure That charity which is said to cover a multitude of sins, is, perhaps, one of the most prominent characteristics of his nature, as very many of his less fortunate fellow-men have had occasion to testify. He was married on November 26, 1874, to Lizzie E Robinson, of Wyandotte, who died May 28, 1884, at Booth Bay, Maine. On June 9, 1886, he was married to Maria C. Elder, of Detroit. He has five children, namely, Myrtle D., Stephen R., Albert E., Lafayette 0., and Frank C.

I290 ECORCE TOW\NSHIP-BIOGRAPHICAL. WALTER C. LAMBERT was born at Amherstburg, Essex County, Ontario, on October 22, 1863, and is the son of Walter and Elizabeth (Clement) Lambert. He received his early education in the primary schools of his native town, and graduated from Windsor High School in 1883. After leaving school he concluded to follow in the footsteps of his father, who was the leading physician of Amherstburg. In accordance with this determination he at once began as a student in the Michigan College of Medicine. After three years of hard work he completed the prescribed course, and graduated in I886. He was noted among his fellow-students as a thorough-going, earnest student, who was determined to fit himself to bear the grave responsibilities of his profession in a capable and proper manner, and, in fact, he inherited these tendencies from his father. After careful examination, Dr. Lambert came to the conclusion that the field offered by the land of his birth was rather limited, and he determined to become a citizen of the United States. Accordingly, in July, I886, he established his office in the city of Wyandotte, where his merits were recognized, and he was not obliged to pass through the tedious and weary months of waiting, which usually attends a beginner in the professions, but rapidly acquired a large practice. On June 27, I888, he married Mary A. Duncanson, of Amherstburg, and they have a son named Walter. Although still ayoung man, Dr. Lambert has gained an enviable position in his profession, which is of the allopathic school. Though prevented by the demands of his profession from actively engaging in political affairs, he takes a deep interest in all public questions, and is an ardent believer in the doctrines of the Republican party. Kind and courteous in his ways, he quickly wins the esteem and good will of those he meets, and his position brings him into contact with many persons. Although a comparatively new resident of Wyandotte. he has secured the respect of its citizens, and is held in high regard. His friends feels no hesitation in saying that if his record in the past can be taken as an index of what the future has in store, his career will be crowned with continually increasing success. THEOPHILUS J. LANGLOIS is of French descent. His ancestors emigrated from Rouen, France, in 1720, to that place of historic renown, Acadia Nova Scotia, and in 1740 were obliged, by the British, to flee to the north of Montreal. On September 7, 1840, just one hundred years later, the subject of this sketch was born on the old Boucher farm, at Grosse Isle. He is the son of Theophilus and Jeannette (Renaud) Langlois. T he family, when he was but one year old, removed to the north of Montreal, where they resided until he completed his education He attended the preparatory schools until fourteen years of age, and then entered Joliette College, where he remained for seven years, acquiring an excellent classical education. In 1862 he came back to Amherstburg. Ontario, and there taught school for seven years. Whilst teaching, he also began, in I865, the study of medicine under the instruction of Dr. Walter Lambert. In 1869 he entered the Detroit Medical College, receiving his diploma from that institution in 1871. After graduating he immediately began practice in Wyandotte, and soon won the good-will of the citizens of his adopted city, and such was their confidence in him in 1874, when but three years a resident amongst them, he was elected Mayor of the city, and administered the office with much credit to himself and benefit to the people. In 1888 he was again elected to the Mayorality, and his advent into office marked the beginning of a period of great activity in the municipal affairs of the town. He infused some of his own energy into the subordinate branches of the city government, bravely confronted the liquor element and endeavored to break its power. Through his efforts he aroused popular sentiment in favor of a city water works, and successfully carried the election on that issue, the happy outcome of that movement giving his term a prominence in local history of which he may well be proud. Whilst Mayor of the city he was also made President of the Board of Education and for seven years he has also served as city physician. During I889, he was appointed a member of the Water Board, for a period of four years and elected its president. In politics he has always been a Democrat, and is a shrewd and efficient worker for the party. He is a veteran sportsman, a member of the famous Turtle Lake Sporting Club, and annually spends a month hunting and fishing in the northern woods. Of a social and fraternal nature, he is a prominent figure in secret society circles, being a member of the Masonic Lodge, No. 17o, of Wyandotte, the Peninsular Chapter, No. I6 of Detroit, 320 member of the Michigan Sovereign Consistory, the Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine, the Odd Fellows, Knights of Honor. Royal Arcanum, and the Ancient Order of United Workmen. He is also a member of the Michigan State Medical Society, and of the American Medical Association. On May 5, 1863, he was married to Mary Bertrand. They have had five children, three of whom died in early infancy. Of those living, Eugenie, born March 7, 1864, is now the wife of D. W. Roberts, of Detroit, and Napoleon, born April 7, I869, is attending the Detroit College of Medicine. Dr. Langlois's wife died on March 7, 188I, and on

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ECORCE TOWNSH I P-BIOGRAPHICAL. I29I August 29 of the same year he married Elizabeth Shoemaker, by whom he has one child, Elfrida, born January 25, 1883. I)r. Langlois is a man of broad and liberal views, tolerant of the opinion of others, and with large public spirit strives to the utmost of his power to advance the interests of his adopted city, and his unswerving and unquestioned integrity has secured for him a high place in the esteem of his fellowcitizens. He is highly cultured, possesses strong mental powers with undomitable will, great courage and exceptionable force of character, and has fairly won the honors which the people have bestowed upon him. HYACINTHE F. RIOPELLE, Ex-Representative of the Second District of Wayne County. was born in Wayne County, Michigan, August 8, 1836. The Riopelles are closely identified with the early history of southeastern Michigan, and long before Wayne County was organized they were representative citizens. The first of the name who settled in Detroit, Ambroise Riopelle, was born in Orleans, in the old Province of Orleannoise, near the Castle Chavagnac, the birth-place of General LaFayette. As that portion of France was the home of liberal principles, in the period when France was giving birth to the new political doctrines that culminated in the bloody revolutions of 1789, 1793, and 1804, it is not to be wondered at that LaFayette was enthused with the grand principles of liberty and freedom, and with the idea of lending his influence to assist the Americans, nor that he so readily secured followers in 1780. Among those who came with LaFayette was Ambroise Riopelle, the great grandfather of the subject of this sketch. After LaFayette's return Ambroise served in the Colonial Navy, and was known as a brave and courageous man. He became one of the early residents of Detroit and his name appears as a representative man in its earlier annals. He was a son of Pierre Riopelle, who was a farmer on the banks of the River Loire, and a large owner of vineyards. Ambroise built the first frame house in Detroit, on the Riopelle farm, now within the city limits, where the LaFountain Mills now stand. He married a Miss Campau and had a family of thirteen children, among whom was Dominique, who became the first silversmith in Detroit. In the War of 1812, his sons, Dominique Hyacinthe, John Baptist and Joseph were prominent and present at the ill-timed surrender of General Hull. Hyacinthe, the grandfather of Hyacinthe F., married a Miss McCloud, of Scotch origin, by whom he had two children, Hyacinthe Jr., born in 1805, now dead, and Francis who died at the age of twenty. The father died at the age of sixty-five years and was buried in the " Old Beaubien " cemetery. Hyacinth, Jr., grew to manhood in his native county. and followed farming and trading with the Indians for a business. He married Mary A. Vernette, youngest daughter of Antoine Vernette, who was a volunteer in the War of 1812, and was killed at the battle of Brownstown. The Vernettes were also among tbe earliest of Detroit's founders, and helped to build Fort Wayne. The children of Hyacinthe and Mary A. (Vernette) Riopelle were Hyacinthe F., Joseph C., Dominique J., Josiah L., James C., and Magdalene. Hyacinthe F., the subject of our sketch, was born on the old Riopelle farm, in the Township of Ecorce, eight miles from Detroit on the south bank of the River Rouge. He was brought up to farm life, and living near the City of Detroit, secured the advantages of its educational system, and graduated from the Capitol, or High School. He also received a thorough business education at Cochran's Business and Commercial Law Institute of this city, graduating in 1855. With this solid foundation to build from, he began commercial life as a book-keeper, but his zeal and ambition were greatly retarded by ill-health, brought on by too close confinement, and he was eventually compelled to leave the counting room, and, by medical advice and following earlier inclinations he went back to the pursuits incident to farm life, in which he has since been engaged. His business training and extended reading naturally sharpened an originally practical turn of mind, and have given him an advantage over the average farmer, and he has abundantly demonstrated the fact that education is necessary to success on a farm, as well as in commercial life. The Democratic party in the Second District of W\ayne County owes no inconsiderable amount of its success to the sagacious tactics of Mr. Riopelle. In a district largely Republican, they elected him as a representative by a majority of two hundred seventy-five votes. Mr. Riopelle has held the office of Supervisor for twenty consecutive years, not in a scattering and sparsely settled region, but in a thriving and bustling centre of Wayne. County, his name being often placed on the tickets of his political opponents. For twenty-nine years he has filled the office of Justice of the Peace, and has also filled many minor offices. While in the Legislature he served as a member of the "Committee on the Eastern Asylum of the Insane;" on an important investigating committee, and upon the "Committee on the Reform School." Mr. Riopelle was married January 24, I860, to Miss Annie Jane, daughter of Charles and Mary (Rodobaugh) Roulo, a native of New York. Her

I292 GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. father was of French descent and served as a soldier of the War of 1812. Her mother was a native of York, and of German descent. Her grandfather, Mr. Roulo, carne from Quebec, and was one of the early explorers of Indiana. He afterwards settled in Detroit, on what is known as the old Roulo farm, now owned by Dr. Broman. He built the first water-power grist mill on Roulo Creek, and lived and died on the old homestead. He married Miss Chovin, by whom he had a large family of children, Charles being the eldest. Mr. and Mrs. H. F. Riopelle have had five children, viz.: Charles H., James F., Alexander J., Mary A., and Victoria. Charles H. was married to Eliza Livernois, January 24, 1883. Their children are Frank J., born July 2d, I884. Edward C, born March 22d, i886, and Joseph C., born April 2d, 1888. James F., was married to Eliza Brisboise, June 7, 1887. Their children are Mary G., born September 9, I888, and Claude C., born February 15, 1890. ALEXIS M. SALLIOTTE was born in Ecorce township, in August, I837, and is a descendant of one of the earliest of the French settlers of Michigan. His great grandfather emigrated from France and settled at Mackinaw at an early day. His grandfather was born at Mackinaw, but removed to Ecorce when quite young. His father, Moses Salliotte, who is still living, was born in Ecorce, where he has always resided. He married Charlotte Cook, an English girl. Their son, Alexis M., was reared as a farmer, for which life he had quite a fancy. His father's means being limited, young Salliotte sought employment from the neighboring farmers, and when but sixteen did a man's work in the harvest field, receiving as compensation twentyfive to fifty cents a day. He also worked for three seasons for George Clark, who then had the largest fisheries on the Detroit River. The only education that Mr. Salliotte received was obtained by attending the district school for three months during the winter, until he reached his twentieth year. When twenty-two years of age, he started a small grocery store, with a capital of one hundred and twenty dollars, sixty of which he had saved from his earnings; the other sixty he borrowed from his father. By observing the strictest economy he was enabled to add to his stock until he had a good general variety store. He continued in this business for twenty-three years, and in 1883 sold the stock and store to his brother, in order to give all his attention to the manufacture of lumber. in which business he had become largely interested. He is now engaged in the manufacture of lumber, patent hoops and staves, and also deals in real estate. He is interested in three factories, one at Ecorce, one at Ashley, and another at Alanson, Michigan, and is the senior partner of the firms of Salliotte & Raupp, of Ecorce, of Salliotte & Chittenden, at Ashley, and of Salliotte, Raupp & Ormsby, at Alanson. Mr. Salliotte's faith is that of a Roman Catholic and he is a prominent member-of the Catholic Mutual Benefit Association. He also belonged to the Union League Club during the war, and now belongs to the Michigan Club, of Detroit. A Republican in politics, he was elected Township Treasurer in 1865, Township Clerk in 1879 and I880, and was postmaster of Ecorce from I86I to I875. Of late years he has refused all political honors, though frequently pressed to be candidate for different offices. Personally Mr. Salliotte is of a genial disposition, and impresses all who come in contact with him as a man of sterling qualities and strict integrity. His correct business methods have won for him the confidence of all with whom he has business relations, and his kind acts have surrounded him with a large number of faithful friends. He married Mary S. Rousson in May, I867, and has a family of eight children, namely, Cora A., Eleanor J., Ada J, Frances C., Alma M., Ettie L, Simon M.. and Eliza E. GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP. This township was created out of part of the Township of Springwells by law of May 31, 1832. The first meeting for the organizing of the township was held at the house of Theodore G. Holden on the first Monday in April, 1833. The significance of the name is easily seen in the green fields that the township includes. The officers of the township have been as follows: I833. Supervisor, Nahum P. Thayer; Township Clerk, Carpenter Chaffee; Assessors, John Burbank, Rodman Stoddard, George W. Miller; Highway Commissioners, William C. Maples, James C. Blare, John Greenman; Collector, S. V. Bogert; Constables, Aaron Lyons, S. V. Bogert, John W. Loucks; School Commissioners, John L. Hyde, John Burbank, H. V. Bogert; Director of the Poor, J. Barrows; Treasurer of the Poor, Luther Scovel.

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GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP —O I834. Supervisor, John Burbank; Clerk, Carpenter Chaffee; Assessors, L. Scovel, J. Barrows, M. Greenman; Highway Commissioners, J. Greenman, A. H. Otis, G. W. Miller; Collector, S. V. Bogert; Constables, S. V. Bogert, J. Messmore, G. A. T. Wheeler, G. Bliss, J. Barnum; School Inspectors, J. Barrows, J. L. Hyde, A. H. Otis, J. Burbank, I. Hitchcock. 1835. There are no records for 1835. 1836. Supervisor, Nahum P. Thayer; Clerk, John Strong; Justices of the Peace, for one year, Asa H. Otis, for two years, Martin Greenman, for three years, A. S. Schoolcraft, for four years, Jeremiah Chase; Assessors, J. H. Smith, G. Blass, H. Haggerty; Highway Commissioners, L. Harwood, D. Fuller, J. Vanderwerker; School Commissioners, J. Strong, J. Barager, J. Barrows; Collector, O. B. Otis; Poor Directors, J. E. Ellis, A. Woodruff; Constables, J. H. Smith, L. Fuller, D. Goodsell; Justices of the Peace, Luke Harwood, John Hoskins; School Inspectors, N. P. Thayer, L. Harwood, A. H. Otis, J. Strong. I837. Supervisor, Nahum P. Thayer; Clerk, John Strong; Assessors and Highway Commissioners, J. Vanderwerker, M. L. Plumb, G. Hurd; Justice of the Peace, A. H. Otis; Poor Directors, T. Doran, H. Haggerty; School Inspectors, G. Hurd, M. Doran, A. S. Schoolcraft; Constables, R. Wilson, S. Hill, S. Trumbull, 0. A. Vanantwerp; Collector and Constable, S. V. Bogert. 1838. Supervisor, Paul D. Anderson and Lowell Goodman each part of a year; Clerk, Elizur L. Goodman; Assessors and Highway Commissioners, J. Burbank J. Monnier, J. Messmore; Justice of the Peace, R. Stoddard; Collector, J. Bryant; School Inspectors, G. Hurd, A. S. Schoolcraft, R. Stoddard; Poor Directors, L. Scoville, J. Banagar; Constables, I. Bryant, G. Allen, J. Scoville, G. A. T. Wheeler, J. Messmore; Justice of the Peace, J. Burbank. I839. Supervisor, Isaac W. Fulton; Clerk, Elizur L. Goodman; Treasurer, N. P. Thayer; Justice of the Peace, A. S. Schoolcraft; Assessors, G. Blass, W. C. Maples, J. Strong; Highway Commissioners, H. Haggerty, J. Chaffee, J. C. Langdon; Collector, J. Vanderwerker; Poor Directors, J. Ellis, D. Fuller; School Inspectors, A. S. Schoolcraft, G. Hurd, E. T. Smith; Health Officer, J. Kennedy; Constables, J. Vanderwerker, J. Shover, C. Babcock, S. Trumbull. 1840. Supervisor, David Smart; Clerk, Fordice Blake; Treasurer, H. V. D. Bogert; Justices of the Peace, J. Burbank, N. Champ; Assessors, G. A. T. Wheeler, N. Champ, J. Bryant; School Inspectors, N. Champ, J. Burbank, N. Smith; Highway Commissioners, J. Baragar, J. Ellis, J. Messmore; Poor Directors, B. Lapham; J. Ellis; Health Officer, J. RGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I293 Blindbury; Collector, S. Bogert; Constables, S. Ames, J. Lock, G. A T. Wheeler, S. Bogert. I841. Supervisor, William C. Maples; Clerk, John Blindbury; Treasurer, N. P. Thayer; Justices of the Peace, N. P. Thayer, A. S. Schoolcraft; Assessors, W. C. Maples, J. Strong, I. W. Fulton; Highway Commissioners, V. M. Conrad, J. Edwards, J. Berriage; School Inspectors, W. W. Irwin, A. H. Otis, J. McFarlane; Collector, W. Kennedy; Poor Directors, J. Tireman, J. McFarlane; Constables, W. W. Irwin, W. Kennedy, D. Vanderwerker, E. Granger. 1842. Supervisor, John Blindbury; Clerk, James McFarlane; Treasurer, Wm. Kennedy; Justice of the Peace, A. H. Otis; Assessors, W. C. Maples, G. Hurd; Highway Commissioners, A. H. Otis, W. C. Maples, P. Elbrink; School Inspectors, J. McFarlane, W. Perkins, P. Elbrink; 'oor Directors, J. Tireman, P. Doran; Constables, S. Trumbull, A. Otis, G. A. T. Wheeler, W. Fulton. 1843. Supervisor, John Blindbury; Clerk, James McFarlane; Treasurer, W. Kennedy; Justice of the Peace, A. S Schoolcraft; School Inspectors, Jas. Davison, W. Irwin; Highway Commissioners, M. Crahen, O. Daniels, J. Messmore; Poor Directors, N Champ, J. Edwards; Constables, W. Perkins, Jr., G. A. T. Wheeler, H. Trumbull, J. Smith. 1844. Supervisor, John Blindbury; Clerk, James McFarlane; Treasurer, S. Trumbull; Justice of the Peace, J. Burbank; Assessors, W. Kennedy, J. Tireman; Highway Commissioners, M. Crahen, O. Daniels, J. Blindbury; School Inspector, J. Vanderwerker; Poor Directors, J. Edwards, J Tireman; Constables, W. Perkins, J. Vanderwerker, J. O'Neil, H. Trumbull. 1845. Supervisor, John Blindbury; Clerk, James McFarlane; Treasurer, W. Perkins; Justices of the Peace, J. McFarlane, J. C. Williams; Highway Commissioners, J. Blindbury, W. Fulton, E. Chase; School Inspector, J. Strong; Assessors, G. H. Shead, J. Smith; Constables, W. Perkins, J. O'Neil, W. W. Irwin, E. Chase. 1846. Supervisor, John C. Williams; Clerk, John Blindbury; Treasurer, W. Perkins, Jr.; Justices of the Peace, S. Trumbull, E. Chase, N. P. Thayer; Assessors, E. Chase, W. C. Maples, Jr.; Highway Commissioners, M. Crahen, E. Lumore, L. Fuller; Poor Directors, J. Edwards, P. Doran; School Inspector, J. S. Tuxbury; Constables, J. S. Tuxbury, W. Perkins, Jr., A. O. Haggerty, W. Wright. I847. Supervisor, Asa H. Otis; Clerk, Martin Crahen; Treasurer, W. Kennedy; Justices of the Peace, W. C. Maples, J. Smith; Highway Commissioners, P. Bahen, J. Berrage, A. H. Otis; School Inspector, C. Ward; Poor Directors, T. Doran, T. McNamara; Constables, W. Kennedy, J. Doran, W. Wright, J. Maples.

1294 GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1848. Supervisor, Asa H. Otis; Clerk, Martin Crahen; Collector and Treasurer, C. Ward; Justices of the Peace, J. Blindbury, O Daniels; Highway Commissioners, A. H. Otis, one year, J. Smith, two years, P. Bahen, three years; School Inspector, J. McFarlane; Poor Directors, J. Tireman, P. Doran; Constables, L. Lathrop, A. Otis, C. Kennedy, B. I hayer. I849. Supervisor, Asa H. Otis; Clerk, James McFarlane; Treasurer, C. Ward; Justices of the Peace, G. A. T. Wheeler, G. H. Shaw; Highway Commissioner, A. H. Otis; School Inspectors, C. Ward, T. McNamara; Poor Directors, J. Tireman, P. Doran; Constables, J. Maples, H. Lathrop, J. St. Clair, J. Strong. 1850. Supervisor, Asa H. Otis; Clerk, James McFarlane; Treasurer, C. Ward; Justice of the Peace, N. Philbrick; Highway Commissioner, J. Strong; School Inspector, T. McNamara; Poor Directors, J. Tireman, P. Doran; Constables, J. Strong, J. Walker, J. Kennedy, L. Lathrop. I851. Supervisor, Asa H. Otis; Clerk, James McFarlane; Treasurer, A. Otis; Justice of the Peace, J. C. Williams; Highway Commissioner, C. Ward; School Inspector, N. Tuxbury; Poor Directors, J. Tireman J. Monier; Constables, J. Strong, L. Lathrop. A, Otis S. P. Dicks. 1852. Supervisor, James McFarlane; Clerk, Charles W. Williams; Treasurer and Collector, S. P. Dicks; Justice of the Peace, D. Daniels; Highway Commissioner, C. Wilson; School Inspector, C. Ward; Poor Directors, O. Daniels, A. Otis; Constables, D. Van Derwerker, J. P. Simpson, C. Wilson, H. Partridge. I853. Supervisor, James McFarlane; Clerk, Charles W. Williams; Treasurer and Collector, John Strong, Jr.; Justices of the Peace, G. A. T. Wheeler, S. Trumbull, W. Henderson; Highway Commissioner, S. Trumbull; School Inspector, N. Tuxbury; Poor Directors, P. Doran C. Kennedy; Constables J. Ward, H. Partridge, J. Strong, Jr.; G. Woodworth. 1854. Supervisor, Charles W. Williams; Clerk, Salem T. Phillips; Treasurer, John Strong, Jr.; Justices of the Peace, J. McFarlane N. Tuxbury; Highway Commissioner, J. Ayers; School Inspector, C. W. Williams; Poor Directors. C. Kennedy, P. Doran; Constables J. Ward, A. Frank J. Strong, Jr.. J. Walker. I855. Supervisor, Asa H. Otis; Clerk Henry M. Payne; Treasurer, John Strong, Jr; Justice of the Peace, W. Henderson; Highway Commissioner, J. Strong, Sr.; School Inspector, J. Strong, Sr.; Poor Directors, C. Kennedy J. Burridge, J. Strong, Jr., G. H. Tuxbury; Constables, J. Ward T. Langley, J. Strong. Jr.. A. Frank. 1856. Supervisor, John Strong; Clerk James Davidson; Treasurer, J. Strong Jr.; Justice of the Peace. S. Trumbull; School Inspector, J. McFarlane; Highway Commissioner, G. A. T. Wheeler; Poor Directors, T. Hall C. Minnaugh; Constables, J. Strong, Jr., A. French, H. Carmer, T. Hall. I857. Supervisor. John Strong, Sr.; Clerk, James Davidson, Jr.; Treasurer, H. S. Tyler; Justice of the Peace, G. A. T. Wheeler; School Inspector, J. Strong, Sr.; Highway Commissioner, A. Frank; Poor Directors, O. Otis, J. Tireman; Constables, J. Goodsell, B. Thayer, J. Powers, W. L. Taylor. I858. Supervisor, James McFarlane; Clerk, Myron Coon; Treasurer, John Whiting; Justice of the Peace, J. Bryant; Highway Commissioner, M. Coon; School Inspector, J. McFarlane; Poor Directors, A. Otis, J. Alder; Constables, J. Ward, J. McDonald, J. Thayer, W. L. Taylor. 1859. Supervisor, James McFarlane; Clerk, John Strong, Jr.; Treasurer, J. Whiting; Justice of the Peace, E. Villerot; Highway Commissioners, J. C. Williams,.B. Thayer; School Inspector, F. Bouteiller; Poor Directors, J. Drouillard, F. Stephens; Constables, J. J. Thayer, F. Stephens, L. Maples, E. Roy. I860. Supervisor, James McFarlane; Clerk, John Strong, Jr.; Treasurer A. Otis; Justices of the Peace, J. F. Stephens, W. Henderson; School Inspector, J. Strong. Sr.; Highway Commissioners B. Thayer, W. Barber; Poor Directors, D. Miller, P. Doran; Constables, W. Reynolds. F. Bouteiller, J. J. Thayer, L. Maples. I861. Supervisor, James McFarlane; Clerk, John Strong, Jr.; Treasurer and Collector, A. Otis; Justice of the Peace, G. A. T. Wheeler; Highway Commissioner, M. Coon; School Inspector, F. Hulbert; Poor Directors, J. Tireman, D. Miller; Constables, W. Henderson, J. J. Thayer, S. T. Phillips, F. Ryter. 1862. Supervisor, James McFarlane; Clerk, John Strong, Jr.; Treasurer, P. Ternes; Justice of the Peace, F. Hulbert; Highway Commissioner, W. Barber; School Inspector, F. P. Bouteiller; Poor Directors, C. Mennaugh, D. Miller; Constables, W. Reynolds, P. Esper, S. T. Phillips, W. Henderson. I863. Supervisor, James McFarlane; Clerk, Salem T. Phillips; Treasurer, P. Ternes; Justice of the Peace, W. Henderson; School Inspectors, D. W. Fiske, F. Hulbert; Highway Commissioner, B. Thayer; Poor Directors, C. Mennaugh, J. J. Thayer; Constables, J. J. Thayer. B. Otis, M. Doran, W. M. Hall. 1864. Supervisor, Peter Ternes; Clerk, John F. Stephens; Treasurer, J. C. McDonald; Justice of the Peace, R. R. Worden; Highway Commissioner, W. Barber; School Inspector R. R. Worden; Poor Directors, A. Otis, D. W. Fiske; Constables, V. Doran, C. Stager, W. Henderson, Jr., J. J. Thayer.

GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I 295 I865. Supervisor, Peter Ternes; Clerk, George F. Pillard; Treasurer, J. C. McDonald; Justices of the Peace, J. F. Stephens, P. Monnier; Highway Commissioner, D. W. Fiske; School Inspector, W. Brown; Poor Directors A. Otis, S. Trumbull; Constables. G. F. Higgins, S. Trumbull, A. Frank, S. T. Phillips. I866. Supervisor, Peter Ternes; Clerk, George F. Pillard; Treasurer, J. J. Thayer; Justice of the Peace, W. Congdon; Highway Commissioner, A. Otis; Sch6ol Inspector, D. W. Fiske; Poor Directors, A. Otis, C. Mennaugh; Constables, V. Doran, G. F. Higgins, W. Barber, C. H. Marston. 1867. Supervisor, Peter Ternes; Clerk, Amos Otis; Treasurer and Collector, J. J. Thayer; Justice of the Peace, G. A. T. Wheeler; Highway Commissioner, W. Barber; School Inspector, W. Brown; Poor Directors, J. Tireman, C. Minnaugh; Constables, G. F. Higgins, V. Doran, A. G. Wheeler, J. Stonehouse. I868. Supervisor, Peter Ternes; Clerk, David R. Price; Treasurer, A. Frank; Justice of the Peace, A. F. Mead; Highway Commissioner, E. Villerot; School Inspector, W. Henderson. Jr.; Poor Directors, J. Tireman, P. Whalen; Constables, J. Bahan, J. Doran, T. McGee, Jr., V. Doran. I869. Supervisor George F. Pillard; Clerk, David R. Price; Treasurer, A. Frank; Justices of the Peace, I. Daniels, J. F. Stephens; Highway Commissioner, A. Gautherat; School Inspector, W. Brown; Poor Directors P. Whalen, C. Minuagh; Constables, J. Stonehouse, J. Doran, A. Wheeler, P. Whalen. 1870. Supervisor, George F. Pillard; Clerk, David R. Price; Treasurer, S. Ford; Justice of the Peace, W. Condon; Poor Directors, C. Minnaugh, J. Walker; Highway Commissioner, G. F. Higgins; School Inspector, P. C. Monnier; Constables, H. A. Snyder, W. Knapp, J. E. Albro, D. O'Callaghan. 1871. Supervisor, Antoine Ternes; Clerk, Henry Lanco; Treasurer, S. Ford; Justice of the Peace, W. Henderson; Highway Commissioner, P. Whalen; School Inspector, G. A. T. Wheeler; Poor Directors, C. Minnaugh, G. A. T. Wheeler; Constables, D. O'Callaghan, A. G. Wheeler, J. Petri, P. Caper; Drain Commissioner, A. Otis. 1872. Supervisor, George F. Pillard; Clerk, Henry Lanco; Treasurer, J. F. Stephens; Justices of the Peace, J. C. Williams, A. C. Laraway; School Inspector, G. F. Higgins; Highway Commissioner, V. Doran; Poor Directors, C. Minnaugh, M. Theison; Drain Commissioner, M. Esper; Constables, D. Hughes, Jr., W. Ford, D. O'Callaghan, H. A. Snyder. 1873. Supervisor, George F. Pillard; Clerk, Adolphe Gautherat; Treasurer, J. F. Stephens; Justices of the Peace, G. Rathburn, L. Waffle; Highway Commissioner. G. F. Higgins; School Inspector, J. Sprague; Drain Commissioner, G. L. Cary; Constables, A. Capler, J. Knowlton, W. Palmer, A. G. Tyler. I874. Supervisor, George F. Pillard; Clerk, Adolphe Gautherat; Treasurer, G. L. Cary; Justice of the Peace, E. W. Cottrell; Highway Commissioner, P. Whalen; School Inspector. G. F. Higgins; Drain Commissioner, J. F. Turner; Constables, P. Haskell, P. A. Lemaire, J. Dicks, A. Trombly. 1875. Supervisor, George F. Pillard; Clerk, William Ruthruff; Treasurer, G. L. Cary; Justice of the Peace, W. Henderson; Highway Commissioner, G. F. Higgins; Drain Commissioner, P. Whalen; School Inspector, W. Henderson; Superintendent of Schools, J. C. Williams; Constables, P. B. Haskell. G. H. Brown D. O'Callaghan. 1876. Supervisor, George F. Pillard; Clerk, William Knapp; Treasurer, J. F. Turner; Justice of the Peace, J. B. Price; Highway Commissioner, G. F. Higgins; Drain Commissioner, P. Whalen; Superintendent of Schools, E. W. Cottrell; School Inspector, J. Sprague; Constables, J. Black, W. Hill, W. Ford, O. M. Dicks. 1877. Supervisor, George F. Pillard, Eber W. Cottrell, each part of a year; Clerk, Wm. Knapp; Treasurer, G. F. Turner; Justice of the Peace, P. C. Monnier; Highway Commissioner, H. Lanco; Drain Commissioner, G. L. Cary; Superintendent of Schools, Eber W. Cottrell; School Inspector, J. Sprague; Constables, O. Dicks, P. Winn, W. Ford, S. W. Snyder. 1878. Supervisor, Walter Henderson; Clerk, George F. Higgins; Treasurer, A. R. Coon; Highway Commissioner, H. Lanco; Drain Commissioner, W. Ruthruff; Superintendent of Schools, E. W. Cottrell; School Inspector, T. Langley; Constables, O. M. Dicks, P. Winn, S. W. Snyder, W. Balow. I879. Supervisor, William A. McFarlane; Clerk, George F. Pillard; Treasurer, J. Sprague; Justices of thePeace, L. Wolk, W. R. Redford; Highway Commissioner, H. Lanco; Superintendent of Schools, G. L. Pierce; School Inspector, T. Langley; Constables, 0. M. Dicks, P. Winn, W. Ford, W. Balow. 1880. Supervisor, William A. McFarlane; Clerk, George F. Pillard; Treasurer, J. Sprague; Justice of the Peace, G. T. Ford; Highway Commissioner, J. F. Turner; Superintendent of Schools, J. O'Shaunessy; School Inspector, T. Langley; Drain Commissioner, L. Reed; Constables, O. M. Dicks, W. Balow, P. Winn, H. Plugge. I881. Supervisor, Walter Henderson; Clerk, Asa H. Otis; Treasurer, J. Bossardet; Justice of the Peace, J. B. Price; Highway Commissioner, J. F. Turner; Superintendent of Schools, G. F. Pillard

GREENFIELD TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1296 School Inspector, F. T. Hall; Drain Commissioner, B. Otis; Constables, H. Plugge, O. M. Dicks, H. Balow, P. Winn. 1882. Supervisor, William A. McFarlane; Clerk, Asa H. Otis; Treasurer, J. Bossardet; Justice of the Peace, O. M. Dicks; Highway Commissioner, F. T. Hall; School Inspectors, G. F. Pillard, J. J. Browne; Drain Commissioner, B. Otis; Constables, H. Balow, P. Winn, B. Myers, H. Plugge. 1883. Supervisor William A. McFarlane; Clerk, Asa H. Otis; Treasurer, C. Lercher; Justices of the Peace, W. Henderson, T. J. Wells; Highway Commissioner, F. T. Hall; School Inspector, T. Langly; Constables, P. Winn, H. Balow, B. Meyer, H. Plugge. 1884. Supervisor, Walter Henderson; Clerk, Timothy Kelley; Treasurer, C. Lercher; Justice of the Peace, G. T. Ford; Highway Commissioner, P. Winn; School Inspector, W. Kennedy; Drain Commissioner, B. Otis; Constables, B. Meyer, H. Balow, F. Prochaski, P. Winn. 1885. Supervisor, Walter Henderson; Clerk, Timothy Kelley; Treasurer, C. Schultz; Justice of the Peace, P. Whalen; Highway Commissioner, P. Winn; School Inspector, J. J. Browne; Constables, B. Meyer, F. Ayres, A. Beahmer, W. Ford. I886. Supervisor, William McFarlane; Clerk, David Wallace, Jr.; Treasurer, C. Schultz; Justice of the Peace, M. Doran; Highway Commissioner, T. Kelley; School Inspector, A. H. Otis; Drain Commissioner, H. Ayres; Constables, W. Ford, E. Chevillot, P. Winn, J. Addison. 1887. Supervisor, William A. McFarlane; Clerk, David Wallace, Jr.; Treasurer, A. Beahmer; Justice of the Peace, O. M. Dicks; Highway Commissioner, T. Kelley; School Inspector, H. Tams; Constables, B. Meyer, P. Winn, J. Knowlton, J. C. Addison. I888. Supervisor Timothy Kelley; Clerk, Wm. Walsh; Treasurer, A. Beahmer; Justice of the Peace, G. T. Ford; Highway Commissioner, P. Winn; School Inspector, A. H. Otis; Drain Commissioner, C. Schultz; Constables, P. Frazer, E. Chevillot, B. Meyer, J. Addison. I889. Supervisor, Timothy Kelley; Clerk, Wm. Walsh; Treasurer, Charles Norton; Justice of the Peace, H. Lanco; Highway Commissioner, D. Wallace, Jr.; School Inspector, M. Doran; Constables, E. Chevillot, A. Beahmer, P. Frazer, C. Mauch. I89o. Supervisor, Timothy Kelley; Clerk, Wm. Walsh; Treasurer, Wm. Hendry; Justice of the Peace, M. Doran; Highway Commissioner, P. Winn; Drain Commissioner, C. Schultz; School Inspector, Wm. Ruthruff; Board of Review, M. Doran, Myron Coon; Constables, P. Cavanaugh, C. Mauch, A. Beahmer, F. Brandenburg. This township includes more than half of the so called io ooo acre tract, and is crossed by two of the oldest roads in the State, namely, the Pontiac and Grand River roads. The population of the township in I840 was 738; in 1850, 1,674; in I860, 2,135; in 1870, 2,406; and in I880, 2,216. The valuation of real and personal property in several decades was as follows: 1840, $220,421; I850, $88,632; i86o, $514,539; 1870, $671,356; and in I88o, $I,816,250. The most notable features in the township are the very extensive seed farms of D. M. Ferry & Co., and the extensive agricultural and stock farm and unique and beautiful log house of ex-Senator T. W. Palmer. The house is delightfully located, and is furnished and fitted up with all kinds of antique and old-time furniture, and is in itself an epitome of the best days of old New England. There is an artificial lake in front of the house, with facilities for boating. and in five minutes of time the visitor can walk or drive into shade and solitude so dense that it would be easy to imagine ones self an inhabitant of New Forest in the days of William Rufus. The tired and restless in the cool and quiet of these umbrageous woods, can find new energy and life, and may live the longer to bless the thoughtfulness that withheld the woodsman's axe and the civilizing plow from this delightful place. The annual school report of the township for the year ending September 3, I888, showed one brick and seven frame school-houses, costing $9,8oo, and seating 516 pupils, with an enrollment of 690 and an average daily attendance of 38I. Five male and six female teachers were employed. Grace M. E. Church. Grace M. E. Church is located on the Plvmouth plank road, about six miles from Detroit. Services were held in this vicinity as early as 1833, and a Methodist class formed and a society gathered, but it was attached now to one circuit and now to another, and occasionally connected with some mission church in Detroit, and the organization was usually weak, through the inability of those in charge to do the work full justice. The best and most satisfactory work dates from the year 1878, since which time Rev. D. B. Tracy has had charge; he has served the work while holding a certificate of location from the conference. The church building was dedicated on August 3 1862, and seated 200. An addition since erected now gives a seating capacity of 300. The building has cost about $2,000. RAVENSWOOD. This village, laid out in 1887 by A. E. Peppers, is located on the Grand River road, about five miles from the City Hall, in an excellent agricultural

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GROSSE POINTE TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I297 region, and is the nucleus of quite a thriving settlenient. Being within easy reach of Detroit, and in an excellest neighborhood, the lots are certain to increase in value. HIGHLAND PARK. The plat of the village, located on the Pontiac road, an extension of Woodward Avenue, was recorded on November II, I886. It was incorporated by Act of 1889. The first election of officers was held May 6, I889, and the 'following were elected: President, John B. Price; Clerk, Franklin G. L. Connell; Trustees for two years, Albert Fisher, Bernhard Jacob, Ernest Petry, Jr.; Trustees for one year, Flavius L. Brooke, John J. Mansfield, Clarence H. Leonard; Treasurer, Chas. O. Parmelee; Assessor. Ernest Petry, Sr.; Highway Commissioner, Delos W. Harmon; Constable, Jacob Breitmeyer; Marshall, J. N. M. Gerey. The officers in I890 are: President, Alex. Stewart; Clerk, A. L. Bour; Treasurer, C. O. Parmelee; Street Commissioner, D. W. Harmon; Assessor, C. D. Stevens; Constable, B. Kunze; Trustees, E. E. Mooney, C. H. Leonard, F. Holznagle. BIOGRAPHICAL. JAMES McFARLANE, late of Greenfield, was born at Barhead, Scotland, on May 28, I8io, and was the son of Alexander and Christina (Anderson) McFarlane. He received his education at a select school in Barhead, and at the age of twelve went to work at calico stamping In I827, he emigrated to Paterson, New Jersey, and found employment at the Hudson print works. In 1837, he turned his steps westward, and settled near Peoria, Illinois, where he bought some land and engaged in farming. Two years later he sold his farm and moved to Michigan, settling in Greenfield, Wayne County. He was a staunch Democrat, and did much work in the exciting political campaigns of his day. He took an active part in the public affairs of his township, and at various times in his life held the offices, of Supervisor, Town Clerk, Justice of the Peace, and Representative to the State Legislature. He also helped to organize the Mutual Insurance Company, of Wayne and Monroe Counties, and was elected its first president. He was brought up a Presbyterian, but was not a professing member of that church. In I827, he was married to Miss Elizabeth Walsh, by whom he had six children, namely, John, Alexander, Margaret A., now Mrs. J. C. McDonald, Mary C. now Mrs. C. M. McDonald, Christina E, now Mrs. Theodore Tolchard and William A., who is the present representative of the family in the county, and one of the leading farmers in the state. The elder Mr. McFarlane was a man of great energy and strength of purpose Coming to this state when it was but slightly developed, he literally cut his farm and fortune out of the wilderness. He was universally esteemed and bore an unblemished character, possessing a good constitution and vigorous habits he personally managed his farm up to a few years before his death, which occurred on March 30, I88o. GROSSE POINTE TOWNSHIP. This township orginally formed part of the Township of Hamtramck, but was erected into a separate township by Act of April I, 1848. The first township meeting was held at the house of Henry Hudson on Lake Ste. Claire on Monday, April 3, I827, and the township was then fully organized. The locality takes its name of Great Point from its projection into Lake Ste. Claire. As late as I8o1 it was also called Presque Isle Peninsula. The officers of the township have been as follows: 1848. Supervisor, George Moran; Clerk, Robert A. Barton; Justices of the Peace, George Martin, Francis Van Antwerp, Daniel Corbey, Frederick Juif; Assistant Assessors, James Barton, John Greiner, Sr.; Highway Commissioners, Jacob Stricker, Michael Klein, Jacob Long; School Inspectors, George M. Guthrie, John Greiner, Sr.; Poor Directors, Conrad Baehr, George Laforge; Constables, David Hudson, John Edwards, Elair Fournier. I849. Supervisor, Daniel Corbey; Clerk, Robert A. Barton; Treasurer, Dagobert Juif; Justice of the Peace, Nathan Pierce; Assistant Assessors, Peter Provoncal, John Pulcher; Highway Commissioners, one year, Michael Klein, two years,

1298 GROSSE POINTE TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. Jacob Stricker, three years, George Laforge; School Inspectors, Thomas Mater, Rufus M. Kerbey; Poor Directors, George Laforge, Conrad. Baehr; Constables, David Hudson, Nelson R. John, David G-rant, Herman Brinker. I850. Supervisor, George Martin; Clerk, Jacob Stricker; Treasurer, John Greiner; Justice of the Peace, A. Michie; Assessors, T. E. Martin, D. Juif; School Inspector, B. Connor; Highway Commissioner, F. Gouin; Poor Directors, G. Laforge, L. Diegel; Constables, A Bucher, L. Vernier, J. Edwards, L Trombley. I85-t. Supervisor, Rufus M. Kerby; Clerk, Jacob Stricker; Treasurer, L. Diegel; Justice of ~ the Peace, D. Corbey; Highway Commissioner, G. Laforge; School Inspector, A. Michie; Assessors, G. Martin, D. Juif; Poor Directors, M. Klein, A. Baehr; Constables, L. Allard, J. Edwards, A. Bucher. N. R. John. 1852. Supervisor, Rufus M. Kerby; Clerk, Jacob Stricker; Treasurer, L. Diegel; Justice of the Peace, G. Martin; School Inspector, C. B. Chauvin; Highway Commissioner, F. Gouin; Assessors, J. Edwards, A. Gouin; Poor Directors, H. Hanstein, C. Baehr; Constables, A. Moran, P. Vootre, J. Edwards, F. Trombley. I853. Supervisor, Rufus M. Kerby; Clerk, Jacob Stricker; Treasurer, L. Diegel; Justices of the Peace, John Greiner; Highway Commissioner, A. Bucher; School Inspector, D. Corbey; Poor Directors, C. Baehr, L. Trombley; Constables, F. Trombley, J. Corbey, L. Allard, J. Edwards. 1854 Supervsor, Rufus M. Kerby; Clerk, Jacob Stricker; Treasurer, L. Diegel; Justice of the Peace, A. Gouin; Highway Commissioner, M. Klein; School Inspector, A. A. Delmas; Poor Directors, G Laforge, Jr, J. Edwards; Constables, S. Gitney, J Edwards, A Gouin, F. Campau. 1855. Supervisor, Rufus M. Kerby; Clerk, Jacob Stricker; Treasurer, L. Diegel; Justice of the Peace, D. Corby; Highway Commissioner, S. Gitney; School Inspector, R. M. Kerby; Poor Directors, J. Edwards, L Gouin; Constables, J. Edwards, J. P. Greiner, J. Kreck, M. Gouin. I856. Supervisor, Rufus M. Kerby; Clerk, John Corby; Treasurer, A. Diegel; Justices of the Peace, C. Chauvin, J. Adams; Highway Commissioner, F. Gouin; School Inspector, A. Michie; Poor Directors, J. Neff, J. Edwards; Constables, J. Wertz, J. Edwards, J. Frich, L. Allard. 1857. Supervisor, Rufus M. Kerby; Clerk, John Corby: Treasurer, M. Gouin; Justice of the Peace, A. A. Delmas; Highway Commissioner, G. Sunderland; School Inspector, J. Stricker; Constables, J. Edwards, N. Young, G. Laforge, A. Trombley. I858. Supervisor, Richard H. Connor; Clerk, Charles B. Chauvin; Treasurer, M. Gouin; Justice of the Peace, F. Van Antwerp; Highway Commissioner, N. Young; School Inspector, R. M. Kerby; Poor Directors, E. Trombley, C. Trombley; Constables, G I aforge, J. Edwards, L. Allard, N. Young. 1859. Supervisor, James Appling; Clerk, Charles B. Chauvin; Treasurer, M. Gouin; Justices of the Peace, A. Michie, J. Corby; School Inspectors, C. M. Cadieux, A. A. Delmas; Highway Commissioner, F. Gouin; Poor Directors, C. Trombley, F. Juif; Constables, J. Tuger, C. Winks G. Laforge, Jr., A. Trombley. 1860. Supervisor Rufus M. Kerby; Clerk. Jacob Stricker; Treasurer, G. Laforge, Jr.; Justice of the Peace, A. A. Delmas; School Inspector, C. M. Cadieux; Highway Commissioner, C. Trombley; Poor Directors, D. Corby, J. Neff; Constables, G. Sunderland, J. Tuger, J. Fuch, Jr, H C. Barton I86i. Supervisor, Rufus M. Kerby; Clerk, Charles B. Chauvin; Treasurer, G Laforge, Jr.; Justice of the Peace, J. C. Pulcher; School Inspector, A. A Delmas; Highway Commissioner, J. P. Greiner; Poor Directors, J. K. Neff, A. Bucher; Constables, G. Springer, M. Herman, A. Moran, J. Fuch, Jr. 1862. Supervisor, Rufus M. Kerby; Clerk, Charles B. Chauvin; Treasurer, F. Juif; Justices of the Peace, G. Vernier, C. Wenks; School Inspector, R. Pulcher; Highway Commissioner, F. Gouin; Poor Director, N. Benoit, A. Bucher; Constables, W. Walter, J Pulcher, J. Fuch, B Renan. 1863. Supervisor, John C. Pulcher; Clerk, Charles B. Chauvin; Treasurer, F. Juif; Justice of the Peace, D. Corby; Highway Commissioner, C. Trombley; School Inspector, C. M. Cadieux; Poor Directors, N. Benoit, C. Biehr; Constables, A. Vernier, J. Fuch, Jr, J. Schoenher, J. P. Greiner. I864. Supervisor, John C. Pulcher; Clerk, Charles B. Chauvin; Treasurer, L. L. Allard; Justice of the Peace, R. H. Connor; School Inspector, R. Pulcher; Highway Commissioner, J. P. Greiner; Poor Directors, A Page, C. Baehr; Constables, C. Baehr, M. Schoenher, J. Vandeurde, C. Fuch. I865. Supervisor, John C Pulcher; Clerk, Charles B. Chauvin; Treasurer, L. L. Allard; Justice of the Peace, J. Tugar; School Inspectors, C. M. Cadieux, D. Corby; Highway Commissioner, F. Gouin; Poor Directors, F. R. Juif, E. R. John; Constables, J. Van Dewile, G. Vernier, M. Schoenher, C. Baehr, I866. Supervisor, John C. Pulcher; Clerk, Charles B. Chauvin; Treasurer, E. Fournier; Justice of the Peace, A. Michie; School Inspector, D. Trombley; Highway Commissioner, C. Trombley; Poor Directors, G. St. Aubin, S. Gitny; Constables, P. Schoenher, C. Vernier, J. Laduke, T. Haustine. 1867. Supervisor, John C. Pulcher; Clerk,

GROSSE POINTE TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I299 Charles Moran; Treasurer, E. Fournier; Justice of the Peace, D. Corby; School Inspector, R. Pulcher; Highway Commissioner, L. Peters; Poor Directors, S. Gintry, T. Trombley; Constables, L. Peters, Jr., F. Heinstein, J. Vernier, F. Ternes. i868 Supervisor, John C. Pulcher; Clerk, Charles Moran; Treasurer, J. Brangard; Justice of the Peace, R. H. Connor; School Inspector, D. Trombley; Highway Commissioner, F. Trombley; Poor Directors, W. Chauvin, C. Baehr; Constables, L. Peters, P. Alt, A. Moran, B. Reno. 1869. Supervisor, John C. Pulcher; Clerk, Charles Moran; Treasurer, J. Brangard; Justice of the Peace, J. Dedenbaugh; School Inspector, R. Pulcher; Highway Commissioner, C. Trombley; Poor Directors, W. Chauvin, F. Juif; Constables, P. Alt, J. Pechie, P. Reno, P. Chenear. 1870. Supervisor, John C. Pulcher; Clerk, Charles Moran; Treasurer, H. Henstein; Justice of the Peace, R. M. Kerby; School Inspector, C. M. Cadieux; Highway Commissioner, X. Brangard; Constables, F. H. Connor, M. Hardy, G. Lafarge, P. Bakeman. 1871. Supervisor, Rufus M. Kerby; Clerk, David Trombley; Treasurer, R. Moran; Justice of the Peace, N. Juif; School Inspector, L. Vernier; Highway Commissioner, P. Girard; Constables, C Vanash, M. Hardy, C. Trombley, J. McCormick. 1872. Supervisor, Rufus M. Kerby; Clerk, David Trombley; Treasurer, J. J. Girard; Justice of the Peace, J. B. Gravier; Drain Commissioner, J. Zugar; Highway Commissioners, A. Diegel, F. H. Connor, A. Vernier; School Inspector, R. Pulcher; Constables, M. Hardy, C. Frech, M. Pifer, M. Girard. 1873. Supervisor, John Dedenbach; Clerk, David Trombley; Treasurer, V. L Vernier; Justice of the Peace, R. Lamb, G. Vernier; School Inspector, F. H. Connor; Highway Commissioner, M. Girard; Drain Commissioner, P. Lamay; Poor Directors, A. Grall, J. Vandervan; Constables, J. Girard, M. Hardy, R. Trombley, R. Connor, Jr. 1874. Supervisor, Rufus M. Kerby; Clerk, David Trombley; Treasurer, F. Trombley; Justices of the Peace, G. Martin, L. L. Allard; Highway Commissioner, F. H. Connor; Drain Commissioner, P. Lamay; School Inspectors, L. Vernier, F. H. Connor; Poor Directors, A. Groll, J. Vandervan; Constables, P. Neff, C. Vernier, M. Hardy, P. Girard. 1875. Supervisor, David Trombley; Clerk, Francis H. Connor; Treasurer, X. Brangard; Justices of the Peace, M. Greiner, G. B. Chauvin; Superintendent of Schools, R. Pulcher; School Inspector, L. Vernier; Drain Commissioner, R. H. Connor; Highway Commissioner, R. M. Kerby; Poor Directors, A. Paye, S. Young; Constables, L. Allard, A. Gagnier, M. Hardy, J. Zugar. The records fronm 876 to 1880 cannot be found. 1880. Supervisor, David Trombley; Clerk, John F Kerby; Treasurer, J. J. Alter; Justice of the Peace, J. Gove; Highway Commissioner, L. L. Allard; Superintendent of Schools, W. J. Connor; School Inspector, R. Pulcher; Drain Commissioner, R. Tromblev; Constables, Charles S. Rivard, L. L. Allard, Jr., W. Chapoton, M. Ardie. i88 1. Supervisor, David Trombley; Clerk, John F. Kerby; Treasurer, S. Young; Justice of the Peace, R. Lamb; Highway Commissioner, W. Shenhite; School Inspector, L Vernier; Superintendent of Schools, R. Pulcher; Constables, L L. Allard, Jr., C. S. Rivard, W. Chapoton, G. Safferline. 1882. Supervisor. David Trombley; Clerk, John F. Kerby; Treasurer, S. Young; Justice of the Peace, I. S. Smith; Highway Commissioner, W. Schonheit; Drain Commissioner, R. Trombley; School Inspector, R. Pulcher; Constables. L. L. Allard, Jr., C. S. Rivard, J. Ackermann, Jr., G Safferline 1883. Supervisor, David Trombley; Clerk, Francis H. Connor; Treasurer, J. Pishea; Justice of the Peace, M. Greiner; Highway Commissioner, W. Schonheit; School Inspector, L. Vernier; Constables, L L. Allard Jr., C S. Rivard, H. Duby, M. Ardie. 18*, Supervisor, David Trombley; Clerk, Francis H. Connor; Treasurer, J. Pishea; Justice of the Peace, J. Gore; Highway Commissioner, W. Schonheit; Drain Commissioner, L. Vernier; School Inspector, R. Pulcher; Constables, C. S. Rivard, J. Neff, H. Duby, P. Greiner. I885. Supervisor, David Trombley; Clerk, Daniel Walters; Treasurer, J. Vernier; Justices of the Peace, R. Lamb, R. Trombley, P Gouin; Highway Commissioner, J. G. Martin; School Inspector, L. Vernier; Constables, M. Ardie, H. Duby, J. Vernier, E. Trombley. I886. Supervisor, David Trombley; Clerk, Daniel Walters; Treasurer, J. Vernier; Justice of the Peace, V. L. Vernier; Highway Commissioner, J. P. Buckley; Drain Commissioner, W. Micheau; School Inspector, R. Pelcher; Constables, J. Vernier, E. Neff, H. Duby, J. Grant, Jr. 1887. Supervisor, David Trombley; Clerk, Daniel Walters; Treasurer, G. Seifferline; Justice of the Peace, A. Juif; Highway Commissioner, J. P. Buckley; School Inspector, F. Fisher; Constables E. Trombley, V. Watson, W. Diegel, A. Vernier. 1888. Supervisor, David Trombley; Clerk. George H. Kelley; Treasurer, G. Seifferline; Justices of the Peace, R. Trombley, S. Young; Drain Commissioner, W. Micheau; Highway Commissioner, J. P. Buckley; School Inspector, P. Pulcher; Constables, E. Young, V. Watson, E. Trombley, C. R. John. I889. Supervisor, David Trombley; Clerk, George H. Kelley; Treasurer, A. E. Young; Jus

1300 GROSSE POINTE TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. tice of the Peace, R. Lamb; Highway Commissioner, J. Neff; School Inspector, F. Fisher; Constables, J. Kelley, J. W. Vokes, E. Trombley, C. R. John. I890. Supervisor, David Trombley; Clerk. G. M. Kelly; Treasurer, A. C. Young; Justice of the Peace, V. L. Vernier; Highway Commissioner. W. C. Diegel; Drain Commissioner, Wm. Mitchan; School Inspector, D. J. Walters; Board of Review, D. J Fisher, C. Chauvin; Constables, E. E. Young, C. Dubay, L. Goslin, C. R. John. The township was the scene of a most terrrific slaughter during the war between the French and Indians in May, I712. Driven from their attack on Detroit they made their way here, and at this place the French and their Indian allies slew nearly a thousand, and relics of the slaughter are occasionally exhumed. The township was divided into two voting districts at a special meeting of the Town Board at the house of Dr. I. S. Smith on September 13. i88o. All living west and northwest of 1oo rods of the Mack Road vote in district No. i, and all living east and northeast of Ioo rods west and northwest of the Mack Road in district No. 2. It The town hall, built in I876, cost with the site about $2,000. It is located on private claim 128 on the Connor's Creek road. The annual report for the school year ending September 3, 1888 shows a total enrollment of 1,023 pupils with an average attendance of 528. There were five brick school houses, which cost $8,800, and three frame school houses, which cost $1,504, the total seating capacity being 506. The extensive grounds and buildings belonging to the Academy of the Sacred Heart are described in another portion of this work. St. Paul's Roman Catholic Church. The St. Paul's Roman Catholic Church dates back to the earliest French settlement. It was originally located about four miles north of the present building, but the gradual encroachments of the lake washed away the banks and undermined the church, which was then moved to its present site on the lake front, nine and a half miles north of Detroit. The present building was erected in 1848. For many years the Parish was a mission of the old St. Peter and Paul Cathedral, the first permanent pastor being Father F. DeBroux, who came in 1856 and remained until I88I; he was followed by Father F. J. Van Antwerp and on May 4, 1885, he was succeeded by Father Matthew Meathe. Until the advent of Father Van Antwerp the entire services were held in the French language, but on his coming he began to put more and more English into his work, until now the French is entirely abolished except by special request. The church property consists of about five acres. On the lot next to the church a parsonage valued at $3,00ooo was built in 1883. The church seats 600 and is valued at $6,000. The parish includes I50 families and supports a parochial school with an average of 8o scholars, conducted by the ladies of the Sacred Heart in their Academy just north of the church. Church of the Assumption. The Roman Catholic parish of the Assumption dates from the year I844. In that year about five acres on section 12 was obtained and a log church about I 5X20 erected, and in the course of a year or two a frame addition 5xI 5 was built. Up to December 25, 185o, mission services were held by the Redemptorist Fathers of Detroit and the very Rev. Peter Kinderkins. On that day the present pastor, Rev. Amandus Vandendriessche, celebrated his first mass, and on June 13, 1852, laid the corner stone of the present church, a large brick edifice 107x64, with a seating capacity of about 500. The parish includes about 140 families with an average congregation of 700. The church property has been increased to 14 acres, and the church has a parochial school with seats for 120. It is in charge of two sisters of the order of St. Dominic, and has an enrollment of I 14, with an average attendance of I00. A very unique feature in connection with the church is the Grotto of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the cemetery of the parish. This is illustrated on page 543, and fully described on pages 544 and 545 of this work. The idea of erecting it was first conceived by Father Vandendriessche, about 30 years ago and on May 29, I88I, the corner stone of the present shrine was laid, and it has by degrees grown to its present beautiful proportions. Passing the church one enters a lane or driveway about o000 feet in length, bordered on either side by tall evergreen trees forming an arch of solemnity, at the end of which is the shrine formed of massive cut stones, the names of the donors being carved upon each. The shrine is 2I feet in height and 16X24 inside, and is surmounted by a figure of the Virgin. The canopy contains the entire papal history, the sides the Litany of the Virgin. In the foreground is a fountain cross resting on a foundation of 33 irregularly cut stones, on which is engraved in as many different languages; "Glory to the Triune God, Now and Forever." St. Paul's German EvangelicalLutheran Church. St. Paul's German Evangelical Lutheran Church. located on the Gratiot Road, on the border line between Wayne and Macomb counties, was built in 1843. The pastors have been: 1843 to 1852, Rev.

GROSSE POINTE TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I 301 F. Herman; I852-1854, Rev. C. W. F. Haass; 1854-I855, Rev. Chas. F. Soldan; 1855-1862, Rev. Herman Mueller; I862-1864, Rev. Phillip Werhein; I864-1869, Rev. Chas. Bofinger; I869-I876, Rev. J. G. Emslin; 1876-1877, Rev. — Krehbiel; 1877-I886, Rev. H. Staebler; 1886, Rev. H. Konsekoph. The Protestant Evangelical Church Association. The Protestant Evangelical Church Association of Grosse Pointe was organized on Sept. 7, 1865, and is designed to provide accommodations and religious services for the members and attendants of Protestant Churches, who have summer residences at Grosse Pointe. A lot was given by Rufus M. Kerby, and the association erected a building in 1866, and about ten years later enlarged and improved it. There is no regular pastor, but services have been maintained with considerable regularity by members of various denominations. The population of the township has been as follows: In I850, 1,392; i86o, 2,08I; I870, 2,230; i88o, 2,458. The valuation of the property in the township in the same decades was: In I850, $68,874; I860, $338,56o; 1870, $375 194; I88o, $1,339,500. The great increase between I870 and I88o is owing to the erection between these years of a large number of costly summer residences on the border of Lake St. Clair, and these residences constitute the distinctive feature of the township, and form its largest attraction. The pleasing custom which obtains in Europe, of giving a distinctive name to the family residence, is observed by the summer colonists at Grosse Pointe, and has given rise to some very euphonious designations, and the improvements and attractions in the way of residences, conservatories grottoes, boat houses, lawns, yachts and society that have been collected and created here, combined with the beauties of the lake make this region in some respects a rival of Newport, Nahant or Niagara. The fact that the water grows shallow as it nears the shore makes the beach peculiarly safe and favorable for all purposes of recreation. The driveway to this region has always been notably pleasant and attractive, and is still the best and most enjoyable of any in the vicinity of Detroit, the roadway being kept in exceptionally good condition. The most prominent stream in the township is Connor's Creek, formerly known as Tremble's Creek. It was originally named after J. L. Tremble, to whom new private claim 12 was confirmed, but was later named after Richard Connor, one of the earliest settlers in the township, who was also one of the original Moravian settlers of 1782, on lands a few miles north. Fox Creek is so named from the foxes that were often seen in its vicinity. CONNOR'S CREEK P. O. This settlement is located on what is known as the Fort Gratiot Road, and includes several hundred people. GROSSE POINTE P. O. There is a post office on the Lake Road known as Grosse Pointe, but there is no village plat on record. Village officers have been elected since I88i, and the following persons have served: 188i. President, Charles G. Moran; Clerk, William E. Moran; Trustees, C. Fisher, A. Moran, F. Meyers, F Fisher; Treasurer, P Vanasche; Assessor, F. J. Watson; Street Commiss'oner, J. Vernier; Constable, C. Vriden. 1882. President, Charles G. Moran; Clerk, William E. Moran; Trustees, N. Bour, F. Billel, F. Fisher; Treasurer, P. Vanasche; Assessor, R. Marten; Street Commissioner, J. Vernier; Constable, C. Vriden. 1883. President, Charles G. Moran; Clerk, Robert Marter; Trustees, C. Fisher, A. Bryis, A. Moran; Treasurer, P. Vanasche; Assessor, P. Vernier; Street Commissioner, J. Vernier; Constable, C. Vriden. 1884. President, James Moran; Clerk, Robert Marter; Trustees, J. Teagan, F. Moran, F. Meyers; Treasurer, P. Vanasche; Assessor, J. Vernier; Street Commissioner, F. Fisher; Constable, C. Vriden. 1885. President, James Moran; Clerk, Theodore F. Domeron; Trustees, C. Fisher, A. Moran, C. Beyer; Treasurer, P. Vanasche; Assessor, J. Vernier; Street Commissioner, F. Fisher; Constable, M. Frazier. I886. President Rufus M. Kerby; Clerk, Theodore F. Domeron; Trustees, J. Teagan J. McLean, E.Beaupry; Treasurer, P. Vanasche; Assessor, A. Michie; Street Commissioner, F. Fisher; Constable, J. Kerby. 1887. President, Rufus M. Kerby; Clerk, Theodore F. Domeron; Trustees, C. Fisher, C. Beyer, A. Moran; Treasurer, P. Vanasche; Assessor, J. Kerby; Street Commissioner, F. Moran; Constable, E. Tucker. I888. President, Edmund Moran; Clerk, Theodore F. Domeron; Trustees, J. McLean, E. Beaupry, J. Teagan; Treasurer, P. Vanasche; Assessor, J. Kerby; Street Commissioner, F. Fisher; Constable, E. Furtan. 1889. President', Edmund Moran; Clerk, Theodore F. Domeron; Trustees, C. Fisher, C. Beyer, A. Moran, W. Schaffenburg; Treasurer, P. Vanasche; Assessor, J. Kerby; Marshal, P. Moran; Street Commissioner, F. Fisher; Constable, A. Allor. The census of I880 gives the population of the settlement as i89.

1302 GROSSE POINTE TOWNSHIP-BIOGRAPHICAL. BIOGRAPHICAL. AMANDUS VANDENDRIESSCHE was born on March I, I825, in the large parish of Moorslede, West Flanders, Belgium. and is the son of Peter and Barbara (Muyllei Vandendriessche, and is the sixth of a large family, consisting of eight sons and four daughters. His mother was a second cousin to the late Right Reverend P. P. Lefevere, who was at his death Bishop of the Diocese of Detroit. After Amandus had passed through the -primary and graduated from the high school of his native place, he entered college in the neighboring town of Roulers and there studied the classics. He then began the study of theology in the seminary of St. Thomas, at the home of Bishop Lefevere. The latter, shortly before his consecration as Bishop, had paid a visit to his native place, and as he was leaving to return to America, he bade his young relative a farewell until they should meet in the next world, but the latter replied that he expected to be in America within six years, and great was the Bishop's surprise and pleasure when just six years later Amandus entered his room one Saturday afternoon after a long and tiresome journey upon a sailing vessel. He received his first orders in religion from Bishop Lefevere in old St. Anne's Church. Shortly after and just before Christmas of I85O, he was ordained by Bishop Lefevere as a priest, and was one of the first to be ordained in the new Cathedral of SS. Peter and Paul. He was appointed to the mission at Connor's Creek, Wayne Couny, Michigan, and was conveyed to the field of his future labor upon a wood rack, which also carried his trunk containing all his earthly possessions. When he reached the mission he found a little church partly frame and partly block situated in an almost complete wilderness. He determined to build a new church of brick, an undertaking most laborious on account of the difficulty of obtaining bricks and other material, the scarcity of architects, and the lack of other churches to imitate. When the plans, showing a substantial, and for those days commodious structure were presented to Bishop Lefevere, he was surprised and declared that the congregation could never build such a church. But nothing daunted, Father Vandendriessche pushed the church with that energy which has characterized his whole career, and on the following Christmas morning celebrated mass in the new edifice. It was his custom in those days to go on Sundays at regular intervals to the more remote parts of his parish, and hold services at the house of some of his congregation, and the people for miles around would attend. Frequently he was called to the bedside of dying parishioners and would have to travel many miles through very rough and wild localities. This he did cheerfully, and he had the satisfaction of seeing his efforts bear fruit. His parish, though comparatively small, has trained and given to the priesthood seven young men, and several young ladies have entered the different religious orders for women. Of late years he has given his attention to the erection of the now well known Grotto. This is situated at a short distance back of the church and is a large arched recess built of massive blocks of stone. Within is an altar at which divine services may be held. Directly in front is a fountain surrounded by large boulders. The grounds which are naturally beautiful have been improved under his careful supervision. Long avenues shaded and arched by evergreen trees lead up to the Grotto from different directions. A few rods distant from the main avenue and near the church, stands the little church in which he held services on his arrival at Connor's Creek, and which has been converted in a representation of the stable of Bethlehem, in which the Savior was born. On all sides are evidences of Father Vandendriessche's industry, and when he has made the different improvements and additions that he contemplates the Grotto will not only be a source of edification to many Christian-minded people, and also a monument of his zeal and devotion to the sacred cause of religion. Besides performing the regular parochial duties, he has many missions and has been obliged on account of the diversity of his hearers to give sermons in English, French and German. His life has been one of great activity owing to the constant demands made upon him by his congregation, which is spread over a large territory. Of a kind and benevolent disposition, he promptly extends a helping hand to those in need of assistance. Extremely simple in his habits, he lives in a frugal and unostentatious manner, and finds his recreation and pleasure doing deeds of goodness. Although for forty years he has fulfilled the extremely trying and arduous duties of his priestly office, he is still hale and vigorous; and shows but slightly the advances of time. His brother Charles, was also a priest, of the Jesuit order, and at the time of his death in March, i885, was pastor of St. Xavier's Church, Cincinnati. Another brother, Louis, is pastor of the church at Lansing, Michigan. His sister Julia, was at her death Superioress of the Convent of St. Clare in the old city of Ypres, Belgium.

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HAMTRAMCK TOWNSHIP —ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1303 HAMTRAMCK TOWNSHIP. A township of this name was created in Wayne County within two years after it was organized. The bounds are not definitely known, but it included what are now several whole counties lying north of Wayne. On April 12, I827, the boundary of the township was newly defined to include all of the present limits of both it and Grosse Pointe, and the first township meeting was to be held at the house of William Little on the last Monday of May, 1827. The township is named Hamtramck after John Francis Hamtramck, who was doubtless in command of this region when the township was first created. The house he occupied is still standing on the river bank near the city limits, and is one of the oldest in this vicinity. The township was contracted on April i, 1848, by the creation of Grosse Pointe, and still further on March 3, I849, by the enlargement of that township. It has also been reduced in its dimensions by the several Acts enlarging the City of Detroit. The records from I827 to 1842 are missing. The officers since I842 have been as follows: I842. Supervisor, Louis Beaufait; Clerk, Louis M. Moran; Treasurer, J. Kerby; Assessors, W. O. Rose, J. M. Mack, D. Shook; Justice of the Peace, D. R. Rose; School Inspectors, J Beaubien, A. Damitio, I). Shook; Highway Commissioners, R. Vernier, W. B Hunt, L. L. Beaufait; Poor Directors, M. Cadieux, R. Connor; Constables, D. Fisher, A. Payier, M. Cline, D. Juif. I843. Supervisor, Anthony Damitio; Clerk, Louis M. Moran; Treasurer and Collector, G. Laforge; Justice of the Peace, W. B. Hunt; School Inspectors, W. O. Rose, J. M Mack; Highway Commissioners, S. Hill, R. Vernier, E. Trembley; Assessors, L. M. Moran, J. Fisher; Poor Directors, L. St. Aubin, M. Cadieux; Constables, J. Fisher, A. Payier, M. Cline, J. B. Fournier. 1844. Supervisor, William 0. Rose; Clerk, Louis M. Moran; Treasurer, G. Laforge; Justice of the Peace, J. M. Mack; School Inspector, W. B. Hunt; Highway Commissioners, J. Kerby, J. Campau, L. L. Beaufait; Assessors, G. Moran, F. Juif; Poor Directors, L. St. Aubin, W. Lappin; Constables, J. Fisher, A. Payier, L Gouin, E. Moran. I845. Supervisor, George Moran; Clerk, Louis M. Moran; Treasurer, G. Laforge; Justice of the Peace, N. W. Wortley; School Inspector, W. O. Rose; Highway Commissioners, G. Martin, W. Lappin, S. Hill; Assessors, L. M Moran, F. Juif; Poor Directors, W. Lappin, L. Trembley; Constables, A. Payier, J. Fisher, 1) Juif, R. Kerby. I846. Supervisor, George Moran; Clerk, Louis M. Moran; Treasurer, G. Laforge; Justice of the Peace, I). R. Rose; Highway Commissioners, S. Hill, G. Martin, W. 0. Rose; Assessors, R. H. Connor. J. M. Mack; School Inspector, J. M. Mack; Poor Directors, M. Dalton, L. Trembley; Constables, J. Fisher, M. Cline, H. Haney, H. Adams. 1847. Supervisor, Jed P. C. Emmons; Clerk, Louis M. Moran; Treasurer, J. Kerby; Justice of the Peace, S. Poupard; Highway Commissioner, S. Hill for three years, W. O. Rose for two years, G. Martin for one year; Assessors, L. M. Moran, L. L. Beaufait; School Inspector, H. Adams; Poor Directors, L. Trembley, P. W. Ashley; Constables, J. Fisher, M. Cline, C. Behr, A. Payier. 1848 Supervisor, Anthony Damitio; Clerk, Louis M. Moran; Treasurer, J. Fisher; Justices of the Peace, J. M. Mack, W. B. Hunt, S. Hill; Highway Commissioners, D McKay, W. Lappin; School Inspectors, J. M. Mack, W. B. Hunt; Poor Directors, A Campbell, B. Sweeney; Constables, A. Payier, C. Damitio, P. W. Ashley, M. Cochois. 1849. Supervisor, John M. Mack; Clerk, Louis M Moran; Treasurer, J. Fisher; Justice of the Peace, J. E. Delezenne; Highway Commissioner, A. Sanger; Assessors, L. St. Aubin, A. Damitio; Poor Directors, A. Campbell, M. Cochois; School Inspector, N. W Wortley; Constables, A. Payier, N. Lamb, M. Cochois, J. Gerard. 1850. Supervisor, John M. Mack; Clerk, Louis M. Moran; Treasurer and Collector, C. Lee; Justice of the Peace, T. Lee; Assessors, J. Fisher, T. Campbell; Highway Commissioner, J. Davison; School Inspector, J. M Mack; Poor Directors, A. Sanger, M. Cochois; Constables, H. Fox, N. Lamb, J. Gerard, A. Payier. i85i. Supervisor, John M. Mack; Clerk, Louis M. Moran; Treasurer, T. Lee; Justice of the Peace, W. B. Hunt; Highway Commissioner, D. McKay; School Inspector, J. L. Chipman; Poor Directors, Wm. Hudson, A Sanger; Constables, J. Davison, N. Lamb, A. Payier, A. Couchois. i852. Supervisor, John M. Mack; Clerk, Louis M. Moran; Treasurer, J. Fisher; Justices of the Peace J. M. Mack, S Hill; Highway Commissioner, M. Couchois; School Inspectors, B. F. H. Witherell. J. M. Mack; Constables, N. Lamb, A. Melvin, J. Davison; Poor Directors, W. Hudson, L. St. Aubin. 1853. Supervisor, John M. Mack; Clerk, Louis M. Moran; Treasurer, P W. Ashley; Justice of the Peace, B. F. H Witherell; School Inspector, J. M. Mack; Highway Commissioner, J. Davison; Poor Directors, W. Hudson, S. Tuexbery; Constables, J. Davison, E. Moran, C. Weyl, H. Fox. I854. Supervisor, John M. Mack; Clerk, Thomas

1304 HAMTRAMCK TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. Lee; Treasurer, P. W. Ashley; Justices of the Peace, P. Desnoyer, J. Davison; School Inspector, B. F. H. Witherell; Poor Directors, A. Sanger, J. Dubois; Highway Commissioner, L. Dalton; Constables, H. Feldman, C. Weyl, C. Wilkison, W. Young. I855. Supervisor, John M Mack; Clerk, Thomas Lee; Treasurer and Collector, R. E. Walker; Justice of the Peace, S. Barret; School Inspector, J. M. Mack; Highway Commissioners T. Bacon, G. Chane; Poor Directors, W. Pallister, J. Dubois; Constables, W. Young, C. Weyl, H. Feldman, J. Hogg. 1856. Supervisor, John M. Mack; Clerk, Henry Zender; Treasurer and Collector, R. E. Walker; Justice of the Peace, J. M. Mack; Highway Commissioner, S. Barret; School Inspector, B F. H. Witherell; Poor Directors, J. Dubois, M. Fisher; Constables, C. Weyl, G. Young, H. Feldman, J. Hogg. I857. Supervisor, John M. Mack; Clerk, Anthony Damitio; Treasurer and Collector, R. E. Walker; Justice of the Peace, T. Bacon; School Inspectors, J. M. Mack, J Davison; Highway Commissioner, M. Crimmins; Poor Directors, M. Fisher, A. Sanger; Constables, J. Davison, R. E. Walker, H. W. Deare, L. Dalton. 1858. Supervisor, John M. Mack; Clerk, Anthony Damitio: Treasurer and Collector, R. E. Walker; Justice of the Peace, P. Desnoyer; High-. way Commissioners, T. Bacon, T. Hepson; School Inspector, J. Davison; Poor Directors, S. Barret, R. E. Walker; Constables, J. Davison, R. E. Walker, T. Stackpole. I859. Supervisor, John M. Mack; Clerk, L. M. Moran; Treasurer and Collector, C. Damitio; Justice of the Peace, M. Hudson; School Inspector, H. W. Deare; Highway Commissionef, J. Davison; Poor Directors, A. Fisher, H. W. Deare; Constables, W. Hudson, J. Moore, J. Whiting, J. Brinkman. I86o. Supervisor, John M. Mack; Clerk, Louis M. Moran; Treasurer and Collector, C. Damitio; Justice of the Peace, J. M. Mack; School Inspector, J. Davison; Highway Commissioner, H. W. Deare; Poor Directors, T. Bacon, J. Davison; Constables, J. Finn, J. Hardy. G. W. Mack, S. Wilson. I861. Supervisor, John M. Mack; Clerk, Anthony Sellman; Treasurer and Collector,'C. Damitio; Justices of the Peace, W. Thompson, L. Dalton; School Inspector, T. Lee; Highway Commissioner, J. Hardy; Poor Directors, C. Damitio, J. Davison; Constables, F. Noeker, C. Blonk, J. Finn, J. Hardy. I862. Supervisor, Henry W. Deare; Clerk, John M. Mack; Treasurer, T. Bacon; Justice of the Peace, P. Desnoyer; Highway Commissioner, A. Salmon; School Inspector, H. W. Deare; Poor Directors, C. Damitio, J Hardy; Constables, D. Hiely, J. Finn, F. Noeker, J. Hogg I863. Supervisor, Henry W. Deare; Clerk, John M. Mack; Treasurer, T. Bacon; Justice of the Peace, W. Thompson; Highway Commissioner, H. W. Deare; School Inspector, T. Bacon; Poor Directors, C. Damitio, W. Thompson; Constables, J. Finn, A. Bean, D. Hiely, S. Wilson 1864. Supervisor, Henry W. Deare; Clerk, John M. Mack; Treasurer and Collector, C. Damitio; Justice of the Peace, J. M. Mack; Highway Commissioner, D. Hiely; Poor Directors, F. Schroeder, W. Englehart; School Inspector, H. W. Deare; Constables, F. Schroeder, S. Wilson, J. Handy, J. Finn. I865. Supervisor, Henry W. I)eare; Clerk, John M. Mack; Treasurer and Collector, C. Damitio; Justices of the Peace, L. Dalton, J. Davison; School Inspector, T. Bacon; Highway Commissioners, J. Davison, N. Trombley; Poor Directors, C Damitio, L. Dalton; Constables, M. Bacon, D. Sullivan, S. L. Dekay, F. Schroeder. 1866. Supervisor, Henry W. Deare; Clerk, John M. Mack; Treasurer and Collector, L. Dalton; Justices of the Peace, P. Desnoyer, W. Finn; School Inspector, C. Damitio; Highway Commissioners, T. Lee, S. L. Dekay; Poor Directors, A. Baumgartner, C. LDamitio; Constables, J. Campbell, M. May, S. L. Dekay, J. Langdon. 1867. Supervisor, Henry W. Deare; Clerk, John M. Mack; Treasurer and Collector, L. Dalton; Justice of the Peace, W. Finn; School Inspector, P. Lynch; Highway Commissioners, J. Campbell, J. P. Behr; Poor Directors, L. Dalton, C. Damitio; Constables, J. Campbell, S. Wilson, P. Mertz, Jr., N. May. I868. Supervisor, Henry W. Deare; Clerk, John M. Mack; Treasurer and Collector, J. Hardy; Justice of the Peace, J. M. Mack; School Inspector, C. Damitio; Highway Commissioner, T. Stackpole; Poor Directors, C. Damitio, J. Hardy; Constables, J. Campbell, H. L. Poupard, S. Wilson, W. Beahmer. I869. Supervisor, Lawrence Dalton; Clerk, John M. Mack; Treasurer and Collector, J. Hardy; Justice of the Peace, P. Lynch; School Inspector, W. Davison; Poor Directors, J. Hardy, P. Mertz; Constables, J. Damitio, J. Lockwood, J. T. Mott, Jr., J. Campbell. I870. Supervisor, Lawrence Dalton; Clerk, John M. Mack; Treasurer and Collector, J. P. Behr; Justice of the Peace, P. Scullin; Highway Commissioner, E. Hayes; School Inspector, J. Hardy; Poor Directors, J. Holihan, W. C. Mahoney; Constables, P. Desnoyer, F. Smith, J Campbell, P. Mertz.

HAMTRAMCK TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1305 I871. Supervisor, John V. Ruehle; Clerk, John M. Mack; Treasurer and Collector, J. P. Behr; Justice of the Peace, W. Finn; Highway Commissioner, J. Campbell; School Inspector, W. Davison; Drain Commissioner, W. Finn; Poor Directors, W. Mahoney, T. Stackpole; Constables, B. Odell, T. Stackpole, F. Smith, J. Kief. 1872. Supervisor, James Holihan; Clerk, Charles Foleylnd James A. Visger, each part of a year; Treasurer and Collector, P. Lynch; Justice of the Peace, J. M. Mack; Highway Commissioner, J. H. Heslinger; Poor Directors, J. Holihan, W. Davis; School Inspector, M. W. Field; Constables, T. E. Greer, B. Odell, B. Hardy, T. Smith. I873. Supervisor, James Holihan; Clerk, James A Visger; Treasurer, W. C. Mahoney; Justice of the Peace, J. Campbell; Highway Commissioner, M. Kilcline; School Inspector, P. McFarlane; Drain Commissioner, J. Campbell; Poor Directors, C. Damitio, J. Reed; Constables, A. Campbell, B. Odell, F. Smith, E. W. Pulsifer. 1874. Supervisor, James Holihan; Clerk, Christopher Damitio; Treasurer, W. C. Mahoney; Justice of the Peace, P. Scullin; Highway Commissioner, H. Holly; School Inspector, R. E. Walker; Constables, A. Campbell, F. Smith, B. Odell, R. Coon; Drain Commissioner. J. Ryan. 1875. Supervisor, John Keveney; Clerk, Christopher Damitio; Treasurer, B. Youngblood; Justice of the Peace, J. A. Visger; Highway Commissioner, W. Krause; Superintendent of Schools, H. Russell; School Inspector, R E. Walker; Drain Commissioner, L. O'Connor; Constables, A. Campbell, J. Garrity, D. L. Bishop, F. Smith. 1876. Supervisor, James A. Visger; Clerk, Christopher Damitio; Treasurer and Collector, J. Damitio; Justices of the Peace, J. Keveney, J. M. French; Superintendent of Schools, H. Russell; School Inspector, J. Holihan; Drain Commissioner, J. Ryan; Highway Commissioner, M. Kilcline; Constables, D. L. Bishop, J. Garrity, Jr., W. Robinson, J. Ryan. 1877. Supervisor, James A. Visger; Clerk, Christopher Damitio; Treasurer and Collector, J. Damitio; Justice of the Peace. J. T. Mott; Superintendent of Schools, j. Keveney; School Inspector, J. Holihan; Highway Commissioner, P. Rivard; Constables, W. Greer, D. L. Bishop, C. Ryan, J. Garrity. I878. Supervisor, James A. Visger; Clerk. Christopher Damitio; Treasurer, A. Kalthoff; Justice of the Peace, J. Scullin; School Inspector, J. Holihan; Superintendent of Schools,J. Keveney; Highway Commissioner, F. Rivard; Drain Commissioner, J. P. Behr; Constables, E. Moloney, H. Warrington, J. Garrity, Jr., F. Smith. 1879. Supervisor, James A. Visger; Clerk, Christopher Damitio; Treasurer, A. Kulthoff; Justice of the Peace, W. Schweickert; School Inspector, P. Scullin; Superintendent of Schools, L. 1). Teall; Highway Commissioner, P. Lynch; Constables, H. Warrington, J Garrity, E. Moloney, E. Sullivan. I880. Supervisor, James A. Visger; Clerk, Christopher Damitio; Treasurer and Collector, J. C. Fisher; Justice of the Peace, R. Echlin; Highway Commissioner, P. Lynch; Drain Commissioner, J. P. Behr; Superintendent of Schools, W. J. Enright; School Inspector, P. Scullin; Constables, J. Garrity, Jr., H. Warrington, E. Moloney, A. Hensing. I88I. Supervisor, James A. Visger; Clerk, Christopher Damitio; Treasurer, J. C. Fisher; Justice of the Peace, F. Rivard; Highway Commissioner, F. Smith; Superintendent of Schools, R. H. Visger; School Inspector, P. Scullin; Constables, H Warrington, E. Vercele, N. Newman, A. Hensing 1882. Supervisor, James A. Visger; Clerk, Christopher Damitio; Treasurer, C. V. Burnett; Justices of the Peace, P. Scullin, J. T. Mott, Jr.; Highway Commissioner, F. Smith; School Inspectors, J. Duncan, H. C. Engel; Drain Commissioner, J. Sullivan; Constables, E. Moloney, E. Klusman, Jr, H. Warrington, A Hensing. I883. Supervisor, William C. Mahoney; Clerk, Christopher Damitio; Treasurer and Collector, C. V. Burnett; Justice of the Peace, W. Schweickart; Highway Commissioner, H. Hitchens; School Inspector, B. B. Allen; Constables, H. Warrington, J Smith, T. Priemer, J. Toomey. I884. Supervisor, William C. Mahoney; Clerk, Christopher Damitio; Treasurer and Collector, E. Hayes; Justice of the Peace, R. Echlin; Highway Commissioner, H. Hitchens; School Inspector, W. J. Enright; Drain Commissioner, J. Sullivan; Constables, H. Warrington, F. Sullivan, J. P. Schneider, E. Moloney. i885. Supervisor. William C. Mahoney; Clerk, Christopher Damitio; Treasurer, A. Baumgartner; Justice of the Peace, R. Giff, Jr.; School Inspector, J. P. Visger; Highway Commissioner, H. Hitchens; Constables, E. Moloney, H. Warrington, N. Kittle, J. Priemer. i886. Supervisor, Henry Hitchens; Clerk, Columbus V. Burnett; Treasurer, A. Baumgartner; Justice of the Peace. R. Lamb; School Inspector, J. A. Visger; Highway Commissioner, D. Howcroft; Drain Commissioner, G. Miller; Constables, N. Gitzen, G. Cooper, H. J. Maas, T. Priemer. 1887. Supervisor, Roger Echlin; Clerk, Columbus V. Burnett; Treasurer, A. Piscopink; Justice of the Peace, G. Voorhees; Highway Commissioner, D. Howcroft; School Inspector, L. Dalton; Con

1306 HAMTRAMCK TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. stables, H. Warrington, E. Moloney, H. J. Maas, N. Gitzen. 1888. Supervisor, Roger Echlin; Clerk, Columbus V. Burnett; Treasurer, A. Piscopink; Justice of the Peace, L. Dalton; School Inspector, J. A. Visger; Highway Commissioner, D Howcroft; Drain Commissioner, R. Murphy; Constables, E. Moloney H. Warrington, H. J. Maas, N. Gitzen. I889. Supervisor, Roger Echlin; Clerk, Columbus V. Burnett; Treasurer and Collector, J. Lynch; Justices of the Peace, H. J. Maas, E. Filmore; School Inspector, L. Dalton; Highway Commissioner, W. Boehmer; Constables, H. Warrington, R. Kalthoff, E. Moloney, T. Furgison. I89o. Supervisor, Roger Echlin; Clerk, C. Burnett; Treasurer, John Lynch; School Inspector, J. A. Visger; Justice of the Peace, E. W. Fillmore; Highway Commissioner, Wm. Bochner; Drain Commissioner, R. Murphy; Board of Review, H. Cooper, A. Baumgartner; Constables, R. Kallhoff, E. Moloney. H. Warrington, Wm. Lynch. The school report for the year ending September 3, I888, showed that the township had two brick school-houses costing $5,5oo, and seven frame houses costing $io,6oo. They have a total seating capacity of 770, with an enrollment of 1,12, and an average attendance of 499. Five male and seven female teachers were employed. The population of the township in 1850 was 1,628; in I860, 1,638; in 1870, 3,002; in I880, 4,440. The valuation of the property was as follows: In 1840, $339,965; I850, $112,886; i86o, $602,736; 1870, $877,866; i88o, $2,930,62I. The settling basins, engine houses, stand pipe and park connected with the water works of the City of Detroit, are located in the township, and form its most important and attractive features. The Memorial M. E. Church. The Memorial M. E Church, located on the Pontiac Road about six miles from Detroit, was erected as a Union Church at a cost of $4,952, and dedicated on August I, I869. About 1875 it became a Protestant Episcopal Church, but within ten years they ceased to use it, and in November, 1883, it was purchased for $1,450 and given to a society known as the Memorial M. E. Church. It was under the charge of Rev. D. B. Tracy from November, I883 until 1887, when he was succeeded by Rev. L. L. Houghton, and he, in the fall of i888, by W. H. Benton. LEESVILLE. A village known by the above name, but not recorded, is located along the line of the Fort Gratiot Road, about a mile beyond the boundary of Detroit. It is named after Charles Lee, one of the earliest settlers in this vicinity. Its principal industry is the manufacture of bricks, and in this line a very large business is transacted. Methodist Episcopal Church. This church, was organized about 1850. and in that year a brick church was built on a lot donated by Robert Lee. This building was torn down in 1882 and a new building erected. "It will seat about 1oo, and cost $1,400. Up to I856 services were conducted by pastors from Detroit and other places. The regular pastors have been as follows: I857, Rev. Wm. C. Way; I858-1859, Rev. Thomas Wakelin; I860, Rev. Jason W. Kellogg; I86-I 862, Rev. Thomas Stalker; 1863 -1864, Rev. Thomas G. Potter; I865-I866, Rev. Squire E. Warren; 1867, Rev. J. W. Crippen; I868-I869, Rev. Thomas Makelin; 1870, Rev. A. Allen; I87I-I872, Rev. J. M. Truscott; 1873 Rev. G. W. Owen;. 1874-I876, Rev. H. N Brown, 1877, Rev. J. H. Kilpatrick; I878-I879, Rev. J. M. Truscott; I880-I882, Rev. Isaac Johnson; 1883, Rev. S. E. Warren; 1884, Rev. John Goodson; 1885 -1887, Rev. L. L. Houghton; 1888-I889, Rev. L. C. Lanning. The Church of Our Saviour. TheChurch of Our Saviour at Leesville is the outgrowth of the Gratiot Street Mission of St. John's Episcopal Church in Detroit. The first services were held in 1870 in a school-house. In 1871 a Sunday School was established, and in 1874 the society was recognized as a parish. The church building was dedicated about June i, 1875 It cost $4,500, and seats 240. The services have been chiefly conducted by the assistant rectors of St. John's Church of Detroit. NORRIS. This locality was formerly known as Dalton's Corners, after Lawrence Dalton, who bought land there in 1834. The site of Norris was subsequently purchased by Col. P. W. Norris, and a village bearing his name was platted in 1873. It is on the line of the D. & B. C., and Grand Trunk Railroads, has several hundred inhabitants, and is the nucleus of what will be a thriving suburb of Detroit. For additional particulars see page 4, and for a history of the Orphan Asylum here located, see page 662. The Bethlehem German Evangelical Lutheran Church. The Bethlehem German Evangelical Lutheran Church of this place was established in 1874. The pastor is Rev. Conrad Schwankovsky. Connected with the church there is a school with one teacher and forty-eight scholars.

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HAMTRAMCK TOWNS] a The Presbyterian Church. The Presbyterian Church was established as the Norris Union Mission. The building was dedicated June 22, 1887. The lots, valued at $150, were donated, and the building cost $I,300 and will seat HIP-BIOGRAPHICAL. 1307 I50. The property was held by five trustees, representing various churches. In March, 1889, it was turned over to the Presbyterian Church, and is now conducted by them with Rev. Wm. Sidebotham as pastor. BIOGRAPHICAL. CHRISTOPHER DAMITIO, one of the oldest residents in the eastern section of Detroit, was born in Alsace, France, in 1826, and is the son of Anthony and Catherine (Van Buren) Damitio. When but five years of age his parents emigrated to this country, landing in 1831. Leaving his family in New York, the elder Mr. Damitio pushed on into the interior, and after considerable travel finally located in Detroit, purchasing a homestead on the Gratiot road, and in I832 it was occupied by the family. From his eighth to his fourteenth year Christopher attended district school number one of Hamtramck. He then began to learn the wagon-making trade with his father, and at the latter's death in 1858, succeeded him in business. In 1848 he was married to Mary Voght, a native of Prussia. They have had ten children, five of whom are living, namely, Anthony, Catherine, Theresa, Thomas and Antoinette. Of those who died, John and Paul left families; the others died at an early age. During the years I858, 1859 and I860, he held the position of Town Treasurer, and in 1864 was elected Clerk of the town, in which capacity he acted until 1875. In 1872 he retired from business and went to live upon the old homestead in Hamtramck. In 1887 he was elected a member of the Board of Estimates. He was the third person elected to the office of Supervisor in his town, which position he held for many years, and he was also for a number of years a Justice of the Peace, performing the duties of that office in manner both honorable to himself and satisfactory to the people. He is now enjoying the fruits and satisfaction of an honest and honorable life, and by close attention to business and industrious habits he has acquired a comfortable income. His sincerity of purpose and integrity of heart has secured to him the respect of his fellow citizens, and his kindly manner and approachable nature have won for him a large circle of friends. JOHN E. EDWARDS, Chief Engineer of the Detroit Water Works, was born in Carnarvon, North Wales, January I, 1821, and is the son of John and Mary Edwards. His father died when he was thirteen years old, the family consisting of four sons and two daughters. At this critical moment an English gentleman named Samuel Holland, and a friend of his father who had taken a fancy to John E., sent for him, and asked him if he would like to learn to build engines and machinery. He quickly responded that he would, and shortly after his friend started him on his way to Liverpool to learn the trade of a machinist, and before leaving his friend gave him twenty pounds, but told him not to spend it except in case of real necessity. He also cautioned him to avoid bad companions, and to find his recreation in innocent amusements. " Be upright and honest," was his kind friend's parting injunction. He treasured up these injunctions, and by striving to his utmost to observe them, managed to successfully avoid the many temptations which a large city offers to a young and inexperienced boy from the country. Through the efforts of Mr. Holland's brother, he was placed in a large machine shop, and from there, in I836, he went to Bombay, India, to assist in putting up some engines for the East India Company. On his return to Liverpool, he determined to go to America, and in 1839, by means of the twenty pounds which had been given him, he emigrated to New York, where he finished learning his trade in the Phenix Foundry and Machine Shop of that city. In the fall of I843 he began sailing on the lakes, serving as engineer on various steamers. Under Gen. Charles M. Read he was Chief Engineer of the steamer " Queen City." In the latter part of the year I852 he sailed as engineer of the "Yankee Blade " around the Horn on a voyage to San Francisco. In 1854, when three hundred miles south of San Francisco, the steamer was wrecked on a rock, and Mr. Edwards was given much praise by the press for the courage and bravery he displayed amidst the terrible scenes incident to the wreck. In December, 1854, he went to Racine, Wisconsin, where he married Eliza Evans, a native of North Wales. They have a family of four children, William, Mary, Jennie, and John. Shortly after his marriage Mr. Edwards came to Detroit, and engaged with the Michigan Central Railroad Company as engineer of the steamer "Plymouth Rock," and after the boats of that line were laid up in the fall of I859,

I308 HURON TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. he served as engineer on the mail line from Mobile to New Orleans. At the breaking out of the Civil War he returned to Detroit and on January I, I86i. was appointed by the Water Commissioners Chief Engineer of the Detroit Water Works, and has ever since been connected with that institution. Mr. Edwards' success as a mechanical engineer has been marked, and perhaps the highest tribute that can be paid to his ability in this direction is the fact that he designed the monster pumping engines in use at the Water Works. These engines, masterpieces of mechanical work, excite the admiration of the thousands who visit the works. In nature and disposition Mr. Edwards greatly resembles the rugged, uncompromising character of the land of his birth. Of sturdy integrity and strong determination, he has always followed the path marked out by the hand of duty. He is simple in his habits and tastes, and a wide circle of friends testifies to the geniality of his nature, while the responsible position he holds shows the esteem in which he is held by the people of Detroit. As a selfeducated man, Mr. Edwards is a good illustration of what energy and perseverance, uprightness and application will do for a man in a land of opportunities. HURON TOWNSHIP. This township was created by Act of April I2, 1827, and then included the four towns now known as Romulus, Van Buren, Sumpter and Huron The first township meeting was held at the house of Matthew Wood, on Monday, May 27, 1827. On March 17, 1835, the township was reduced in size by the creation of the town of Romulus, and by a law taking effect April 6 of the same year, it was still further reduced by the creation of the township of Van Buren. The organization of the town of Romulus made it necessary to provide a new place for the annual meeting of the township of Huron, and a law of March 23, I835, provided that the meeting should be held at the house of Artemus Hosmer. The township now includes all of Town 4, South of Range 9 East, the Huron river, which gives the township its name, dividing it into nearly two equal triangles, as it runs from the northwest to the southeast corner. The township officers elected in various years have been, as follows: I827. Supervisor, Prosper Lawrence; Clerk, John F. Smith; Assessors, Warriner Corkins, Chancey Morgan, George Jewitt; Justice of the Peace, Prosper Lawrence; Highway Commissioners, Mason Clark, George Jewitt, Amos Howe; Constable, John F. Adkins; Overseers of the Poor, Samuel Wing, Nathan Willcox; Collector, John F. Adkins. 1828. Supervisor, Prosper Lawrence; Clerk, Martin Clark; Assessors A. McMath, John Haydon, Chancey Morgan; Highway Commissioners, George Jewitt, Amos How. John Hayden; Collector, Samuel Wing; Constables, Simeon A. Dann, Samuel Wing. 1829. Supervisor, Amos How; Clerk, Martin Clark; Highway Commissioners, A McMath, Joseph Pulsifer, John Crowfoot; Assessors, John Hayden, Jonathan Fay, Matthew Woods; Collector, Samuel Wing; Constables, Samuel Wing, Jonathan Wiley; Poor Masters, Matthew Woods, Nathan Willcox. 1830. Supervisor, Archy McMath; Clerk, John F. Smith; Assessors, S. W. Morey, Henry Dutcher, John Crowfoot; Highway Commissioners, George Jewitt, W. H. Cannon, Matthew Woods; Collector, S. W. Morey; Constable, S. W. Morey; Poor Directors, W. Corkins, Edmund Coan, N. Willcox, 1. Fay, A. McMath; School Commissioners, A. McMath, G. Jewitt, J. Haydon M. Woods, J. Fay; School Inspectors, S. W. Morey, J. F. Smith, J. Crowfoot, W, H. Cannon, A. McMath. 831. Supervisor, John Crowfoot; Clerk, John F. Smith; Assessors, Wm. H. Cannon, Adolphus Dalrymple, Lucas Corbins; Highway Commissioners, Moses Darrell, J. H. Sanford, W. H. Cannon; Collector, James Johnson; Constables, James Johnson, John Wells; School Commissioner, Abner Johnson; School Inspectors, Moses Durrell, John F. Smith, Nathaniel Case, John H. Sanford. 1832. Supervisor, Eli Bradshaw; Clerk, Wm. H. Cannon; Assessors, A. Dalrymple, Ziba L. Easton, Erastus Priest; Highway Commissioners, Joseph Pulsifer, Simeon Dunn, John Pattee; Commissioners of Schools. Simeon A. Dunn, J. H. Sanford; Collector, Stephen Randolph; Constables, Harlow St. Johns, Stephen Randolph, Erastus Priest; Poor Directors, George Jewitt; Treasurer, George Jewitt; School Inspectors, Eli Bradshaw, Charles Jasper, David Dalrymple, Elias Sanford. I833. Supervisor, Eli Bradshaw; Clerk, William H. Cannon; Assessors, John Crowfoot. Daniel Douglass, Ziba L. Easton; Highway Commissioners, David Dalrymple, Abraham Soop Ziba L. Easton; Collector, Adolphus Dalrymple; Constables, Adol

HURON TOWNSHIP-ORGA phus Dalrymple, Erastus Priest, Wm H. Cannon; School Commissioners, John Crowfoot, Henry Train, Henry Dutcher; School Inspectors, Eli Bradshaw, John H. Brass, John F. Smith; Treasurer, George Jewitt; Poor Director, George Jewitt. 1834. Supervisor, Eli Bradshaw; Clerk, John Simpson, Jr.; Assessors, Scott Vining, Jinks Pullen, John Crowfoot; Highway Commissioners, Joseph T. Pullen, Nathaniel Case, George Jewitt; Collector, Adolphus Dalrymple; Constables, Adolphus Dalrymple, Nicholas Mallett; School Commissioners, John Simpson, Scott Vining, Benjamin Brown, Jr.; Poor Directors, John Simpson, John Pattee; School Inspectors, H. M. T. Smith, Nathaniel Case, B. Hoyt. I835. Supervisor, John Crowfoot; Clerk, Erastus Priest; Assessors, M. M. Aldrich, Henry Anderson, M. Wilcox; Highway Commissioners, Henry Dutcher, Daniel Easton, David Brooks; Collector, Andrew Nowland; School Commissioners, Artemus Hosmer, N. Crowfoot; Overseers of the Poor, Wm. Nowland, John Pattee; School Inspectors, M. M Aldrich, A. Hosmer, John Crowfoot; Treasurer, Wm. Nowland; Constable, Andrew Nowland. I836. Supervisor, Thomas H. Downs; Clerk, Erastus Priest; Assessors, E. D. Smith, R. Merrell, Jr., R. Parrish; Highway Commissioners, O. Brown, Wm. Nowland, H. St. Johns: Justices of the Peace, M. M Aldrich, one year, Thomas H. Downs, two years, Erastus Priest, three years, Martin H Ford, four years; Collector, Andrew Nowland; School Commissioners, Thomas H. Downs, Wm Nowland, H. St. Johns; School Inspectors, M. M. Aldrich, R. Merrell, Jr., M. H. Ford, Erastus Priest, R. Parrish; Poor Directors, Wm. B. Hurlburt, B. Kipp; Treasurer, Wm. B. Hurlburt; Constables, Andrew Nowland, R. Merrell, Jr., C. T. Beadle. 1837. Supervisor, Artemus Hosmer; Clerk, Martin H. Ford; Assessors, John Eldred, E. N. Mallett, H. St. Johns; Highway Commissioners, D. Hupp, E. Ryan, M. Wilcox; Justice of the Peace, William T. Sherman; Collector, A. Bradshaw; Constables, A. Bradshaw, C. Marvin; School Inspectors, M. H. Ford, John Eldred, John Crowfoot, A. Hosmer; Poor Directors, Wm. B. Hurlburt, David Eaton. 1838. Supervisor, Augustus Bradshaw; Clerk, Erastus Priest; Assessors, M. M Aldrich, Thomas R Nowland, H. Plum; Highway Commissioners, J. Baron, Wm. T. Sherman, W. Dean; Justices of the Peace, Deodatus E. Mory, John DeWitt; Collector, R. Merrell, Jr.; Constables, R. Merrell, Jr., Jehiel Baron; School Inspectors, R. Merrell, Jr., Thomas H. Downs, A Bradshaw; Overseers of the Poor, Wm. B. Hurlburt, A. Hosmer; Treasurer, E. D. Smith. LNIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1309 I839. Supervisor, Martin H. Ford; Clerk. Erastus Priest; Treasurer, Augustus Bradshaw; Assessors, John Eldred, H. St. Johns, P. Thomas; Poor Directors, Adam Anderson, A. Peck; Highway Commissioners, C. Richards, Wm. Nowland, D. E. Mory; School Inspectors, AM. H. Ford, A. Bradshaw, R. Merrell; Justices of the Peace, Thomas H. Downs, Erastus Priest; Collector, R. Merrell; Constables, R. Merrell, A. Bradshaw, John Eldred, J. Baron. 1840. Supervisor, John Priest: Clerk, Thomas H Downs; Treasurer, M. Wilcox; Assessors, T. H. Downs. John Crowfoot; M. M Aldrich; Collector, R. M. Pearce; Highway Commissioners. A. Ash, Wm. Nowland, James Batam; Justice of the Peace, John Crowfoot, Alfred Merrell; Constables, R. M. Pearce, Wm. H. Case, George W. Case C. Warren; School Inspectors, M. M. Aldrich, A. Hosmer, E, Priest; Poor Directors, A. Peck, Wm. Nowland. 1841. Supervisor, John Crowfoot; Clerk, Erastus Priest; Treasurer, Marvin Willcox; Assessors M. M. Aldrich, John Crowfoot, T. H. Downs; Highway Commissioners, A. Merrell, A. Hosmer, Wm. Nowland; Justice of the Peace, Erastus Priest; Collector, C. Warren: School Inspectors, A. Hosmer, M. M. Aldrich E. N. Mellitt; Poor Directors, Wm. B. Hurlburt, Wm. Nowland; Constables, C. Warren, E. D. Smith, Wm. S. Hurlburt, A. Ash. 1842. Supervisor, Thomas H. Downs and Erastus Priest each part of a year; Clerk, John Crowfoot; Justice of the Peace, and Treasurer, Arby Ash; Assessors, Marvin Willcox, M. M. Aldrich; Highway Commissioners, C. Warren, John Nowland, Chas. McConnell; School Inspectors, M. M. Aldrich, C. Warren, John Crowfoot; Poor Directors, Wm. B. Hurlburt, Henry Dutcher Constables, E. D. Smith, Wm. Nowland, Jr., Wm. S. Hurlburt, Calvin A. Richards. 1843. Supervisor, John Crowfoot; Clerk, Artemus Hosmer; Treasurer, Arby Ash; Justice of the Peace, Jonathan Fay; Assessors, Alfred Merrill, Orin Brown; Highway Commissioners, Vm. Nowland, M. M. Aldrich, Jonathan Fay; School Inspectors, M. M. Aldrich, two years, Rufus W. Chilson and W. S. Hosmer, each part of a year; Poor Directors, A. Hosmer, Calvin Richards; Constables, John Slinger, E. D. Smith, C. Richards, Aaron Sherman. 1844. Supervisor, John Crowfoot; Clerk, E. N. Mallett; Treasurer, M. Wilcox; Assessors, H. B. Adams, A. Merrill; Highw'ay Commissioner, D. N. Romine, A. Peck, O. Brown; School Inspector, vm. S. Hosmer; Justices of the Peace, John Crowfoot, A. Peck; Poor Directors, J. Fay, A Peck; Constables, James Pattee, John Slinger, C. Richards, Wm. T. Sherman, Jr.

13o10 HURON TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I845. Supervisor, John Crowfoot; Clerk, E. N. Mallett; Treasurer, M. Willcox; Justices of the Peace, Joseph Evans, Jacob E. Reupert; Assessors, Alfred Merrill, A. Nowland; Highway Commissioners, 0. Brown, E. Winchester. Wm. Nowland; School Inspector, Joseph Evans; Poor Directors, Wm. B. Hurlburt, Franklin Livingston; Constables, John Slinger, Nicholas Kettle, B. Crowfoot, Chas. McConnell. I846. Supervisor, Joseph Evans; Clerk, Rufus W. Chilson; Treasurer, M. Wilcox; Highway Commissioners, R. M. Pearce, John Crowfoot, Chas. McConnell; School Inspector, Wm. S. Hosmer; Justice of the Peace, David W. Romine, R. W. Chilson; Poor Directors, F. Livingston, A. Peck; Constables, Elliott Winchester, M. Wilcox. Thomas Downs, M. Nowland. 1847. Supervisor, Joseph Evans; Clerk, Rufus W. Chilson; Treasurer, M. Wilcox; Justice of the Peace, R. W. Chilson; Highway Commissioners, Richard M. Pearce, for three years. Thomas R. Nowland, two years, James Howell, one year; School Inspector, E. N. Mallett; Poor Masters, Wm. Nowland, J. Fay; Constables, Enoch Langs, James S. Pattee, Thomas Downs, C. Richards. 1848. Supervisor, Joseph Evans; Clerk, E. N. Mallett; Treasurer, Thomas Downs; Justice of the Peace, John Crowfoot; School Inspector, R. W. Chilson; Highway Commissioners, Horace Ash; Overseers of the Poor, Wm. B. Hurlburt, Wm. Nowland; Constables, E. D. Smith, Wm. T. Sherman, Jr., Enoch Langs, James S. Pattee. 1849. Supervisor, Lewis Severance; Clerk, E. N. Mallett; Treasurer, Thomas Downs; Justices of the Peace, A. Peck, A. Ash; School Inspector, Lewis Severance; Poor Directors, Francis Marshall, Wm. Kettle; Assessors, E. Winchester, E. Langs; Highway Commissioner, O. Brown; Constables, E. D. Smith, H. Carven, F. Rice, Wm. McConnell. I850. Supervisor, Lewis Severance; Clerk, Asher Peck; Treasurer, Joshua H. Mead; Justices of the Peace, Lewis Severance, Joseph Evans; School Inspector, Moses R. Nowland; Poor Directors, Horace Beebe, Marshall Warner; Assessors, Andrew Nowland, E. Winchester; Highway Commissioner, William Nowland; Constables, Horace R. Beebe, Wm. T. Sherman, E. D. Smith, Calvin A. Richards. 1851. Supervisor, Lewis Severance; Clerk, Lewis Burgess; Treasurer, John Crowfoot; School Inspector, Lewis Severance; Highway Commissioner, Calvin A. Richards; Assessors, Alfred Merrell, Andrew Nowland; Poor Masters, Wm. Nowland, Lewis Burgess; Constables, Andrew J. Hosmer, M. Blakesley, John Nowland, Francis Rice. 1852. Supervisor, Wm S. Hosner; Clerk, Lewis Burgess; Treasurer, Moses R. Nowland; Highway Commissioner, Francis Rice; Justices of the Peace, Franklin Livingston, Walter McFarlin; School Inspector, Moses R. Nowland; Assessors, Andrew Nowland, John Crowfoot; Poor Masters, F. Livingston, M. Warner; Constables, Wim. Nowland, Jr., M. Blakesley, Samuel Rice, A. J. Hosmer. I853. Supervisor, Wm. S. Hosmer; Clerk, Thomas Downs; Treasurer, Moses R. Nowland; Highway Commissioner, Merritt Blakely; Justices of the Peace, Walter McFarlin, C. A. Richards; School Inspector, M. Warner; Constables, A. J. Hosmer, Samuel Rice, John Merrill, A. Sherman. I854. Supervisor, Joseph Evans; Clerk, Thomas Downs; Treasurer, John Nowland; Justices of the Peace, Arby Ash. Lewis Burgess; Overseers of the Poor, L. Burgess, F. Livingston; Highway Commissioner, C. A. Richards; Constables, Moses B. Widner, F. Jones, T. S. Crawford, A. J. Hosmer. I855. Supervisor, Joseph Evans; Clerk, Thomas Downs; Treasurer, John Nowland; Justices of the Peace, Lewis Burgess, D. N. Romine; Highway Commissioners, F. Livingston, J. Fay, each part of a year, C. Maes; School Inspector, Wm. S. Hosmer; Overseers of the Poor, Peter Kinney, M. H. Anderson; Constables, James S. Pattee, Chester Maes, Thos. S. Crawford, F. Jones. 1856. Supervisor. Joseph.Evans; Clerk, Thomas Downs; Treasurer, Moses R. Nowland; Justice of the Peace, D. N. Romine; Highway Commissioners, Henry B. Nowland, John Slinger; School Inspector, Moses R. Nowland; Overseers of the Poor, L. Burgess, J. Fay; Constables, T. S. Crawford, J. S. Pattee, Geo Ash, H. B. Nowland. I857. Supervisor, Joseph Evans; Clerk. Merritt Blakely; Treasurer and Justice of the Peace, Matthew Anderson; School Inspector, Wm. S. Hosmer; Highway Commissioner, A. J. Hosmer; Overseers of the Poor, Wm. Nowland, Jr., J. Fay; Constables, T. S. Crawford, J. S, Pattee, J. L. Ash, H. B. Nowland. 1858. Supervisor, Joseph Evans; Clerk, M. R. Nowland; Treasurer, Theodore Evans; Justices of the Peace, John Slinger, Israel Olmstead; Highway Commissioner, John Slinger; School Inspector, Lodowic Stofflet; Overseers of the Poor, M. R. Nowland, P. C. Livingston; Constables, John Eldred, Stewart Nowland, Geo. Ash, Samuel Boger. I859. Supervisor, Joseph Evans; Clerk, Moses R. Nowland; Treasurer, Theodore L. Evans; Justice of the Peace, Francis Rice; School Inspector, Wm. S. Hosmer; Highway Commissioner, James Howell; Overseers of the Poor, P. C. Livingston, James Johnson; Constables, John Eldred, A. Kittle, Thomas Crowfoot, Lyman Ash. I860. Supervisor, Joseph Evans; Clerk, Moses R. Nowland; Treasurer, T. L. Evans; Justice of

HURON TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I311 the Peace, B. Sutton; School Inspector, L. A. Winchester; Highway Commissioner, Michael Nowland; Poor Masters, H. B. Nowland, James Johnson; Constables, John Eldred, Jay L. Knapp, Lyman Ash, J. Van Verst. i86r. Supervisor, Joseph Evans; Clerk, Moses R. Nowland; Treasurer, T. L. Evans; Justice of the Peace, M. H. Anderson; School Inspectors, L. A. Winchester, Marshall Warner; Highway Commissioner, A. Ash; Poor Masters, Chester Maes, Homer Norton; Constables, Henry B. Nowland, Thomas S. Crawford, George A. Ash, John Eldred. 1862. Supervisor, Joseph Evans; Clerk, M. R. Nowland; Treasurer, T. L. Evans; Justice of the Peace, John Slinger; School Inspector, Wm. S. Hosmer; Highway Commissioner, Henry Wager; Overseers of the Poor, John Slinger, Chester Maes; Constables, H. B. Nowland, John Eldred, Geo. A. Ash, T. S. Crowfoot. I863. Supervisor, Joseph Evans; Clerk, William S. Hosmer; Treasurer, Theodore L. Evans; Justice of the Peace, Samuel Rice; School Inspector, James H. Richards; Highway Commissioner, Homer Norton; Overseers of the Poor, Chester Maes, George W. Smith; Constables, John Eldred, John B. Hudson, Franklin Jones, Noah Felt. 1864. Supervisor, Joseph Evans,; Clerk, Moses R. Nowland; Treasurer, T. L. Evans; Justice of the Peace, O. H. Smith; School Inspectors, Lorenzo Fay, Harry Olmstead; Highway Commissioner, Thomas S. Crawford;- Overseers of the Poor, Alex. Kittle, Chester Maes; Constables, W. W. Chapin, R. A. Savage, John Eldred, Harmon Parrish. 1865. Supervisor, Joseph Evans; Clerk, Wm. S. Hosmer; Treasurer, Theodore L. Evans; Justice of the Peace, Amos Martin; Highway Commissioner, Benjamin Sutton; School Inspector, Alex. Kittle; Overseers of the Poor, Chester Maes, Jos. Abbott; Constables, John Eldred, H. B. Nowland, I. H. Olmstead. Chas. Mallett. I866. Supervisor, Joseph Evans; Clerk. M. R. Nowland; Treasurer. T. L Evans; Justice of the Peace, John Slinger; Highway Commissioner, Homer Norton; School Inspector, Lorenzo Fay; Overseers of the Poor, Chester Maes, A. J. Hosmer; Constables. H. B. Nowland, John Eldred, Franklin Blakeley, N. P. Thayer. 1867. Supervisor,Joseph Evans; Clerk Lorenzo Fay; Treasurer, T. L. Evans; Justice of the Peace, Samuel Rice; Highway Commissioner, Steward L. Nowland; School Inspector, Alex. Kittle; Overseers of the Poor, Chester Maes, Lodowic Stofflet; Constables, John Eldred, George Varney, Robt. Outhwaite, Francis Rice. 1868. Supervisor, Moses R. Nowland; Clerk, Joseph Waltz; Treasurer, T. L Evans; Justice of the Peace, D. F. Norton; Highway Commissioner, Henry Wager; School Inspector, M. Warner; Overseers of the Poor, I. Olmstead, Wm. Bouker; Constables, N. P. Thayer, H. B. Nowland, Lyman Ash, A. J. Tresket. I869. Supervisor, Moses R. Nowland; Clerk, Joseph Waltz; Treasurer, T. L. Evans; Justice of the Peace, Francis Rice; School Inspector, Alexander Kittle; Highway Commissioner, David Sherman; Poor Masters, H. B. Nowland, Wm. Bouker; Constables. N. P. Thayer, Merrit Cross, Robert Outhwaite, Ira S. Hall. I870. Supervisor, Moses R. Nowland; Clerk, Joseph Waltz; Treasurer, Richard H. Clark; Justice of the Peace, G. W. Smith; School Inspector, Phillip C. Livingston; Highway Commissioner, John Eldred; Poor Masters, Gottlieb Schultz, M. Warner; Constables, C. F. Johnson, Robert Outhwaite, Abram Scott, Jeremiah Hewitt. 1871. Supervisor, Theodore L. Evans; Clerk, A. E. Jaquith; Treasurer, Alex. Kittle; Justices of the Peace, Samuel Rice, Marshall Warner; Highway Commissioner, Jeremiah Vining; School Inspector, John Fay; Overseers of the Poor, Edmund Mallett, G. Schultz; Constables, Nahum P. Thayer, John Fay, Chas. W. Felt, Robert Outhwaite. 1872. Supervisor, Nahum P. Thayer; Clerk, John I. Van Lieu; Justice of the Peace, Wm. S. Hosmer; School Inspector, John Waltz; Highway Commissioner, A. A. Armstrong; Drain Commissioner, Chester Maes; Poor Directors, Gottlieb Schultz, M. Warner; Constables, Lyman Ash, Spencer Horning, M. Vining, Chas. Kipp. 1873. Supervisor, George W. Smith; Clerk, Austin Goodyear; Justice of the Peace, Joseph Waltz; Treasurer, Henry Train; School Inspector, Charles B. Fairfield; Highway Commissioners, Henry Stofflet, Francis J. Belden; Drain Commissioner, N. Vanderean; Overseers of the Poor, Samuel Rice, Joseph Evans; Constables, Lyman Ash, Jas. J. Huston, Jr., John Bramback, M. Vining. I874. Supervisor, George W. Smith; Clerk, Austin Goodyear; Treasurer, Andrew J. Norton; Justice of the Peace, James W. Abbott; Highway Commissioner, Merritt Cross; School Inspector, James F. Wallace; Drain Commissioner, Charles S. Yost; Overseers of the Poor, G. Schultz, Jacob Schaller; Constables, Minor Vining, Peter Lewis, H. B. Nowland, Jacob Slinger. I875. Supervisor, Joseph Waltz; Clerk, Stephen Sims; Treasurer, A. J. Norton; Justices of the Peace, Wm. Bouter, James Stewart; Superintendent of Schools, George T. Clark; School Inspector, Hiram R. Nowland; Highway Commissioner, Merritt Cross; Drain Commissioner. Wm. Atyeo; Constables, Henry B. Nowland, Jacob Brining, John Weirich, Jacob Slinger.

1312 HURON TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I876. Supervisor, Henry J. Wagar; Clerk, Stephen Sims; Treasurer, A. J. Norton; Justice of the Peace, Benjamin Lewis; Superintendent of Schools, Chas. W. Gardner; School Inspector, George T. Clark; Highway Commissioner, Homer Norton; Drain Commissioner, Peter Lewis; Constables Henry B. Nowland, George Dean, Edward G. Hosmer, John Burgher. 1877. Supervisor, Henry L. Stoflet; Clerk, Ira W. Curtiss; Treasurer, A. J. Norton; Justice of the Peace, J. Waltz; Highway Commissioner, T. Hanrahan; Superintendent of Schools, G. T. Clark; School Inspector, D. T. Wagar; Constables, J. Weirich, Jr., H. B. Nowland, J. W. Smith, S. B. Sutton. 1878. Supervisor, Henry L. Stoflet; Clerk, Joseph Evans; Treasurer, Alonzo D. Maes; Justices of the Peace, Amos Martin, Sr., Francis Rice; Superintendent of Schools, Chas. L. Roulo; School Inspector, James G. Tuttle; Highway Commissioner, Homer Norton; Drain Commissioner, Anthony Raiser; Constables, M. G. Vandiear, Geo. A. Curtiss, John Charlesworth, Jr., Chas. Bennett, Jr. I879. Supervisor, Myron H. Ellis; Clerk, Chester Maes; Treasurer, George F. Butler; Justice of the Peace, Wm. Bouker; Highway Commissioner, Gottlieb Schwab; Superintendent of Schools, Seth C. Felt; School Inspector, Hiram R. Nowland; Constables, M. G. Vandiear, Dennis Kelley, Chas. Bennett, Jr, John Merrill. I88o. Supervisor, Henry L. Stoflet; Clerk, Thomas Haines Parker; Treasurer, George F. Butler; Justice of the Peace, Wm. S. Hosmer; Highway Commissioner, Theron K. Evans; Superintendent of Schools, Gilbert R. Smith; School Inspector, Wm. F Tripp; Constables, M. G. Vandiear, Samuel Rice, Jas. A. Charlesworth, Dennis Kelley. 1881. Supervisor, Myron H. Ellis; Clerk, Ira W. Curtiss; Treasurer Lewis Neaman; Justices of the Peace, Samuel Rice, Isaac Biddlecomb; School Inspector, Joseph Waltz; Superintendent of Schools, Gilbert R. Smith; Highway Commissioner, Theron K. Evans; Constables, James Charlesworth, Robert Zigler, John Kennedy, H. B. Nowland. 1882. Supervisor, Myron H Ellis; Clerk, Thomas H. Parkes; Treasurer, Ludwig Nieman; Justices of the Peace, Francis Rice, F. T. Bondy; Highway Commissioner, Gottlieb Schwab; Drain Commissioner, Wm. Hurlburt; School Inspectors, Jesse Butler, Edwin W. Abbott; Constables, Ed. Nowland, Dennis Kelley, Carl Mack, H. B. Nowland. 1883. Supervisor, Joseph Waltz; Clerk, Thomas H. Parkes; Treasurer, Isaac H. Cole; Justice of the Peace, Frank T. Bondy; Highway Commissioner, George H. Curtiss; School Inspectors, Jesse Butler, Geo. T. Clark; Constables, Edward Nowland, Dennis Kelley, H. B. Nowland, Dennis Hurd. 1884. Supervisor, Joseph Waltz; Clerk, Thomas H. Parkes; Treasurer, Jacob Schaller; Justice of the Peace, Jeptha H. Sutton; Highway Commissioner, George A. Curtiss; Drain Commissioner, Dennis Kelley; School Inspector, Henry L. Stoflet; Constables, Samuel Adams, Dennis Hurd, Jerry Arthur, Robert Waltz. 1885. Supervisor, Henry L. Stoflet; Clerk, Thomas H. Parkes; Treasurer, Jacob Schaller; Justices of the Peace, Henry L. Bell, Samuel Adams; Highway Commissioner, Homer Norton; School Inspector, Jesse Butler; Constables, Bennett Felt, Jacob Slinger, Jerry Arthurs, James Scott. I886. Supervisor, Henry L. Stoflet; Clerk, Thomas H. Parkes; Treasurer, Jesse Butler; Justice of the Peace, Francis Rice; Highway Commissioner, Homer Norton; Drain Commissioner, Charles E. Outhwaite; School Inspector, Royal M. Hanna; Constables, Dennis Hurd, Edwin R. Baker, James Scott, Marsh Kennedy. 1887. Supervisor, Henry L. Stoflet; Clerk, Edwin A. Smith; Treasurer, Jesse Butler; Justice of the Peace. George A. Curtiss; Highway Commissioner, Wm. H. Heywood; School Inspector, S. Downs; Constables, Dennis Hurd, E. Squire, James Scott, H. Warner. I888. Supervisor, Henry L. Stoflet; Clerk, Thomas H. Parkes; Treasurer. Theron K. Evans; Justices of the Peace, Samuel Adams, James E. Baker; Highway Commissioner, Wm. H. Heywood; School Inspector, Royal M. Hanna; Drain Commissioner, Wm. S. Hosmer; Constables, B. D. Felt, Dennis Hurd, Edgar L. Squires, Oliver B. Alford. 1889. Supervisor, Jesse Butler; Clerk, Thomas H. Parkes; Treasurer, T. K. Evans; Justice of the Peace, Henry L. Bell; Highway Commissioner, Edward Crittenden; School Inspector, Bennett Felt; Constables, O. B. Alford, Chas. Mack, James Scott. I890. Supervisor, Jesse Butler; Clerk, A. Stoschke; Treasurer, J. Schaller; Justices of the Peace, I. M. Gneis, H. D. Smith; School Inspector, John Chamberlain; Highway Commissioner, G. A. Carter; Drain Commissioner, W. Rice; Constables, W. H. Hamilton. M. Kennedy, J. Scott. The population of the township in I850 was 504; in 1860, 833; in I870, 1,263, and in I880 2,019. The valuation in 1840 was $176,886; in i85o, $31,126; in I860, $91,558; in 1870, $I26,97I; in I880, $500,740. One of the principal industries of the township, aside from agricultural pursuits, is the burning of charcoal, and the white cones of about forty kilns can be seen in various localities. An Indian reserve granted to the Wyandottes by the United States on September 20, I818, was located in the southeast corner of this township,

HURON TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AN ) OFFICERS. 13'3 and included Sections 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 34, 35 and 36 and that part of Section 22 lying on the south side of the River Huron, and containing eight acres. The entire tract included 4,996 acres. By treaty of IMarch 17, 1842, this tract was ceded by the Wyandottes to the United States and they were removed to Kansas. Among those who were removed was an old Indian by the name of Bouger. He was totally blind, but so familiar with all the beaten paths on his fruit farm, that he could go to any tree in his large orchard; he refused to be moved, and with his faithful henchman, Peter Hunt, had to be bound hand and foot and packed in a wagon in order to be taken away. A familiar land mark to old settlers on Section 27 is known as " Katie Quaqua's Camp." It was a favorite camping ground of the red men when they came to this section on their hunting and trapping excursions. The house of Katie Quaqua, a relic of old Indian times, is still standing. She was the wife of James Clark, who lived near Amherstburg, and with her daughter Mary McKee, the offspring of a former "moon husband," were among the last remnants of the once powerful tribe of the Wyandottes. It is said that Katie offered a half bushel of silver dollars to any white man that would marry her daughter, who was almost as fair as any of her white sisters. Cemeteries. On the northwest quarter of Section 7 is located what is known as the "Mallett Burying Ground," so called because it is the burial place of the father, mother and sister of E. M. Mallett, who died in 1825, leaving him an orphan at the age of twelve. In 1840 this plat was dedicated to the public, and in I860, under a general law, was organized as a town cemetery. Another cemetery, on Section 22, known as the Fay and Smith cemetery, was granted to the public by Jonathan Fay in 1840, but by some oversight was not deeded to the town. On August 12, I871, the town board met at the farm of Smith and Frain, and after viewing the premises, they purchased two acres at $70 an acre. Prior to 1840 there was a cemetery on Section 16, but on the opening of the Fay ground it was discontinued. There are also four private burial grounds, known as the " German," on southeast quarter of Section 32; the "Ash," on the southwest quarter of Section 2; the "Nowland," on the northwest quarter of Section 8; and the "Downs," on the northwest quarter of Section 5. Schools. In 1888 there were eight full districts with schoolhouses, and six fractional districts where schoolhouses were in other townships District No. I, known as the " Kittle School," was organized in 1827, and the same year a hewn log house was built on the northwest quarter of Section 16, and where the fire-place of this, the first school-house in the township was built, there was in I888 a black walnut tree over 20 inches in diameter. A second log house was built in I840 on the southeast quarter of the same section, followed in 1850 by a frame building on the southeast quarter of section 22. The present school-house, with a seating capacity of 70, was built of brick in i866, and is valued at $700. Ninety-seven children were enrolled in 1888 with an average daily attendance of sixty-five. The school had one male and one female teacher. District No. 2, known as the " Hosmer " school, was first organized in 1840, in a small house on the northeast fractional quarter of section 7. This building was replaced in i837 with another log house on the same site, and in I845 with a frame house. The present building is of brick, seats 125, and cost $2,000. It was built in I866, and enlarged in 1876. The enrollment in i888 was I41, with an average attendance of ioo. It has two male and one female teacher. District No. 3, known as the " Widner" school, was organized in i850. It has a frame schoolhouse which seats forty, located on the southwest quarter of Section 27. In i888 it had two female teachers, with an average attendance of thirty out of an enrollment of seventy-seven. District No 4 is usually designated as the " Huronites." It is in the "Chapin" district and was organized in 1855. It has a frame house on the southeast quarter of section 24, with seats for forty, and cost $200. In i888 it had two teachers and forty-two pupils out of an enrollment of forty-seven. District No. 5 was organized in 1855, and is called the " Frisket " school. It has a frame building worth $200, which seats fifty pupils. In i888 two female teachers were employed, and sixty-five pupils enrolled, and it had an average attendance of fifty-four. District No. 6 was organized in 1840 in a log school-house on the northwest quarter of Section 29. The building was replaced in 1855 with a frame house costing $200, with a seating capacity of seventy-five, which was located on the northeast quarter of Section 30. One female teacher was employed in 1888, and eighty pupils were enrolled, with an average attendance of sixty.

1314 HURON TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. District No. 7, known as the "Outhwaite" school, was organized in 1864, with a brick house on the northeast quarter of Section 17. The building cost $200 and will seat fifty. In i888 it had one female teacher with an attendance of thirtyfour scholars. District No. 8, styled the "Norton" District, was organized in 1866, and has a frame house on the southwest quarter of Section 15. It cost $400, seats thirty, and in 1888 had an average attendance of seventeen scholars. In the entire township there were 573 pupils, with an average attendance of 402, the township had in all three brick and five frame school-houses, costing $4, 50 and seating 430. Further information concerning the township will be found in Chapter XXII of this work. BELDEN. This village, located on Section 29, was laid out in 1857 by Francis J. Belden. It is on the line of the F. & P. M. R. R. There is a Methodist Episcopal society here which was organized at Smithville. A church building was erected there and dedicated in September, I868. It was subsequently moved a mile and a half east of Belden. It will seat 300, and the property' is worth $1,800. The church originated in a class formed in 1841 by Martin H. Ford, a local preacher. The charge was supplied from Dearbornville Circuit, and from Flat Rock; also at times from Belleville. After 1863 it was attached to Romulus, and more recently to the New Boston Circuit. NEW BOSTON, FORMERLY CATVILLE. This village, located in the northeastern part of the town of Huron, on the line of the F. & P. M, R. R, was laid out as early as 1834. The postoffice was at first named Huron. The origin of the name of Catville, as given by M. R. Nowland, is as follows: In I849 Marvin Wilcox started a small grocery store in what is now New Boston. He purchased his goods of C. A. Trowbridge of Detroit, wholesale grocery merchant, and the initials of Mr. Trowbridge's name were marked on the boxes which contained the goods. When Willcox laid the boxes on the shelves, the initials C. A. T. were so prominent as to attract attention, and Mr. Nowland added the word " ville," thus making the word Catville. Shortly afterwards, while Matthew Anderson was postmaster, he grew careless about making his returns to Washington, and the postoffice was discontinued. Mr. Nowland finally wrote to the Postmaster-General, asking him to again establish the office, and he replied that he would, and would make him postmaster if he would accept. Mr. Nowland consented but asked him to give the office a new name, to distinguish it readily from the postoffices of Port Huron and Huron Station. The postmaster replied, " Send me a name so that there will be none other like it in the State, and I will make the change." Mr. Nowland then wrote him, saying, "Our little village is called Catville, and we may as well have the postoffice bear the same name," and a short time afterwards he received his commission as Postmaster of Catville. The village continued to grow, and aboutjI867, N. P. Thayer, David F. Norton and Mr. Nowland sought for a more aristocratic name, and finally agreed upon the name New Boston, and petitioned and obtained this change in the postoffice name, and in 188I the village was incorporated. In I880 it had a population of 284. There was a bridge over the Huron at this point at a very earlv date which was renewed from time to time. The most expensive bridge built was provided for June I8, I888, bya vote of seventy to four. The town board was then authorized to bond the town for $3,000 to build a bridge across the river at New Boston, the bridge to be of one span of Ioo feet clear, to be built of iron with stone abutments, and with a sixteen-foot roadway. The contract was awarded July 25, I888, to the Mount Vernon Bridge Company, of Mount Vernon, 0, at $3,450. The bridge was completed and accepted December 12, I888. Methodist Episcopial Church. The emigrants who settled along the Huron river from its mouth to Flat Rock, from 1820 to 1825, were of Virginia stock, by the way of Canada, and nearly all members of the Methodist Church. In 1825, John Hayden, a local preacher, settled near " French's Landing," a point midway between New Boston and Belleville. In 1830, John Pattee, with several other families, settled on Section i6 and on the Indian reserve, and about this time a Methodist class was formed in Huron, with John Pattee as leader. In I834 M. H. Ford was appointed leader of the class, which grew into the Methodist Church. From 1831 to 1834 the society was embraced in the Wyandotte or Huron mission of the M. E. Church. A class was formed in this neighborhood by E. G. Gavitt, and E. H. Pilcher and Rev. Elias Pattee labored here at different times until 1845, the place being also supplied by different circuit preachers. In 1863 it was organized as Romulus circuit, and afterwards as New Boston circuit. The church lot cost $75, and the first building $800. It was dedicated July 26, 1868. A new brick church was dedicated November 23, 1888. It will seat 300, and is worth $2,500. There were forty members in I888.

HURON TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1315 Roman Catholic Church. The first services of the Roman Catholic Church were held at the house of Anthony Raisor. by the Rev. Father Gillie, in June, I868, about twenty persons being present. Until 1875 the society was attached to the church at Dearborn, but during that year it was transferred to the Monroe church, under the pastorate of Rev. B. G. Soffers, in whose charge it remained until May, 1885, when it was placed in the charge of Father Stephens and others from the St. Bonaventure's Monastery of the Capuchin Order in Detroit. In October, I888, Rev. John Lovett was installed as the first regular rector, and the parish of the Sacred Heart of Jesus was then fully established as an independent parish. The church lot cost $200, and the building $I,700. It willseat 250. It was completed so as to be used for the first time on November 26, 1875, but was not consecrated until September 14, 1884. Baptist Church. The Baptist society was organized September I6, I871. They have no building, but own a village lot. Rev. D. J. Parker, the first pastor, was serving in I888, and the church then had thirty-eight members. St. Paul's German Evangelical Lutheran Congregation U. A. C. The German Evangelical Lutheran St. Paul's Congregation of the Unaltered Augsburg Confession was organized about 1878. Their church lot cost $75, and their building $600. It was dedicated December 13, 1887, and will seat 125. It is served by the Lutheran ministers from Waltz. St. Paul's German Evangeleical Lutheran Church. St. Paul's German Evangelical Lutheran Church was organized in 1882, with fifteen members. A lot was purchased for $75, and a church with a seating capacity of 300 built, at an expense of $650. It was dedicated December I8, 1887. The following have served as pastors: Rev. C. R. Ottoe Mueller, from 1882 to 1885; Rev. John Rannie, 1885-1886; Rev. H. A. Meyer, from I886 - SMITHVILLE. The small village by this name was laid out in I886, by Orren and George W. Smith. WALTZ. This village which is located on Swan Creek, lies partly in Wayne and partly in Monroe Counties. It was platted in I872, by Joseph Waltz, and is on the line of the F. & P. M. R. R. Charcoal is extensively manufactured in this vicinity, and this and brick making are the chief industries. S7. John's German Evangelical Lutheran Church U. A C. The German Evangelical Lutheran St. John's Congregation of the Unaltered Augsburg Confession was organized in I857. Their first church was built of logs. The present building was dedicated October 7, I888, cost $2,700 and will seat 300. The society was organized by Rev. H. Lemke, of Candy Creek, Monroe County. He preached here about every third Sunday. His successor, Rev. A. Chr. Bauer, of Sandy Creek, served until the year I876. Rev. C. R. O. Muller, the first regularly appointed minister, served from 1876 to February 1879, and was followed by Rev. J. L. Kamin, who served from July 18, 1880, to March 14, 1883. Rev. H. A. Meyer became the pastor on November 4, I883. The church had fifty members in 1888, and sustained a day school with forty-seven scholars. The Free Methodist ChurcA. The Free Methodist Church of Waltz was organized May 15, I867. A lot for a church building was donated by Joseph Waltz, and in the fall of 1873 the society dedicated a church which cost $1,200. It seats eighty persons. The following persons have served as pastors: 1867, W. D. Bishop; 1868, - Ellison and - Compton; J869-1871, A. Lenardson; 1871, - Sawyer and - James; 1872, J.A. Wilson; 1873-1875, C. Haynes; 1875, — Lizenring; I876-1878, A. Bradfield; 1878 -I880, J. Scott; 1880, Wm. Cochrane; I880-188i, -- Parker; 1881-1883, J. O. Burfield; 1883-1886, Wm. Cochrane; 1886, Ranson; 1887-,J. Laurence.

I316 LIVONIA TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. LIVONIA TOWNSHIP. This township was created by law of March 17, 1835, and the first township meeting was held on the first Monday of April, at the " Tamarack School House," on John Joslin's farm, near the centre of the town. The name of the township is doubtless derived from a province in Russia. The township had formed part of the town of Bucklin and also of Nankin. It consists of town i, south of range 9, east. The first township meeting was held on April 6, 1835, Adolphus Brigham was chosen moderator, and Silas Joslin, clerk. The officers elected in that and subsequent year are as follows: 1I835. Supervisor, Adolphus Brigham; Clerk, Silas Brigham; Assessors, Erastus S. Everitt, Clement C. Leach, Joseph B. Springer; Collector, Reuben Stark; Highway Commissioners, George Everitt, Reuben Glas Lucian Noble; Poor Directors, Judah Lewis, Martin Frasier; Constables, Gilbert Martin, Reuben Stark, Edward P. Vickory; Common School Commissioners, Joseph Kingsley, Daniel Barlow, Joshua Simmons; Common School Inspectors, James Gunning, Charles Noble, Thomas Harper, Harvey Durfee, Joseph B. Springer; Pound Masters, Willard Lambert, John Everitt, Joseph Kingsley, William B. Lawrence. I836. Supervisor, Adolphus Brigham; Clerk, Silas Joslin; Assessors, C. C. Leach, N. Eldridge, E. Hawley; Justices of the Peace, Warren Tuttle, Rufus Beach, Thomas Harper, Elisha Roberts; Collector, R. Stark; Poor Directors, J. Lewis, M. Frasier; Highway Commissioners, R. Glas, A. Durfee, L. Noble; School Inspectors, J. Gunning, Chas. Noble, T. Harper, J. B. Springer, H. Durfee; Constables, R. Stark, G. Martin, E. P. Vickory, D. Lapham. 1837. Supervisor, Adolphus Brigham; Clerk, Silas Joslin; Assessors, C. C. Leach, D. Briggs, W. Tuttle; Justices of the Peace, T. Harper, N. Lapham; Collector, A. Paddock; Poor Directors, N. Frasier, A. Fairfield; Highway Commissioners, W. Lambert, J. Kingsley, S. Downer; School Inspectors, W. Tuttle, D. W. Hinron, A. Harwood; Constables, W. Lambert, A. Paddock, D. Lapham, J. H. LeCount. 1838. Supervisor, Adolphus Brigham; Clerk, Silas Joslin; Assessors, B, Stevens, C. C. Leach, A. Paddock; Justice of the Peace,.E. Roberts; Collector, D. Briggs; Poor Directors, J. Lewis, E P. French; Highway Commissioners, S. Downer, W. Lambert, G. Durfee; School Inspectors, A. Har wood, B. Stephens, S. Jones; Constables, J. Gunning, J. H. LeCount, P. Chillson, J. Rhead. 1839 Supervisor, Clement C. Leach; Clerk, Thomas Harper; Treasurer, Isaac L. Dennis; Assessors, Edward Peck, M. Deming, N. Eldridge; Collector, D. Briggs; School Inspectors, E. Fuller, B. Stevens, H. Durfee; Poor Directors, J. Lewis, P. G. Keator; Highway Commissioners, A. Reynolds, L. Nash, J. Simmons; Justice of the Peace. W. Tuttle; Constables, J. Gunning, D. Briggs, E. Jackson, J. Watkins. I840. Supervisor, Clement C. Leach; Clerk, Joseph B. Springer; Treasurer, J. Lewis; Justice of the Peace, J. Gunning; Assessors, B. Pierson, L. Dean, A. Brigham; Collector, E. M. Jackson; School Inspectors, H. Durfee, N. Talmadge, E. Fuller; Poor Directors, M. Frasier, J. Lewis; Highway Commissioners, P. Hallock, J. Simmons, G. Bider; Constables, E. M. Jackson, N. Talmadge, D. Briggs, D. Brink. 1841. Supervisor, Joshua Baily; Clerk, Clement C. Leach; Justice of the Peace, A. Brigham; Treasurer, J. Lewis; Assessors, B. Stevens, A. Blue, E. Smith; Collector, E. M. Jackson; School Inspectors, E. Fuller, T. Harper, W. Hard; Poor Directors, J. Lewis, J. T. Wilder; Highway Commissioners, A. Fuller, Geo. Rider, A, L. Chapman; Constables, I. S. Gates, N. Talmadge, D. Briggs, A. Cameron. 1842. Supervisor, Warren Tuttle; Clerk, Joseph B. Springer; Treasurer, D. Cudworth; Assessors, B. Pierson, L. Dean; Justice of the Peace, S. Davis; School Inspectors, W. P. Adams, H. Durfee, W. Grace; Highway Commissioners, A. Kingsley, S. B. Smith, J. Simmons; Poor Directors, M. Frasier, A. Northrup; Constables, E. M. Jackson, C. Andrews, A. Northrup, D. Buick. I843. Supervisor, Luther Dean; Clerk, Joseph B. Springer; Justices of the Peace, W. Tuttle, B. Pierson; Treasurer, D. Cudworth; School Inspectors, for one year, W. P. Adams, for two years, W. Grace; Assessors, B. Pierson, E. Flint; Highway Commissioners, E M. Jackson, S. B. Smith J. Simmons; Poor Directors, M. Frasier, A. Northrup; Constables, C. Andrews, D. Brink, W. P. Adams, C. Chillson. I844. Supervisor, Luther Dean; Clerk, Joseph B. Springer; Treasurer, S. B. Smith; Justice of the Peace, B. Stephens; Assessors, N. Eldridge, B. Pierson; School Inspectors, B. F. Brigham; Poor Directors, M. Frasier, A. Northrup; Highway Commissioner, B. Marshall, S. B. Smith, N. Everitt;

LIVONIA TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I317 Constables, D. Brink, W. P. Adams, A. Chilson S Porter. I845. Clement C. Leach; Clerk, Alenon Reynolds; Treasurer, Thomas Harper; Justices of the Peace, A. Brigham, J. T. M ilder; Highway Commissioners, B. Marshall, G. K. Wilber, N. Everitt; Poor Directors, M. Frasier, N. Lapham; Assessors, G. Towson, C. Nobles; School Inspector, J. D. Alexander; Constables L. Dean, D. Brink, D. C. Sheldon, R. Palmer. 1846. Supervisor, Clement C. Leach; Clerk, Smith Jones; Treasurer, D. C. Shelden; Justice of the Peace. A. Blue; School Inspector, W. M. Shaw; Highway Commissioners, J. Willetts, Z. W. Glass, G. K. Wilber; Poor Directors, W. Minckley, G. Durfee; Constables, D. C. Sheldon, A. Fairfield, G. Peck, W. O. Minckley. I847. Supervisor, Samuel B. Smith; Clerk, Smith Jones; Treasurer, A. Durfee; Justice of the Peace, J. T. Wilder; School Inspector, J. D. Alexander; Poor Directors, T. Harper, A. Northrup; Highway Commissioners, for one year, A. Lapham, for two years, Z. W. Glass, for three years, Geo. Rider; Constables, D. C. Sheldon, W. O. Minckley, L. Dean, L. Norton. 1848. Supervisor, Samuel B. Smith; Clerk, Smith Jones; Treasurer, T. Harper; Justice of the Peace, B. Stevens; School Inspector, S. A. Bowen; Highway Commissioner, N. Lapham; Poor Directors, D. Briggs, W. M. Shaw; Constables, L. Dean, J. Luther H. J Dean, L. L. Norton. 1849. Supervisor, Samuel B. Jones; Clerk, David P. Hinson; Treasurer, J. Simmons; Justice of the Peace, A. Brigham; School Inspectors, E. Roberts, D. A. McFarlan; Assessors, R. Lee, D. Briggs; Highway Commissioner, M. Shaw; Poor Directors, M. Frasier, J. B. Springer; Constables, L. Dean, D. Blue, J. B. Luther, M. Cranson. 1850. Supervisor, Charles Noble; Clerk, Smith Jones; Treasurer, T. Harper; Justice of the Peace, A. Blue; Highway Commissioner, G. Rider; School Inspector, D. A. McFarlin; Poor Directors, G. Durfee, D. Briggs; Constables, J. Stevens, D. C. Sheldon, D. Blue, J. B. Luther. 1851. Supervisor, Charles Noble; Clerk, Henry Lewis; Treasurer, T. Downer; Justice of the Peace, J. T. Wilder; Highway Commissioner, G. K. Wilber; Assessors, C. C. Leach, D. Briggs; School Inspector, Geo. Keator, 2d; Poor Directors, W. Minckley, W. W. Wight; Constables, H. Durfee, F. Brown, J. Stevens, Z. W Glass. 1852. Supervisor, Charles Noble; Clerk, Andrew J. Crosby; Treasurer, T. Downer; Justices of the Peace. B. Stevens, W. W. Wight; School Inspector, E. Fuller; Highway Commissioner, D. Briggs; Poor Directors, M. Frasier, T. Harper; Constables, J. B. Crosby, F. Brown, J. Stevens, J. B. Luther. I853. Supervisor, Andrew J. Crosby; Clerk, Benjamin H. Fairchild; Treasurer, B. McClure; Justice of the Peace, W. P. Rusell; School Inspectors, J. L. Wilber, G. Keator; Highway Commissioner, A. Kingsley; Poor Directors, M. Frasier, A. Northrup; Constables, J. H. Armstrong, R. Abbott, J. B. Luther, C. J. Gunning. 1854. Supervisor, Clement C. Leach; Clerk, Smith Jones; Treasurer, F. Armstrong; Justice of the Peace, A. Blue; School Inspector, D. A. McFarlin; Highway Commissioner, G. K. Wilber.; Poor Directors, M. Frasier, G. Durfee; Constables, D. Blue, D. McKinney, I. F. Barker, J. H. Armstrong. I855. Supervisor, Clement C. Leach; Clerk, Charles Crosby; Treasurer, H. J. Dean; Justice of the Peace, B. C. Bunnell; School Inspector, G. Keator; Highway Commissioner, D. Briggs; Poor Directors, J. Briggs, W. Minckley; Constables, H. Devering, I). Blue, I. F. Barker, J. D. Peck. i856. Supervisor, Clement C. Leach; Clerk, Charles Crosby; Treasurer, S. Southwick; Justice of the Peace, B. Stevens; School Inspector, J. L. Wilbur; Highway Commissioner, G. Rider; Poor Directors, M. Frasier, W. Harlan; Constables, I. F. Barker, D. Blue, W. D. Dean, W. W. Wight. I857. Supervisor, Charles Noble; Clerk, Alexander H. Briggs; Treasurer, J. W. Abbott; Justice of the Peace, L. Briggs; School Inspector, T. Pierson; Highway Commissioner, John Briggs; Poor Directors, W. A. Harlan, M. Frasier; Constables, I. F. Barker, L. Dean, H. B. Millard, W. T. Rattenberry. i858. Supervisor,. Samuel B. Smith; Clerk, Thomas Harper; Treasurer, A. Martin; Justice of the Peace, A. Blue; School Inspector, A. H. Briggs, L. D. Dean; Highway Commissioner, D. Briggs; Poor Directors, M. Frasier, W. A. Harlan; Constables, I. F. Barker, S. Macumber, J. Evans, W. O. Minckley. 1859. Supervisor, Clement C. Leach; Clerk, Thomas Harper; Treasurer, W. M. Johnson; Justice of the Peace, A. Pickett; School Inspector, J. L. Wilbur; Highway Commissioner, G. Rider; Poor Directors, G. Rider, J. Loomis; Constables, J. McKinney, I. F. Barker, S. Macumber, E. G. Minckley. I860. Supervisor, John S. Tibbits; Clerk, Thomas Harper; Treasurer, S. Macumber; Justices of the Peace, Geo. Rider, B. Stevens; School Inspector, A. H. Briggs; Highway Commissioner, J. Briggs; Poor Directors, W. Minckley, C. Noble; Constables, C. Elliott, J. Briggs, F. Brown, T. P. Sherman. I86I. Supervisor, James L. Wilbur; Clerk, Samuel Johnson; Treasurer, R. H. Humphreville; Justice of the Peace, L. Briggs; School Inspector.

13i8 LIVONIA TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. H. P. Sly; Highway Commissioner, J. B. Springer; Poor Directors, C. Noble, W. A. Harlan; Constables, G. H. Joslin, J. Veley, C. Elliott, C A: Hoyt. 1862. Supervisor, Samuel B. Smith; Clerk, Samuel Johnson; Treasurer, J. Veley; Justice of the Peace, A. Blue; School Inspectors, O. H. Elliott, R. H. Humphreyville; Highway Commissioner, G. Rider; Poor Directors C. Noble, A. Durfee; Constables, W. O. Minckley, C. Elliott, G H. Joslin, G. Fairfield. 1863. Supervisor, Charles Noble; Clerk, Ransom L Alexander; Treasurer, S. A. Southwick; Justice of the Peace, B. C. Bunnell; School Inspector, A. J. Loomis; Highway Commissioners J. Briggs, C. Elliott; Poor Directors, C. Crosby, T. Armstrong; Constables, G. Fairfield, G. H. Joslin, C. Elliott, J. H. Armstrong. 1864. Supervisor, Alexander Blue; Clerk, Ransom L. Alexander; Treasurer, W. M. Johnson; Justice of the Peace, B. Stevens; Highway Commissioners, C. Elliott, L. Brunson; Poor Directors, C Crosby, J. H. Armstrong; Constables, A. A. Southwick, H. J. Smith, C. Elliott, C. G. Briggs. i865. Supervisor, Alexander Blue; Clerk, Ransom L. Alexander; Treasurer, G. Hawkins; Justice of the Peace, J E. Wilcox; School Inspector, E. Hodge; Highway Commissioner, C. Noble; Poor Directors, J. H. Armstrong, C. Crosby; Constables, G. H. Joslin, J. M. Paddock, C. Elliott, J. Springer. I866. Supervisor, Alexander Blue; Clerk, Ransom L Alexander; Treasurer, G. L. Wight; Justice of the Peace, A. Blue; School Inspector, O. H. Elliott; Poor Directors, C. Crosby, D. Briggs; Highway Commissioner, I. F. Barker; Constables, G. H. Joslin, H. J. Smith A. A. Southwick, G. Hawkins. 1867. Supervisor, Ransom L. Alexander; Clerk, Adolphus Brigham; Treasurer, G. Hawkins; Justice of the Peace, B. C. Bunnell; School Inspector, E. Hodge; Highway Commissioner, D. Briggs; Poor Directors, C. Crosby, E. Flint; Constables, W. H. Coates, O. W. Stringer, A. A. Southwick, G. H. Joslin. i868. Supervisor, Samuel B. Smith; Clerk, George Chillson; Treasurer, A. Stringer; Justice of the Peace, B. Piersons; School Inspector, C. J. Gunning; Highway Commissioner, D. McKinney; Poor Directors. A. Chillson, M. Frasier; Constables, A. Johnson, A. Joslin, J. H. Lemm, J. McKinney. I869. Supervisor, Samuel B. Smith; Clerk, William B. Ewing; Treasurer, H. P. Millard; Justice of the Peace, J. E. Wilcox: Highway Commissioner, J. Grace; School Inspectors, G. Keator, J. B. Gunning; Poor Directors, C. Potter, D. E. Hedden; Constables, J. McKinney, S. Everitt, J. B. Simmons, I. J. Bradner. I870. Supervisor, Ira J. Bradner; Clerk, Harmon P. Millard; Treasurer, J. B. Simons; Justice of the Peace, A. Blue; Highway Commissioner, H. W. Tuttle; School Inspector, H. W. Tuttle; Poor Directors, D. Blue, J. C. Baur; Constables, H. Kingsley, C. Kinney, W. Sherman, R. Keator. 1871. Supervisor, Ira J. Bradner; Clerk, William H. Smith; Treasurer, W. H. Coats; Justice of the Peace, H. H. Tuttle; Highway Commissioner, M. Shaw; School Inspector, L. Bronson; Poor Directors, D. Blue, J. Baur; Constables. L. Pierson, G. N. Fox, V. Coats, J. Gunning. 1872. Supervisor, William H. Smith; Clerk, William H. Clock; Treasurer, J. B. Simons; Justice of the Peace, A. Stringer; Highway Commissioner, H.Moore; School Inspector, Lorenzo Pierson, H. B. Millard; Poor Directors, J. D. Peck, J. C. Baur; Constables, R. Kator, E. Whitcomb, A. Baur, W. O. Minckley. 1873. Supervisor, Ransom L. Alexander; Clerk, William H. Clock; Treasurer, G. H. Joslin; Justice of the Peace, J. E. Wilcox; Highway Commissioner, Fritz Smock; School Inspector, L. C. Holden; Drain Commissioner, H. W. Tuttle; Constables, G. H. Joslin, V. Coats, D. Blue, A. A. Southwick 1874. Supervisor, Ransom L. Alexander; Clerk, William H. Clock; Treasurer, J. E. Wilcox; Justice of the Peace, M. Shaw; School Inspector, F. M. Briggs; Highway Commissioner, I. B. Everitt; J. H. Armstrong; Drain Commissioner, B. C. Bunnell; Constables, G. H. Joslin, W. 0. Minckley, V. Coats, T. Downer. I875. Supervisor, William T. Rattenberry; Clerk, William H. Clock and William O. Minckley, each part of a year; Treasurer, A. Stringer; Justice of the Peace. H. W. Tuttle; J. McKinney; Highway Commissioner, H. Moore; Drain Commissioner, D. Blue; School Inspector, M. Arnold; Superintendent of Schools, -F. L. West; Constables, V. Coats, J. Chilson, A. Cummings, H. Moore. I876. Supervisor, William T. Rattenberry; Clerk, William B. Ewing; Treasurer, A. J. Chillson; Justice of the Peace, F. Walk; Superintendent Schools, M. Arnold; School Inspector, B. Passage; Highway Commissioner, H. Moore; Drain Commissioner, D. Blue; Constables, A. Arnold, J. F. Creiger, A. W. Durham, C. Bentley. 1877. Supervisor, William T. Rattenberry; Clerk, William B. Ewing; Treasurer, A. J. Chilson; Justices' of the Peace, L. G. Pierson, B. McClure; Superintendent Schools, F. L. West; School Inspector, J. R. Shaw; Highway Commissioner, H. Moore; Constables, G. Flint, M. Lineham, J. F. Creiger, A. T. Radcliffe. 1878. Supervisor, William T. Rattenberry; Clerk, John Joslin; Treasurer, M. B. Shaw; Jus

LIVONIA TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I 39 ice of the Peace, W. B. Ewing, W. Blanchard; Superintendent Schools, Volney Blanchard; School Inspector, C Potter; Highway Commissioners, I. B. Everitt; Drain Commissioner, L. C. Hedden; Constables, W. 0. Minckley, A. Radcliffe, H. Smithermann, C. P. Colby. I879. Supervisor, William T. Rattenberry; Clerk, John Joslin; Treasurer, W. W. Wight; Justice of the Peace, L. Dean; Highway Commissioner, W. R. Robinson; Superintendent Schools, V. Blanchard; School Inspector, S. Arnold; Constables, L. Lapham, J. Bennett, W. Sharman, G. Flint. I880. Supervisor, William T. Rattenbury; Clerk, John Joslin; Treasurer, J. K. Joy; Justice of the Peace, W. Blanchard; Highway Commissioner, W. R. Robinson; Superintendent Schools, S Arnold; School Inspector, Hattie Minckley; Drain Commissioner, C H. Potter; Constables, J. M. Blue, G. Pierson, J. F. Creiger, J. Bennett. 88. Supervisor, John J.Vrooman; Clerk, Samuel Johnson; Treasurer, J. K. Joy; Justice of the l'eace, L. G. Pierson; Superintendent Schools, W. Allen; School Inspector, A. Stringer; Highway Commissioner, C. Westfall; Constables, E. Bennett, M. H. Francis, C. Meining, G. F. Bennett. 1882. Supervisor, John J. Vrooman; Clerk, Abram Stringer; Treasurer, W. Allen; Justices of the Peace, H. Upton. John Bentley; Highway Commissioner, C. Westfall; School Inspectors, H. \V. Tuttle, J. B. Tinham; Drain Commissioner, D E. Hedden; Constables, W. Rattenberry, J. F. Creiger, C. E Maynard, A. W. Grace. 1883. Supervisor, William B. Ewing; Clerk, Abram Stringer; Treasurer, W. Allen; Justices of the Peace, J. McKinney, J. K. Joy; Highway Commissioner, C. Westfall; School Inspector, J. B. Tinham; Constables, J. C. Phillips, J. Henderson, C. Millard, C. Rathbone. I884. Supervisor, Abram Stringer; Clerk, John Joslin; Treasurer, P. Chillson; Justice of the Peace, J. Bentley; Highway Commissioner, J. M. Blue; Drain Commissioner, J. M. Blue; School Inspector, S. McKinney; Constables, J. Meyers, C. Bentley, C. Westfall, C. Rathbone. 1885. Supervisor, Abram Stringer; Clerk, John Joslin; Treasurer, P. Chillson; School Inspector, A. Tinham; Highway Commissioner, W. R. Robinson; Justices of the Peace, W. Allen, W. H. Coats; Constables, C. Rathbone, R. Staebler, F. Sump, C. Meining. 1886. Supervisor, Abram Stringer; Clerk, John J. Ferguson; Treasurer, V. A. Gunning; Justice of the Peace, F. L. West, C. Westfall; School Inspector, J. Chillson; Highway Commissioner, C. E. Maynard; Drain Commissioner, G. Foster; Constables, S. McKinney, J. H. Alexander, J. Krum, P. Chillson. 1887. Supervisor, Ransom L. Alexander; Clerk, Harmon P. Millard; Treasurer, V. A Gunning; Justices of the Peace, F. M. Briggs, 0. B. Ewing; School Inspector, J. M. Beddon; Highway Commissioner. C. E. Maynard; Constables, M. L. l'ickett, J. H. Alexander, P. Chillson, S. McKinney. I888 Supervisor, Ransom L. Alexander; Clerk, John Joslin; Treasurer, C. E. Ryder; Justice of the Peace, A. S. Smith; Highway Commissioner, C. E. Maynard; Drain Commissioner, W. S. Robinson; School Inspector, L. Wolfrom; Constables, C. Millard, H. A. Smith, L Joslin, V. A. Gunning. I889. Supervisor, Ransom L. Alexander; Clerk, John Joslin; Treasurer, J A. LeVan; Justices of the Peace, C. E. Ryder, C. E. Rhode; Highway Commissioner, F. Gorse; Drain Commissioner, W\. R. Robinson; School Inspector, A. Stringer; Constables, L. Joslin, J. Klumph, E LeVan, J. Newman. I890. Supervisor, A. T. Radcliffe; Clerk, A. Beveridge; Treasurer, J. A. LeVan; Justices of the Peace, F. L. West, E. Bennett, E. Sackett; Constables P. Chillson, V. Gunning, W. Bane. The school report for the year ending September 3, I888, shows that there were in the township five frame and two brick houses, costing $4,650, and that eleven teachers were employed; 457 scholars were enrolled, with an average attendance of 323. As early as 1826 a cemetery was started on Section 33, and one on Section 21, in 1835. One of the main products of the township is cheese. There are three large factories. The Power factory, on the northwest quarter of Section 5, was started in the spring of 1876, and produces from 300000 to 400,000 pounds annually. The Livonia factory, about two and a half miles north and east of the center, has a capacity of about 150,000 pounds annually, and the Gilt Edge factory, on Section 9, makes about Ioo,ooo pounds annually. In 1828 a church was built by the Quakers on Section 4, where they worshipped in their peculiar manner for several years. The church has been used as a dwelling-house since I86o. A Union Church was built on the southwest quarter of Section 7, in 1844, and is used at intervals by various denominations. A place known as Livonia City, and located on the northeast quarter of Section i, was platted in I836, but no village exists, although a post-office, known as the Plank Road post-office, is located near by. The town hall was erected in 1872. at a cost of $635, and is located on the southeast quarter of Section I6. There are two union church buildings in the township, one on the southeast quarter

1320 LIVONIA TOWNSHIP-BIOGRAPHICAL. of Section 7, which was built in I85o, at a cost of $6oo. The other is on the northeast quarter of Section 21, and was built in 1879, at a cost of $700. Neither of these buildings are owned by a religious denomination, but occasional religious services are held in them. The population of the township in I850 was 1,375; in I860, 1,665; in 1870, 1,679; in 1880, 1,638. The valuation in 1840 was $184,885; in 1850, $75,215; in 1860, $271,537; in 1870, $258,980; in I880, $938,640. ELM AND ELMWOOD. The post-office known as Elm was formerly called. Elmwood. The name was changed to Elm because of the confusion that arose from the fact that there was an Elmwood in Tuscola County. The railroad station which formerly existed here on the line of the D., L. & N. R. R., by the name of McKinneys was so called after James McKinney, who owned a saw-mill at this place. LIVONIA, OR LIVONIA CENTER. The post-office is located on the Plymouth plank road near the center of the township. There is a Union church here which was built by subscription in the summer of 1880, at a cost of about $800. It was dedicated in February, 1881, is open to all denominations and seats 150. There is also a German Lutheran church organized in 1876 by Rev. Deckgengel of Clarenceville. In 1878, he was followed by Rev. William Bunge, and during 1879 a church was built on Section 22 at a cost of $600. It seats 200. Since 1885 the services have been conducted by ministers from Plymouth and Wayne. NANKIN, FORMERLY NEWBURG, Is'located on the river Rouge near the Detroit, Lansing & Northern R. R. STARK. This post office is located on the railroad about a mile south of Livonia Center and is named after Levi B. Stark, who bought land here in 1858. The railroad station at this point is called Livonia BIOGRAPHICAL. WILLIAM M. SHAW was born in Londonderry, Ireland, on June 23, 800o, and was the son of Robert and Elizabeth (Bredin) Shaw. He attended school in Ireland, until his fourteenth year, and was then sent to the University at Edinburgh, Scotland, from which institution he received his diploma as physician and surgeon. He left the old country about the year 1821, and came to America, settling at Fort Plain, New York, where he resided until 1842. While there he supervised the building of the locks on the Erie Canal. From Fort Plain he removed to Michigan, and took up the occupation of farming. He was married to Leah Borden on December 17, I826, at St. Johnsville. They had five children, namely, Mary, Elizabeth Malvina, Sarah Jane, Martha Adelia and William Clay. He belonged to the Masonic order, and was a believer in the doctrines of the Universalist church. Politically he was a Republican from the organization of that party. He was devoid of ambition and desire for personal notoriety, always attended strictly to his private affairs, and could never be induced to accept political office, although his friends often sought to persuade him to become a candidate. Honest and upright in all his intercourse with others, free from ostentation, and invariably genial and kind hearted, he was well thought of by his neighbors and fellow townsmen. He died on February 21, 1885. His wife, Leah Borden, was born on August 15, 1807, in Sharon, Schoharie County, New York, and was the daughter of Daniel and Mary (Avery) Borden. She received a good common school education, and was well trained in the duties and requirements that go to make up the qualifications of a good wife and mother. Through life she proved an invaluable helpmate to her husband, and was largely instrumental in securing that success and wealth which surrounded their latter years with peace and comfort. Of gentle disposition and generous heart, she was noted for her deeds of charity and kindness. Kind, motherly, and sympathetic, her aid was frequently sought by her neighbors itl their hours of need, and she did much to succor those in distress. Practical in her ideas, she had nothing but contempt for display, and disdained to avail herself of the arts and devices of society. She was natural and unaffected in all her intercourse, and was highly esteemed and beloved for her goodness of character. She died on August 21, 1884.

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MONGUAGON TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1321 MONGUAGON TOWNSHIP. This township lies on the river, and is peculiar in that a large share of its area is composed of Grosse Isle, which, with the smaller islands of Hickory, Sugar, Elba, Calf, Fox, Stony and Celeron, is included in its jurisdiction. For a description of these and other islands in the Detroit River, see Chapter II of this work. The township was created as early as i8i8, but its boundaries were newly defined by law of April 12, 1827, and the township enlarged by Act of February I6, 1842, which added to it a part of Brownstown. The first township meeting was held on May 25, 1827, at the house of A. C. Truax. The population in I850 was 984; in i860, 1,335; in I870, 1,475; in i880, 2,301. The valuation in 1840 was$97,325; in I850, $60,8io; in I860, $203,o13; in I870, $247,766; in I880, $958,o70. At the Battle of Monguagon, in the War of I812, there was a running fight from near Ecorce to Slocum's Island, below Trenton, where the routed army took to their boats, and there is still the remains of a causeway over the Monguagon Creek on the Payne farm where the fleeing army crossed. The dead bodies of*both Indians and white men were apparently buried wherever they fell, as all the way along the sand knoll from Ecorce to Trenton bones of the slain have been found. About thirty years ago, when John Copland built a saw-mill at Ecorce on the site of the Salliotte and Raupp mill, the bones of some IOO persons or over were dug up, and Daniel Goodell reburied them under a pear tree in his orchard. The only relic now remaining of the.conflict, beyond flint heads and old muskets, is a stone on the farm of Charles Conrad, about five miles west of Trenton, on which is rudely marked, " John Brown taken prisoner by the Indians, I814." One of the earliest improvements proposed in the township was provided for by Act of March 23, 1836, which incorporated the Huron Canal and Manufacturing Company with a capital of $75,000ooo, and the following directors: A. C. Truax, S. B. Campbell, Henry Bennett, N. Dustin and C. N. Bennett. The company was organized to complete a canal to connect the waters of the Huron and Detroit at Truago, which was to be completed before April I, 1841. This project, however, like numerous others of the same character common at that period entirely failed. The origin of the name Monguagon and other valuable facts will be found in Chapter XXII. Schools. In I888, in addition to the schools in Trenton, there were three school buildings on Grosse Isle, the three being valued at two thousand dollars, and located as follows: The Central Graded School, on private claim 522, seating I IO, with an average daily attendance of fifty-nine; the North School, on private claim 550, seating sixteen with an average daily attendance of eleven; the South School on claim 556, seating fourteen, with an average daily attendance of nine. There was also a school near Sibley's on the southeast quarter of Section I. The building, a frame, was valued at $150. It seated seventy, and had an average daily attendance of fifty-nine, of which eight were non-resident pupils. Cemeteries. On April 2, i866, $200 was voted to purchase a burying ground in the village of Trenton, and $ioo for a burying ground on Grosse Isle. The officers in the several years have been, as follows: 1827. Supervisor, Abram C. Truax; Clerk, James Chittenden; Highway Commissioners, John A. Bucker, James Chittenden, John Pulsipher; Assessors Artemus Hosmer, Manoah Hubbard, Gardner Brown; Collector, James Street; Overseers of the Poor, A. C. Truax, Richard Smith; Constables, Horatio Leet, Hart Warren, Samuel Hickox. 1828. Supervisor, Abram C. Truax; Clerk, Alvin Chase; Assessors, A. Hosmer, G. Brown, M. Hubbard; Highway Commissioners, H. Loomis, James Chittenden, Joseph Leet; Collector, James Street; Overseers of the Poor, A. C. Truax, R. Smith; Constables, James Street, John Brider. The records from i828 to 1844 cannot be found, see Chapter XXII of this work for names of Supervisors. 1844. Supervisor, Henry I. Alvord; Clerk, Orin David; Treasurer, Henry Brevoort; Justices of the Peace, Harry Saunders, James David; Commissioners of Highways, Antoine Mettie, Simeon Havens, James David; School Inspectors, James I. David, two years, John Keith, one year; Constables, Alexander Reaum, Simeon Jones, Allen Smith, Thomas S. Pattie; Poor Directors, Antoine Mettie, David Keith; Assessors, James David, James Griffin. I845. Supervisor, Harry Sanders; Clerk, Orin David; Treasurer, Henry Brevoort, Jr; Justice of the Peace, Thomas Lewis; Highway Commissioners, James David, James H. Stimson, Elijah Lathrop; School Inspector, Henry I. Alvord; Overseers of the Poor, Simeon Havens, Angus Keith; Constables, Allen Smith, Isaac Gambin, Alex. Reaume.

1322 MONGUAGON TOWNSHIP —ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1846. Supervisor, Giles B. Slocum; Clerk, Joseph Pierce; Treasurer and Justice of the Peace, James H. Stimson; School Inspector, James J. David; Highway Commissioners, James H. Stimson, Elijah Lathrop, Angus Keith; Assessors, James David, Joseph Pierce; Overseers of the Poor, Thomas Lewis, Harry Sanders; Constables, Alex. Reaume, Joshua Conrad, Alfred Rumsey, Eli Kellogg. 1847. Supervisor, Giles B. Slocum; Clerk, Henry Brevoort, Jr., Treasurer, John W. Keith; Highway Commissioners, Augustus Britton (one year), Jesse Jaquith (2 years), Horace Gray (3 years); Overseers of the Poor, John Ballard, James Campbell; Constables, Charles F. Conrad, Collin P. Jaquith, Louis Titus, S. F. R. Barnum. I848. Supervisor, Giles B. Slocum; Clerk and Treasurer, John W. Keith; Justice of the Peace, James David; Highway Commissioners, Henry Raynard; School Inspector, James I. David; Assessors, Thomas Lewis, Henry Raymond; Poor Directors, Thomas Lewis, Henry N. Eastman; Constables, Isaac Bates, James Campbell, Henry N. Eastman, George Fray. 1849. Supervisor Horace Gray; Clerk, James J. David; Treasurer, John W. Keith; Justices of the Peace, Thomas Lewis, Jesse Jaquith; Highway Commissioner, James H. Stimson; School Inspector, Charles Fox; Poormasters, Thomas Lewis, H. N. Eastman; Assessors, John A. Rucker, Francis C. Stagg; Constables, Henry N. Eastman; Alex. Reaume, Charles F. Reaume, Isaac Bates. I850. Supervisor, Harry Sanders; Clerk, James I. David; Treasurer, John W. Keith; Justice of the Peace, Janes David; Assessors, Giles B. Slocum, John A. Rucker; Highway Commissioners, Horace Gray, Nathaniel C. Alvord; Overseers of the Poor, Thomas Lewis, Henry N. Eastman; Constables, Henry N. Eastman, Charles F. Conrad, Alex. Reaume. I85I. Supervisor. James David; Clerk, George B. Truax; Treasurer, John W. Keith; Justice of the Peace, Samuel Kimball; School Inspector, Charles W. Beadle; Highway Commissioner, John W. Keith; Assessors, John A. Rucker, Giles B. Slocum; Poormasters, Thomas Lewis, Jesse Jaquith; Constables, Alexander Reame, Charles F. Conrad. William Rankin, Alfred Rumsey. 1852. Supervisor, Thomas Lewis; Clerk, James I. David; Treasurer, John W. Keith; Justice of the Peace, Jonathan Hudson; School Inspector, C. C. Nichols; Highway Commissioner, F. S. Conrad; Assessors, John A Rucker, James I. David; Poormasters, J. I. David, T. Lewis; Constables, Wm. Gripman, Alex. Reaume, A. Rumsev. I853. Supervisors, James I. David; Clerk A. L. Bird; Treasurer, Thomas G. Limbocker; Justice of the Peace, Thomas Lewis; Highway Commissioner, Joseph Bates, Chas. Groh; School Inspector, J. Hudson; Poormasters, J. Jaquith, T. Lewis; Constables, Alex. Reaume, C. C. Nichols, Isaac Strong. Wm. Gripman. 1854. Supervisor, James I. David; Clerk, Leroy Burt; Treasurer, A. L. Bird; Justice of the Peace, N. C. Alvord; School Inspector, Moses H Hunter; Highway Commissioners, F. S Conrad (3 years), Chas. Groh (i year); Poor Directors, J. Hudson, Jesse Jaquith; Constables, Alex. Reaume. Isaac Bates, Wm. McLeod, Wm. Conrad. I855. Supervisor, Thomas Lewis; Clerk, L. H. Burt; Treasurer, A. L. Bird; Justice of the Peace, Charles Conrad; School Inspector, J. Hudson; Highway Commissioner, David Keith; Poormasters, J. I. David, F. C. Stagg; Constables, Charles Bird, Josh Conrad, I. Bates, H. W. Mlllspaugh. I856. Supervisor, HarrySanders; Clerk, L. H. Burt; Treasurer, A. L. Bird; Justices of the Peace, Dallas Norvell, James H. Pringle; Highway Commissioners, N. C. Alvord; Poormasters, T. C. Stagg, David Keith; Constables, A. H. Phelps, Josh Conrad, Cady Neff, T. D. Pearl. 1857. Supervisor, James Campbell; Clerk, William Davis; Treasurer, A. L. Bird; Justices of the Peace, T. F. Broadhead, Leroy H. Burt; School Inspector, J. Hudson; Poor Directors, F. C. Stagg, David Keith; Highway Commissioner, F. S. Conrad; Constables, Joshua Conrad, Alfred Rumsey, David Reaume, Emery Potter. 1858. Supervisor, James Campbell; Clerk, William Park; Treasurer, A. L. Bird; Justices of the Peace, Jonathan Hudson, A. L. Bird; Overseers of the Poor, Nicholas Kittle, Giles B. Slocum; Highway Commissioner, David Keith; School Inspector, Ira Davis; Constables, Daniel Reaume, S. H. Chamberlain, S. C Richards, Joshua Conrad. I859. Supervisor, Dallas Norvell; Clerk, William Park; Treasurer, Thomas G. Limbocker; Justice of the Peace, Charles F. Conrad; Highway Commissioner, Andrew P. Lathrop; Overseers of the Poor, James Ira David, Nicholas Kittle; School Inspector, Jonathan Hudson; Constables, Samuel Richards, Samuel H. Chamberlain, Daniel IB. Reaume, David P. Baxter. i86. Supervisor, Wm. Ives; Clerk. Samuel C. Richards; Treasurer, Thomas G. Limbocker; Justice of the Peace, T. F. Brodhead; School Inspector, John Ballard; Poor Directors, Wm. Cleveland, Nicholas Kittle; Constables, S. C. Richard, A. Ruby, A. Reaume, R. Girard. i86I. Supervisor, William Ives; Clerk, Samuel C. Richards; Treasurer, Thomas G. Limbocker; Justice of the Peace, Michael Flynn; School Inspectors, Jonathan Hudson, John Ballard; Highland Commissioner, Dallas Norvell; Poor Directors,

MONGUAGON TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION-AND OFFICERS. i32. James I. David, Wm. Gripman; Constables, George Conrad, Raphael Girard, Alexander Reaume, Alfred Rumsey. 1862. Supervisor, Wm. Ives; Clerk, John Simmons; Treasurer, T. G Limbocker. C. H. Sanders and John Simmons, each part of a year; Justices of the Peace, Dallas Norvell, S. D. Curtis; Overseers of the Poor, Raphael Girard, Cady Neff; Highway Commissioner, Andrew P. Lathrop; School Inspector, John A. Rucker; Constables, David Vogt, Alex. Reaume, Charles Conrad, Alfred Plumb. 1863 Supervisor, Wm. Ives; Clerk, John Simmons; Treasurer, A. Mcllhenny; Justices of the Peace, Anthony Dudgeon, Charles F. Conrad; School Inspector, A. P. Lathrop; Highway Commissioners, John A. Rucker, Raphael Girard; Overseers of the Poor, John Simmons, Raphael Girard; Constables, James Hook, Alex. Reaume, Charles Conrad, Alfred Plumb. 1864. Supervisor, Dallas Norvell; Clerk, David Vogt; Treasurer, John Simmons; Justice of the Peace, S. D. Curtis; Highway Commissioner, Anthony Dudgeon; School Inspector, A. Dudgeon; Overseers of the Poor, Raphael Girard, Harry Sanders; Constables, Alex. Reaume, Frederick Vogt, Edward C. Button, James McGlade. 1865. Supervisor, Dallas Norvell; Clerk, Daniel Reaume, Jr.; Treasurer, John Simmons; Justice of the Peace, Michael Flynn; School Inspector, A. P. Lathrop; Highway Commissioner, A. P. Lathrop; Poor Masters, Harry Sanders, Raphael Girard; Constables, Alfred Rumsey, Raphael Girard, James McGlade, Alex. Rumsev. i866. Supervisor, Dallas Norvell; Clerk, Daniel Reaume; Treasurer, John Simmons; Justice of the Peace, Anthony Dudgeon, Harry Sanders; Highway Commissioner, Raphael Girard; School Inspectors, Anthony Dudgeon; Poor Directors, Raphael Girard, Harry Sanders; Constables, Alex. Reaume, George Spavin, Francis Vogt, Chas. Cahoon. I867. Supervisor, William Ives; Clerk, Alexander Mcllhenny; Treasurer, John Simmons; Justice of the Peace, Wm J. Duddleson; School Inspector, A. F. Lathrop; Highway Commissioner, W. S. Biddle; Poor Directors, Harry Sanders, Charles Groh; Constables, Wm. Smith, Francis Vogt, Chas. Cahoon, Sylvester Hinds. I868. Supervisor, William Ives; Clerk, Nathaniel L. Willard and A. Mcllhenny, each part of year; Treasurer, John Simmons; Justices of the Peace, Jonathan Hudson, Michael Flynn; Highway Commissioner, Andrew P. Lathrop; Poor Directors, Harry Sanders, Raphael Girard; School Inspector, John A. Rucker; Constables, Alex. Reaume, Alex. Nicholson, John Moore, George Spavin. I869. Supervisor, John Clee; Clerk. H. B. Hudson; Treasurer, Thomas G. Limbocker; Justice of the Peace, John Smith; School Inspector, J. Hudson, George Crook; Overseers of the Poor, Cady Neff, James Chase; Highway Commissioner, E. T. Slocum; Constables, David Sample, Alex. Nicholson, Lafayette Veo, V. B. Eastman. 1870. Supervisor, John Clee; Clerk, Nathan Neff; Treasurer, Thomas G. Limbocker; Justice of the Peace, James Ira David; School Inspector, Jonathan Hudson; Highway Commissioner, James H. Vreeland; Overseers of the Poor, James Chase, Cady Neff; Constables, Sylvester Hinds, Joseph Jombo, Alexander Nicholson, Moses Perry. 1871. Supervisor, James I. David; Clerk, Newton W. Dewey; Treasurer, John Simmons; Justice of the Peace, Harry H. Sanders; School Inspectors, Leonard W. Martin; Highway Commissioner, William Skipper; Drain Commissioner, James Welch; Poor Masters, John Ballard, Sr, Nicholas Maus; Constables, John Anglim, Frank Vogt, Eli Rushway, Chas. Walters. 1872. Supervisor, Alvin A. Turner; Clerk, Daniel Reame; Treasurer, Thomas G. Limbocker; Justice of the Peace, Michael Flynn; School Inspector, Wm. Ives; Poor Masters, Nicholas Maus, Charles Walters; Highway Commissioner, Wm. S. Biddle; Constables, John Anglim, A. Jones, Alexander Lebeau, Alexander Nicholson. 1873. Supervisor, James H. Vreeland; Clerk, Richard A. Foy; Treasurer, Cady Neff; Justices of the Peace, John S. Smith, Jonathan Hudson. Hiram Benedict; Highway Commissioner, Wm. Butler; School Inspector, N. C. Alvord; Drain Commissioner, Abraham Helfrich; Poor Directors, Loran Campbell, Joseph Stephens; Constables, Alexander Lebeau, George Small, Thomas Fitzpatrick, Alexander Goodall. 1874. Supervisor, James H. Vreeland; Clerk, John Edward Hall; Treasurer Cady Neff; Justices of the Peace, Anthony Dudgeon, Ashail L. Bird; Highway Commissioners, John C. Alvord, Wm. E. Skipper; School Inspector, Arthur Edwards; Drain Commissioner, Wm. Ives; Constables, John Anglim, Chas C. Bird, George Small, Alexander Lebeau; Poor Master, Robert Hillings I875. Supervisor, Daniel Reaume; Clerk, John E. Hall; Treasurer, Joseph Stephens; Superintendent of Schools, Wellington Carleton; School Inspector, Robert Cooper; Highway Commissioner, Anthony Dudgeon; Drain Commissioner, James Walsh; Justice of the Peace, George W. Crook; Constables, Alexander Nicholson, George Small, George Baker, Joseph Brow. 1876. Supervisor, Daniel Reaume; Clerk, Wm. Templeton; Treasurer, Wm Sanders, Jr.; Highway Commissioner, George Bailey; Justices of the

1324 MONGUAGON TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. Peace, Horace Gray, Robert Cooper; Superintendent of Schools, Wellington Carleton; School Inspectors, Frank T. Cullver; Drain Commissioner, George Bailey; Constables, Alexander Lebeau, Joseph Brow, George Spavin, Abiathar Jones. 1877. Supervisor, Wm. J. Duddleson; Clerk, George W. Housen; Treasurer, Wellington Carleton; Justices of the Peace, Charles K. Truax, L. W. Martin; Highway Commissioner, Simeon Lura; Drain Commissioner, Sylvester D. Hinds; Superintendent of Schools, Wm. R. Smith; School Inspector, Charles H. Sanders; Constables, Alex. Nicholson, John Carline, A. H. Phelps, George Small. I878. Supervisor, Wm. J. Duddleson; Clerk, Peter Hausman; Treasurer, George Morrow; Justices of the Peace, Patrick Coleman Wm. Rankin; Superintendent of Schools, Freedom E. Church; School Inspector, Wm. Sanders, Jr.; Highway Commissioner, Daniel Bentley; Drain Commissioner, Emory Potter; Constables, A. H. Phelps, Alexander Bellisle, Joseph Pelkey. I879. Supervisor, James H. Vreeland; Clerk, Richard A. Foy; Treasurer, Abraham Helfrich; Justices of the Peace, John S. Smith, P. H. Coleman, James Chase; A. S. Root; Superintendent of Schools, J. P. Anderson; School Inspector, James H. Pringle; Highway Commissioner, L. D. Rucker; Constables, Jacob Reigher, George Brow, Byron Moore, Peter Pittman I880. Supervisor, Wm. J. Duddleson; Clerk, James Collins; Treasurer, George Morrow; Justice of the Peace, Thomas J. Duddleson; Superintendent of Schools, Newton W. Dewey; School Inspector, Wm. Sanders. Jr.; Highway Commissioner, Daniel D. Bentley'; Drain Commissioner, George Bailey; Constables, Alexander Nicholson, John Dougherty, Samuel Boyer, Sr., William Soper. I88I. Supervisor, John Clee; Clerk, Richard A. Foy; Treasurer, George Morrow; Justice of the Peace, James Chase; Superintendent of Schools, Ettie Gray; School Inspector, Fred. P. Anderson; Highway Commissioner, George Bailey; Constables, George Small, Sr., Joseph Brow, John Jombo, Alexander Nicholson. 1882. Supervisor, Louis Groh; Clerk, Richard A. Foy; Treasurer, Michael C. Coyle; Justice of the Peace, John A. Rucker; Highway Commissioner, Michael F. Martin; Drain Commissioner, Charles H. Sanders; School Inspector, Ettie Gray; Constables, Barnes Moore, Edward Roahelian, Joseph Brow Michael F. Martin, Jr. I883. Supervisor, Lewis Groh; Clerk, Wm. E. Scrafford; Treasurer, John Simmons; Justice of the Peace, George W. Crook; Highway Commissioner, George Bailey; School Inspector, Homer B. Henderson; Constables, Daniel D. Bentley, George Small, Thomas Smith, Frank McConnell. 1884. Supervisor, Louis Groh; Clerk, Win. E. Scrafford; Treasurer, Wm. Sanders, Jr.; Justice of the Peace, John S. Smith; School Inspectors, Robert B. Burrill, Robert Cooper; Drain Commissioner, Samuel T. Hendricks; Highway Commissioner, George Bailey; Constables, Michael Collins, Levi Vogt, George Spavins, Thomas Smith. I885. Supervisor, Louis Groh; Clerk, Richard A. Foy; Treasurer, Wm. Sanders Jr.; Justice of the Peace, D. S. Hibbard; Highway Commissioner, Giles Bates; Drain Commissioner, M. T. Martin; School Inspectors, C. J. Williams, Ettie Gray; Constables, Joseph Peltier, Levi Vogt, D.'D. Bentley, John Dumer. 1886. Supervisor, Louis Groh; Clerk, Wm. Sanders, Jr.; Treasurer, Alfred Bailey; Justice of the Peace, John A. Rucker; Highway Commissioner, John Anglim; Drain Commissioner, Daniel D. Bentley; School Inspectors, John Moore; Constables, William Cada, George Small, Joseph Anderson. 1887. Supervisor, James H. Vreeland; Clerk, Charles H. Kimberk; Treasurer, George W. Crook; Justices of the Peace, Isaac C. Sanders, Nathan Neff; Highway Commissioner, John Anglim; School Inspector, Ettie Gray; Constables, Levi Vogt, Charles Labeau, Thomas Smith, John Bradshaw, David Sample, Octave Mitchell. I888. Supervisor, Louis Groh; Clerk, J. C. Armstrong; Treasurer, Wm. Sanders, Jr.; Justice of the Peace, Gilbert Judkins; Highway Commissioner, D. D. Bentley; Constables, J. S. Bentley, John Bradshaw, Daniel Sample, Octave Mitchell. I889. Supervisor, Louis Groh; Clerk, Nicholas Maus; Treasurer, Wm. Sanders; Highway Commissioner, W. F. Butler; Drain Commissioner, B. Barton; School Inspector, Etta Gray; Constables, Georga Spavin, G. Beadle, J. McComb, Louis Reaume; Justices of the Peace, John Todd, S. T. Hendricks. I890. Supervisor, Louis Groh; Clerk, N. A. Maus; Treasurer, A. R. Kemp; Justice of the Peace, Wm. Sanders Jr.; Highway Cohmissioner, John Anglim; School Inspector, J. C. Saunders; Board of Review, E. Cady; Constables, D. Vogt, J. McComb, O. Mitchell, S. Brow. TRENTON. This village is located on fractional townships I8 and 19 of Town 4, South of Range i East. It is on the line of the Canada Southern Branch of the M. C. R. R., and is located on the highest ground along the Detroit. It was first laid out by A. C. Truax in 1834, and was then called Truaxton, and subsequently Truago In I85O a new plat of the

MONGUAGON TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I325 same site was recorded under the name of Trenton. It was incorporated by Act of February io, I855, but exactly two years after, on February io, 1857, the Act was repealed. It was again incorporated on April 22, I875. The bounds of the village under the last Act are as follows: Commencing at the extreme north end of Slocum's Island on the Detroit river, and running west to the line of the Detroit, Toledo & Canada Southern Railroads; thence northerly along the east line of said railroads to the center of George Street as extended, and thence east along the center of George Street to the Detroit river. By Act of 1875 the first election was to be held at the school-house on the second Monday of March, 1876, and John Clee, Wm. J. Duddleson and John Simmons were appointed to act as inspectors of election, which was duly held, I90 votes polled, and the following officers elected: President, Wm. J. Duddleson; Trustees for one year, Frank Burk, Moses Perry, E. Cady; Trustees for two years. Wm. Yakeley, James Baker, R. T. Burrin; Clerk, Arthur W. Turner; Treasurer, Wm. Sanders, Jr.; Assessor, Gilbert A. Judkins; Street Commissioner, Wm. Rankin; Constable, Abiathar Jones. The first meeting of the village board was held March 23, 1876. In June it was ordered to have a survey and map of the village made by Col. H. A. Wood. Wm. J. Duddleson, Wm. Yakeley and E. Cady were appointed a committee on public buildings and grounds. The officers since 1876 have been as follows: 1877. President, Wm. J. Duddleson; Trustees, Clarence H. Willard, E. Cady, Daniel Haight; Clerk, George W. Housen; Treasurer, Wm, Sanders, Jr.; Street Commissioner, Michael Martin; Assessor, Gilbert A. Judkins; Constable, Alex. Lebeau, Sr. 1878. President, Wm. J. Duddleson; Trustees, Theophilus Godbout, Loren Campbell, Wm. Yakeley; Clerk, Richard A. Foy; Treasurer, Wm. Sanders, Jr.; Assessor, Addison David; Street Commissioner, Michael Martin; Constable, George Small. 1879. President, Win. J. Duddleson; Trustees, George Morrow, E. Cady, Joseph Veo; Clerk, Peter Hausman; Treasurer, Wm. Sanders, Jr.; Assessor, David Bentley; Constable, Gilbert J. Potter; Street Commissioner, Emory Potter. I880. President, Wm. Park; Trustees, Wm. J. Duddleson, Mark W. Jaquith, James Chase, Cady Neff; Clerk, Richard A. Foy; Treasurer, George W. Cook; Assessor, Arthur W. Turner; Street Commissioner, Emory Potter; Constable, D. D. Bentley. 188I. President, John Clee; Clerk, R. A. Foy; Trustees, J. C. Willis, J. S. Smith, Cady Neff; Treasurer, George W. Crook; Assessor, Daniel D. Bentley; Street Commissioner, Michael F. Martin; Constable, Edward Perring. 1882. President, Wm. J. Duddleson; Clerk, Richard A. Foy; Treasurer, George W. Crook; Trustees, Wm. Sanders, Jr., E. Cady. Charles H. Sanders; Street Commissioner, Michael F. Martin; Constable, B. Moore. I883. President, James Chase; Clerk, Richard A. Foy; Trustees, Nathan Neff, Wm Yakeley, John C. Nellis, Mark W. Jaquith; Treasurer, George W. Crook; Street Commissioner, Daniel D. Bentley; Assessor, Alexander Nicholson; Constable, William Moore. 1884. President, Wm. Sanders Jr.; Clerk, Richard A. Foy; Treasurer, Alfred Bailey; Trustees, Maynard S. Lowe, John Anglim, John Schenck; Assessor, John Simmons, Jr.; Street Commissioner, Wm. J. Duddleson; Constable, Levi Vogt. I885. President, Wm. Sanders, Jr.; Clerk, Richard A. Foy; Treasurer, Alfred Bailey; Trustees, Jacob Reiger, Wm. Kamlein. Nicholas Maus; Assessor, Wm. Yakeley; Street Commissioner, Wm. J. Duddleson; Constable. Levi Vogt. I886. President, Wm. Sanders, Jr.; Clerk, Maynard S. Lane; Treasurer George W. Crook; Trustees, Loran Campbell, Wm. T. Yakeley, A. E. Jenke; Assessor, Charles B. Stokes; Street Commissioner, John Anglim; Constable, Levi Vogt. I887. President, Wm. Sanders, Jr.; Clerk, Maynard S. Lane; Treasurer, George W. Crook; Trustees, Jacob Reiger, Frank Burke, Ira Vickery; Assessor, David D. Bentley; Street Commissioner, David L. Fuller; Constable, Levi Vogt. i888. President, Wm. Sanders, Jr.; Clerk, John C. Armstrong; Treasurer, Hiram Holden; Trustees, Joseph Lura, Maurice Lake, Wm. Kamlein, John A. McKimmie; Assessors, Nathan Neff; Street Commissioner, John Anglim; Constable, Levi Vogt. I889. President, William Sanders, Jr.; Clerk, Seward R. Thornton; Treasurer, George W. Crook; Trustees, Jacob Reiger, Loran Campbell, Ira Vickery; Assessor, Nathan Neff; Street Commissioner, John Anglim; Constable, John McCourt. 1890. President, Wm. Sanders, Jr.; Clerk, W. F. Sanders; Treasurer G. W. Crook; Trustees, N. A. Maus, J. Baker, Amos Abbott; Assessor, A. R. Kemp; Street Commissioner, John Anglim; Constable, John McCourt The assessed valuation of property as reported to the Common Council on June 6, I888, was, real, $151,915; personal, $29,150; total, $I8I,065. A tax of one-fourth of one per cent. was levied for the year, and during the month of June the village purchased Lot 36, Block Q, on the corner of Wash

1326 MONGUAGON TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. ington Avenue and Maple Street for the sum of $500 with a view of erecting a building for the use of the village. There are two public school buildings valued at $2,000, with a seating capacity for 350 scholars. Three teachers are employed, and the average daily attendance of scholars in I888 was 168. The number of children of school age was 445. "The School Visitor,' published in the interest of the schools. has been published since October, I886. It is issued monthly at thirty-five cents a year, and is a readable little sheet. The Trenton Lodge of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, No. 33, was organized December 24, 1847, and Trenton Lodge, No. 8, of the Free and Accepted Masons, in I855. The population in I880 was 1,103. This village has been one of the most important ship-building points on the Detroit River, and many vessels that have gone into marine history as models of their kind were constructed here. Among the leading ship-yards between I866 and 1874 was the establishment of Captain A. A. Turner. He built some thirty-five or forty vessels, ranging in value from $25,000 to $60,ooo each. Eighteen of these were steam vessels, among which was the ill-fated "Amazon," at that time one of the largest and staunchest crafts on the lakes. The " Chief Justice Waite," the " Morning Star," the " A. A. Turner " were also built in his yards. At one time he employed 350 men, and had as many as five vessels on the stocks at one time. These were the palmy days of Trenton, over a million and a half dollars worth of vessels being built within eight years. The panic of 1873 brought disaster to the business. The ship-yard of John Craig was removed from Gibraltar to Trenton in 1863, where it has since been maintained. The Trenton Mills were built in 1848 by Abbott & David on Section I8, near the present north limits of the village, and after passing through the hands of Judkin & David, and Slocum & Truax, was purchased by John Clee in I866, and in 1879 moved to their present location in the west end of the village near the depots. The mill formerly had four run of stone, but it was converted into an all-roller process mill in I885, with a capacity of 125 or more barrels It is both a merchant and custom mill. St. Thomas's Protestant Episcopal Church Was organized December o1, 1842. Major Truax donated the lot and a church building, to which has since been added a lot for a parsonage, donated on April I8, 1876, by Charles K. Truax, the total valuation of which is $2,000. The church was erected in the summer of 1843, and the pews were first rented on September I6, I843. As near as can be ascertained, Rev. Charles Fox served as missionary rector from September, 1843, and was regularly called June, I845, continuing in charge until 1853, when he was succeeded by Rev R. Bury. From 1857 to June 23, I867, Rev. Milton H. Ward was in charge and from June 30 1867, to March 2, I868, Rev. Josiah Phelps. Rev. S. Williams served from June 28. I868, to June 27, I869; Rev. Levi Corson from October o0, 1869. to July io, 1870.; Rev. H. Banwell, from October 25, 1870, to December 27, 1874; Rev. G. W. Bloodgood from May 2, I875, to 1887, and Rev. Wn. Charles from 1887 to. The present membership of the church is about thirty-five. The clergyman in charge also conducts services at the churches on Grosse Isle and at Wyandotte. Methodist Episcopal Church. A Methodist class meeting was formed at this locality as early as 1829, and the place was visited by the ministers appointed in charge of what was called the Huron Mission. The ministers who came here during that period were: I829-1830, Rev. Leonard B. Gurley; 1833, Rev. W. H. Brockway; 1834-1835, Rev. A. Buckles, Rev. Elias Pattee; 1836 to 1837, Rev. W. H. Brockway, Rev. Charles Babcock; 1838, Rev. W. H. Brockway. A church was organized in 1843. The church lot was donated by Major Truax, and the building, which will seat 200, was first used in 1845 or 1846. When first organized there were eleven members; there are now sixty-four. The church building is valued at $2,000 and the parsonage at $r,ooo. The following have served as pastors: 1843, Rev. R. Pengelley; 1844. Rev. George King; 1848, Rev. R. Bird; 1849, Rev. J. S. Smart; 1850, Rev. Alexander Campbell; 1851, Rev. S. C. Woodward; 1852-1853, Rev. Lorenzo D. Price; 1854-1855, Rev. J. F. Davidson; I856, Rev. D. C. Jacokes; 1857, Rev. A. J. Bigelow; 1858, Rev. D. C. Jacokes; I859-1860, Rev. Wm- Benson; I861-1862. Rev. S. L. Ramsdell; i863, Rev. A. Edwards, Jr.; I864, Rev. B. S. Taylor; 1865, Rev. Jacob Horton; I866 -I867, Rev. J. F. Dorey; 1868-I869, Rev. C. W. Austin; I870-1871, Rev. J. Frazer; 1872, Rev. J. H. McClure; 1873-1874, Rev. J. W. Crippen; 1875-1876, Rev. James H. Kilpatrick; I877-1878, Rev. H. N. Brown; 1879, Rev. A. W. Wilson; I880-188i, Rev. J. R. Noble; 1882, Rev. R. S. Jordon; 1883, Rev. W. R. Jordon; i884-1886, Rev. J. M. Shank; I887-I888, Rev. John Wesley. St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Church Was organized about 1865, with some forty families. Some ten years later the congregation built a church at a cost of $2,500. The present

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MONGUAGON TOWNSI membership is 150 families. They have never had any regular pastor, mission service being held from time to time by pastors from Detroit, Ecorce and Wyandotte. St. John's P. E. Church, Grosse Isle. This society was organized on April 21, 1851. The lot was donated, and the church, costing about $1,300, was erected soon after the society was organized. It will seat loo. Rev. Charles Fox was its first rector, and was succeeded by the Rev. M. H. Ward. Rev. Moses Hunter, Rev. Rich Bury, and others, at intervals until 1873. when the Rev. Henry Banwell became rector. On October 24, 1875, the Rev. George W..Bloodgood was appointed rector, and remained as such for over twelve years, holding his last service August 28, 1887. The present rector, the Rev. William Charles, held his first service in the parish October 16, 1887 Sf. James's P. E. Church, Grosse Isle. I his society was organized in I867. The chapel was erected by VWm. S Biddle on grounds belonging to his brother It cost about $5,000, will seat 250, and was held as private property for a number of years It was finally donated to the diocese by IIP-BIOGRAPHICAL. 13 27 Mr. Biddle. Thereare thirty-five communicants. It is cared for by the rector of Trenton Sacredt Heart Roman Catholic Church, Grosse Isle. This society occupies a building worth $500, which was originally a dwelling, and will seat ioo. It was first used about 1870 Services were conducted by priests from Wyandotte, Ypsilanti and Ecorce. There are perhaps thirty Catholic families in the parish. SIBLEY'S STATION. This station, located on the Canada Southern Branch of the M. C. R. R.. is named after F. B. Sibley, who owns and operates an extensive limestone quarry at this point, and has done so for many years. SLOCUM'S JUNCTION. This name is given to the place where a branch of the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railroad crosses the Canada Southern Branch of the Michigan Central Railroad, and goes to Fayette. It is named after Elliott T. Slocum who inherited from his father, Giles B. Slocum, a large amount of property lying in the vicinity of this place. BIOGRAPH ICAL. JAMES WOODRUFF CLARK was born near Catskill-on-the-Hudson, May 4, I806. His father, John Clark, was born at Norwich, Connecticut, on November 14, 1777. On February 2, 1802, he married Sally (Person) Clark, who was born at Brunswick, New York, June I, 1780, and died at Buffalo, New York, April i8, I813. Mr. Clark died in the township of Brownstown, Wayne County, Michigan. Their family consisted of George Clark, born March 9, 1804; James Woodruff Clark, born May 4, 80o6; John Person Clark, born April io. I808; Nelson Clark, born January 7, I81o, and Catherine Clark, born September 8, 1812 John Clark married his second wife, Sally Swain, at Buffalo, November 10, 1813. She was born in Buffalo, October 25, 1786, and died at Brownstown, in July, i859 Their children were: Catherine Clark, born September 10, 1814, Sarah, born January 27, 1817; Naomi, born April 7, I819; Isaac Swain, born May 15, 1821; Rebecca Ann, born November I, 1822; Mary, born October 25, 1823; Eliza Ann, born May 29, I825; Charles, born November 2, 1826. Wattrous Clark, the grandfather of James, was born at Norwich, Connecticut, on June 20, 1742, and died at that place in I822. He took an active part in the Revolutionary War, participating in the principal battles. He was noted for his daring conduct, and in recognition of his eminent services was assigned an officer's pension, which he drew until his death. His father, John Clark, served with distinction in the War of 1812. He was the Captain of a body of men, known as Saugerties Rangers, who did much to annoy and harass the British. The family at that time were living at Black Rock, near Buffalo, and were stripped of everything by the enemy. Shortly after the close of the war, the family removed to Rocky River, near Cleveland, Ohio, and from thence to Michigan, in 1819. They lived for a time at Ecorce, and then in a log house just below Wyandotte. From this last place the family moved to a farm in Brownstown. As all his father's possessions had been swept away in the War of I812, and as there was a large family, the three eldest boys, George, James, and John, helped to support the family. The only education that James received in his youth was acquired in the district schools, and he worked on the farm until twenty-three years of age. On October

1328 MONGUAGON TOWNSHIP-BIOGRAPHICAL. 19, 1828, he married Julia Wells. He then rented a farm on the Huron River, and after living there for five years he bought a farm in the township of Taylor, about eight miles west of Wyandotte, and lived there until I859. Having then become tired of farming, he moved to Trenton, where he bought a home and resided there until his death. He was an honest, hardworking man, and was eminently successful as a farmer. The wealth which he had accumulated enabled him to live in ease and comfort when failing health obliged him to give up work. He loaned out considerable money, and owned several farms, one in the township of Taylor, one in Brownstown, two in Ecorce, and two in Monguagon. After suffering long and painfully for two years, with Bright's disease, he died at Trenton, on December 24, 1870, and was buried in Woodmere Cemetery. Mr. Clark was of a retiring disposition and free from all personal ambition. He shrank from anything that would bring him into public notice, and attended strictly to his own affairs. His widow remains on the old homestead in Trenton, being now upwards of eighty years old. Their family consisted of nine daughters and four sons, as follows: George V. Clark, born August 25, I830; Martha C., born May 13, 1832; Emeline, born January 25, 1834; John H.. born November 27, 1835; Seth,born July I, 1837, and died September 26, 1838; Sophia M., born March 6, 1839; Julia, born February 27, 1841; Amelia Eliza, born February 24, 1843; Mary Emily, born February 17, 1845; Woodruff W., born January 20, 1847; Myra A., born January 20, 1849; Alice L., born January 21, 1851; Catherine April, born April i, 1853, and died October 27, 1864. JOHN CLEE was born on May 31, I824 at Toddington, in the County of Gloucester, England, and is the second son of John and Martha (Browning) Clee. His father was born at Ludlow, in the County of Shropshire, England, on March 28, 1795, in which county his ancestors lived for many generations, and whose family name was given to a mountainous range of country, called the Clee Hills. Some members of the family were in professional life, and the elder Mr. Clee was a minister in the Wesleyan Methodist Church for over forty years, and until the time of his death, at Cheltenham, England, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. Martha Clee, his wife, was born at Rodborough, in the County of Gloucester, on October 18, I799, her parents and ancestors being engaged in agricultural pursuits. For seventy years she was a member of the Wesleyan Methodist Church. She died at Cheltenham, England, on April 3, 1886, at the age of eighty-seven. John Clee, the subject of this sketch, was educated in private schools of England, and in his twenty-sixth year started in business for himself, engaging in mercantile pursuits. In I850. he was married to Hannah Fry, daughter of James Fry, a carver, gilder and picture frame manufacturer, in the city of Cheltenham, England. They had a family of four sons and one daughter, of whom only one, a son named Walter William Clee is living. For over thirty years Mr. Clee was engaged in a general business in the town of Trenton, Michigan. He now controls two large flour mills, one at Trenton and the other at Detroit, and is also engaged in the manufacture of earth paint materials, in the city of Wyandotte, Michigan. In politics Mr. Clee was originally a Whig, of the Clay school, and has been a Republican ever since the organization of that party. Although physically incapacitated to take part in the late Civil War, he nevertheless gave liberal financial support to the Union cause. He has long been a member of the Masonic fraternity, and for over forty years has been affiliated with the Methodist Episcopal church. Mr. Clee is a man of democratic tastes and methods and of a genial disposition. Possessing strong business instincts, his early entrance into mercantile life has resulted in a most flattering success. He is in every sense of the word a self-made man and his life illustrates the fact that industry and perseverance coupled with honesty and economy, will bring a substantial and gratifying reward. ISAAC CALLENDAR SAUNDERS was born May 14, 1825, and is a son of Harry and Eliza (Callender) Saunders. The father was born in I802, and the mother in I805, and both of them Were of English ancestry. * The fact that their home was on the shore of Lake Champlain, had doubtless much to do with the taste that their sons Phineas and Isaac both had for life on the lakes. The father, Harry Saunders, was well known as a public-spirited citizen, active in political life, and especially prominent in the State militia, both in New York and Michigan. He emigrated to Michigan in 1832, and in I839 served as representative in the State Legislature. His commission as Captain in the 20th Regiment of New York Cavalry, in 1825, bears the signature of the eminent Governor De Witt Clinton, and in Michigan he held commissions as Colonel from Governors Mason, Barry and Felch. In 1854 he was appointed by Governor Parsons, Brigadier General of the first brigade, first division of the militia of Michigan. Isaac C. Saunders attended the district school until about fifteen years of age, when he com

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MONGUAGON TOWNS menced to care for himself. He served for a brief period on the steamboat " Macomb," commanded by S. F. Atwood, then running on Lake Erie, and in the winter was employed in Barclay's iron foundry, and in the summer was again sailing on one of the lake boats, spending the succeeding winter in the Michigan Central engineering shops, then located in Detroit, where the City Hall now stands. By these methods, followed through several years, he obtained both a theoretical and practical knowledge of engines and boilers, became an expert in their construction and management, and was soon well known as a marine engineeer and machinist. His thorough knowledge of his business coupled with his methodical habits and irreproachable conduct, caused his services to be always in demand, and he was always sure of a position, and served on a large number of steamboats including the old Southern Michigan," and the "Arrow." During the War with the South he was able to render valuable service to the Government, enlisting in 1863, under Quartermaster Arthur Edwards, the Master Machinist and Chief Engineer of the government fleet on the Tennessee river, and held this position with entire satisfaction to the government, remaining until the fall of Richmond rendered the fleet no longer necessary. After his return to his home in Trenton he continued his former occupation, one of the last trips he made professionally being on the screw wheel steamer Algoma, commanded by Captain Kirby, which he took to Mackinaw where it was to serve as the first railroad ferry between Point St. Ignace and old Mackinaw. Under appointment from President Cleveland he served as Deputy Collector of Customs, at Trenton, and is at present Justice of the Peace, for Trenton, and the township of Monguagon. Politically he is a Democrat, and undoubtedly went into the war and came from the war as truly a War Democrat as any who enlisted. He isa member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, having passed through all the chairs in the Trenton Lodge, and has served repeatedly as a delegate to the Grand Lodge. He is also connected with the Knights of Honor. Religiously his sympathies are more particularly with the Methodist Episcopal church, and his character and manner is such that it would be easy to believe that he practiced most, if not all, of the Christian virtues. Unassuming, sympathetic, conscientious, and considerate, he is worthy of the esteem in which he is held. He was married in i851 to Ellen A. Stout, a native of Pennsylvania; she died in 1874, and is buried in Woodmere Cemetery. They had five children, Harry D., born in 1852, died in 1872; Eva A., born in 1852, married Cap IHIP-BIOGRAPHICAL. 1329 tain John Duddleson and died in I876; Charles C., born in i855, died in infancy; Flora C., born in 1856, now the wife of W. J. Keeney; and Edith Ruth, born in 1867. PHINEAS EARLL SAUNDERS was born at Whithall, Washington County, New York, January 4, 1824. He was the eldest son of Harry and Eliza C. Saunders, whose home was on the shores of the beautiful Lake Champlain. At the age of eleven, he removed with his parents to Michigan, and settled at Truago, now Trenton, then an almost unbroken forest. His educational advantages were meagre, for, at the age of sixteen, after the death of his mother, his father placed him as an apprentice in the machine shop of Stebbins Brothers, at Maumee, where he learned the trade of machinist and engineer, which pursuit he followed on land and water for a number of years. He was for a long time in the employ of the Detroit, Toledo. Sandusky and Cleveland line of steamers, acting as chief engineer of the steamers "John Owen," '"Bay City," and "Arrow." His more than ordinary ahilities soon brought him to the front, and in the year of I860, he was appointed to the office of United States Inspector of Steam Vessels, under the administration of James Buchanan, which office he held until the time of his death. He was an obliging, faithful and conscientious officer, noted for his truthful and honorable dealings with all with whom he had business transactions. He was married on May 13, I849, to Clarinda C. Bill, of Trenton, Michigan. Their only child, a son, George R., died at the age of one year and two months. During the years that he was sailing, his home was at Trenton, but after his appointment to the office of Inspector, he resided in Detroit for a number of years, and then removed to his farm just south of the village of Trenton, where he lived until the time of his death. He died on July 24, I881, of cholera morbus, after a short illness. He was interred in Woodmere Cemetery at Detroit. He was an Odd Fellow, a member of the Masonic fraternity, and had taken the thirty-third degree of the Scottish Rite. While he never made a public profession of religion, his preferences and support were given to the Protestant Episcopal church. He was ever ready to lend a helping hand to others, and his good deeds were many. He was universally liked and respected by all who were brought in contact with him either socially, or through business. The following tribute is paid to his character and memory by one of his closest and most intimate friends: " Reticent by nature, he seldom revealed his inner thoughts and feelings to others, and while all

1330 NANKIN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. with whom he came in contact found him the same genial cordial gentleman, it was reserved for the very few to understand him thoroughly. One of his strong characteristics was a kindly regard for the feelings of others, yet he would never sacrifice truth and justice, and this was especially true in acts pertaining to his official duties. He was never actuated by impulse, but after carefully weighing the merits of a case. he formed his decision, which was seldom reversed. He was an excellent student of human nature, and was seldom deceived in his estimate of a man even upon short acquaintance. The true record of his life cannot be written, because there remains not the wise sayings and brilliant orations that mark those whom the world calls great, but simply the memory of a life full of unostentatious acts of charity and kindness, which only came to the knowledge of the few who knew him best." NANKIN TOWNSHIP. 1 his township created an October 20, I829, out of part of what had been the Township of Bucklin, consists of Town 2, North of Range 9 East. As it was created out of Bucklin, and as that township no longer exists, it seems proper to give here the names of the officers of that township, especially as the most of them remained in the new Township of Nankin. The township officers of Bucklin were as follows: 1827. Supervisor. Marcus Swift; Clerk, Joseph Hickox; Assessors, Joseph Hanchett, Wm. McCarty, Henry Wells, L. G. Hanson, A. Fox; Collector, Aaron Thomas; Overseers of the Poor, Joseph Kingsley, John F. Reupley; Commissioners of Highways, George M. Johnston, Elisha Warren, Harvey Tuttle; Constables, Aaron Thomas, James Abbott, Joseph Young; Fence Viewers, James Bucklin Joel Thomas, Joshua Chamberlin Joseph Fowler, James Dune, Wm. Hickox, Jr., Wm. Osborn. 1828. Supervisor, Marcus Swift; Clerk, Joseph Hickox; Assessors, Henry Wells, Thomas Harper, Joel Thomas; Collector, A. 1 homas; Highway Commissioners, John J. Andrews Wm. Osborne, J. Thomas; Overseers of the Poor, John J Reupley, Jos. Kingsley; Constables, Jas. Bucklin, Jas Abbott. 1829. Supervisor, Marcus Swift; Clerk, James F. Chubb; Assessors, Thomas Harper, Henry Wells, Joel Thomas; Collector, James Bucklin; Overseers of the Poor, Jos. Kingsley, J. F. Rupeley; Highway Commissioners, Thomas Harper, Wm. Osband, Wm. Fraser; Constables, J. Abbott, J. Bucklin, A. Thomas; School Inspectors. James F. Chubb, T. Harper, P. Cater, B, F. Fox, M. Harrison. The first township meeting of Nankin was held at the house of Henry Wells on the first Monday of April, I830. The name was borrowed from the empire of China, and some interesting facts on this and other points will be found in Chapter XXII. The township officers have been as follows. The name of the Supervisor only can be found for the years 1830 and 1831, in which years Marcus Swift was serving: 1832. Supervisor, Marcus Swift; Clerk, G. D. Chubb; Collector, Adolphus Brigham; Assessors, James Dunn. Dexter Briggs, Leonard Harrison; Overseer of the Poor, Marcus Swift; Commissioners of Highways, J Kingsley Timon Downer, Norman Putnam; Constables, Reuben Starks, Adolphus Brigham, Z. H. Hastings. 1833 Supervisor, G D. Chubb; Clerk, Lamon A Fowler; Assessors, A. Brigham, N. Eldridge, V. Wightman; Collector, A Brigham; Treasurer, J. Kingsley; Poormaster, M. Frazier; Highway Commissioners, S. Barker, W. Norris, M Everett; School Commissioners, J. Dunn, H. Wells, A I'errin; Constables, R Starks, A. Brigham. I834. Supervisor, Adolphus Brigham; Clerk, Silas Joslin; Assessors, J. Gunning. H. Durfee, J. Haynes; Highway Commissioners, J. Briggs, xx m. Hawley, T. Dickerson; Poormasters, J. Patterson, J. Lewis; Collector, N. Tallmadge; Constables, R. Starks, N. Tallmadge, Wm. Curtis I835. Supervisor, Ammon Br'own (he also appears to have been present as Justice of the Peace); Clerk, Leonard G. Harrison; Assessors, S. Ilarker, R. Campbell, J. I). Corey; Highway Commissioners, V.Wightman, S. H. Hazard, D. L. Van Aukin; Collector, N. Putnam; Poormasters, W. Norris, 0. Dickinson; School Commissioners, J. Mason, C. Newell, V. Wightman; Constables, N. Putnam, J. Rhead, N. Blanchard; School Inspectors, A. Brown, O. Dickinson, T. Munger, J. Street, D. L. Van Auken. I836. Supervisor, Ammon Brown; Clerk, Josiah Mason; Assessors, V. Wightman, T. Street, S. II. Hazard; Highway Commissioners, Wm. Osbond, D. L. Van Aukin, V. Wightman; Poormasters, T. Dickinson, S. Torbert; Collector, N. Putman; School Commissioner, J. Mason, C. Newell, L. G. Harrison; School Inspectors, D. H. Hume, W.

NANKIN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I331 Edmonds, M. Swift, A. Brown, T. D. Corey; Constables, J. Rhead, N. Putman; Justices of the Peace, A. Brown, E, Deaby, W. Edmonds, M. Swift. 1837. Supervisor, Ammon Brown; Clerk, Josiah Mason; Assessors, W. Norris, E. Straight, 1). L Van Aukin; Collector, J. M. Wightman; Poormasters, S. Torbert, E. Straight; Highway Commissioners, W. White, M. Swift, W. Edmonds; School Inspectors, J. M. Hume, W. White, D. L. Van Aukin; Justice of the Peace, V. Wightman; Constables, J M. Wightman, T. Munger, S H. Collins, S P. Cady. 1838 Supervisor, Glode I). Chubb; Clerk, Harry Lewis; Assessors, S. H. Aldrich, B. C. Bunnell, T. Munger; Collector, S S Torbert; Poor Masters, T. Dickerson, James Pattison; Highway Commissioners, Wm. Osband, Geo C. Nash, James Pattison; School Inspectors, Z. Knight, J. M. Hume, T. Munger; Justices of the Peace, A. S. Stevens, S. H. Aldrick; Constables, S. S. Torbert, S. P. Cady, N. Blanchard, W. L. Barker. I839. Supervisor, Morrison Swift; Clerk, Barnabas C. Bunnell; Treasurer, J. Mason; Justice of the Peace, J. Ganong; Assessors, V. Wightman, J. I). Corey, A. P. Clark; School Inspectors, A. Brown, \V. Edmonds, O. P. Dresser; Highway Commissioners, D. L Van Auken, J. Clark, W'. Norris; Poor Masters, T. Dickerson, J. Gunong; Collector, W. L. Barker; Constables, A. Beeman, J. M. Wightman, W. L. Barker, I. Wright. 1840. Supervisor, Volney Wightman; Clerk, Samuel P. Cady; Treasurer, J. Mason; Justice of the Peace, A. Brown; Assessors, A. P. Clark, J. D. Corey, W. Hawley; Collector, A. Beeman; School Inspectors, W. Edmonds, O. P. Dresser, A. Brown; Poor Directors, T. Iickerson J. Ganong; Highway Commissioners, W Norris D. L. Van Aukin, J. Powell; Constables, A Beeman N. Blanchard. I841. Supervisor, Samuel P. Cady; Clerk, Josiah Mason; Treasurer, P. Mason; Justice of the Peace, A. L. Stevens; Assessors, J lawson, J. D. Corey, V. Wightman; Collector, \V. Edmonds; School Inspector, A Brown, O. P. Dresser, D. L. Van Aukin; Poor Directors J. Speers, P. Mason; Highway Commissioners, G. Cooper, V. W. Blodgett, A. P. Clark; Constables, W. Edmonds, A. Fitzgerald, N. Blanchard J. Phillips. 1842. Supervisor, Morrison Swift; Clerk, Samuel P. Cady; Treasurer, V. Wightman; Justice of the Peace, E. Harvey; Assessors, A. P. Clark, G. Cooper; School Inspectors, J D. Corey, O. P. Dresser, A. Brown; Poor Directors, M. Swift, J. Rhead; Highway Commissioners, V. Wightman, J. Dawson, G. Cooper; Constables, A. Beeman, A. Brink. I843. Supervisor, Ammon Brown; Clerk, Barnabas C. Bunnell; Treasurer, S. I'. Cady; Justice of the Peace, O P. Dresser; School Inspector, for two years, A. Brown, for one year, 0. P. Dresser; Highway Commissioners, G. Cooper, A P. Clark, J. Rhead; Poor Directors, M. Swift, P. Mason; Assessors, W. Edmonds, J. D. Corey; Constables A. Beeman, A. Brink, S. D. Curtiss, A. Fitzgerald. 1844. Supervisor, Volney Wightman; Clerk, Barnabas C. Bunnell; Treasurer, W. Edmonds; Justice of the Peace, S. W. Aldrich; Assessors, J. D. Corey, J. Dawson; Highway Commissioners, A. Patchen, E. Warner, E. T. Glass; School Inspector, O. P. Dresser; Poor Directors, P. Mason, W. Ganong; Constables, W. R. Curtiss, A. Brink, A. Pate, J. Phillips. I845. Supervisor, Volney Wightman; Clerk, Barnabas C. Bunnell; Treasurer, W. Edmonds; Justice of the Peace, A. Patchin; Highway Commissioners, E. T. Glass, E. Warner, D. L VanAuken; Poor Directors, P. Mason, W. Ganong; School Inspector, R. Brown; Constables, W. R. Curtiss, J. Rhead, C. F. Wilkerson, Geo Morea. I846. Supervisor, Volney Wightman; Clerk, Barnabas C. Bunnell; Treasurer, W. Edmonds; Justice of the Peace, E. Hawley, Jr.; Assessors, J. Dawson, A. Patchin; Highway Commissioners, J. M. Palmer. N. Blanchard, J Stanton; School Inspector, A. Brown; Poor Directors, P. Mason, M. Warner; Constables, W. Edmonds, J. Stanton. 1847. Supervisor, Ammon Brown; Clerk, David Walker; Treasurer, S. P. Cady; Justices of the Peace, E. T. Glass, D. Straight; School Inspector, W. G Porter; Poor Directors, G. Cooper, W. Edmonds; Assessors, V. Wightman, S. T. Curtiss; Highway Commissioner, for three years, J. Lathers, for two years, H. Fink, for one year, M. Sweegles; Constables, J. Stanton, W. R. Curtiss, A. Rhead, W. Edmonds. I848. Supervisor, Ammon Brown; Clerk, Barnabas C. Bunnell; Treasurer, E. Warner; Justice of the Peace, A. L. Stevens; School Inspector, W. Brown; Poor Directors, M. Warner, D. L. Van Aukin; Highway Commissioner, M. Sweegles; Constables, U. H. Blodgett, W. R. Curtiss, L. Doolittle, A. Brink. I849. Supervisor, Ammon Brown; Clerk, Charles H. Cady; Treasurer, E. Warner; Justice of the Peace, B C. Bunnell; School Inspector, E. Hawley, Jr.; Highway Commissioner, J. D. Corey; Assessors, J. Dawson, J. D. Corey; Poor Directors, S. P. Cady, A. Stewart; Constables, J. Dawson, W. R Curtiss, J. L. Lock, A. Pate. I850. Supervisor, VWillard Edmonds; Clerk, Charles H. Cady; Treasurer, James Q. Carver; Justice of the Peace, E. Hawley,,Jr.; School Inspector, A. Brown; Highway Commissioner, E.

332 NANKIN TOWNSHIP-ORG. Warner; Assessors, J. Dawson, V. Wightman; Poor Directors, S. P. Cady, J. Phillips; Constables, A. Pate, W. R. Curtiss, B. Lewis, U. H. Blodgett. 185I. Supervisor, Willard Edmonds; Clerk, John J. Wright; Treasurer, S. G. Hammond; Justices of the Peace, M. Sweegles E. Warner; School Inspector, E. Hawley, Jr.; Highway Commissioner, J. Ganong; Poor Directors, J. Dawson, A. Patchin; Constables, T. J. Dean, T. B. Downer, E. Terry, J. Stanton. 1852. Supervisor, Willard Edmonds; Clerk, John J. Wright; Treasurer, S. G. Hammond; Justices of the Peace, A. L. Stevens, D. G. Brown, A. Patchin; School Inspector, A. Brown; Highway Commissioner, J. D. Corey; Poor Directors, P. Doolittle, A. Brown; Constables, S. G. Hammond, P. Van Allen, T. J. Dean, A. Pate. I853. Supervisor, Willard Edmonds; Clerk, Charles H. Cady; Treasurer, E. 0. Bennett; Justices of the Peace, A. Patchin. W. Edmonds; School Inspector, T. J. Dean; Highway Commissioners, J. Rhead, J. Dawson; Poor Masters, G. Morea, D. Harrison; Constables, T. B. Downer, B. Lewis, T. J. Dean, A. Pate. I854. Supervisor, Willard Edmonds; Clerk, Chas H. Cady; Treasurer, D. S. Brown; Justice of the Peace, Willard Edmonds; Highway Commissioner, D. Harrison; School Inspector, A. Brown; Poor Directors, G. Morea, J. Rhead; Constables; G. D. Rogers, T. B. Downer, B. Goff, T. J. Dean. I855. Supervisor, David Walker; Clerk, Harry Lewis; Treasurer, E. O. Bennett; Justice of the Peace, S. W. Walker; Assessors, L. Felton, V. Wightman; Highway Commissioners, G. Cooper C. Randall; Poor Directors, H. Fisk, E. T Glass; Constables, G. W. Walker. C. Wilber, R. J. Rhead, B. F. Goff. I856. Supervisor, Willard Edmonds; Clerk, Harry Lewis; Treasurer, E. O. Bennett; Justice of the Peace, A. L. Stevens; Highway Commissioner, E. Warner; School Inspector, T. J. Dean; Directors of the Poor, G. Morea, J. Rhead; Constables, E. Glass, T. Downer, R. D. Rhead, G. W. Cooper. 1857. Supervisor, David Walker; Clerk, Ammon Brown; Treasurer, H. Allyn; Justice of the Peace, A. Patchin; School Inspector, S. A. Cady; Highway Commissioner, B. Lewis, J Rhead; Constables, A. Beeman, H. L. Grover, E. Glass, R. D. Rhead. I858. Supervisor, David Walker; Clerk, Ammon Brown; Treasurer, H. Allyn; Justices of the Peace, W. Edmonds, L. A. Van Aukin; School Inspector, R. J. Brown; Poor Directors, E. P. Lewis, D. F. Norton; Highway Commissioner, J. Curry; Constables, H. L. Grover, A. Beeman, R. D. Rhead, W. R. Corlett. I859. Supervisor, Willard Edmonds; Clerk, Ammon Brown; Treasurer, H. Allyn; Justice of ANIZATION AND OFFICERS. the Peace, S. W. Walker; School Inspector, S. A. Cady; Highway Commissioner, E. Warner; Overseers of the Poor, E. P. Lewis, G. Morea; Constables, W. R. Corlett, T. Ackley, R. D. Rhead, J. Reeves. i86o. Supervisor, David Walker; Clerk, Ammon Brown; Treasurer, H. Allyn; Justice of the Peace, J. A. Peck; School Inspector, R. J. Brown; Highway Commissioner, D. S. Hicks; Poor Directors, G. Morea, J. H. Curtiss; Constables, G. W. Cooper, T. Ackley, R. D. Rhead, D. R. S. Underwood. I86I. Supervisor, Daniel Straight; Clerk, Orange Butler; Treasurer. H. Allyn; Justice of the Peace, D. G. Brown; School Inspector, S. A. Cady; Highway Commissioner, J. Lathers; Poor Directors, G. Morea, R. D. Rhead; Constables, J. Harrison, O. Trowbridge, G. Cooper, R. D. Rhead. 1862. Supervisor, Willard Edmonds; Clerk, Truxton Haywood; Treasurer, Orange Butler; Justice of the Peace, S. A. Cady; Highway Commissioner, J. Rhead; School Inspector, H. Strickland; Poor Directors, G. Morea, R. D. Rhead; Constables J. Harrison, O. Trowbridge, R. Lansing, R. D. Rhead. I863. Supervisor, Willard Edmonds; Clerk, Truxton Haywood; Treasurer, T. J. Ackley; Justice of the Peace, W Edmonds; School Inspector, S. A. Cady, A. Sherwood; Highway Commissioner, W. Walker; Poor Directors, G. Morea, J. Rhead; Constables, R. D. Rhead, O. Trowbridge, E. Corley. J. Hamson. 1864. Supervisor, David Walker; Clerk, Jacob D. Bunting; Treasurer, J. D. Locke; Justice of the Peace, H. Randall; Highway Commissioner, W. D. Dean; School Inspector, Albert Sherwood; Poor Directors, L. E. Doolittle, R. D. Rhead; Constables, A. Bell, E. E. Glass, E. Cooley, R. D. Rhead. i865. Supervisor, John J. Palmer; Clerk, David Walker; Treasurer, Thomas Ackly; Justice of the Peace, Ammon Brown; School Inspectors, S. A. Cady, R. Montgomery; Poor Directors, G. Morea, R. D. Rhead; Highway Commissioner, Glode D. Chubb; Constables. W. R. Curtiss, S. Joslin, E. Cooley, D. B. Newkirk. I866. Supervisor, John J. Palmer; Clerk, Jeremiah O'Connor; Treasurer, G. Stellwagen; Justice of the Peace, G. W. Swift; School Inspector, T. Lather; Highway Commissioner, S. Joslin; Poor Directors, G. Morea, J. Sauslager; Constables, E. Cooley, W. R. Curtiss, J. M. Chambey, A. P. Rhodey. 1867. Supervisor, John J. Palmer; Clerk, William M. Hastings; Treasurer, J. L. Decker; Justices of the Peace, W. Edmonds, W. D. Dean; School Inspector, A. Knickerbocker, Highway

NANKIN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1333 Commissioner, W. A. Van Aukin; Ioor Directors, G. Morea, J. Sauslager; Constables, W. R. Curtiss, C. Bayliss, W. Pate, J. M. Chambers. i868. Supervisor, George Stellwagen; Clerk, William M. Hastings; Treasurer, J. L. Decker; Justice of the Peace, L. A. VanAuken; Highway Commissioner, A. Fitzgerald; School Inspector, S. A. Cady: Poor Directors, G. Morea, D. G. Brown; Constables, Wm. Snyder, W. Cooper, J. Albaugh, F. Marker. 1869. Supervisor, George Stellwagen; Clerk, John Robson; Treasurer, J. L. Decker; Justice of the Peace, S. W. Walker; Highway Commissioner. M. Harrison; School Inspector, C. H. Cady; Poor Directors, G. Morea, B. Marshall; Constables, L. Millspaugh, R. I). Rhead, C. G. Brown, F. F. Marker. 1870. Supervisor, Willard Edmonds; Clerk, John Robson; Treasurer, J. Rhead; Justice of the Peace, S. A. Cady; School Inspectors, C. H. Cady, S. A. Cady; Highway Commissioner, W. Cooper; Poor Directors, G. Morea, R. D. Rhead, Constables, L. Millspaugh, F. D. Rhead, F. F. Marker, W. Cooper. I871. Supervisor, Willard Edmonds; Clerk, Lawrence Millspaugh; Treasurer, C. Brace; Justice of the Peace, E. O. Bennett; Highway Commissioner, D. G. Brown; Drain Commissioner, A. Butler; School Inspector, S. A. Cady; Poor Directors, G. Morea, O. Butler; Constables, F. F. Marker, W. R. Curtiss. C. G. Brown, J. J. Stringer. 1872. Supervisor, Samuel A. Cady; Clerk, Samuel W. Walker; Treasurer, L. Millspaugh; Justice of the Peace, W. H. Heywood; School Inspector, Chas. H. Cady; Highway Commissioner, D. Cady; Drain Commissioner, Allen Butler; Poor Directors, G. Morea, O. Butler; Constables, H. Barker, W. Cooper, W. Curtiss, C. Bayliss. I873. Supervisor, George Stellwagen; Clerk, George W. Bedell; Treasurer, L. Millspaugh; Justice of the Peace, J. B. Wallace; School Inspector, S. A. Cady; Highway Commissioners, W. Copper; Drain Commissioner, A. Butler; Poor Directors, G. Morea, D. G. Brown; Constables, J. M. Chambers, W. R. Curtiss, W. Cooper. B. J, Rhead. 1874. Supervisor, George H. Stellwagen and Joseph B. Wallace each part of a year; Clerk, Hiram N. Collins; Treasurer, S. Joy; Justice of the Peace, W. D. Dean; Highway Commissioner, D. G.' Brown; School Inspector,* C. H. Cady; Drain Commissioner, W. Bell; Constables, J. M. Chambers, G. McCumber, F. F. Marker, B. J. Rhead. 1875. Supervisor, Joseph B. Wallace; Clerk, Hiram N. Collins; Treasurer, Samuel Joy and D. G. Brown, each part of a year; Justices of the Peace, B. Hodgkins, G. W. Walker; Superintendent of Schools, John Gillespie and S. A. Cady, each part of a year; School Inspector, C. H. Cady; Highway Commissioner, D. Cady; Irain Commissioner, L. Hix; Constables, J. A. Chambers, F. F. Marker, G. McComber, Reeman. 1876. Supervisor, Joseph B. Wallace; Clerk, Hiram N. Collins; Treasurer, C. H. Cady; Justices of the Peace, D. Hull, G. McGuire; Highway Commissioner, W. Bell; Superintendent of Schools, E. O Bennett, Jr.; School Inspector, L. R. Munson; Constables, G. McComber, F. F. Marker, B. J. Rhead, T. H. Pate. 1877. Supervisor, Joseph B. Wallace; Clerk, Hiram N. Collins; Treasurer, John Robson; Justice of the Peace, C. H. Cady; Highway Commissioner, M. Bills; Supt. Schools, C. Cady; School Inspector, L. R. Munson; Drain Commissioner, C. Ganong; Constables, A. Barnes, B. J. Rhead, G. McCumber, J. Fitzgibbons. 1878. Supervisor, Oscar S. Straight; Clerk, Hiram N. Collins; Treasurer, Jacob Stellwagen; Justice of the Peace, W. D. Dean; Supt. Schools, C. Cady; School Inspector, W. W. Duffield; Highway Commissioner, M. Bills; Drain Commissioner, A. Beeman; Constables, E W. Pate, George McCumber, J. Shook, A. Barnes. 1879. Supervisor, Charles H. Cady; Clerk, Hiram N. Collins; Treasurer, J. M. Vennoy; Justice of the Peace, S. W. Walker; Supt. Schools, W. H. Heywood; School Inspector, W. W. Duffield; Highway Commissioner, J. B. Wallace; Drain Commissioner, H. E. Heywood; Constables, A. Barnes, I. S. Hall, G. McCumber, F. E. Coleman. 1880. Supervisor, Charles H. Cady; Clerk, Theodore E Deming; Treasurer, C. Brace; Justice of the Peace, D. Hall; Highway Commissioner, C. Ganong; Drain Commissioner, A. Beeman; Supt. Schools, D. Zimmerman; School Inspector, W. W. Duffield; Constable, T. Tyley, H. Fisher, W. Cooper, C. Frank. 1881. Supervisor, William H. Heywood; Clerk, Theodore E. Deming; Treasurer, C. Brace; Justice of the Peace, C. H. Cady; Highway Commissioner, P. Reed; Supt. Schools, D. Zimmerman; School Inspector, T. Raymo; Constables, E. W. Pate, T. Tyley, J. Nichols, F. E. Coleman. I882. Supervisor, Charles H. Cady; Clerk, Theodore E. Deming; Treasurer, Hiram N. Collins; Justices of the Peace, R. O. Rhead, S. D. Curtiss; Highway Commissioner, M. Harrison; Drain Commissioner, H. E. Heywood; School Inspectors, E. N. Lathers, E. S. James; Constables, D. Mead, W. Robinson, W. Blain, A. Howe. 1883. Supervisor, Charles H. Cady; Clerk, John Fitzgibbons; Treasurer, H. N. Collins; Justice of

1334 NANKIN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. the Peace, W. A. Pettingill; Highway Commissioner, W. Cooper; School Inspector, S. A. Cady; Constables, C. M. Crane, A. Robinson, W. A. Robinson, G. W. Walker. 1884. Supervisor, Charles H. Cady; Clerk, John Murphy, Jr.; Treasurer, C. Merriman; Justices of the Peace, 0. Van Alstyne, C. G Brown; Highway Commissioner, W. Cooper; School Inspector, W. Lathers; Drain Commissioner, J. M. Tuttle; Constables, J E. Lathers, H. Fisher, W. A. Robinson; W. Reynolds. I885. Supervisor, Charles H. Cady; Clerk, James Murphy, Jr.; Treasurer, C. Merriman; Justices of the Peace, T. E. Deming. G.. Chilson; Highway Commissioner, J. Shook; School Inspector, S. A. Cady; Constables, W. Reynolds, W. Hix, J. W. Rhead, B. Rathburn. 1886. Supervisor, Charles H. Cady; Clerk, Harry C. Robinson; Treasurer, E. F. Stevens; Justice of the Peace, R. M. Gardner; Highway Commissioner, Chas. H. Sweegles; Drain Commissioner, M Bills; School Inspector, J. F. Cullum; Constables, H. Fisher, W. Sherman, B. Rathburn, B. Cortritz 1887. Supervisor, Charles H. Cady; Clerk, Giles H. Collins; Treasurer, H. Loss; Justice of the Peace, John F. Cullen; Highway Commissioner, C. H Sweegles; School Inspector, E. W. Brown; Constables, W. Cooper, J. C. Smith, J. W. Rhead. W. Dunn. 1888. Supervisor, Charles H. Cady; Clerk, William A. Marker and Giles H. Collins, each part of year; Treasurer, H. Loss; Justice of the Peace, James Gillespie; Highway Commissioner, W. A. Robinson; Drain Commissioner, W. Copper; School Inspector, S. A. Cady; Constables, 0. N. Baker, W. Reynolds, A. Treois J. W. Rhead. I889. Supervisor, Charles H. Cady; Clerk, Fayette Harris; Treasurer, G. L. Nash; Justice of the Peace T. E. Deming; Highway Commissioner, W. A. Robinson; School Inspector, G. H. Brown; Constables J. T. Brown, 0. N. Baker, S. Sims, J. G. Fisher. 1890. Supervisor, C. H. Cady; Clerk, G H. Collins; Treasurer. G. L. Nash; Justice of the Peace, S. A. Cady; Highway Commissioner, W. A. R obinson; School Inspectors, C. Cady, J. F. Cullen; Board of Review, J. J. Stellwagen, J. R Noble; Drain Commissioner, IH- E. Heywood; Constables, J. W. Rhead, J Ryan, F. Remian, J. C. Smith. Schools. The condition of the schools, as shown by the Inspectors' reports for the year ending September 3, I888 is as follows: There were seven whole and three fractional districts, enrolling 790 pupils, with an average daily attendance of 470. Four brick houses, costing $20,500, and seating 508, and six frame houses, costing $3,0oo, and seating 282. Four male teachers and fourteen female teachers were employed. In six of the districts there were libraries containing a total of 1,587 volumes. The population of the township in I850 was 1,617; in I860; 2,168; in 1870, 2,956; and in I880, 3,231. The valuation of the property in 1840 was $126,504; in 1850, $73,518; in 1860, $286,814; ill 1870, $340,120; and in i880, $I,077,750. The apparent decrease in values between the years 1840 and I850 is evidently owing to the low valuations affixed in order to escape as much as possible of the county and State taxes. Streams and NaZmes. The principal stream in the township is a branch of the River Rouge, which runs nearly east and west through the lower portion of the town. A stream on the extreme north of the township was formerly well known as 'lonquish Creek, and was named after the old Pottawattomie Indian chief. A plain or prairie in the adjoining township on the east was designated as Tonquish Plain, and under the treaty of November 17, 1807, two sections of land where his village was located near the river, were reserved for the Indians. Interesting details of the troubles of the early settlers with Tonquish and his band are given by Melvin D. Osband in Volume 3 of the Pioneer Collections of Michigan, and the following account is collected from that and other sources: Among the early settlers in 1812, commencing at the swing bridge on the Rouge and working west towards Wallaceville, were Joseph Brown, on what was afterwards known as the Salisbury farm and also as the Weaver farm, Thomas Anderson, and in the rotation named Wm. McCarthy, Francis Choon, Francis Laren, Widow Coutte, John Sargent,Stacy, John Thomas, Aaron Thomas, Alanson Thomas, Capt. Macomb, Joel Thomas; then came the Harrison tract, Francis Dumay, Hanchett, Jerry Dean, Hiram Fahns, Chappel farm, William Bucklin, John Cramer, Chauncy Brown, John W. Tompkins, W. Gridley, F. Eldridge, Thomas Johns, David Bucklin,- Tuttle, Joseph Hickox and James Abbott. After the peace of 1815 the Pottawattomie Indians were disaffected and troublesome, and frequently committed little depredations on the settlers along the River Rouge, west of Detroit. They manifested no desire to engage in open hostilities, but were indifferent to the rights of the whites. Tonquish, their chief, was a leader in these acts of lawlessness, arrogant and imperious Followed by his band, he would enter the houses of the settlers, and demand and obtain various articles. Upon one

NANKIN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I335 occasion he called at the house of Alanson Thomas, who lived on the brow of a hill on the north side of the River Rouge, about two miles below the village of Dearborn. Mr. Thomas was fixing up some shelves for his wife's convenience, when he heard a voice behind him, and turning around, he saw Chief Tonquish, who ordered Mr. Thomas's wife to hand him something which he coveted. Upon Mr. Thomas demanding, " What are you doing here," the chief sprang at him, but he met the brawny fist of Thomas, and was landed senseless on the other side of the room. Mr. Thomas then administered several kicks to the fallen brave, and finally threw him out of the back door. Then looking up he saw several of the band standing near by, who had evidently witnessed the discomfiture of their chief. One of them, a young son of Tonquish, scowled, shook his head and said, " Bime-by you be dead." "( Well, dead or alive," said Thomas, " I'll venture to give you a flogging," and picking up a green withe that had been used to fix his fence, he chastised the Indian severely. He jumped up and down and yelled, and gave the war whoop in vain, as none of his companions came to his rescue. Mr. Thomas anticipated trouble as a result of the encounter, but the Indians after that were afraid of and avoided him. Subsequently Chief Tonquish called at the cabin of Thomas Johns and demanded of Mrs. Johns that she supply them with food. The best that she could do did not please them, and throwing the victuals in her face, they went on. Some two miles west near John Sargent's place, they met Simon Shover with a basket of bread which he was carrying to some men who were cutting timber for a dock. The Indians attempted to take the bread, and Shover resisted and called for help, which speedily came from the lumbermen. During the melee a dog bit one of the Indians in the leg. The Indians demanded that the dog be killed, but young Sargent refused and started to put the dog in the cellar. As he turned towards the house, the son of Tonquish shot him in the back, and he died from the wound soon afterwards. 'Ihe settlers were at once called together and started in pursuit of the Indians. Among them were John Sargent, Aaron and Joel Thomas, Capt. Macomb, William Bucklin, Amos Gordon, Tell Nichols, Simon Shover, Francis Ruff, Francis Dumay and David Bucklin. Each was armed with a good rifle and well supplied with ammunition. Being determined to avenge the death of their pioneer neighbor, they went through the woods to the Tonquish Plains, where they overtook the Indians the following morning on what is known as Section 7 in Nankin. At that point the Indians turned to the left, crossed the stream known as Tonquish Creek, and passed out of sight over the opposite bank. The settlers moved rapidly for ward, but on reaching the locality no Indian could be seen. They, however, hastily pushed on, and the Indians soon arose from where they had hid and fired, but fortunately no person was seriously hurt. The settlers then rushed on them before they had time to reload and captured all but Tonquish's son Major Macomb, who led the party aimed his gun at him to shoot him, but Tonquish stopped him and said he would call him back, but instead of doing so, he told him in Indian language to run, and when he had reached a point that he thought beyond the range of Macomb's gun, the old chief turned and said: " He no come back, shoot him." The major shot, and he fell The chief, who had been disarmed except his knife, then sprang at Macomb, but James Bucklin, and one account says Amos Gardner, prevented his reaching Macomb, who soon had his gun reloaded. When the chief saw that the gun was nearly loaded he ran, but before he had ran many steps, the major shot him in the back. He fell mortally wounded, died the same day, and was buried by the Indians. 1 his skirmish took place on Section 6 in the township of Nankin. The sanguinary affair practically put an end to Indian forays in this vicinity, but both Macomb and Shover, who were inveterate Indian haters, had to plow and work, with rifle ready for instant use in their defense. Macomb finally left the country. His favorite way of saying he had shot an Indian was, " Well, I've got another blanket with a buttonhole in it." About 1838, some boys opened the grave of Tonquish and took from it the remains of the chief's gun, and some personal ornaments. Churches. Among the first Methodist Episcopal preachers in this section of the country, if not the very first, was Rev. Marcus Swift, who came to Michigan in 1825. It was his custom to preach wherever a few people could be gathered together. Very soon afterwards Rev. Messrs. Elliott, Sayres, Brockway, Triggs, Jones, Herr and Collins came. In 1835 a church was organized. H. S. Kilburn was the first class leader, and William Gilbert the second. The first quarterly meeting was held in I835. 1 he first church building was erected in 1862, during the second year of Rev. B. H. Hedger's pastorate. It was dedicated on January 16, I863, and cost about $3,700. The names of the several pastors are as follows: 1834, John Sayresi 1835-1836, W. H. Brockway and C. Babcock; 1836-1837, Arthur B. Elliott; 1837-I838, W. H. Brockway and C. Babcock; I838-I839, C. Babcock and J. Blanchard; 1839-I840, Robert Triggs and W. H. Collins; 1840-1841, Adam Minnis and - Bradford; I841-I842, A. Fleming; - Dubois and

i.1 6 NANKIN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1336 NANKIN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. Bruce; 1842-1843, -- Dubois and -- Bruce; I843-I844, Henry Penfield and Gideon Shurtleff; 1844-1845, John Gray; 1845-1846, J. Blanchard, W. H. Haze; 1846-1847, Daniel Bush, W. Benson; 1848-1849, Daniel Bush, Frederick Glass, 1849 -185o, J. C. Abbott, B. F. Pritchard; I850-185I, W. Mothersill, Robert Bird; 1851-1852, Isaac F. Collins, W. Fox; 1852-1853, Samuel Bessy, J. C. Wortly; 1853-1855, E. Steele, C. Seaman; 1855 -1856, C. Mosher, H. Culby; 1856-1857, J. W. Kellogg, J. Dwella; 1857-1858, J. W. Kellogg, A. J. Bigelow; 1858-1859, W. C. Way; 1859-I860, W. C. Way; 1860-1861, George Smith; 1861-1862, B. H. Hedger, C. Church; 1862-1863, B. H. Hedger; 1863-1865, J. W. Kellogg; 1865-1866, T. G Potter; 1868-1871, J. A. Mcllwain; 187I1872, E. E. Pearman; 1872-1874, J. S. Joslin; 1874 -1876, L. C. York; 1876-1877, W. J. Campbell; 1877-1879, H. 0. Parker, 1879-188I, T. H. Baskerville; 1881-1884, J. H. Kilpatrick; 1884-1886, J. C. Wortly; 1886-1889, J. A. McIlwain. The first meeting of those favoring the organization of a Congregational Church was held in the school-house on August 20, 1848. A lot was purchased, and the First Congregational Society of Wayne was organized on October 7, I848. It was proposed to raise money to erect a church to be used jointly by the Congregationalists and Methodists. This plan was carried into effect, and the building was completed and dedicated in January, 1850. It seated 350. The following persons served as pastors: Rev. John S. Kidder, August, 1848, to July, 1851; Rev. James Nall, July, 1851, to February, 1855; Rev. Orrin C. Thompson, February, 1855, to September, 1856; Rev. Norman Tucker, September, 1856, to February, 1859; Rev. O. C. Thompson, I86o-186; Rev. John D. Pierce, from 1861-1863. While the church was without a regular pastor, Elders Swift and Van Norman filled the pulpit from 1864 to 1867; Rev. Charles Cutler, from February, 1867, to May, 1869; Rev. O. C. Thompson, from January, 1870, to October, 1871, Rev. Obadiah Hobbs, April, 1872, to January, I873; Rev. Jonas Estabrook, February, 1873, to October, 1878; Rev. Augustus G. Upton, October, 1878, to August, 1880; Rev. David C. McNair, from September, I880, to April, 1883; Rev. George C. Empson, from October, 1883, to December, 1887; Rev. Willis S. Colton, from June 3, 1888. Starting with nine members in 1848, there were 15 in I850; 27 in 1860; 40 in 1870; 252 in 1880; and 152 in 1889. The church property is valued at $2,500. St. Mary's Catholic Church has always been a mission of the church at Dearborn. The services were conducted by a priest from that place, services being held for many years in private houses. In the fall of 1864, services were first held in their new and unfinished church building, and then, until February, 1865, in O'Connor Hall. The church being then completed, it was blessed, and services have been held since on one Sunday and one Wednesday in each month, and occasionally on festival days. The church building is of brick, cost about $3,000 and seats 200. When the church was built there were about forty-five families and since then it has only held its own. A Baptist Church was organized in Nankin as early as 1835, but the society ceased many years ago. The present organization, which dates from 1868, for a long time held its services in a schoolhouse known as the Somerville School, located on Section 3 in the town of Romulus. They have no church building, and have had but two pastors, Rev. George McGregor, who served four years, and Rev. T. Shaftoe, who was serving in I888, at which time the society had twenty-eight members. In 1864 General Van Aiken built a church on the northwest quarter of Section I, which is free to all denominations desiring to use it. He also platted a cemetery at the same time, but it was long since abandoned. In I859 S. G. Heyward built a free church on his farm on the northwest quarter of Section 7, and platted a cemetery, which has also been abandoned. The "Old Cemetery" on the southeast quarter of Section 28, at the northerly limits of the village of Wayne was opened about 1835. The lots are owned by the old families and descendants of the first settlers. The Gunong Cemetery was first used about I840, and is on the Gunong farm on the northeast quarter of Section 35. St. Mary's Cemetery, on the southeast quarter of Section 28, is used in connection with the Roman Catholic parish of the same name, and dates its consecration with the building of their church. Glenwood Cemetery, on the eastern half of Section 28, was opened in 1872 by a private corporation. WAYNE. The first settler here was George M. Johnson, who located in 1824 and opened a log tavern, where Hosie & Stellwagen's store is now located. The tavern was sold to a Mr. Simmons in 1826, who kept it for about three years. While under the influence of liquor he killed his wife, for which offense he was hanged on September 24, I830. The first saw-mill in Nankin was built in I834 by Ezra Derby on the east side of the old territorial road where it crosses the lower Rouge. The first frame house was built by Mr. Derby in 1834, a few rods east of the present Varney House, on the Chicago Road, and he also built the first store, which was located on the corner opposite the hotel. In 1832 he built a blacksmith shop on the public square about where the town hall now stands. A private school was kept

NANKIN TOWNSHIP —ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I337 in the building in 1833 by Cornelia Hawley, a sister of Judge Elijah Hawley. In 1834 Ezra Derby recorded the first plat of Wayne At that time it was called Derby's Corners. A part of the present village was laid out in 1835 under the name of Nankin, and for many years the postoffice here was known as South Nankin. It is on the line of the M. C. and F. & P. M., railroads. In 1836 a plat was recorded of a portion of the present village under the name of Wayne, and in I839 there was a saw-mill, tavern, two stores and half a score of families. The village Was incorporated by Act of April 2, 1869, and the corporation was to include the southeast quarter of Section 29, the southwest quarter of Section 28 the northwest quarter of Section 33, and the northeast quarter of Section 32 of the Town of Nankin. The Act provided that the first election should be held at the Union Hotel, on the second Monday in April, and on the third Monday yearly thereafter. It also provided for the election of a president, recorder, treasurer. and five trustees. The first election was held on April 12, I869. Hiram N. Collins and Charles T. Barnard, inspectors, and Wm. M. Hastings, clerk, were duly sworn by Ammon Brown, and the following officers were elected: President, William R. Corlett; Recorder, Wm. M. Hastings; Treasurer, Ammon Brown; Trustees, Jacob D. Bunting, Frederick Marker, Sr., Thomas Morrison, Israel Bell, John J. Palmer. The council was duly organized and the first meeting held April 20, I869, at which time Stephen T. Curtiss was appointed marshal, and Andrew L. Chase, street commissioner. The subsequent officers have been: 1870. President, David Walker and Ammon Brown, each part of a year; Clerk James R. Hosie; Treasurer, Henry S. Kilburn; Trustees, A: C. Pitcher, Wm. Booth, Henry N. Wilford, John S. Egeler, Ammon Brown. 1871. President, Thomas Morrison; Recorder, George W. Bedell; Treasurer, Henry S. Kilburn; Trustees, O. C. Abell, L. T. Blount, I. Bell, Wm. A. Pettingill, O. E. Warner. 1872. William C. Steers; Recorder, Theodore E. Deming; Treasurer, Henry S. Kilburn; Trustees, J. F. Hammon, L. E. Doolittle, S. D. Smith, W. W. Bailey, J. R. Brace. 1873. President, Oliver C. Abell; Reeorder, Theodore E. Deming; Treasurer, Henry S. Kilburn; Trustees, L. E. Doolittle, J. F. Hammon, L. T. Blount, E. Derby, I. Stevenson. 1874. President, Charles H. Cady; Recorder, Curtis Brace; Treasurer, Henry S. Kilburn; Trustes, W. A. Pettingill, J. F. Hammon, W. Blain, A. L. Chase, H. Loss. 1875. President, 0. C. Abell; Recorder, Theo dore E. Deming; Treasurer, Henry S. Kilburn; Trustees, W. C. Steers, I. Bell, F. H. Hubbard, H. L. Bedell, with L. E. Doolittle, and Thomas Morrison, each part of a year. 1876. President, William R. Corlett; Recorder George McGuire; Treasurer. John S Egeler; Trustees J. O'Connor, W. Pettingill, C. H. Cady, S. W. Walker, J. R. Hosie. 1877. President, William R. Corlett; Clerk, Theodore E. Deming; Treasurer, John S. Egeler; Street Commissioner, Hiram N. Collins; Assessor, George McGuire; Trustees two years, Jeremiah O'Connor, Wm. A. Pettingill, O. J. Turk; Trustees one year Charles H. Cady, J6hn F. Hammon, James R. Hosie; Constables, Wm. Blain, T. E. Deming. 1878. President, William R. Corlett; Clerk, Theodore E. Deming; Treasurer, John S. Egeler; Trustees, James R. Hosie, Chas. H. Cady, L. E. Doolittle; Street Commissioner, Hiram N. Collins; Assessor, George McGuire; Constable, Wm. Blain. I879. President, William R. Corlett; Clerk, Theodore E. Deming; Trustees, John C. Stellwagen, Samuel W. Walker, Jr.. David Zimmerman; Treasurer, Henry Loss; Assessor, T. Morrison; Street Commissioner, H. N. Collins; Constable, Wm. Blain. I880. President, Bradshaw Hodgkinson; Clerk, Ira M. Jennings; Trustees, James R. Hosie, Chas. H. Cady, James H. Rodgers; Treasurer, Chas. Kynoch; Assessor, Thomas Morrison; Street Commissioner, H. N. Collins; Constable, Edgar W. Pate. i88f. President, Bradshaw Hodgkinson; Clerk, Ira M. Jennings; Trustees, T. E. Deming. L. E. Doolittle, Geo. D. Parr, C. Brace, A. W. Meldrum; Treasurer, Henry Loss; Street Commissioner, Francis H. Pitcher; Assessor, David Zimmerman; Constable, Wm. Blain. 1882. President, William C. Steers; Clerk, Henry W. Barnard; Trustees, James H. Rogers, Wm. A. Pettingill, John S. Egeler; Treasurer, Henry Loss; Assessor, Thomas Morrison; Street Commissioner, L. H. Pitcher; Constable, Wm. Blain. 1883. President, Bradshaw Hodgkinson; Clerk, Edwin F. Steers; Trustees, T. E. Deming H. N. Collins, S. G. Hammon; Treasurer, Geo. H. Stellwagen; Street Commissioner, Francis H. Pitcher; Assessor, Thomas Morrison; Constable, E. Wilbur Pate. 1884. President, James R. Hosie; Clerk, Joseph S. Brown and F. C. Wheeler, each part of a year; Trustees, B. Newkirk, Wm. Artley, M. Schmidt; Treasurer, Geo. H. Stellwagen; Assessor, Thomas Morrison; Street Commissioner, Francis H. Pitcher; Constable, Geo. A. Guest.

1338 NANKIN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1885. President, Frank H. Knickerbocker; Clerk, William A. Marker; Trustees, John S. Egeler, Geo. M. Bennett, Chas D. Bunting; Treasurer, Henry Loss; Assessor, John Murphy Jr; Street Commissioner, Francis H. Pitcher; Constable, Henry Fisher. i886. President, James R. Hosie; Clerk, William A. Marker and E. M Murphy each part of year; Trustees, Edwin F. Steers, James R. Noble, Hiram Hawley, John Murphy, Jr.; Treasurer, Henry Loss; Assessor, Giles H. Collins; Street Commissioner, James H. Pitcher; Constable, John J. Downer. I887. President, James R. Hosie; Clerk, William A. Marker; Trustees, T. E. Deming; C. W. Chambers, S. 1). Smith; Treasurer, Jacob D. Bunting; Assessor, Giles H. Collins; Street Commissioner, Francis H. Pitcher; Constable, John J. Downer. I888. President, David Zimmerman; Clerk, William A. Marker and G. H. Collins, each part of a year; Trustees, James R. Hosie, Wm. A. Chamberlin, John Harrison; Treasurer, J. D. Bunting; Assessor, Giles H. Collins; Street Commissioner, Phillip Spann; Constable, J. C. Smith. I889. President, Theodore E. Deming; Clerk, Giles H. Collins; Trustees, Geo. H. Stellwagen, James M. Crouch, James R. Noble; Treasurer, John C. Stellwagen; Assessor, Wm. R. Corlett; Street Commissioner, Francis H. Pitcher; Constable, Joseph C. Smith. I890. President, William R. Corlett; Trustees, Theodore E. Deming, William Hoops James R. Noble, Geo. H. Stellwagen, Michael Schmidt, Almond C. Parsons; Giles H. Collins; Assessor, Daniel M. Chambers; Street Commissioner, Daniel Ackley; Constable, Joseph C. Smith. Appointments by council: President pfro tet., James R. Noble; Marshal. Joseph C. Smith; Health Officer, Herbert E. Foster; Village Attorney, John F. Cullen; Chief Engineer Fire Department, Fayette Harris. The first village lock-up was completed and occupied on July 29, I869. On January 31, I876, fifteen street lamps were put up at a cost of $I41.20, and at intervals since they have been lighted. The village hall, located in the public square, is a two story frame building. A portion of the lower store is used as a jail, and part for the township meetings. The upper part was not finished off until August, 188o, it is used as a council room. The building was first occupied on November 14, 1878, and cost $1,400. In July, I879, a special police force was organized, consisting of the village marshal and three policemen, L. E. Doolittle, E. Wilber Pate, and D. L. Adams, who were to act under instructions from the village attorney. In July, I88I, two Babcock fire extinguishers were purchased at a cost of $96. An effort was subsequently made to obtain a vote in favor of borrowing $2,500 to procure fire apparatus, but it was unsuccessful. "On the morning of September 12, I888, the O'Connor Block was destroyed by fire with a loss of $25,ooo, and during the winter of I888-9 fires became so frequent that on January I8, 1889, the council offered a reward of $500, for the arrest and conviction of the incendiary. The Union School building is a three story brick building, with seats for 300 pupils. It was erected in 1870 and 1871, cost $I9,000 and was opened in the fall of I87I by Prof. Boyd. The population of Wayne in I870 was 833, and in I880, 919. The assessed valuation of the property in the village is $260,000; in the township, $1, I 00,000. The Wayne County Review, an eight page, five column paper, is published every Friday at $i per year, by E. F. Steers. Its beginnings were as follows. In the fall of I876 two boys, brothers, named E. F. and E. E. Steers, set up as amateur job printers, their outfit consisting of a 6' x IO' hand inking novelty press, for which they paid $1o. With this and $I8 worth of type they began. The following spring Mr. E E. Steers went to California, and the job office was sold to their uncle, J. H. Steers, who in the fall of 1877 started the Weekly Review as a four column quarto without a subscriber or advertisement, and with little or no experience. The paper was printed on a I3 x 19 half medium Universal press. The venture proved a success, and on April 12, 1878, the paper was enlarged to a five, and July 5 to a seven column quarto. On December 6, the name was changed to the Wayne County Review, with an office in both Plymouth and Wayne, the former in charge of O. S. Howard as editor. In July, 1887, it was purchased by the present proprietor, E. F. Steers. Wayne Masonic Lodge, No. II2, secured a dispensation on January 14, I858, and held its first regular meeting on July 19, following A Universalist Society was organized about I858 by the Rev. Andrew J. Stebbins, and the first sermon was preached by the Rev. Dr. Snead. A church was built and dedicated in I863, and was under the charge of Rev. Chauncey Knickerbocker, until his death in 1884. Since then only occasional services have been held. St. John's Evangelical Lutheran Church, U. A. C., was organized by the Rev. George Deckinger in the fall of I876. For a time the meetings were held in Steer's Hall. A lot was afterwards purchased for $1oo, and a church erected, which was dedicated on August I2, I877. It cost $r,35~ The pastors have been: Rev. George Deckinger,

NANKIN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I339 from September, 1876 to April, 1878; Rev. George Tierck, from May, 1878, to May, 1880; Rev. George Deckinger until September, I880:Rev. J J. Bichsenstin, from January, I881, to October, 1883; Rev. Robert Weise, from May, I885, to May, I886; Rev. Wm. Renz, from May, i886, to May, I888; Rev. John Baumann, from July, I888. From October, 1883, to May, 1885, the church was without a pastor, occasional services being held by neighboring ministers. They had twenty-five members when the church was organized,/and now have thirty. Wayne has several advantages as a manufacturing center. The Michigan Central and the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroads intersect at Wayne Junction less than a mile west of the village. A Citizen's Improvement Committee of ten was organized in I887 for the purpose of holding out inducements to manufacturing establishments to locate in Wayne, and on December 5, 1887, at a special election, there was a unanimous vote to bond the city to purchase three acres of land as a site for public buildings. The land was purchased and at a special meeting of the Council on January 7, I888, it was sold to the Prouty & Glass Manufacturing Company, of Detroit for $8,000. Their establishment, which manufactures carriages and sleighs, was started in Detroit in 1881, and moved to Wayne in November, 1887. They give employment to an average of fifty men with a pay roll of $500; the annual output being estimated at $80,000. They make an average of ioo carriages monthly, and about 125 cutters, besides white work in the rough. The elevator of Hosie & Stellwagen, located on the Michigan Central track near the north end of the village, was put in operation in I880, and has a storage capacity of ten thousand bushels. They have handled an average of twenty-five thousand bushels each of wheat and oats annually, and one year reached seventy-five thousand bushels. COUNTY HOUSE STATION. This station on the Michigan Central Railroad, as its name indicates, is for the convenience of -the county establishment known as the Poor House and Insane Asylum. The history of these institutions up to I886 is given in Chapter LXVII. In the latter year a building designed for use as a chapel, offices, and store room was erected at a cost of $23,ooo, and other buildings, such as gas and boiler houses, at a cost of $I2,000 additional. In '888 further additions were made to the main buildingat a cost of $60,000, and the establishment is now one of the largest and most complete in the country. INKSTER, FORMERLY MOULIN ROUGE. This place, laid out in 1839 is on the northeast quarter of Section 25. and is named after Robert Inkster, one of the early settlers. The post-office was formerly called Moulin Rouge (Red Mills). It is on the Michigan Central Railroad. The Methodist Episcopal Church at this place formed part of the Huron Mission in 1832, and has always been attached to either Wayne or Dearborn. The church building was erected in I86. It will seat 250, and is worth about $2,000. The East Nankin Presbyterian Church, located about two miles west of Inkster, was organized in August, 1840. Their church building was first used on October I, I846. It will seat 140, and is worth about $300. They had I7 members in 1840; 26 in 1850; 36 in i860; 55 in 1870; 44 in 1880; and 52 in 1889. The first pastor, Rev. Joshua A. Clayton, served from 1840 to 1845, when the church building was erected. The society left the old school Presbyterian body, and organized as an associate Presbyterian Society subordinate to the Associate Presbytery of Richland, Ohio. Joseph McClintock then served for two years, and was followed by stated supplies at short intervals, no less then forty different ministers of the Associate and United Presbyterian Churches serving until September, 1872, when the church left the United Presbyterian Synod and joined the Detroit Presbytery. PERRINVILLE. This is one of the oldest villages in the county and is named after Abraham Perrin, who bought land here in 1829 The Methodist Episcopal Church at this place was organized in 1864, and is attached to Wayne. They worship in the Union Church building erected in 1845. It will seat 200 and is worth about $i,ooo. PIKE'S PEAK. This locality, about the middle of the extreme north part of the township, is said to have received its name from the fact that a man named Sheperd, from Pike's Peak, erected a mill here. It contains a general store, blacksmith shop and water grist mill, the latter built in I848 by Samuel Hardenberg, and since owned by I. M. Lewis. SCHWARTZBURGH. This locality is one mile west of Pike's Peak, and is named after John E. Schwartz, who filled various State Offices, and was a prominent character in early territorial days

1340 NANKIN TOWNSHIP-BIOGRAPHICAL. BIOGRAPH ICAL. EBENEZER O. BENNETT, M. D., was born January I6, 1838, at Maumee, Ohio, and is the son of Ebenezer 0., and Laura (Scott) Bennett. His father, who was of English descent was born on June 13, i806. His mother, who was a second cousin of the late General Winfield Scott, and of Scottish ancestry, was born February Io, 18o0. Both.of his parents were born and reared at Ridgefield, Connecticut, from which place they moved to Ohio in the fall of r837, and to the township of Nankin, in Wayne County, Michigan, in 1840, settling on a farm adjoining what is known as the Nankin Mills. Their family consisted of five sons and one daughter, of which Ebenezer O. Bennett, Jr., is the third. As they were pioneers in their section of the country they suffered the hardships usual to such a life, yet they managed to give their children a good education, one graduating from the State Normal School and two from the University of Michigan. The father died on June 17, 1883, and the mother on December 26, 1888. Both of them were highly respected and widely known throughout Wayne County. The boyhood days of Ebenezer O. Bennett, Jr, were spent on the farm in Nankin, and in 1855 he entered the Union School at Ypsilanti, where he remained for three years receiving a good academic education. On leaving school he engaged in teaching until the Civl War broke out. He with others, listened to the call for men,'and on October 23, 1863, he enlisted at Detroit in Company M, of Michigan Engineers and Mechanics, and was at once sent to the scene of action. He was engaged with his regiment in the battle of Lookout Mountain, and in 1864 was placed on detached service until the close of the War, and on May 8, I865, was mustered out of service. On his return home, he again engaged in teaching until I875, when he entered the medical department of the University of Michigan, and on graduating in 1878 was appointed by the regents house surgeon of University hospital. He held this position for one year, and then resigned to become Medical Superintendent of the Wayne County Asylum, which position he still holds. Since Dr. Bennett has become Superintendent of the Asylum he has introduced some radical changes in the management of the institution and in the care and treatment of the insane. He has profited by the field offered for observation and investigation into mental diseases, and to-day is an acknowledged expert on insanity. Though advancing many new ideas on this subject, his views have been vindicated by the successful manner in which he has treated many desperate cases, while the affection and esteem with which he is regarded bv those under his charge, and the model condition of the'Asylum testify both to the good qualities of his heart and to his executive ability and foresight. Though a Republican in principle, Dr. Bennett has been too deeply engrossed with the cares of the large institution under his control to give much attention to politics. He is a member of the Congregational Church, and belongs to the State Medical Society, to the American Medical Society, and was a member of the Ninth International Medical Congress held at Washington in I887. Physically he is a man of prepossessing and scholarly appearance. Quiet and unostentatious in his ways, he nevertheless posessses great energy of cl:aracter and strong reserve power. Slow in forming his judgments, he nevertheless acts promptly on them when once formed. Of a friendly, hospitable nature, he quickly makes friend and long retains them His career is a good illustration of what industry, determination, correct habits and upright conduct do to create success. He is eminently a self-made man, starting out with nothing but the talents which nature,had conferred on him, he steadily persisted, overcoming obstacles, and slowly rising, until today he holds one of the most responsible medical positions in the State. On October 28, 1863, he married Janetta D. Felton. They have one son Joseph E. Bennett, and one daughter Mary A. Bennett. His son is also a member of the medical profession, having graduated from the medical department of the University of Michigan, in June, I89o. 1

N

PLYMOUTH TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I34I PLYMOUTH TOWNSHIP. The preliminary meeting which led to the organization of this township was held in February, 1827, at the house of John Tibbits, who was made chairman of the meeting; A. B. Markham was chosen secretary It was agreed to ask for a township organization by the name of Plymouth, the name being proposed by William Bartow. The township was duly created by the Legislative Council and included the two government townships now known as Plymouth and Canton. The first township meeting was held at the house of J. Tibbits on May 4, 1827. Wm. Bartow was elected moderator, and A. B. Markham, clerk. The officers elected in that and subsequent years have been as follows: 1827. Supervisor, William Bartow; Clerk, Allen Tibbits; Assessors, Roswell Root, Henry Lyon, E. W. Starkweather; Overseers of the Poor, A. B. Markham, Cyrus Cole, Luther Lincoln; Commissioners, G. W. Benton, Rufus Thayer, Benj. Slocum; Constable, A. Bradford. 1828. Supervisor, William Bartow; Clerk, Jonathan D. Davis; Assessors, R. Root, E. W. Starkweather, H. Lyon; Highway Commissioners, A. Y. Murray, R. Thayer, E. Hussey; Collector, E. H. Utley; Poor Directors, L. Lincoln, A. Y. Murray; Constables, Z. Bird, E. H. Utley, Wm. Tibbits. I829. Supervisor, William Bartow; Clerk, Henry Lyon; Assessors, R. Root, E. W. Starkweather, P. Taylor; Collector, E. H. Utley; Poor I)irectors, L. Lincoln, B. Slocum; Highway Commissioners, R. Thayer, E. Hussey, A. Moore; Constables, E. H Utley, Z. Bird, G. Ramsdell; Trustees of School, J. Purdy, I. Davis, S Sterling. 1830. Supervisor, Roswell Root; Clerk, H. B. Holbrook; Assessors. P. Taylor, R. Holmes, I. M. Hough; Collector, E. H. Utley; Highway Commissioners, R. Thayer, A. Moore. I. Nash; Constables, E. H. Utley. G. W. Dunn; Poor Directors, Wm. Bartow, H. Ward, J. Purdy, J. Tibbits, L. Lincoln; Treasurer of the Poor, Wm. Starkweather. 1831. Supervisor, James Purdy; Clerk, Henry Lyon; Treasurer, Wm. Starkweather; Collector, E. H. Utley; Highway Commissioners, I. Nash, P. Bird, M. Andrews; School Commissioners, R. Thayer, Jr. Wm. Packard, A. Moore'I. M. Hough, R. Holmes; School Inspectors, H. B. Holbrook, Wm. Markham, E. Hussey, J. F. Chubb, A. Tibbits; Constables, E. H. Utley, J. Westfall, G. W. Dunn; Poor Director, J. Tibbits. 1832. Supervisor, Philo Taylor; Clerk, J. F. Chubb; Assessors, R. Thayer, Jr., E. Hussey, T. F. Sheldon; Highway Commissioners J. Yerkes, R. Root, J. Safford; Collector, E. H. Utley; Constables, G. Carlton, E. H. Utley, C. F. Bradshaw, J. B. Clark; Treasurer, R. Root; Poor Director, J. Tibbits. I833. Supervisor, Philo Taylor; Clerk, J. F. Chubb; Treasurer, R. Root; Poor Director. Wm. Bradner; Assessors, R. Thayer, J. Safford, W. Dunlap; Highway Commissioners, Wm. Bradner, H. Lyon, J. Safford; Collector. Peter Berdan; School Commissioners, Wm. Utley, E. Hussey, A. Y. Murray; School Inspectors, L. Wittie, J. F. Chubb, W. W. Markham, W. Hanford, R. Holmes; Constables, S. Sterling, P. Berdan, J. J. Downer. 1834. Supervisor, Roswell Root; Clerk, Jonathan D. Davis; Assessors, D. L. Cady, E. Hussey, H. Larraway; Highway Commissioners, P. Teeple, T. Bradner, G. Ramsdell; Collector, P. Berdan; School Commissioner, J Crane; School Inspectors, J. D. Davis, E. Hussey, W. W. Markham, J. Crane, H. B. Holbrook; Poor Directors, W. Bradner, W. Starkweather; Constables, P. Berdan, R. D. Power, O. Spaulding, W. Joy. I835. Supervisor, J. M. Mead; Clerk, W. S. Gregory; Assessors, H. F. Bradley, Wm. Utley, E. Hussey; Highway Commissioners, M. Allen, N. Ramsdell, R. Holmes; Collector, P. Berdan; Poor Directors, J. Tibbits, P. Taylor; Constables, O. Spaulding, P. Berdan, M. Thompson. 1836. Supervisor, Horace A. Noyes; Clerk, William S. Gregory; Justices of the Peace, for one year, Roswell Root, for two years, Daniel L. Cady, for three years, Caleb Harrington, for four years, Horace A. Noyes; Assessors, H. S. Bradley, C. Harrington. J. Westfall; Collector, W. D. Robinson; Poor Directors, W. Bradner, J. Tibbits; Highway Commissioners, R. Holmes, N. Ramsdell, 2d, P. Teeple; Common School Commissioners, J. Cram, P. Taylor, E. Woodruff; School Inspectors, J. Cram, J. Beal, W. G. Smith, H. A Noyes, D. A. McFarlin; Constables, M. Randolph, J. Harrington, J. W. Root, W. D. Robinson. 1837. Supervisor, Jonathan Shearer; Clerk, Wm. S. Gregory; Assessors, J. Westfall, J. Purdy, E Moore; Collector, J. Harrington; Poor Directors, W. Bradner, P. Westfall; Highway Commissioners, W. Bradner, C. Harrington, P. Westfall; School Inspectors, H. A. Noyes, J. Cram, L. W. Purdy; Justice of the Peace, R. Root; Constables, J. Harrington, J. W. Root, M. Randolph, W. D. Robinson. 1838. Supervisor, James DeMott; Clerk, William S. Gregory; Assessors, H. S. Bradley, Wm. Utley, W. W. Markham; Poor Directors, R.

'342 PLYMOUTH TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. Thayer, Jr., C. B. Packard; Highway Commissioners, A. B. Markham, G. Ramsdell, R. Holmes; Collector, J. Harrington; School Inspectors. W. Starkweather, T. T. Lyon, J. Cram; Justice of the Peace, J. Cram; Constables, J. W. Root, J. Harrington, L. J. Thompson, H. Cady. I839. Supervisor, James DeMott; Clerk, William S. Gregory; Treasurer, H. M. Perrin; Justice of the Peace, Wm. N. Stevens; Collector, H. Lewis; Poor Directors, B. G. Barker, Wm. Dunlap; Assessors, R. Thayer, Jr., H. S. Bradley, W. W. Markham; Highway Commissioners, C. Johnson, A. Burr, J. L. Johnson; School Inspectors, J. Cram. E. Welch, S. Jones; Constables, H. Lewis, A. Plumsted, J. W. Root, D. Ramsdell. I840. Supervisor, William W. Markham; Clerk, Joshua Scattergood; Justices of the Peace, H. A. Noyes, L. Ferguson; Treasurer, H. M. Perrin; Assessors, J. Westfall, H. Lyon, H. S. Bradley; Collector, J. W. Root; School Inspectors, T. T. Lyon, E. Welch, J. Brearley; Highway Commissioners, R. Holmes, A. Burr, J. DeMott; Poor Directors, R. Blackwood, J. Kellogg; Constables, E. W. Chaffee, J. W. Root, W. A. Wilson, D. Wood. 1841. Supervisor. Caleb Harrington; Clerk, Horace A. Noyes; Justice of the Peace, H. Fralick; Treasurer, D. H. Rowland; Collector, E. W. Chaffee; Assessors, H. S. Bradley, H. Lyon, J. Westfall; Highway Commissioners, L. Ferguson, A. Stevens, G. Barlow; School Inspectors, D. H. Rowland, H. A Noyes, L. J. Thompson; Poor Directors, A. W. Holliday, W. S. Gregory; Constables, J. Fuller, E. W. Chaffee, A. Whittaker, R. B. Stewart. 1842. Supervisor, EbenezerJ. Penniman; Clerk, Jesse Cram; Treasurer, P. Fralick; Justices of the Peace, L. Ferguson, P. Taylor; Assessors, E. Morse, Z. Phelps; Highway Commissioners, G. Barlow, E. Morse, E. Pennell; School Inspectors, B. M. Noyes, L. J. Thompson, D. H. Rowland; Poor Directors, L. Ferguson, J. Kellogg; Constables L. A. Cook, J. M. Bentley, A. Fralick, M, Randolph. 1843. Supervisor, Ebenezer J. Penniman; Clerk, Jesse Cram; Treasurer, L. J. Thompson; Justice of the Peace, Wm. N. Stevens; Assessors, L. Ferguson, R. Holmes; Highway Commissioners, A. Burr, J. Westfall, E. Morse; School Inspectors, N. W. Cram, two years, B. Noyes, one year; Overseers of the Poor, A. Shattuck, E. Morse; Constables, J. M. Bentley, M. Randolph, L. A Cook, A. Fralick I844. Supervisor, Ebenezer J. Penniman; Clerk, Jesse Cram; Treasurer, Wm. N. Stevens; Justice of the Peace, L. J. Thompson; Assessors J. Westfall, E. Morse; Highway Commissioners, M. L. Shutts, G. Barlow, E. Morse; School In spector, C. J. Kellogg; Poor Directors, A. Shattuck, L. Ferguson; Constables, J. M. Bentley, T. D. Winchester, M. Randolph, E. Whittaker. I845. Supervisor, Henry B. Holbrook; Clerk, Nathaniel W. Cram; Treasurer, Wm. N. Stevens; Justice of the Peace, J. Scattergood; Assessors, A. Burr, R. Blackwood; Highway Commissioners, D. D. Johnson, M. Lockhead, J. WA. Root; School Inspectors, W. W. Markham, S. S. Bullock; Poor Directors, J. Scott, J. Davis; Constables, D. Connor, T. D. Winchester, N. H. Cady, J. M. Adams. 1846. Supervisor, Henry B. Holbrook; Clerk, David Clarkson; Treasurer, Wm. H. Ramsdell; Justices of the Peace, Wm. Hinsdill, J. Elwell; Assessors, D. Kingsley, J. Westfall; Highway Commissioners, M. L. Shutts, B. Gooch, F. Ritnour; School Inspector, B. Noyes; Poor Directors, S. H. M. Obea, D. L. Cady; Constables, W. VUilson, T. D. Winchester, M. Randolph, J. R. Gear. 1847. Supervisor, Jonathan Shearer; Clerk, Walter D. Whalen; Treasurer, Wm. Taft; Justices of the Peace, W. N Stevens, C. Pudney; Highway Commissioners, J. W. Root, three years, H. Colton, two years, G. Ramsdell, one year; School Inspector, W. Sickles; Poor Directors, A. Mead, J. Tibbits[; Constables, T. D. Winchester, '. Tozer, C. N. Booth, W. WX. Wilson. 1848. Supervisor. Jonathan Shearer; Clerk, William H. Gregory; Treasurer, W. H. Ramsdell; Justices of the Peace, B. Holbrook, C. B. Packard; Assessors, H. H. Bradley, R. Thayer; School Inspector, J. S. Tibbits; Poor Directors, W. S. Gregory, A. Mead; Highway Commissioner, G. Ramsdell; Constables, T. D. Winchester, M. L. Whitney. 1849. Supervisor, Henry Fralick; Clerk, William H. Gregory; Treasurer, D. F. Mitchell; Justice of the Peace, H. Colton; Assessors, H. S. Bradley, R. IThayer; School Inspector, M. A. Mosher; Poor Directors, A Mead, W. S. Gregory; Highway Commissioner, G. Barlow; Constables, C. A. Robinson, J. Miller, T. D. Winchester, M. L. Whitney. 1850. Supervisor, Ebenezer J. Penniman; Clerk, William H. Gregory; Treasurer, T. Stevens; Justice of the Peace, C. Pudney; Assessors, H. S. Bradley, R. Thayer; Highway Commissioner, M. L. Shutts; School Inspector, J. S. Tibbits; Poor Directors, W. S. Gregory, A. Mead; Constables, A. Fralick, M. L. Whitney, T. D. Winchester, S. B. Bryant. I851. Supervisor, Jacob B. Covert and Thomas P. May, Jr., each part of a year; Clerk, William H. Gregory; Treasurer, T. Stevens; Justices of the Peace, I. N. Hedden, J. Fuller; Highway Commissioner, W. Scott; Assessors, J. Westfall, L. Turrill; School Inspector, E, Adams; Constables, W.

PLYMOUTH TOWNSHIP-ORG W. Wilson, S B Bryant, J. McCarn, H. H. Baker. 1852. Supervisor, Henry Fralick; Clerk, William H. Gregory; Treasurer T. Stevens; Justice of the Peace, C. B. Packard; School Inspector, J. S. Tibbits; Assessors, R. Thayer, H. S. Bradley; Highway Commissioner, G. Ramsdell; Poor Directors, J. Clarkson, J. M. Adams; Constables, R. Stilwill, G. W. Swift, S. J. Chilson, S. Bryant. I853. Supervisor, John S. Tibbits; Clerk, William H. Gregory; Treasurer, W. B. Sellick; Justices of the Peace, G. A. Starkweather, M. Randolph; School Inspector, D. F. Mitchell; Highway Commissioner, J. M. Adams; Poor Directors, J. M. Adams, D. Clarkson; Constables, M. L. Whitney, D. Ramsdell, H. Baker, J. N. McFarlan. 1854. Supervisor, John S. Tibbits; Clerk, John N. Scott; Treasurer, S. Bryant; Justices of the Peace, B. S. Taylor, L. Ferguson; Highway Commissioner, C. H. Bennett; School Inspectors, W. H. Gregory, H. B. Thayer; Poor Directors, P. Fralick, E. C. Willis; Constables, S. Bryant, H. Baker, J. C. Nevins, C. Valentine. 1855. Supervisor, George A. Starkweather; Clerk, William H. Gregory; Treasurer, S. Williams; Justice of the Peace, C. H. Bennett; Highway Commissioner, R. Thayer; School Inspectors, H. B. Thayer, W. D. Whalen; Poor Directors, L. Westfall, H. S. Bradley; Constables, S. Bryant, H. Baker, J. Ambler, J. Miller. I856. Supervisor, John S. Tibbits; Clerk, William H. Gregory; Treasurer, J. B. Brumfield; Justice of the Peace, C. Pudney; School Inspector, T. T. Lyon; Highway Commissioner, J. M. Adams; Poor Directors, W. S. Gregory, H. S. Bradley; Constables, H. P. Bradley, S. Bryant, J. B. Brumfield, L. Lapham. I857. Supervisor, Horace Bradley; Clerk, William H. Gregory; Treasurer, J. W. Elliott; Justices of the Peace, Geo. A. Starkweather, N. D. Whalen; School Inspector, H. P. Sly; Highway Commissioner, J. Allen; Poor Directors, H. S. Bradley, W. B. Gregory; Constables, J. F. Chilson, J. W. Elliott, J. Ovenshire, D. Berdan, 1858. Supervisor, George A. Starkweather; Clerk, William H. Gregory, William S. Gregory and Theodatus T. Lyon, each part of a year; Treassurer, I. F. Chilson; Justices of the Peace, B. S. Taylor, J. W. McFarlan; School Inspector, W. H. Serviss; Highway Commissioner, R. Thayer; Poor Directors, John Diamond, C. Crosby; Constables, I. F. Chilson, E L. Booth, E. K. Simmonds, J. F. Starkweather. 1859. Supervisor, George A. Starkweather; Clerk, William H. Serviss; Treasurer, E K. Simmonds; Justices of the Peace, J. N. McFarlan, L. Noble; School Inspectors, H. B. Thayer, J. Rod-;ANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1343 gers; Highway Commissioner, W. V. Ely; Poor Directors, J. Diamond, G. Young; Constables, E. K. Simmonds, I. F. Chilson, J. F. Starkweather, E. L. Booth. I86o. Supervisor, William Taft; Clerk, Isaac N. Hedden; Treasurer, M. L. Whitney; Justice of the Peace, C. B. Packard; School Inspector, C. A. Frisbee; Highway Commissioner, W. S. Johnson; Poor Directors, H. Colton, H. S. Bradley; Constables, M. L. Whitney, A. Dodge, H. Lount, E. Booth. i86I. Supervisor, William Taft; Clerk, Lawrence Noble and Henry 0. Hanford, each part of a year; Treasurer, J. N. Withee; Justice of the Peace, G. A. Starkweather; School Inspector, H. B. Thayer; Highway Commissioner, H. B. Thayer; Poor Directors, A. D. Kendrick, C. Crosby; Constables, J. S. Jackson, H. Lount, N. H. May, M. L. Whitney. 1862. Supervisor, George A. Starkweather; Clerk, Michael Conner; Treasurer, J. Manning; Justices of the Peace, R. McFarlan, A. Brigham; School Inspector, C. A. Frisbee; Highway Commissioner, W. V. Ely; Poor Directors H. Newman, H. S. Bradley; Constables, J. Manning, N. Collins, S. J. Lockwood, N. H. May. 1863. Supervisor, Winfield Scott; Clerk, Jerome T. Johnson; Treasurer, J. D. Turrell; Justice of the Peace, D. B. Penny; Highway Commissioner, W. T. Johnson; Poor Directors, H. Newman, A. D. Kendrick; School Inspector, H. B. Thayer; Constables, J. S. Jackson, J. M. Loud, N. H. May, J. I). Turrell. 1864. Supervisor, Winfield Scott; Clerk, James P. Donaldson; Treasurer, J. D. Turrell; Justices of the Peace, A. Brigham, F. R. Beal, J. T. Johnson; School Inspector, C. A. Frisbee; Highway Commissioner, H. B. Thayer; Poor Directors, I. N. Hedden, A. VanValkenburg; Constables, J. N. Loud, J. S. Covert, J. D. Turrell, D. Moreland. I865. Supervisor, Winfield Scott; Clerk. James P. Donaldson; Treasurer, O. Eddy; Justices of the Peace, G. A. Starkweather, H. C. Benton; School Inspector, H. B. Thayer; Highway Commissioner, W. V. Ely; Poor Directors, G. Young, A. N. Curtis; Constables, L. A. Yerkes, H. C. Markham, J. S. Jackson, H. Tafft. I866. Supervisor, Hiram R. Thayer; Clerk, John Rodgers; Treasurer, E. S. Horton; Justice of the Peace, S. Hungerford; Highway Commissioner, H. C. Benton; School Inspector, C. A. Frisbee; Poor Directors, A. N. Curtis, T. McClumphia; Constables, J. B. Berdan, H. C. Markham, A. N. Curtis, E. S. Horton. 1867. Supervisor, Hiram B. Thayer; Clerk, Edward S. Horton; Treasurer, Otis Eddy; Justice of the Peace, John Rodgers; School Inspector, W. M. Osband; Highway Commissioners, D. Clarkson,

I 344 PLYMOUTH TOWNSHIP —ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I. N. Hedden; Poor Directors, E. Simmons, T. McClumphia; Constables, J. B. Berdan, J. F. Starkweather, W. H. Brigham, E. K. Simons. I868. Supervisor, Hiram B. Thayer;' Clerk, Oscar A. Fraser; Treasurer, S. S. Eddy; Justice of the Peace, H. C. Benton; School Inspector, C. A. Frisbee, F. R. Beal; Highway Commissioner. I. N. Hedden; Poor Directors, E. Simons, T. McClumphia; Constables, J. B. Berdan, D. H. Downer, H. C. Markham, J. F. Starkweather. I869. Supervisor, Hiram B. Thayer; Clerk, Marcus G. B. Swift; Treasurer, A. Joy; Justices of the Peace, I. N. Hedden, W. Scott; School Inspectors, W. P. Hungerford, O. A. Fraser; Highway Commissioner, H. C. Benton; Poor Directors, E. Simons, T. McClumphia; Constables, J. S. Jackson, C. Congdon, J. F. Starkweather, H. C. Markham. I870. Supervisor, Hiram B. Thayer; Clerk, Roswell D. Root; Treasurer, S. F. Hughes; Justices of the Peace, W. D. Whalen, A. E. Pardee; School Inspector, C. A. Frisbee; Highway Commissioner, D. Clarkson; Poor Directors, H. P. Sly, E. Simon; Constables, C. Congdon, J. S. Jackson, A. J. Lapham, H. C. Markham. 1871. Supervisor, Hiram B. Thayer; Clerk, Walter D. Whalen; Treasurer, Enoch S. Moulton; Justice of the Peace, J. Rodgers; School Inspector, W. P. Hungerford; Highway Commissioner, I. N. Hedden; Poor Directors, E. Simons, T. McClumphia; Constables, H. C. Markham, Charles Congdon J. S. Jackson, W. H. Hudson. 1872. Supervisor. Winfield Scott; Clerk, Roswell L. Root; Treasurer, B. G. Webster; Justice of the Peace, A E. Pardee; Highway Commissioner, N. C. Benton; School Inspector, C. A. Frisbee; Drain Commissioner, W. T. Johnspn; Constables, W. Orr, J. S. Jackson, C. Congdon, H. C. Markham. I873. Supervisor, Hiram B. Thayer; Clerk, Charles E. Clarkson; Treasurer, I. Chilson; Justice of the Peace, D Clarkson; Highway Commissioner, C Root; School Inspector, W. P. Hungerford; Drain Commissioner, H. R. Holmes; Constables, J. S. Jackson, J. M. Ambler, W. Orr, I. Chilson. I874. Supervisor, Hiram B. Thayer; Clerk, Charles E. Clarkson; Treasurer, J. M. Loud; Justice of the Peace, W. H. Ambler; Highway Commissioner, H. R. Holmes; Poor Directors, T. McClumphia; School Inspector, C. A. Frisbee; Drain Commissioner, H. P. Sly; Constables, J. C, Buckner, J. S. Jackson, I. F. Chilson, W. W. Orr. 1875. Supervisor, Winfield Scott; Clerk, Roswell L. Root; Treasurer, E. S. Horton; Justice of the Peace, A. Stevens; Highway Commissioner, E. B. Bradner; Supt. Schools, James Dubuar; School Inspector, C. A Frisbee; Poor Director, T. McClumphia; Drain Commissioner, T. McClumphia; Constables, J. S. Jackson, J. C. Buckner, I. F. Chilson, J. F. Starkweather. 1876. Supervisor, Winfield Scott; Clerk, James K. Lowden; Treasurer, C. W. Bradner; Justice of the Peace, H. W. Baker; Supt. Schools, C. A. Frisbee; Highway Commissioner, E. P. Bradner; Drain Commissioner, T. McClumphia; Constables, J. W. Davis, J. C. Buckner, I. F. Chilson, W. H. Hudson. I877. Supervisor, Winfield Scott; Clerk, Abram Pelham; Treasurer, A. Pomeroy; Justices of the Peace, J. K. Lowden, B. C. Bunnell; Highway Commissioner. E. B. Thompson; Supt. Schools, J. Dubuar; School Inspector, C. A. Frisbee; Poor Directors, D. White, T. McClumphia; Drain Commissioner, T. McClumphia; Constables, J. W. Davis, J. C. Buckner, I. F. Chilson, W. H Wherry. 1878. Supervisor, Henry Hurd; Clerk, Edwin Root; Treasurer, A. Joy; Justices of the Peace, G. Kator; School Inspector, E. K. Simonds; Supt. Schools, A. D. Stevens; Highway Commissioner, T. McClumphia; Poor Directors, C. Baker, J. Waterman; Constables 0. Westfall, I. Plate, F. Perrine, C. Perigo. I879. Supervisor, Winfield Scott; Clerk, Abram Pelham; Treasurer, J. O. Knapp; Justice of the Peace, B. Poole; Highway Commissioner, E. B. Thompson; Supt. Schools, R. C. Safford; School Inspector, Chas. A. Frisbee; Overseers of the Poor, A. Stevens, I). White; Drain Commissioner, H. R. Holmes; Constables, I. F. Chilson, W. N. Wherry, J. W. Davis, F. N. Perrine. 1880. Supervisor, Samuel J. Springer; Clerk, William H. Ambler; Treasurer, E. P. Lombard; Justice of the Peace, J. Fuller; Highway Commissioner, E. B Thompson; Supt Schools, R. C. Safford; School Inspector, C. A Frisbee; Overseers of the Poor, D. White, T. McClumphia; Drain Commissioner, H. R. Holmes; Constables, J. W. Davis, F. N. Perrine, J. F. Chilson, W. N. Wherry. I88i. Supervisor, Samuel J. Springer; Clerk, Cyrus A. Pinckney; Treasurer, E. P. Lombard; Justice of the Peace, J. Fuller; L. W. Hutton; Supt. Schools, C. DeMuth; School Inspector, C. A. Frisbee; Highway Commissioner, J. O. Harmon; Overseers of the Poor, T. McClumphia, D. White; Drain Commissioner, H. R. Holmes; Constables, J. C. Buckner, T. B. Fulkins, W. N. Wherry, I. F. Chilson. 1882. Supervisor, Hiram B. Thayer; Clerk, William H. Ambler; Treasurer, E. W, Chaffee; Justice of the Peace, A. M. Randolph; Highway Commissioner, J. W. Tafft; School Inspector, C. DeMuth; W. H. Cheever; Drain Commissioner, C. D. Durfee; Constables, I. F. Chilson, W. N. Wherry, J. C. Buckner, F. N Perrine.

PLYMOUTH TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I345 1883. Supervisor, Charles D. Durfee; Clerk, William H. Ambler; Treasurer, E. P. Lombard; Justices of the Peace, B. Poole, R. McFarlan; Highway Commissioner, J. G. Bradner; Drain Commissioner, H. R. Holmes; School Inspector, C. A. Frisbee; Constables, J. W. Davis, J. C. Buckner, D. F. Polley, I. F. Chilson. 1884. Supervisor, Charles D. Durfee; Clerk, William H. Ambler; Treasurer, E. P. Lombard; Justices of the Peace, C W. Valentine, H. D. Clark; School Inspectors, W. H. Cheever, T. C. Sherwood; Highway Commissioner, J. G. Bradner; Drain Commissioner, H. R. Holmes; Constables, J. W. Davis, F. N. Perrine, M. R. Weeks, I. F. Chilson. 1885. Supervisor, Charles D. Durfee; Clerk, William H. Ambler; Treasurer, E. W. Chaffee; Justices of the Peace, L. W. Hutton, D W. White; School Inspector, T. C. Sherwood; Highway Commissioner, J. G. Bradner; Constables, I. F. Chilson, A. Holloway, P. E. White, J. W. Davis. 1886. Supervisor, Charles D. Durfee; Clerk, Eugene P. Lombard; Treasurer, E. S. Horton; Justice of the Peace, D. B. Northrop; School Inspector, F. G. Terrill; Highway Commissioner, J. G Bradner; Drain Commissioner, H. R. Holmes; Constables, I. F. Chilson, H. Lount, M. R. Weeks, J. C. Buckner. 1887. Supervisor, William H. Ambler; Clerk, Eugene P. Lombard; Treasurer, E. S. Horton; Justice of the Peace, B. Poole; Highway Commissioner, J. V. Harmon; School Inspector, T. C. Sherwood; Constables, J. W. Davis, J, C. Buckner, I. F. Chilson, W. N. Wherry. I888. Supervisor, William H. Ambler; Clerk, Eugene P. Lombard; Treasurer, A. Pomeroy; Justice of the Peace, I. F. Chilson; Highway Commissioner, J. V. Harmon; Drain Commissioner, H. R. Holmes; School Inspector, F. G. Terrill; Constables, M. W. Reed, H. F. Jackson, C. Micol, J. E. Hood. 1889. Supervisor, William H. Ambler; Clerk, George Hunter; Treasurer, A. Pomeroy; Justice of the Peace, I. N. Blackwood; Highway Commissioner, J. V. Harmon; School Inspector, T. S. Clark; Constables, C. J. Micol, J. E. Hood, M. W. Reed, H. F. Jackson. 1890 Supervisor, L. C. Hough; Clerk, A. C. Donner; Treasurer, G. W. Hunter; Justice of the Peace, D. B. Northrup; Highway Commissioner, W. P. Johnson; Drain Commissioner, H. R. Holmes; School Inspector, C. H. Caldron; Board and as more than half of the tax was upon lands owned by non-residents, there was but $66.90 to be collected. Mr. A. B. Markham some years ago gave a humorous account of his spending nearly an entire month travelling through the snow to collect this amount. He finally became almost discouraged, and after throwing off all of his percentage as collector, he worked four days to get funds enough to make up the entire amount due, paid the sum over, and since that time has been satisfied to do without the honors or emoluments of office. On March 7, 1834, the township was divided, and the town of Canton created. On March 7, I878, it was voted to divide the township of Plymouth into two election districts, in compliance with a law of May 23, 1877, and Sections I to i8, both inclusive, were designated as the first election district, the meetings to be held in the village of Northville. Sections 19 to 36, each inclusive, were designated as the second election district, the meetings to be held at the village of Plymouth. In 1888 the township of Plymouth was divided into six whole and five fractional school districts. One thousand one hundred and twenty seven pupils were enrolled with an average daily attendance of 796, as shown by the reports for the year ending September 3, I888. The same reports show four brick houses, costing $35,500, and having seats for 889 pupils, and seven frame houses, costing $4,150, and seating 238. The district libraries contained a total of 4,989 volumes. Five male and twenty-three female teachers were employed, The population in 1850 was 2,431; in 1870, 3,oi6; and in I880, 3,339. The valuation in I840 was $328,808 in 850o, $180,818; in I86o, $507,522; in 1870, $636,470; in I880, $1,963,270. PLYMOUTH. The settlement which has grown into the village of Plymouth began in 1825. In that year William Starkweather made a clearing and erected a log house on the site of the present village, where the residence of John Fuller was afterwards located. The same year J. S. Tibbits, Roswell Root, John Van Sickle, and others, became his neighbors, and there came soon afterwards A. B. Markham, John Miller, Peter and Henry Fralick, Silas Sly, Rufus Thayer, William and Hiram Utley, Lyman Terrill, Esquire Taylor. John Welch. Benajah and Henry Holbrook. About the same time the follow of Review, M. Conner, E. B. Thompson; Con- ing persons also settled in the town: Paul W. stables, J. E. Wood, H C. Cole, M. W. Reed, G. Hazen, Erastus Hussey, David Phillips Luther Wagner. Lincoln, Wm. Markham, E. W. Starkweather, At the first township meeting a tax of $I54.40 Henry Ward, Walter McFarlan, Wm. Bartow, was levied on the 140 taxpayers in the township, Timothy Lyon, John Westfall, Calvin Whipple and

1346 PLYMOUTH TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. Clark Griswold. The first white woman to venture into the present limits of Plymouth was Keziah, wife of Wm. Starkweather, and mother of George A Starkweather, who was the second white child born in the township. The most of the settlers of 1825 left their families for a time in Detroit. The first white child born in the township was Oscar Phillips, the son of David Phillips. A. B. Markham, who built the first hand-power mill, says: "I was two whole days building the mill, and it answered very well for grinding corn. Two boys or two women could grind a bushel of corn in one hour. In making the mill Mr. Markham felled a large, tall and straight oak tree, flattened the upper end of the trunk for a distance of about seventy feet, cut a trench in it, a foot wide and ten inches deep and narrowed almost to a point; a wheel a foot thick was then sawed from the large end of the tree, the edge pared down to fit the trench, an axle put through it, and on being lifted into place the wheel was ready to grind, by being moved back and forth in the trench Half a bushel of corn could be ground in about twenty minutes." In the fall of 1825 Luther Lincoln built a saw-mill on Section 26. and very soon after Timothy Lyon built a mill on Section 23, and Morris Smith one on Section 25. In these early days, when settlers were few, one man was frequently called upon to fill several offices, and in his reminiscences A. B. Markham speaks of serving at the same time as fence viewer, roadmaster, collector, and constable. In the early part of the year 1827 a meeting was held at the house of John Tibbits for the purpose of organizing a military company, and Ira M. Hough was chosen captain; Stephen Root and Abram Laraway were chosen under officers. Among the earliest store-keepers were Frisbee Chubb, Timothy Lyon and Levi Bishop. The latter had a shop here from 1825 to 1830 The first blacksmith of whom there is any recollection was Alanson Knickerbocker. Luther Lincoln's saw and grist mill was about half a mile east of the present village of Plymouth, and "Uncle" John Miller's grist mill was located at what is now known as Northville. The first brick building in the township was erected by Henry Ward on Section 32. The post-office for some years was known as Plymouth Corners. The first postmaster was Gideon P. Benton. He carried the mail in his hat or tied it up in his handkerchief. The village of Plymouth was laid out and recorded in 1837, by Henry B. Holbrook. In 1838, a year after the plat was recorded, the village had a Presbyterian church, five stores, a Wild Cat bank, known as the Wayne County Bank (see page 851), three taverns, and a drug store. The village was incorporated by Act of March I5, 1867, and ten days afterward an election was held a' the hotel of Thomas Whipple, known as the Adams House, at which Gabriel Youngs and John Rodgers were elected judges of election, and 0. A. Frazier, clerk. The I29 votes polled resulted in the election of the following officers: President, Bethuel Noyes; Recorder, Michael Conner; Treasurer, A. B. Coleman; Assessors, Lewis H. Bennett, William A. Bassett; Trustees, Samuel Hardenburgh, Isaac N Hedden, Ira M. Hough, Abram Fralick, Francis W. Fairman. The officers elected in subsequent years are as follows: I868. President, Michael Conner; Recorder, Isaac N. Hedden; Trustees, Samuel Hardenburgh, Stephen Roe, I. Gleason, A. B. Coleman, Wm. A. Bassett; Treasurer, O. A. Frazier; Assessors, E. L. Moulton, L. H. Bennett. 1869. President, Michael Conner; Recorder, Oscar A. Frazier; Treasurer, N. P. Chandler; Trustees, Wm. A. Bassett, Samuel Hardenburgh, A. C. Perren, R. Herrick, C. B. Crosby; Assessors, E. S. Moulton, C. A. Frisbee. I870. President, Isaac N. Hedden; Recorder, Martin A. Vrooman; Treasurer, N. P. Chandler; Trustees, A. Joy, V. W. Orr, E. S. Moulton, J. Madden, S. Roe; Assessors, J. W. Roe, Wm. N. Wherry. 1871. President,- Calvin B. Crosby; Recorder, Martin A. Vrooman; Treasurer, N. P. Chandler; Trustees, M. Conner, P. Gayde, E. S. Moulton, A. A. Shaffer, W. A. Bassett; J. W. Roe, J. Gleason. From 1871 no records have been found, but on March 4, I879, the village was re-incorporated and the officers since then have been as follows: I879. President, Byron Poole; Clerk, Martin A. Vrooman; Trustees for one year, A. A. Shaffer, Wm. A. Bassett, John Fuller; Trustees for two years, Wm. H. Hoyt, I. Gleason, O. H. Polley; Treasurer, O. A. Frazier; Assessor, Geo. A. Starkweather; Street Commissioner, C. H. Burrows; Constable, O. Westfall; Pound Master, L. Westfall; Marshall, O. Westfall; Physician, Jason P. Safford; President pro tern., John Fuller. I880. President, Byron Poole; Clerk, Martin A. Vrooman; Assessor, G. A. Starkweather; Treasurer, 0. A. Frazier; Trustees, J. Fuller, A. A. Shaffer, Wm. A. Bennett; Street Commissioner, L. Westfall; Constable, I. Platt. 1881. President. Byron Poole; Clerk, Martin A. Vrooman; Treasurer, A. A. Tafft; Trustees, Wm. H. Hoyt, J. C. Peterhaus; O. H. Polley; Assessor, Geo. A. Starkweather; Constable, M. R. Weeks; Street Commissioner, I. F. Chilson. 1882. President, Daniel R. Penney; Clerk, Martin A. Vrooman; Treasurer, C. A. Pinckney; As

PLYMOUTH TOWNSHIP-ORG sessor, L. Pooler; Trustees. D. B. Wilcox, S. Baker, L. Farwell; Street Commissioner, A. A. Brockway; Constable, M. R. Weeks I883. President, Wm. H. Hoyt; Clerk Martin A. Vrooman; Treasurer, C. A. Pinckney; Assessor, L. Pooler; Trustees, John Bradner, P. Gayde, W. J. Burrows, C. A. Roe; Street Commissioner, A. A. Brockway; Constable, D. F. Polley. 1884. President, Michael Conner; Clerk, Martin A. Vrooman; Treasurer, C. A. Pinckney; Trustees, C. A. Frisbee, C. J. Hamilton, Willard Roe; Assessor, B. Poole; Street Commissioner, A. A. Brockway; Constable, M. R. Weeks. 1885. President, Cyrus A. Pinckney; Clerk, Harry C Bennett; Treasurer, E. W. Chaffee; Assessor, F. P. Park; Trustees, C. A. Roe, J. C. Peterhaus, T. C. Sherwood, L. H. Bennett; Street Commissioner, A. Passage; Constable, M. R. Weeks. I886 President, Calvin B. Crosby; Clerk, Henry Dohmstreich; Treasurer, J. P. Woodard; Assessor, L. Pooler; Trustees, W. J. Bradner, Wm. F. Markham, J. M. Ward; Street Commissioner, J. Hood; Constable, F. Dunn. 1887. President, Byron Poole; Clerk, Henry Dohmstreich and George Hunter each part of a year; Treasurer, L. C. Hough; Trustees, H. Wills, Wm. H. Bassett, J. M. Collier; Assessor, L. Pooler; Street Commissioner. John Hood; Constable, R. Terry. I888. President, Byron Poole; Clerk, George Hunter; Treasurer, L. C. Hough; Trustees, A. J. Lapham, E. C. Leach, H. C. Robinson; Assessor, Samuel Baker; Street Commissioner, J. Hood; Constable, F. Dunn. I889. President, Michael Conner; Clerk, James 0. Eddy; Treasurer, E. W. Chaffee; Trustees, J. M. Collier, W. J. Bradner, W. H. Bassett; Assessor, L. Pooler; Street Commissioner, E. Cortrite; Constable, M. R. Weeks. 189o. President, Michael Conner; Clerk. J. O. Eddy; Trustees, E. C. Leach, L. C. Hough, W. F. Markham; Assessor, C. A. Pinckney; Street Commissioner, Eli Cortrite; Constable, Fred Dunn. About 1830 there was an old log school-house on the Detroit Road on the east side of the River Rouge. This was replaced in 1840 by a frame house erected on Lot 6, Block 6, of the Bradner Plat, the lot being donated by Wm. Bradner. The building remained until the Union District No. I was formed in I853. There was at one time a district school on Ann Arbor Street. A select school was opened by E. J. Penniman on Church Street in I842. The building is now used as the Berdan House barn. The very commodious and well arranged Union School building was erected in 1884 at a cost of $I8,ooo. The school is exceptionally ANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1347 well manned and managed, and is divided into four departments, known as Primary, Intermediate, Grammar, and High, with courses of study not surpassed in any city schools. An assortment of excellent philosophical and chemical apparatus is provided, and there is also a general library of 1,300 volumes, and a large and valuable reference library. The general library is open daily for pupils, and twice a month to the general public. Amity Hall, seating about 500, was completed in 1869. One of the beauties of Plymouth is the Park of two acres in triangular shape, bounded by Sutton, Ann Arbor and Main Streets. It contains a dense forest of maple and spruce trees which were set out in 1858. The old Presbyterian Cemetery was opened in 1828, the North Plymouth Cemetery in 1844, and the " Riverside," located about three-quarters of a.mile east of the village, was established by ordinance of February 3, I880. It consists of twenty acres on the southeast quarter of Section 26, and cost $I,ooo. In addition to the cemeteries near Plymouth and Northville, there is the " Thayer" Cemetery, on the southwest quarter of Section 7; the "' Blackner" Cemetery, on the northeast quarter of Section 28, opened about 1830; and the " Waterford" Cemetery, on the southeast quarter of Section 14. An edition of the Wayne County Review, of Wayne, for Plymouth, with 0. S. Howard as editor, was issued in December, I878, by J. H. Steers, In September, I887, it was succeeded by the Plymouth Mail, issued at Plymouth. This is a fiVe-column quarto, and has, for a village paper, a notably large circulation. Among the important local events was the fire of May 5, 1856, which originated about half-past twelve at night in the ball-room of Root's Hotel, on the corner of Ann Arbor and Main Streets The fire is believed to have been caused by the bursting of a lamp. It spread rapidly, and made a clean sweep of the entire block on the west side of Main Street, from Ann Arbor to Sutton Streets. Among the buildings destroyed were Collins Kellogg's drug store, J. W. Root's hotel, John Kynock's shoe store, the post-office, most of its papers and records being saved, Fralick & Crosby's dry goods store, J. Scattergood's dry goods store, Josiah Butler's jewelry store, H Fralick's dry goods store, G. Lauffer's shoe store, and H. Weeks's tailor shop. The two brick buildings at the north end of the block were saved by tearing down some of the wooden buildings on the south, and the fire was controlled after a loss of over $60,ooo. On February I6, I859, a boiler exploded at May & Hendrick's saw-mill and rake factory, on Main Street. The explosion occurred between ten and eleven o'clock in the morning, 0

1348 PLYMOUTH TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. while most of the men were in the woods cutting logs, and instantly killed the engineer, Abram Moreland, and also Henry C. Chilson, and severely injured Peter Micol. First Methodist Episcopal Church. The history of the Methodist Episcopal Church in this region begins as early as May, 1826. At that time Rev. Joseph Hickox held a meeting at the house of William Tibbits, on Section 28. After him came Rev. Marcus Swift, father of Dr. John Swift, of Northville. This region was then in what was known as the Huron Circuit, and in 1828 the society had preaching at Paul Hazen's, and as early as 1835 they had a frame church at what was called Cooper's Corners. The ministers from 1833 were as follows: 1833, Marcus Swift and R. Lawrence; I834, Marcus Swift and Lorenzo Davis; 1835, Elijah Crane and 0. Mitchell; I836,'William Sprague and David Burns; 1837, William Sprague and 0. F. North; 1838, John Kinnear and Adam Minnis; I839, Robert Triggs and Alanson Flemming; 1840, Larmon Chatfield and Robert Triggs; 1841, Geo. Bradley and Ebenezer Steel; 1842, William Sprague and George King; 1843, Henry Vanorden and John Scotford; 1844, Henry Vanorden and Allen Staples; 1845, John K. Gillett and F. W. Warren; 1846, Horace Hall and J. W. Warren; 1847, James F. Davidson and P. G. Buchanan; 1848, David Burns and Adam Minnis; 1849, David Burns and Flavel Britton; I850, Thomas Wakelin and J. H. Burnham; I851, George Smith and J. H. Burnham; 1852, E. W. Borden; 1853-1855, Wm. Fox; 1855. Wn. Calkins; I856-I858, Wm. H. Hevener; 1858-1860, Jason W. Kellogg; 1861-1862. W. C. Way; 1862-1864, S. E. Warren; 1864-1866, James F. Davidson; I866 -I868, C. C. Yemans; 1868-1869, R. Bird; I869 -1870, S. P. Warner; I87O-1873, W. H. Benton; I873-I875, iW. Hagadorn; I875-I877, Lewis P. Davis; 1878-1881, J. G. Morgan; 1881-1883. G. W. Lowe; I883-I884, S. Plantz; 1884-1887, M.W. Gifford; I887-1889, J. M. Shank; 1889 —, G. W. Hudson. The building now occupied by the society was built about 1847, seats 300, and cost $2,000. The church and parsonage are estimated as worth $8,000. Baptist Church. This society was organized March I, 1830, at Shutt's Corners, a small settlement on the east half of Section 31, on the Ann Arbor Road, about four miles west of Plymouth. The society was officially recognized as a regular Baptist church on June 9 1830. About 1840 they built a small chapel, and during the time they remained at Shutt's Corners the following persons served as pastors; Revs. Carpenter, Clark, Facer, Noyes, and Andrew Clark. On February 23, 1846, the Plymouth Village Baptist Society was organized in the school-house, and two years later, on April 8, 1843, the original society and the village organization united their interests under the leadership of W. B. Grow. The society then purchased the old wooden Presbyterian church, and moved it to their lot at the north end of the village. This soon became too small for them, and it was sold to the Lutherans. The old chapel at Shutt's Corners was then dismantled, and the most of it used in the construction of a new church, which was dedicated in February, I856. An addition has since been made to the building, and it will now seat about 400, and is worth about $3,500. Rev. Mr. Grdw served as pastor about sixteen years. His successors since 1860 have been: W. R. Northrup, 1863-1865; S. H. Vann, 1865-1867; H. B. Johnston, 1868-1869; W. Putnam, I869 -1873; H. C. Beals, 1873-1874; E. A. Gray, 1875 -I876; W. B. Grow, 1878-1879; Charles Carrell, 1881-1883; H. Burns, 1886-1887; P. G. Robertson, since May I, i888. The church in 1889 had I20 members. Second Presbyterian Church. This church dates its beginnings from a meeting held by Rev. Erie Prince at the house of Ira Bronson on February 23, 1833. A church was formally organized on January 14, I835. A lot for a church and cemetery was donated by Wm. Starkweather, and a church costing $400 was built and first used in September, 1835. This building was sold to the Baptist Church, and in November, 1849, the society began worshipping in a new brick church which cost $3,000. This building is still in use. but was extensively repaired, and then rededicated January Io, 1877. The pastors have been as follows: Rev. Erie Prince, occasional services in 1833 and 1834; Rev. A. M. McJunkin, May, 1835 to Spring of 1836; Rev. Erie Prince, from November, 1836, to April, 1839; Rev. Enoch Bouton, from May, 1839 to 1840; Rev. J, A. Clayton, from May, 1840 to 1846; Rev. E. S Shepard, from I846 to 1849; Rev. W. C. Kniffen, during part of 1849; Rev.J. A. Clayton, from January, 1851 to I853; Rev. J. A. Dubuar, during part of 1853; Rev. Sylvester Cochrane, from Spring of 1854 to April, 1859; Rev. J. W. McGregor, from January, i860, until near the close of 1862. He was followed by Rev. B. F. Murden, who remained from 1862 to I863 In November, I868, Rev. J. F. McLaren became pastor, and remained two years. He was succeeded on April 9, 1870, by Rev. J. W. Baynes. He lived only about a year, and the pulpit was then supplied by Rev. J. A. Dubuar and Rev. Maltby Gelston until August, 1873, when Rev. J. Mills 0

PLYMOUTH TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I349 Gelston became the pastor, he remained until May, I875. Rev. John A. Baldwin then served for a few months as did also Rev. R. H. Wilkinson, and in 1877 and 1878 Rev. P. R Hurd, of Detroit, officiate,d occasionally. Rev. E.G. Bryant served from April, 1878, to April, I880; Rev. Mills B. Gelston, from May, 188r, to April, 1882; Rev. W. W. Wetmore, from May, I882, to 1885; Rev. George H. Wallace, from 1886 to 1888; Rev. W. T. Jacques, from August I9, i888. The society has fifty-seven members, and on February 23, 1884, one year after the proper date, they celebrated the semi-centennial of the organization. There is an old church on Section 6, but it has not been used for several years. It belongs to the Summit Congregational Society, which moved to Salem about four years ago, built a church at that place, and discontinued the use of this building. St. Peter's Evangelical Lutheran Church, U. A. C. This society was organized through the efforts of the Rev. T. Schmidt of Ann Arbor, on March 5, 1856. Prior to the formal organization of the congregation, services were held for a short time in private houses. The old Baptist Church was then purchased and moved to the church lot, refitted and dedicated December 26, I858. In 1882 it was sold to be used as a blacksmith shop, and a new church, costing $2,500, and seating 250, was dedicated October 14, 1883. As near as can be learned, the pastors have been as follows: Rev. T. Schmidt, 1856 to I862; Rev. Werner, August 3, 1862, to April 24, 1864; Rev. Gebaur, September 19, I865, to May I2, I867; Rev. Nussbaum, 1867, to October 30, 1870; Rev. Werner, November 20, 1870, to 1872; Rev. C. Schmolz, 1872 to 1874; Rev. Matshat, 1874-1876; Rev. Stein, 1876-1878; Rev. George Tierck, 1878-1880; Rev. Schoemyerlin, December 4, I880, to July 16, 1882; Rev. H. Abelmann, August 13, 1882, to 1885; Rev. Robert Weise, 1885-I886; Rev. Wm. Renz, I886-I88; Rev. John Baumann, i888. Banks. The first bank in Plymouth was the Wayne County Bank of I837, for an account of which, see page 85I. The first National Bank of Plymouth was organized November I8, 187I, with E. J. Penniman. president, and C. H. Bennett, cashier. The capital stock, $50,000, was taken by these gentlemen, and the following stockholders: R. L. Durfee, A. B. Coleman, John Owen, J. S. Farrand, Gideon Durfee, Stephen Roe, Thomas P. May, F. S. Shattuck, L. D. Shearer, J. Westfall, Edwin Fuller, Eva C. Hendrich, Chester B. Root, M. Connor, James Burns, George V. N. Lothrop. Charlotte Wilkins, John Shaw, D. E. Mathews, Mary Doors, John Allen, B. Moreland, Samuel Lyndon, Alexis Packard, and Wm. P. Spear. The directors were E. J. Penniman, president, C. H. Bennett, cashier, L. D. Shearer, James Burns, John Allen, and Samuel Lyndon. The bank has been successful from the first, the semi-annual dividend being five per cent. The report for January I, 1889, showed a surplus of $I4,000, with undivided profits of $8,ooo, an average deposit of $75,ooo, and loans at seven per cent., of about $90,ooo. The Plymouth National Bank was organized January I6, 1884, with a capital stock of $5o,ooo, divided among the following stockholders: Stephen Andrews, Mrs. Mary A Allen, W. O Alien, Henry W. Baker (guardian), Lewis H. Bennett, Gideon P. Benton, Dwight Berdan, Calvin B. Crosby, John E. Ellsworth, Delia Entrican, Charles A. Frisbie, Win. Geer, L. Cass Hough, Ellen J. Harlow, James R. Hosie, Samuel Lyndon, Alfred D. Lyndon, Edwin C. Leach, Wm. Manchester, Hiram Murray, Elizabeth E. May, Orlando R. Pettingill, Lorenzo Pooler, Cyrus A. Pinckney, Byron Pool, Thomas Patterson, Charles H. Potter, Tunis V. Quackenbush, Ellen B. Roe, Theodore C. Sherwood, Caleb J. Sprague, Martha S. Stevens, Samuel J. Springer, Laban D. Shearer, Nathan T. Sly, Clark M. Sly, Irving N. Starkweather, Eugene K. Starkweather, Abram Shear, E. Simonds, Enos F. St. John, Ella C. Smith, Francis G. Terrill, J. D. Terrill, John B. Tillottson, Franklin Tillottson, George Van Sickle, Wm. Van Sickle, John Van Inwagen, David B. Wilcox. The bank began business February II, 1884, with T. C. Sherwood, president, and L. D. Shearer, vice-president and acting cashier. On January J, 1885, they paid a dividend of four per cent. on the first eleven months' business, and their report of January i, 1889, shows a surplus of $4,715.90, with an average deposit of $75,ooo, and loans of $I 16,ooo at seven per cent. T. C. Sherwood resigned as president on January i, 1889, in order to act as State Bank Commissioner. The officers in 1889 were as follows: L. D. Shearer, president; E. C. Leach, vice-president, and L. C. Sherwood, cashier. The village is favorably located for a variety of manufactures, being on the line of the Detroit, Lansing & Northern Railroad, and also on the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, and its location on the River Rouge affords water power for several mills, and while not a large manufacturing center, it has several industries that are making its name a household word throughout the country. The Plymouth Iron Windmill Company was

I350 PLYMOUTH TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. organized in 1882, with cash capital of $30,000, for the manufacture of the " Hamilton " iron windmill. In addition to the windmill they also manufacture the ".Daisy" air-gun, of which they are selling many thousands. M. Connor is president, H. W. Baker, manager, L C Hough, treasurer, and R. L. Root, secretary. The Markham Manufacturing Company was originally formed for the manufacture of tanks and cisterns of all kinds. In August, 1887, Mr. Markham procured a patent on a toy rifle, of which large 'numbers are made. The Plymouth Air Rifle Co, organized in March, i888, is manufacturing an air rifle which is being shipped to all parts of the world. The works give employment to twenty-five men. The Plymouth and Phoenix Flouring Mills located in the northerly limits of the village, have a capacity of 175 barrels daily, and the cheese factory of Charles D. Durfee, established in I888, in North Plymouth, produced in its first season 150,000 pounds. There are also several smaller factories here producing a variety of articles. The Tonquish Lodge, No. 32, of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, was organized December 21, 1847, and Plymouth Rock Lodge, No. 47, of the Free and Accepted Masons on January o0, I851. The population of the village in 1870 was 969, and in i880, 1,025. The Plymouth Fair Association was organized in April, I886, as a stock company, with a capital of $r,200. The first officers were T. C. Sherwood, president; Dr. J. M. Collier, secretary; L. C. Hough, treasurer. The officers in I889 were the same, except that C. B. Crosby was secretary. The association grounds consist of twenty-two acres in the southeasterly limits of the village of Plymouth. The total value of the grounds and buildings is about $7,000. Their first fair was held in September, 1866. NORTHVILLE. The plat of this village was recorded by Wm. Dunlap and D. L. Cady in 1840. The first frame building in the township was erected where this village is located, and as early as 1827. John Miller and Israel Marsh built a grist mill near what is now Northville. The stones were made out of a large boulder that was found in the vicinity, and they did good work. In I838, according to Blois's Gazetteer, the village contained a Presbyterian, Methodist, and Baptist church, four stores, two taverns, a flour mill with two run of stones, a saw mill, a furnace, a carding and cloth dressing establishment, and a chair factory. The village is on the line of the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, and after Wyandotte is the largest manufacturing center in the county out side of Detroit. It has a most admirable location. The land is somewhat broken and hilly, and the region is so much more attractive than the more level portions of the county, that it is called the Switzerland of Wayne. The village was incorporated on March 13, 1867, the corporation limits including all of Section 3 in the town of Plymouth. The following officers were provided for in the act of Incorporation. A president, two trustees to be elected annually, and two for a term of two years, a marshal, treasurer, clerk, and assessor. The first election was to be held on the third Monday of April, and afterwards on the first Monday in April. Under the act elections were held and officers were elected, but the record book has been lost, and therefore the names can be obtained only for the year 1880: President, Eli K. Simmonds; Clerk, Charles R. Stevens; Trustees, M. D. Gorton, L. W. Hutton, S Clark; Assessor, W. H. Ambler; Treasurer, D. B. Northrup; Marshal, J. W. Davis. Under Act of February 23, I88I, the village was reincorporated, the charter election being held on March 7. The officers elected in that and subsequent years have been as follows: i88i. President, Eli K. Simmonds; Trustees for two years, J. R. Nash, A. M. Randolph, E. S. Horton; Trustees for one year, B. Allen; Clerk, Charles R. Stevens; Treasurer, J. C. Croul; Assessor, W. H. Ambler; Street Commissioner, E. Vradenburgh; Constable, F. N. Perrin., 1882. President, Josephus M. Burgess; Trustees, C. G. Harrington, C. H. Johnson, Edward Whittaker; Clerk, Charles R. Stevens; Treasurer, John C. Croul; Assessor, W. H. Ambler; Street Conmmissioner, H. M. Harrington; Constable, F. N. Perrin. 1883. President, Josephus M. Burgess; Trustees, P. B Barley, J. A. Dubuar, W. Scott; Clerk, Charles R. Stevens; Assessor, W. H. Ambler; Treasurer, B. A. Wheeler; Street Commissioner, I. G. Webster; Constable, F. N. Perrin. 1884. President, Edward S. Horton; Trustees. D. Knapp, M. Bovee, F. R. 'Beal, J. R. Nash; Clerk, Charles R. Stevens; Treasurer, B. A. Wheeler; Street Commissioner, E. Vradenburgh; Assessor, W. H. Ambler; Constable, W. Allen. I885. President, Seymour Bower; Trustees, F. R. Beal, C. M. Joslin, W. H. Brigham; Clerk, Charles A. Downer; Treasurer, A. Carpenter; Assessor, E. S. Horton; Street Commissioner, J. Smith; Constable, H. F. Jackson. i886. President, Seymour Bower; Trustees, S. Clark; F. R. Beal, O. F. Carpenter; Clerk, Darwin R.,Northrup; Treasurer, B. A. Wheeler; Assessor, W. H. Ambler; Street Commissioner, E. Vradenburgh; Constable, H. Lount.

PLYMOUTH TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. i35 1887. President, Edmond J. Robinson; Trustees, W. H. Brigham, H. O. Waid, G. S. Vanzile; Clerk, Frank S. Hannon; Treasurer, George E. Waterman; Assessor, E. S. Horton; Street Commissioner, E. Vradenburgh; Constable, L. H. Sutton. I888. President, John W. Dolph; Trustees, M. Bovee, C. D. Woodman, L. W. Simmons; Clerk, Clarence A. Hutton; Treasurer, B. A. Wheeler; Assessor, E. S. Horton; Street Commissioner, I. N. Blackwood; Constable, M. W. Reed. I889. President, John W. Dolph; Trustees, O. L. Palmer, John V. Harmon, G. S. Vanzile; Clerk, Charles A. Downer; Treasurer, B. A. Wheeler; Assessor, E S. Horton; Street Commissioner, E. Vradenburgh; Constable, M. W. Reed. I89O. President, M. A. Porter; Clerk, C. A. Donner; Treasurer, E. H. Root; Assessor, D. B. Northrup; Street Commissioner, M. W. Reed; Constable, H. F. Jackson; Trustees, W. M. Phillips, George Royson, A. B. Cook. In 1834 a stone school-house was built on the main street. It was occupied for many years, and is now used as a blacksmith shop. The present Union School building was built in 1865, at a cost of $12,000. It was enlarged in 1887 by an addition on the south side at an expense of $3 ooo, and again in the spring of 1889 by one on the north side at a cost of $4,500. The opera house was built in I879 by Samuel J. Little. In 1887 it was sold to Dr. Moffat, of Lansing. It seats about I,000. There are three cemeteries, the old, the new, and the Hillside, the last named is owned by a stock company, and the others by the village. A lodge of Odd-fellows, known as Wah-BunNong, No. 48, was organized February 9, I850. Northville lodge of F. and A. Masons, No. 186, was organized January 29, I866. The Northville Masonic Association was incorporated in 188I, for the purpose of erecting a Masonic' hall. It occupies the second story of a double brick store, and cost, with its fittings, about $7,ooo. The building was dedicated in 1882. In 1887 it was enlarged by adding a second story to two or more stores. The hall has a frontage of seventy-four feet by a depth of seventy-seven feet and is one of the finest lodge rooms in the county. In the spring of I888, the Northville Circulating Library Association was formed. The library is in charge of E. R. Reed as librarian, and it is hoped that it may eventually grow into a large and flourishing institution. The Northville Record, an eight page five column quarto, with a circulation of 800, is published every Friday by E. Roscoe Reed. It was started in 1869 by Samuel J. Little. After passing through the hands of Joseph Haas, George Kator, J. H. Junkins, and possibly others, it came into the possession of its present owner. In the way of fire protection the village has buckets and ladders, procured in I883; a hook and ladder apparatus, purchased in 1885, and a chemical engine, purchased in I886. The population of the village in I870 was 626, and in I880, 934. Methodist Episcopial Church. The earliest meetings which resulted in the organization of the M. E. Church were held in the shop of Wm. Hickcox near where Dubuar's mill was afterwards located. As early as 1831 a log church was built on the farm of P. Benton, which was used until 1834, when it was torn down by some reckless young men. A deed for the lot where the present church stands was obtained in March, 1834, and the erection of a church began, but it was not fully completed and dedicated until September, 1839, and in the meantime services were held in the old stone school-house. The present church building was dedicated on September 23, 1886, Bishop Johl F. Hurst preaching the sermon. The building will seat 450 and cost $9,500. The society has 244 members. Up to 1838 the same ministers served here that preached at Plymouth. Since that date they have been as follows: 1837, Wm. Sprague, Oscar F. North; 1838, A. Kellam; 1839, J. H. Pitezel, A. Billings; I840, Geo. N. Brackenbridge; 184I, Geo. Bradley, E. Steele; 1842, Bradford Frazer; 1843, Luther Whitney, J. V. Watson; 1844-1846, T. C. Gardner; I846, W. P. Judd; 1847, Horace Hall; 1848, W. H. Collins: 1849 -I85I, D. C. Jacokes; I851, R. Pengelly; 1852-1854, J. H. Burnham; I854-I856, W. Taylor; I856, W. M. Hevener; I857, R. McConnell; i858-I860, Geo. I. Betts; I860, E. R. Haskell; I86I, H. N. Brown; 1862, Wm Mahon; I863-I865, S. L. Ramsdell; I865, J. F. Dorey; I866, A. Allen; I867, E. Van Norman; 1868-I870, J. W. Crippin; I870, Luther Lee; I871,J.S.Joslin; I872-I874, Nelson Green; I874-1877, S. Clements; 1877-1880, J. E.Jacklin; I880, H. C. Northrup; I88I-I883, J. Frazer; 1883, W. H. Bartram; I884-1886, J. M. Van Every; I886 —, G. W. Hudson. First Presbyterian Church. This society was organized November 23, 1829, and incorporated February 5, 1835. The church lot was donated by D. L. Cady. The first church building was occupied in July, 1836, and cost $300. The present building was dedicated in June, I846, and cost $3,500. It was extensively improved in 1875, and rededicated October 31. It will seat 400. The Church in 1889 had I95 members. The pastors in the various years have been as follows: 1830, Rev. Erie Prince; 1831, Rev. Aaron Bridg

I352 PLYMOUTH TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. man; 1832, Rev. Erie Prince; 1834 to 1836, Rev. George Hornell; 1836 Rev M A. McJunkin; 1837, Rev. Erie Prince, and from November to September, 1838, Rev Mr. Emerson; June, 1839, to March, I844, Rev. W. C Kniffin; 844, Rev. Jesse Edwards; 1844, and I845, Rev. Peter H. Burghardt; October, 1847. to April, 1848, Rev. A. M. Safford; April, I848, to January, 1850, Rev. A. M. Bennett; May, 185i, to 1868, Rev James Dubuar; March, 1869, to September, 1871, Rev. A J. Bird; June, 1872, to 1875. Rev. J. Dubuar; May, 1875, to May, 1876, Rev. Donald Fletcher; August, 1876, to November, 1884. Rev. H W. Gelston; March, 1885, to May, I886, Rev. H. S Jenkinson; May, I886, to May, 1888, Rev. G. H Paddock; 1889 to, Rev W. T. Jaques. Bafizlst Chuzrch. The Northville Baptist Church was constituted in October, 1834, and fully organized on June i8, I835, by Rev. Nathan Noyes. The society was incorporated June I8, I835. They built a church in 1837, but the deed for the lot was not recorded until May I, I843. The following served as pastors in the years named; Rev. Nathan Noyes, October, 1836, to February, 1842; Rev. Wm. Wood, from April, 1842, to October, 1842; Rev. W'm. G. Wilson, from December, 1842, to December, 1846; Rev. G. D. Simmons, from August, 1848, to February, I849; Rev. Supply Chase, from June, 1849, to June, 1854; Rev. J. L. McCloud, from July, 1855, to April, 1857; Rev. Wm. H. Gregory, from November, I857, to November, I858; Rev. Ezek Mosher, from February, 1859, to June, I864; Rev. J. L. Deland, from June, 1864, to June, I866; Rev. J. C. Baker, from August, I866, to May, I869; Rev. J. S. Cox, from August I869, to September, 1870; Rev. C. H. Richardson, from July, 1871, to April, 1874. After Mr. Richardson left, the pulpit was supplied by Rev. Gregory J. Scott and - Van Buren, the latter being regularly called, but not remaining long. Rev. - Ames was called November 26, 1875, and remained until December 29, 1877. The church was then without a pastor until September 29, 1878, when Rev. Churchill became pastor. He remained only a year, and was followed on November 4. I879, by Rev. - Eldridge who remained until April i, 1884. The next pastor was Rev. - Rae. He commenced September 28, I884. and left November 29, 1885 He was followed by Rev. L. G. Clark, who came March 7, 1886. The number of members in 1889 was about 125. The church is located on the corner of Wing and Randolph Streets, and has a seating capacity of about 300. The church property, including the parsonage, is valued at about $7,000. Roman Catholic Church. A Catholic mission, served by the priests from Dearborn, was established here in 1.887. Services are held in the building formerly owned by the M. E. Church, which was purchased for $600. United States Fish Hatchery. One of the most important and interesting Government institutions in Michigan is the United States fish hatchery located here. Although unpretentious in appearance, it has and is doing a great and valuable work in the production of food. It was established by N. W. Clark in 1874, and since his death, in I876, has been conducted by his son, Frank N. Clark. Originally operated by the State, since i880 it has been under the control of the United States Fish Commission. It is located on grounds that contain innumerable springs of the purest water, the two principal ones furnishing about 375 gallons per minute. In winter these springs are utilized for the hatchery alone, supplying about 30 ooo barrels per day. On the grounds are two large buildings, one used for packing the other a hatching house 3ox80, containing fifteen feeding tanks or nurseries. Outside are thirteen ponds so divided as to be made into twenty, if needed. In the winter of 1888-9 the hatchery contained 2,I97,000 lake trouteggs; 207,000 brook trout; 120,000 lochleven trout, and 57,500 rainbow trout. One shipment was made to the City of Mexico, consisting of 10,000 brook and Io,ooo California trout eggs. Of these all but twenty per cent. of the former and about twenty per cent. of the latter hatched out. Twenty-five thousand brook trout were sent to Wm. Burgess, London, England, most of which hatched. Scores of millions of fish have been hatched here, and shipments are made to various parts of the United States, France, Germany, South America, New Zealand, and other places. Messrs. Yerkes aud Dunlap have a gold fish hatchery about a mile northeast of Northville on the Farmington Road. It started in I884 with two pair of fish, and the present output is from ten to fifteen thousand annually. The Cold Springs Cream and Butter Company, which own the ground occupied by the fish hatchery, and also other property, was incorporated on February 12, 1884, with a capital of $to,ooo. F. N. Clark is president; H. E. Lake, vice-president; Edward S. Horton, secretary, and C. B. Hungerford, treasurer. The Clover Condensed Milk Company was started in 1886 with a capital of $20,000. Their sales extend all over the Union, and for I888 amounted to $30,000. They employ eight men and produce twenty-five cases of forty-eight pounds each, daily.

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PLYMOUTH TOWNSHIP-BIOGRAPHICAL. '353 One of the principal industries of Northville is the manufacture of church and school furniture. This enterprise was established in 1864 by C. G. Harrington, and in 1873 the Michigan School Furniture Company was incorporated with a capital of $30,000. The increased business and success attending their labors suggested a new name, which was formally adopted in 1887, and they re-incorporated as the Globe Manufacturing Company, with a capital stock of $75,000, for the manufacture exclusively of school and church furniture, and all essentials of the furniture of a school-room. They employ an average of 175 persons, and their business amounts to nearly a quarter of a million dollars annually. The have provided seats for about 1,500,ooo scholars, and have branches at Boston, St. Paul, and Geneva New York. The officers are: Francis R. Beal, president; Robert Yerkes, vicepresident; Jared S. Lapham, treasurer; and Louis A. Beal, secretary. The Granville Wood & Son Pipe Organ Company was started in Detroit in I876 for the manu facture exclusively of pipe organs. In I884 their works were moved to Northville, and a stock company was organized with a capital stock of $20,000. A three story building, 32x70, was erected, and the factory gives employment to from ten to twenty skilled workmen, and turns out from eight to twelve organs yearly, at prices ranging from $,000o to $5,ooo. They also, in 1888, commenced the manufacture of pianos. For the year ending December 3I, 1888, the sales of the manufacturing establishments in Northville reached a total of nearly $500,000. MEAD'S MILLS, OR WATERFORD. The beginnings of this place date from 1827, when Dyer Ramsdell built a mill. In 1834 Jabish M. Mead also built a mill, and after that year the place took his name. In I837, Mr. Ramsdell laid out and recorded the village under the name of Waterford, but for many yeurs the post-office name was Mead's Mill. It is on the line of the F. and P. M. R. R. BIOGRAPHICAL. JARED S. LAPHAM, son of Isaac S., and Mary Lapham, was born in Farmington, Ontario County, New York, on February 4, 1822, being the youngest of a fanily of ten His parents at an earlydate moved from Massachusetts to New York, the then far west, and bought at a nominal price five hundred acres of heavily timbered wild land, and here his father lived a farmer's life until his death at the age of seventy. In his early years Jared S. Lapham attended the common school in the winter time, and at the age of sixteen went to the Canandaigua Academy. He attended three winter terms and one summer term in that institution and subsequently entered Macedon Center Academy, where he taught part of the time and also pursued his studies, remaining there for two years. In the fall of I844, with his brother Ambrose, he left the State of New York, and located at Northville, Wayne County, Michigan, where he engaged in the mercantile business under the firm name of A. S. Lapham & Co. For the first year they carried on their business in a room fourteen by twenty feet, they then moved into a moderate sized store in which they remained for three years: This gave way to a building of larger capacity which they erected and finally they occupied the first and only brick store in the village of Northville, a building forty by seventy feet and three stories high. Here they remained for twenty-five years and worked up a very large trade. They were the pioneers in selling goods at one price only, and adhered to the one price system from first to last and it won them hosts of patrons. They never lost, but always gained the confidence of their customers, and what is in strange contrast to the business methods of to-day they never advertised or made semi-annual sales of goods at or less than cost or at a quarter off. Their trade did its own advertising, and extended to the adjoining counties of Washtenaw, Livingston and Oakland, and they captured and held the best of the business in their line. During these years they were also extensive buyers of wool at several other points in the State besides at Northville, and in this branch -of their business were fairly successful. In the year 1869 they opened a banking office at Northville. They had previously served as the depository of the spare funds of the surrounding country for some years, and naturally have transacted for an inland town a very satisfactory banking business. They became members of the Detroit Board of Trade, in 1869, and from that time to the present have taken an active part in its transactions, meeting with considerable success. In 1884, Mr. Lapham put his daughter Mary E., in charge of the bank at Northville, and his son William G., in charge of the business in Detroit, and both concerns are well managed From its inception to the completion of the Holly, Wayne and

1354 PLYMOUTH TOWN! Monroe Railroad Mr. Lapham served as a director and took an active part in its construction. He was also its treasurer, signing the mortgage bonds and subscribing for the same, being the only subscriber in the state with the exception of the late E. B. Ward, of Detroit. In 1850, he was married to Martha G., daughter of Dr. David Gregory. They have had four children two of whom are living, William G., and Mary E. Lapham. As a business man Mr. Lapham has been eminently successful. He started on a very small capital, backed by firm resolution to be rigid in economy and when a dollar was earned to place it where it would do the most good. To this resolution, well adhered to, he attributes the larger measure of his success. His well known integrity and strict methods also helped to build up the large business which he has controlled for the past quarter of a century, and he has secured the confidence and continued patronage of all those with whom he has had dealings. In religious things he has always held to the faith of his father that of a Quaker and to use his own words they " are liberal in belief, acts, and deeds, though straight in their jackets." In political faith he is a Republican. THEODORE C. SHERWOOD, Commissioner of the Banking Dcpartment of the State of Michigan, was born at Geneva, New York, on January 29, I839. His father, William Sherwood, was born in the city of York, England, emigrated to the United States in 1827, and in company with Captain Merrill and Wm. Bailey engaged in the wholesale mercantile business at Geneva, N. Y. On account of failing health, he gave up business and engaged in farming, and in 1854 removed with his family to Michigan and settled on a farm in Wayne County. Theodore C., the subject of this sketch, received a good common school education, which he supplemented by a three years' course at the higher schools of Ypsilanti. Of a studious turn of mind, he was noted at school for his brightness and early gave promise of that acuteness and strength of intellect which has characterized his maturer years. Like most Americans who have attained success and a prominent place before their fellow-citizens, Mr. Sherwood was a school-teacher, in which capacity he acted for four years. At the end of that time he purchased a farm and settled upon it with the intention of making farming a life vocation; but being of an energetic disposition he was easily led into a more active life. In I863, while transacting business with one of the officers of the Michigan Central Railroad Company, the attention of C. H. 3HIP-BIOGRAPHICAL. Hurd, then Assistant Superintendent of the road, was attracted by his quick, business-like ways and fine mental abilities, and he induced him to accept the position of cashier in the railroad office at Kalamazoo. He remained about a year, but resigned in 1864 to take a place in the First National bank of Battle Creek. Giving this up, he went into the wholesale and retail grocery business under the firm name of Leon and Sherwood, and here again success waited upon his activity and efforts, but finding the banking business more congenial to his tastes, he sold out, and in 1872 accepted the position of cashier tendered him by the newly organized First National Bank of Plymouth. This position he retained until i880, when he was elected cashier of the Grand Rapids National Bank, which achieved a decided success under his able and careful management. But the tax upon his physicial strength and the strain upon his nervous system were too great, and he was compelled by sickness to resign in I884. His abilities, however, were too well-known to allow him to remain long in retirement, and in I885 he was elected President of the Plymouth National Bank. In 1887 a bill was passed by the State Legislature creating a banking department, its chief officer being denominated the Commissioner of the Banking Department, and although some of Michigan's ablest financiers endeavored to obtain charge of this new branch of the government, yet so generally recognized and app:eciated were Mr, Sherwood's talents in that direction, that the Governor turned a deaf ear to the claims of all others and appointed him to the position. Mr. Sherwood commenced the difficult task of organizing the new department, and his managment of the office has given great satisfaction to all concerned, and serves to bring out very distinctly his abilities as a financier. Mr. Sherwood is a Mason, an ardent Republican, and an efficient worker in the Methodist Episcopal Church. The lodge, the party, and the church have often honored him by appointments to important positions, he having served the church as Sunday School Superintendent for more than twenty-five years. He still retains his early love for agriculture and is owner of one of the finest farms in the county, to which he gives his personal attention. He is also President of the Plymouth Fair Association, which has attained a great success. Personally Mr. Sherwood is a man of fine intellectual powers, strong resolution and purest integrity. Though always much engaged in prosaic details of business with the vexations and annoyances incident to such a life he is uniformly courteous, refined in his tastes, brilliant and witty in conversation, faithful to his friends and devoted to his fam

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PLYMOUTH TOWNSI ily-an excellent specimen of a business man. From his early manhood his inclinations led him towards financial pursuits and so successful has he been that he is considered by the business men of Michigan one of the ablest financiers and one of the best informed men on financial questions in the state. In 1862 he was married to Miss Martha J. Mason, a native of Michigan. They have three children-Helen A., Louis C., cashier of the Plymouth National Bank, and Maud. JOHN MARCUS SWIFT, M. D., of Northville, was born in Nankin, Wayne County, Michigan, on February II, I832, and is the son of Rev. Marcus and Anna (Osband) Swift. The family descended directly from William Swift, who, it is evident, came from England prior to 1634, for at that time his name was upon the registry of Connecticut. The grandfather of Dr. Swift, General John Swift, was a native of Connecticut, and founded the village of Palmyra, New York. He was killed by one of a number of prisoners whom he captured in Canada near Fort George in 1814, during the last war with England. He was a man of influence and of distinguished ability, and his military career was long, effective, and honorable, dating from the beginning of the war of the colonies for independence and including the subsequent Indian wars and the War of 1812. His son, Rev. Marcus Swift, was born at Palmyra, Wayne County, New York, on June 23, 1793, and married Anna Osband, originally spelled Osborn. She was born in Palmyra, New York, on August 7, 1793, and was a daughter of Weaver Osband, who was a native of Tiverton, Rhode Island, and a soldier in the American Revolution. The life of Rev. Marcus Swift was one crowded with incident and exciting events, as he was a man of commanding mental, physical and moral power. He emigrated to Michigan in I825, settled in the then township of Bucklin, a portion of the township being afterwards named Nankin. He founded his home in a perfect wilderness, three miles from the house of any white man. He was also a pioneer in the anti-slavery agitation and in the temperance cause, a distinguished minister of the Methodist Episcopal church, the first seceder from that church in his neighborhood, and the principal organizer of the Wesleyan Methodist Church. This action was caused mainly by the complicity of that church with slavery through its toleration of slavery, and slave-holding ministers in its connection. At the time of Dr. Swift's birth this part of the country was a wild and undeveloped state. The schools were illy equipped, and educational facilities meagre. The doctor's father was poor, and he IIP-BIOGRAPHICAL. I355 received almost nothing from his ministerial labors. The lot of John M. Swift was therefore from a very early age one of work and toil upon the farm. He went to school but little before his thirteenth year, and not afterwards until he went to college. His mother died when he was but ten years old, and subsequently his father married Miss Huldah C. Peck, who was an experienced school-teacher, and from whom, as well as from his father, he received such assistance during spare hours as they could afford. All the time he could secure from arduous labor was devoted to study at home by day and by night. In his ninteenth year he entered what is now Adrian College, but after a few months he was taken down with an almost fatal attack of brain fever, caused by incessant study and overwork, and was obliged to give up school. He then, when in his twentieth year, commenced the study of medicine and was graduated a doctor of medicine from the Eclectic Medical Institute of Cincinnati in I854; and in I864 took an additional degree of M. D. from Rush Medical College of Chicago. In his medical course as a student he exhibited in the different departments of study unusual powers of application, quick discernment and ready analysis. Without a dollar assistance from any source he prosecuted his studies, passed his college examinations, received his diplomas, spent six months in work and study in a clinical school, and started and continued his professional career. He has long been the leading physician of his section, and has frequently been called to consult with the faculty of the University and with eminent physicians of Detroit. He has been a frequent contributor to medical magazines and reviews, and his articles have always attracted wide attention in medical circles for their originality and learning. He has been a member of the American Medical Association, of the Wayne County Medical Society of Detroit, of The Oakland County Academy of Medicine, and of other societies in this country and Europe. He was also one of the Board of Censors of the Detroit Medical College. He removed in 1853 from Nankin to Northville and has ever since been in constant practice in the latter place. In I868, on account of an accident, he was obliged to give up the more arduous labors of his country practice; and he then turned his attention also to mercantile pursuits, entering into a partnership with a gentleman who took charge of the details of the business. For sixteen years their store was the largest in the town. At the end of that time he sold out, and has now no occupation other than his profession. He is, however, interested in and has done much to foster manufacturing interests in Northville. In 1864 he was elected to the State Legislature,

1356 REI)FORD TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. and represented the fourth district of the county during 1865-6, but refused renomination for the next term. He was appointed by Governor John J. Bagley one of the commissioners, helped to locate the State House of Correction at Ionia, and aided in the plans and specifications for the buildings. He has been an earnest and active Republican since the birth of that party, and previous to its existence. was an old time Abolitionist and ardent advocate of the rights of the slave. He is a very strong temperance man, and has given his support to the temperance cause in its various phases of action. He is outspoken in the defense of his principles, is an original and independent thinker, and speaks easily and with emphasis upon subjects in which he is interested, particularly on those having a moral bearing. Dr. Swift was formerly a member of the Wesleyan Methodist church but disagreeing with their position in relation to secret societies — being himself a member of the Masons and Odd Fellows organizations-he left the Wesleyan Methodists society and became a member of the Presbyterian church, joining with the explicit avowal on his part that he did not accept the confession of faith in many of its particulars. He is thoroughly evangelical in doctrine, and liberal and catholic toward all who take Jesus Christ as the Saviour of man and the exemplar of all true religion. His views of Christianity he briefly sums up in the words: " To be a Christian is to be in harmony with God and in possession of the spirit of Christ." He gives time, money and influence to aid the various churches in his village; and they are indebted to his freedom from sectarian bias for services in Sunday schools, business and religious meetings, and in the choirs which have been successfully instructed by him. He has a good knowledge of music, a fine tenor voice and has made great sacrifices in the interests of sacred and secular music. He is liberal in his views, and possesses a broad mind which has been embellished and chastened to a high degree by self culture. Well read, not only in his profession, but also in much of the science, literature and politics of the day and ever reading and thinking, he is ready on all suitable occasions to give utterance to his views and defend them with earnestness and ability. He is often pressed into service on miscellaneous occasions, and has frequently spoken upon religious, secular, educational, patriotic, political, scientific, and, especially medical topics. In 1852 he married Miss Emily B. Barker, daughter of Captain George J. Barker, of Grand Rapids, Michigan. They have had one daughter, Mary Elizabeth, who was born on October i, 1854. She was married on February 13th, 1877 to George A. Milne, of Fall River, Mass., and died January 5th, 1884. She was a lady of rare gifts and accomplishments, especially in music, was widely known and universally beloved. She left two little boys, Swift, five years of age, and Alexander, three years of age, who have since resided with Dr. Swift and his wife. Two other children shared with their own daughter the places of brother and sister in her own and her parent's hearts and home. These were Marcus G. B. Swift, now of Fall River, Mass., and Camilla A. Dubuar, wife of James A. Dubuar, of Northville, Mich. They were the young children of Dr. Swift's brother, Dr. Orson R. Swift, and his wife Elizabeth, who was a sister of Dr. Swift's wife, the two brothers having married sisters. Both died young, leaving these children orphans at an early age, and they were adopted by Dr. Swift and his wife. For a man who has always lived in a small place, Dr. Swift's life has been one of unusual interest and activity. Ever alive to the welfare of his fellowmen, he has never hesitated to make any sacrifice in their behalf, and is now reaping the reward of an honorable and well spent life, beloved and respected by those whose moral and material welfare he has done so much to advance. REDFORD TOWNSHIP. This township which was formed on October 29, I829, out of the old township of Bucklin, was at first designated as Pekin, but by law of March 21, I833, the name was changed to Redford. The township includes all of town I, south of Range IO East, and is called Redford after the Red or Rouge River which the Indians used to ford at this point. The first township meeting was held at the house of Wm. Hickcox on the first Monday of April, 1830. The officers elected for the years I830, I831 and, 1832 during the time it was known as Pekin are as follows: 1830. Supervisor, Conrad TenEyck; Clerk, Joseph Hickcox; Assessors, G. Ferrington, Wm. McCarty, J Bucklin; Highway Commissioner, J. Bucklin, G. Ferrington, B. F. Fox; Collector, A. Gordon; School Commissioners, B. F. Fox, Wm. McCarty, V. Whitman, T. Bucklin, R. Wells; Con

REI)FORI) TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1357 stables, J. Abbott, A. Gordon, J. Butterfield; School Inspectors, J. Hickcox, T. Bucklin, B. F. Fox, J. Butterfield, V. Whitman. 1831. Supervisor, Conrad TenEyck; Clerk, Joseph Hickcox; Assessors, P. D. Anderson, J. Bucklin, G. Ferrington; Collector, E. Woodruff; Director of the Poor, B. F. Fox; Treasurer, J. F. Rupeley; Highway Commissioners, G. Ferrington, J. Bucklin, P. D. Anderson; Constables, I. Bell A. Gordon, E. Woodruff, P. D. Anderson. 1832. Supervisor, George W. Ferrington; Clerk, Joseph Hickcox; Assessors and Highway Commisisoners, P. D. Anderson, J. Bucklin, J. Seldon; Collector, John Thomas; Poor Directors, P. Fullerton; Treasurer, J. F. Rupeley; Constables, J. Thomas, E. Fauls, Thos. Porter. The records from 1833 to 1859 have been lost and no list of officers for those years can be found. The officers since 1858 are as follows: I859. Supervisor, Alfred Harris; Clerk, Julius G. T. Ziegler; Treasurer, N. Ross; Justice of the Peace, David Sackett; School Inspector, J. S. Fisher; Highway Commissioners, J. C. Jackson, A. P. McIntyre; Poor Directors, J. Lee, H. Hoyt; Constables, B. Sackett, G. Lee, R. Ferrington, P. R. Thompson. 1860. Supervisor, David Sackett; Clerk, Thomas W. Mathews; Treasurer, Julius G. T. Ziegler; Justice of the Peace, W. A. Smith; School Inspector, T. R. Gillett; Highway Commissioners, B. Sackett, J. D. Perry, W. Young; Poor Directors, B. Coan, R. Wright; Constables, B. Sackett, G. Lee, M. Harris, C. Forrester. i86i. Supervisor, Alfred Harris; Clerk, Charles F. Nardin; Treasurer, Julius G. T. Ziegler; Justice of the Peace, D. S. Hodgeman; School Inspector, C. C. Smith; Highway Commissioner, W. Young; Poor Directors, J. C. Jackson, H. Hoyt; Constables, T. R. Gillett, B. Sackett, R. McKinney, C. Harris. 1862. Supervisor, David Sackett; Clerk, Charles T. Smith; Treasurer, J. G. T. Ziegler; Justice of the Peace, J. C. Jackson; School Inspector, A. McLaughlin; Highway Commissioner, J. D. Perry; Poor Directors, J. Lee, H. Hoyt; Constables, C. Harris, J. Coon, J. C. Hutchinson, N. Philbrick. i863. Supervisor, David Sackett; Clerk, Charles C. Smith; Treasurer, W. Young; Justices of the Peace, A. Harris, D. Sackett; School Inspector, J. Sheahan; Highway Commissioners, H. Allen, M. W. Lloyd; Poor Directors, L. Hoyt, J. Lee; Constables, J. Hoyt, F. Brady, J. Coon, B. Green. 1864. Supervisor, Alfred Harris; Clerk, Charles C. Smith; Treasurer, W. Youngs; Justices of the Peace, W. A. Smith, B. Sackett; School Inspector, D. G. Pierce; Highway Commissioner, J. M. Lee; Poor Directors, J. Lee, Sr., H. Hoyt; Constables, E. Sackett, J. Coon, J. Goodsell, F. Gautherat. 1865. Supervisor, Julius G. T. Ziegler; Clerk, Charles C. Smith; Treasurer, G. Morris; Justice of the Peace, R. Ferrington; School Inspector, A. 13. Fierce; Highway Commissioner, 13. Sackett; Poor Directors, J. Lee, H. Hoyt; Constables, E. Minock, R. Prindle, M. Kirby, E. Sackett. I866. Supervisor, John Prindle; Clerk, Charles F. Nardin; Treasurer, G. Morris; Justices of the Peace, S. R. Burgess, A. E. Bigelow; School Inspector, G. C. Gordon; Highway Commissioner, M. Kennedy; Poor Directors, W. A. Smith, J. Lee; Constables, J. Coon, E. Sackett, R. Frindle, J. Goodsell. 1867. Supervisor, John Prindle; Clerk, Charles F. Nardin; Treasurer, J. M. Lee; Justices of the Peace, B. Sackett, A. Harris; School Inspector, O. Pierce; Highway Commissioner, P. Mettetal; Poor Directors, W. A. Smith, G. Norris; Constables, M. Smith, W. Vincent, L. Hoyt, E. Sackett. I868. Supervisor, William A. Smith; Clerk, A. B. Pierce; Treasurer, J. M. Lee; Justices of the Peace, L. Thayer, WT. P. Griffin; Highway Commissioner, B. Sackett; School Inspectors, A. Mettetal, D. Y. Pierce; Poor Directors, J. Watch, G. Norris; Constables, M. Smith, E. Sackett, I. Smead, P. Brink. I869. Supervisor, Abijah J. Wilson; Clerk Demetrius Y. Pierce; Treasurer, R. Ferrington; Justices of the Peace, W. P. Griffin, A. B. Pierce; Highway Commissioners, H. Croomer, A. C. Pierce; School Inspectors, A. B. Pierce, C. C. Smith; Poor Directors, G. Norris, E. Wright; Constables, M. Smith J. Coombs, Z. Villerot, E. Sackett. The records for I870 are lost. 1871. Supervisor, Jeremiah Sheahan; Clerk, William Elmer Houk; Treasurer, A. S. Woodruff; Justice of the Peace, A. B. Pierce; Highway Commissioner, A. Harris; School Inspector, C. A. Andrews; Poor Directors, W. P. Griffin, J G. T. Ziegler; Constables, J. C. Hutchinson, W. Franklin, A. Fisher, Z. W. Hoyt. 1872. Supervisor, Alfred Harris; Clerk, William Elmer Houk; Treasurer, A S. Woodruff; Justice of the Peace, Z. W. Hoyt; School Inspectors, E. Minock, C. A. Pierce; Highway Commissioner, E. P. Smith; Drain Commissioner, R. B. Ferrington; Poor Directors, J. Prindle, W. A. Smith; Constables, L. Harris. T. O'Brien, A. Griffin, J. C. Hutchinson. I873. Supervisor, Alfred Harris; Clerk, Charles Steger; Treasurer, I. F. Dubois; Justice of the Peace, E. Sackett; School Inspector, F. U. Nardin; Highway Commissioner, E. E. Bigelow; Drain Commissioner, F. Brady; Poor Directors, D. Smead, G. Norris; Constables, J. C. Hutchinson, P. Brink H. Cromer, G. Parrent.

1358 REDFORD TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1874. Supervisor, Ansel B. Pierce; Clerk, Pierre J. Chavey; Treasurer, I. F. Dubois; Justice of the Peace, F. J. Smith; School Inspector, E. Minock; Highway Commissioners, M. Kirby, L. Gautherat; Drain Commissioner, W. E. Houk: Poor Directors, J. Dunning, T. Hobbins; Constables, I. Smead, A. Griffin, M. Smith, J. C. Hutchinson. 1875. Supervisor, Ansel B. Pierce; Clerk, Wm. E. Houk; Treasurer, N. A. Bryant; Justice of the Peace, G. Morris; Superintendent of Schools, E. M. Minock; School Inspector, H. Dubois; Highway Commissioner, A. S. Woodruff; Drain Commissioner, A. Harris; Constables, J. C. Hutchinson, E. Vincent,,H. Harris. J. Minock. 1876. Supervisor, John M. Lee; Clerk, Charles D. Collins; Treasurer, H. Houk; Justice of the Peace, A. C. Pierce; Superintendent of Schools, E. Minock; School Inspector, F. U. Nardin; Drain Commissioner, E. Becker; Constables, J. Brown, J. Morris, R. Brown, H. Cromer. 1877. Supervisor, Alfred S. Woodruff; Clerk, Charles D. Collins; Treasurer, H. Houk; Justice of the Peace, S. K. Burgess; Superintendent of Schools, H. M. Dubois; School Inspector, F. U. Nardin; Highway Commissioners, W. Hendry; Constables, H. Cromer, T. Cooley, T. Nichols, J. Minock. 1878. Supervisor, Asa H. Willmarth; Clerk, Frederick U. Nardin; Treasurer, T. P. Mack; Justices of the Peace, R. Prindle, Pierre J. Chavey; Highway Commissioner, W. Hendry; Drain Commissioner, A. A. Harris; Superintendent of Schools, H. M. Dubois; School Inspector, D. Y. Pierce; Constables, A. Dunning, J. Hutchinson, I. Nichols, C Stewart. 1879. Supervisor, H. Perrin Burgess; Clerk, Charles D. Collins; Treasurer, T. P. Mack; Justice of the Peace, T. H Mathews; Superintendent of Schools, C. A. Pierce; School Inspector, F. Wight; Highway Commissioner, J. M. Lee; Constables, J. Hutchinson, R. Prindle, E. McGahn, E. Forker. I88o. Supervisor, H. Perrin Burgess; Clerk, Charles D. Collins; Treasurer, C. A. Pierce; Justices of the Peace, J. Minock, J. Schneider; Superintendent of Schools, A. B. Pierce; Highway Commissioner, J. M. Lee; Drain Commissioner, G. Horn; School Inspector, F. E. Wight; Constables, D. Dubois, J. Hutchinson, W. Hendry, W. P. Griffin. 188i. Supervisor, David Gennay; Clerk, Charles D. Collins; Treasurer, E. P. Smith; Justices of the Peace, H. M. Dubois, J. Minock; Superintendent of Schools, S. C. Pierce; School Inspector, F. E. Wight; Highway Commissioner, R1. Beckwith; Drain Commissioner, J. Zeigler; Constables, J. C. Hutchinson, D. J. Dubois, R. Reynolds, S. Norris. I882. Supervisor, John M. Lee; Clerk, George C. Burgess; Treasurer, E. P. Smith; Justice of the Peace, E. E. Bigelow; Highway Commissioner, P. Beckwith; School Inspectors, F. Wight, H. H. Dubois; Drain Commissioners, A. Harris; Constables, J. Law, C. Steward, J. C. Hutchinson, I). Dubois. 1883. Supervisor, John M. Lee; Clerk, George C. Burgess; Treasurer, L. E. Wight; Justices of the Peace, S. K. Burgess, P. J. Chavey; Highway Commissioner, T. P. Mack; Drain Commissioner, L. D. Carr; School Inspector, Charles Smith; Constables, C. Steward, J. C. Hutchinson, E. Burns, P. Haskell. I884. Supervisor, John M. Lee; Clerk, Charles D. Collins; Treasurer, L. E. Wight; Justices of the Peace, J. Minock, H. M. Ferrington; Highway Commissioner, A. P. Woodruff; Drain Commissioner, H. Cromer; School Inspector, E. Minock; Constables, C. Steward, J. C. Hutchinson, H. Brown, A. A. Smith. I885. Supervisor, George C. Lawrence; Clerk, Emile Chavey; Treasurer, T. C. Houghton; Justices of the Peace, A. C. Pierce, C. W. Cornwall, H. M. Dubois; Highway Commissioner, J. Law; School Inspector, G. C. Hutchinson; Constables, C. Steward, T. Perry, J. Dunning, J. Mack. 1886. Supervisor, George C. Lawrence; Emile S. Chavey; Treasurer, T. C. Houghton; Justice of the Peace, E. P. Smith; Highway Commissioner, J. R. Churches; Drain,Commissioner, C. Stager; School Inspector, G. C. Burgess; Constables, A. Smith, T. Durham, E F. Roy, G. L. Sutherland. I887. Supervisor, George C. Lawrence; Clerk, John W. Parent; Treasurer, Oliver Watch; Justices of the Peace, P. J. Chavey, E. P. Smith; Highway Commissioner, J. R. Churches; School Inspector, C. W. Gordon; Constables, E. Henry, C. Tuttle, J. A. Mack, C. Steward; Drain Commissioner, C. Lynch. I888. Supervisor, Thomas C. Houghton; Clerk, John W. Parent; Treasurer, O. Watch; Justices of the Peace, J. Minock, D. Ganey; Highway Commissioner, G. Miller; Drain Commissioner, E. P. Smith; School Inspector, E. S. Chavey; Constables, A. Henry, A. Becker, E. G. Westlake, Wm. Muldraugh. I889. Supervisor, Thomas C. Houghton; Clerk, Charles D. Collins; Treasurer, G. C. Lawrence; Justice of the Peace, J. Sheehan; Highway Commissioner, J. Law; School Inspector, P. L. West; Drain Commissioner, J. Dunning; Constables, M. Smith, P. Vizard, C. Rathbun, O. Lasher. 1890. Supervisor, Eli Mettetal; Clerk, C. D. Collins; Treasurer, T. Perry; Justice of the Peace, J. Ziegler; Justice of the Peace to fill vacancy, A. C. Pierce; Highway Commissioner, D. G. Geney; School Inspector, W. C. Goffman; Board of Re

REDFORD TOWNSHIP-ORGi view, Thomas Mack, J. M. Lee; Constables, A. Wight, J. Simens, P. Vozzard, J. Mack. The school report for the year ending September 3, 1888, showed a total enrollment of 672, with an average daily attendance of 462. The district libraries contained 2,154 volumes, and there were six brick and four frame houses seating 629 pupils, and valued at $ 1,950. Fifteen teachers were employed The population of the township in I850 was 1,645; in I860, 1,861; in I870, 1,872, and in 1880, 1,947. The valuation of the property in the township in 1840 was $147,521; in 1850, $86,976; in 1860, $311,363; in 1870, $323,441; and in I88o, $1,153,650. A branch of the Rouge, known as Bell Branch, flows through the town, and took its name from Benjamin Bell, who bought land in the town in I830. Another stream, formerly known as Powers's Creek, was named after Joseph Powers, who bought the greater part of Section 15, in August, I83I. BEECH, FORMERLY FISHER'S STATION. This village, on the line of the Detroit, Lansing & Northern Railroad, was laid out in 1872, and then designated as Fisher's Station, after Albert Fisher, who owned land near by. The name was subsequently changed to Beech, to conform with the name of the postoffice. &NIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1359 Rev. J. B. Varnum; 1872-1874, Rev. Alexander Gee; 1875-1877, Rev. J. G. Morgan; 1878-1880, Rev. C. W. Austin; 1881, Rev. Newell Newton; 1882-1884, Rev. L. L. Houghton; I885-I888, Rev. R. C. Lanning; 1888-1889, Rev. H. Marshall; 1889, Rev. A. Smith, St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church was organized in I85o, but had no stationed priest until I857. Their first church building was erected in I857, and burned down in I858. The present building was first used in 1860. It will seat 300, and the church property is now worth about'$Io,ooo. The parish has been served by the following ministers: Rev. E. Dumont afterwards Bishop of Tournag in Belgium, from 1857-1861; Rev. C. Chambille, from I861 to I866; Rev. C. W. Frain now Mgr. Frain in New Orleans from 1866 to I868; Rev. M. Hens, from 1868 to 1870; Rev. F. X. Pourret, from I870 *to 1873; Rev. C. Chambille, from 1873 until his death on June 15, I883; Rev. F. Gauthier, from August 9, 1883. DUBOISVILLE Is located on the northwest corner of Section 9, and is named after Jacob C. Dubois, who bought land there as early as 1835. It had a Union Church building which was erected about I840 at a cost of $600, but it has been used as a dwelling for a number of years. OAK. This is a small village on the D. L. & N. R. R., with a population of about 200. PLANK ROAD, OR CLARENCEVILLE. This village is located on the northwest corner of the township, and has a population of about 300 in its immediate vicinity. It has a grist mill, creamery and cheese factory. It is locally known as Clarenceville, after Mr. Clarence, who lived here. It has a German Lutheran Church, built in 1878, at a cost of $900, which seats 250. It is a mission station, and is supplied by a Lutheran minister from Farmington. REDFORD. This village is about four miles north of Beech Station and has several hundred inhabitants. As early as 1838 two saw mills and a flour mill were located here. SAND HILL Is a well known place on the line of the Grand River Road, at which a postoffice is located. BELL BRANCH, FORMERLY REDFORD CENTER. This is a small village on the River Rouge, which for a long time after its first settlement was known as Redford Center. It contains a Baptist church, the society being organized December 6, I831. The first church, built in 1842, has for some years been used as a barn. The present church was dedicated in January, I875, will seat 400, and cost $5,000. It is impossible to give a full list of the pastors. Rev. Nehemiah Lamb served from 1832 to 1837; Rev. Emory Curtis, from I840 to 1848; Rev. Thomas Shaftoe, from 1849 to I866; Rev. N. B. Bancroft, from i868 to 1871; Rev. E. B. Moody, from 1873 to 1876; Rev. D. D. Waldrum, from I88I to 1883; Rev. A. F. Niles, from 1885 to 1888; Rev. C. H. Calahan, from 1888. A Methodist Church was formed here in 1835, The present church building, built in 1845, will seat 200, and cost $i,ooo. The ministers since I86I have been as follows: 186I, Rev. C. C. Yemans; 1862, Rev. A. Minnis; 1863-1864, Rev. James F. Dorey; 1865, Rev. Lewis Mitchell; I866, Rev. J. Balls; 1867, Rev. A. C. Shaw; I868, Rev. J. H. Curnalia; 1869-I870, Rev. A. W. Wilson; 1871,

1360 REDFORD TOWNSHIP —BIOGRAPHICAL. BIOGRAPHICAL. FELIX GAUTHIER, D. D., was born in the City of Quebec, Canada, on January 22, 1836, and is the son of Felix Odilon Gauthier and Maria (Laparre) Gauthier. His father, at the time of his son's birth, was a lawyer, and afterwards became Judge of the Superior Court, and at the time of his death, on April 30, 1876, had been on the retired list for five or six years. Felix was sent to the elementary schools until eight years of age, when he became a day scholar at the school of the Christian Brothers, remaining one year. He then entered the preparatory seminary at Quebec, completed his classical course in 1852, and in his sixteenth year commenced his philosophical studies. In 1854 he entered the theological seminary, and in I857, too young yet for ordination, he studied civil law at Laval University. In 1859 he went to Rome to prepare his examinations for ordination and theological degrees. He pursued his studies in theology at the Roman (Jesuit) College, and was ordained in Rome on October 7, i86o, by Cardinal Patrizi, Cardinal Vicar at that time. After his ordination he remained seven or eight months in Rome, and received the degree of doctor of divinity in March, I86I. In the exercise of the holy ministry, he was first curate at St. John's Church, Quebec, staying there three years. He also filled that position for one year on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. He was then made pastor of St. Giles's Church in the Diocese of Quebec, performing the duties of pastor at the church for three years. Subsequently, for fifteen months, he was pastor in Corona in the Diocese of London, and for three years pastor at Maidstone Cross in the same diocese. He was then transferred to Toledo, Ohio, where for four years he served as pastor of St. Louis' French congregation of the Diocese of Cleveland. He then for three years officiated as pastor at St. Mary's Corners, Fulton County, Ohio, in the Diocese of Cleveland. He was next transferred to Newport, Monroe County, Michigan, in the Diocese of Detroit, where he remained until June, 1883, when he was appointed to his. present pastorship at Redford, Wayne County, Michigan. Of a kind and gentle disposition, zealous and self-sacrificing, Father Gauthier possesses to an eminent degree the qualifications requisite for those who have assumed the onerous and responsible duties of the priesthood. Imbued with a deep love for his fellow-men, he is unflagging in his efforts to bring them into closer contact with their Redeemer, and to insure their spiritual welfare. His efforts have been and are highly appreciated by the members of his various congregations, by whom he is deeply beloved. GEORGE C. GORDON was born October 15, 1832, in Napanee, Canada, and was the son of Samuel M. and Clarinda (Lucas) Gordon. His father was of Scotch-Irish descent and his mother of Welsh ancestry. The father, who was a fanning-mill maker by trade, died at the age of thirtysix of consumption which he had contracted in a severe storm. He left two sons and four daughters. The two boys, aged ten and twelve years, came to Michigan to live with their father's brothers, Losson and Philetus Gordon of Livingston County. They soon, however, started out in the world for themselves, working at various employments, but mostly at farming. The only education obtained by George C. Gordon was acquired by attending the district schools three months every winter until he reached his seventeenth year. At the end of this period he returned to Canada, taught school for one term, and then came back to Michigan. In his nineteenth year he taught school at Redford Center for a term, and then went to the State Normal School at Ypsilanti. He subsequently entered the law department at the University of Michigan, and graduated in I86i. After leaving the University he made his home in Ietroit until 1862, when he enlisted as Lieutenant of Company I, Twenty-fourth Michigan Volunteers, but left for the front as Captain of the company. At the battle of Gettysburg he fell into the enemy's hands. His brave conduct at that famous engagement has been well described in a letter sent to one of the Detroit papers, shortly after the battle by Sergeant Nardin, of his company, who wrote: "The last time I saw Captain Gordon was on the field. I was partly stunned by a musket ball; at the same time our lines fell back a few yards. I soon came to myself again and stepped over several men lying on the ground, back to our company. There Captain Gordon was using great energy in keeping his men in line. I never saw a man stand with such determined energy as he did. I was told afterwards by the commanding officer of the next company that our captain kept one of the best lines in the regiment. All who saw his conduct speak in the highest praise of his gallantry." Captain Gordon passed twenty months in southern prisons, ten months being spent in the notorious Libby prison. In February, i865, he, with three comrades, escaped by jumping from the cars, while

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RED)FORDI TOWNSHIP — BOGRAPHICAL. i36i being taken from Columbia, South Carolina, prison to another, as he supposed, but in reality for exchange. Sick, shoeless, and half-naked, he traveled by night and was secreted and fed by slaves during the day. He was again captured by Wheeler's cavalry, but escaped from them also by crawling a long distance on his hands and knees while the guard was too sleepy to notice him. After three weeks of suffering and hardship he finally reached the Union lines, where he was warmly welcomed. During his term of service he was steadily advanced in promotion, and at the close of' the war held the rank of Brevet-Major. He was married in 1853 to Charlotte Ross, of Redford. She died in July 1855, leaving one child, Lottie, now Mrs. H. P. Smith, of Howell. On May 27, 1857, he was married to Carrie Spencer, a resident of Redford. They had six children, Ada E. now Mrs. R. A. Lyon, of Redford; George S., born in 1862; Grant WX., in March, 1866; Donald C., in May I867; Clifton D., in October, 1869 and Spencer, in July, I872. Captain Gordon was an active worker of the Methodist Episcopal church, and was connected with the Good Templars of which he was for a time Master, and he was also a member of the Patrons of Husbandry, serving as Master of that organization. Until the breaking out of the Civil War he was a Democrat, but when the war began he became a member of the Republican party. For a number of years he was a Justice of the Peace, and during 1871 and 1872 was County Superintendent of Schools for Wayne County. At the end of his term he was renominated for the position, but before the election took place the office was abolished. During the last year of his life Captain Gordon, on account of sickness, did little work except to superintend his farm and oversee the building of his house in which he lived but eight months. He died on August 27, 1878. He was a frank, open-hearted man. Physically large of frame he was equally large of heart, and endeared himself to his friends and fellow-citizens by his many deeds of kindness. His record as a soldier, as a citizen and as a friend is an enviable one and worthy of emulation. GEORGE C. LAWRENCE, of Redford, was born at Franklin, in the township of Southfield, Oakland County, Michigan, on April 20, i85I, and is the son of William and Catherine Lawrence. His parents were both born in Somersetshire, England, his father being of old English stock and his mother descending from Welsh ancestors who settled in England many centuries ago. They emigrated to Canada in 1842, and after remaining there a short time came to Michigan. From here they went to Indiana, but becoming dissatisfied with their surroundings they returned to Michigan, and finally located in Redford, Wayne County, where, in 1889. they were still living in the enjoyment of health, of body and mind, although beyond the allotted three score and ten. George C. Lawrence spent the days of his boyhood and youth in the usual manner of farmers' sons, working in the summer and attending the district school in the winter. When fourteen years of age he went to the Cass Union School of Detroit for a year, and in 1869 entered the State Normal School at Ypsilanti, continuing there for two years, and subsequently, in 1873, attending Goldsmith's Business College. For ten years, beginning with I870, he taught a district school in the winter and worked on his father's farm during the summer. He commenced farming on his own account in 1878, which occupation he followed until his removal to Detroit in 1889. His success as a farmer was very marked, and owing to the intelligent methods he employed, his farm yielded to him annually a handsome income. Mr. Lawrence is a staunch, thorough-going Republican and never hesitates to sacrifice time and labor to advance the welfare of his party. His superior intelligence and energetic ways have made him the leader of the Republicans of his section of the county, and his efficient services are heartily appreciated by the party. He is an enthusiastic member of the Michigan Club, and never fails to be present at its receptions and demonstrations. He also belongs to the Ancient Order of United Workmen and the Patrons of Husbandry. Before he reached the age of twenty-one, he was nominated for the office of Town School Inspector, but failed of an election by a tie vote in a township which at that time was strongly Democratic. During the three years beginning with 1885, he was Supervisor of his township, and chairman of the County Board of Supervisors in 1887. In December, I888, he was appointed one of the Superintendents of the Poor of Wayne County, which office he held until August 6, I889, when he was appointed by Governor Luce to fill a vacancy on the Board of County Auditors. An incident connected with his appointment to this last office is worthy of mention, and well illustrates the high esteem in which he is held by his fellow-citizens. When the six different candidates for the position were asked by the Governor whom theywould prefer to have appointed in case they were not, five of them warmly recommended Mr. Lawrence. Personally Mr. Lawrence is of a modest and unassuming disposition, and has succeeded because

1362 ROMULUS TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. of his integrity of heart and sincerity of purpose, and he possesses the esteem and confidence of a host of friends who have been won by his kind and affable manner. Perhaps the most prominent trait of his character is the unswerving and unvarying honesty which marks all his transactions with his fellow-men. He is democratic is his ways, faithful to his friends, upright and public-spirited, and possesses qualities which make him an excellent citizen and a desirable friend. He was married to Miss Ella C. Spencer, on October 23, 1878. They have two sons and one daughter, namely, William C., George Cecil and Bessie Clarissa. ROMULUS TOWNSHIP. This township was organized out of part of Huron by Act of March 17, 1835, and includes all of town 3 south of Range 9 East. The first township meeting was held at the house of Joseph T. Pullen on Monday April I6, I835. The officers for the several years have been: 1835. Supervisor, David J. Pullen; Clerk, John Simpson, Jr.; Assessors, Joseph T. Pullen, Hale Wakefield, George Dykeman; Highway Commissioners, Samuel Tobyne, F. G. C. Jasper, Alexander Simpson; School Inspectors, John F. Smith, John Carr, Jinks Pullen; Poor Masters, Warren Blair, Benjamin D. Smith; Constable and Collector, Jinks Pullen. 1836. Supervisor, David J. Pullen; Clerk, John Simpson, Jr.; Assessors, Henry Smith, Oliver H. Young; Highway Commissioners, Peter Delany, Samuel Tobyne, Isaac F. Chapman; Overseers of the Poor, Warren Blair, John Simpson; School Inspectors, John Carr, Henry Smith, Peter Delany, Jinks Pullen, John F. Smith; Justices of the Peace, Joseph T. Pullen, one year, Henry Smith, two years, John Simpson, Jr., three years, John Carr, four years; Collector, Jinks Pullen; Constables, Jinks Pullen, Jeremiah S. Everett, Cornelius Post. Jonathan Bennett. 1837. Supervisor, David J. Pullen; Clerk, Joseph T. Pullen; Justices of the Peace, Aaron Dickinson, Dorus Curtiss; Collector, Jinks Pullen; Assessors, John B. Gibb, Joseph W. Sillsby, Oliver H. Youngs; Highway Commissioners, Edward Howe, Peter Delany, Ezra Parrish; Overseers of the Poor, Jacob C. Post, Peter Delany; School Inspectors, Joseph W. Silsby, Z. E. Adams, Willis Breed, Aaron Dickinson, Jos. T. Pullen, Ira S. Hall, N. W. Pullen; Constables, Ambrose P. Young, Ezra Parish, N. Delany, Jinks Pullen. i838. Supervisor, David J. Pullen; Clerk, N. W. Pullen; Justices of the Peace, Daniel Hayward, Oliver Dickinson; Collector, Ambrose P. Young; Assessors, John B. Gibb, Ira S. Hall, Jinks Pullen; Highway Commissioners, Oliver Dickinson, Benj. Barry, Ira S. Hall; Overseers of the Poor, John C. Yates, Peter Delany; School Inspectors, Ira S. Hall, Aaron Dickinson, Norman Brace; Constables, Ambrose P. Young, C. C. Post, A. Dickinson, Abner Thompson. I839. Supervisor Seth Marsh; Clerk, Ambrose P. Young; Treasurer, Joseph T. Pullen; Justices of the Peace, Oliver Dickinson two years, Hiram Rice, three years, Levi Eaton, four years; Collector, C. C. Post; School Inspectors, B. G. Tisdali, N. W. Pullen, J. C. Yates; Assessors, I. S. Hall, D. J. Pullen, H. Austin; Highway Commismissioners, B. Barry, Wm. Hale, D. Curtis; Poor Directors, J. C. Post, P. Delany; Constables, C. C. Post, J. B. Gibb, J. M. Miller, C. Powers. 1840. Supervisor, David J. Pullen; Clerk, Joseph T. Pullen; Treasurer, Hiram Fisk; Justices of the Peace, Z. E. Adams, N. W. Pullen; School Inspectors, Z. E. Adams, N. W. Pullen, A. P. Young; Assessors, Samuel Rice, A. P. Young, Oliver Dickinson; Highway Commissioners, R. Kenyon, J. Pullen, B. Barry; Collector, Moses F. Rice; Poor Directors, M. Brower, P. Delany; Constables, M. F. Rice, J. Johnson, J. M. Miller, P. D. Vanseler. 1841. Supervisor, Henry B. Adams; Clerk, Andrew J. Pullen; Treasurer, Hiram Fisk; Justices of the Peace, Benj. Barry, A. P. Young; Assessors, O. Dickinson, Geo. Dykeman, I. S. Hall; Highway Commissioners, Jos. Evans, C. C. Post, John Parker; Collector, James Johnson; School Inspectors, Z. E. Adams, N. W. Pullen, O. Dickinson; Poor Directors, P. Delany, S. Rice; Constables, J. Johnson, H. Thompson, R. Kenyon, R. French. 1842. Supervisor, Oliver Dickinson; Clerk, David J. Pullen; Treasurer, Jinks Pullen; Justices of the Piece, Oliver Dickinson, James Barry; Assessors, John Carr, P. Delany; School Inspectors, N. W. Pullen, F. G. C. Jasper, J. F. Smith; Highway Commissioners, A. Dickinson, M. Brower, J. Evans; Poor Directors, S. Rice, P. Reynolds; Constables, S. H. Townsend, A. J. Pullen, H. Thompson, D. J. Nichols. 1843. Supervisor, John F. Smith; Clerk, Hiram Fisk; Treasurer, W. Blair; Justice of the Peace, Michael McConolgne; Assessors, John Carr, W. Brace; School Inspectors, John

ROMULUS TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1363 Carr, Z E. Adams; Highway Commissioners, S. Rice, Wm. Hale, J. Nowlin; Poor Directors, John Carr, W. Blair; Constables, Wm. Palmer, T. L. Everist, John Hiscock, F. Rice. I84~. Supervisor, John Carr; Clerk, George W. Moore; Treasurer,Wm. Powell; Justice of the Peace, Joseph Evans; Highway Commissioners, Levi Eaton, R. Morrison, Geo. Dykeman; Assessors, D. Curtis. J. M. Miller; School Inspectors, H. M. F. Smith; Poor Masters, M. Brower, P. Delaney; Constables, John M. Hiller, S. H. Townsend, M. F. Rice, F. Rice. The records from 1844 to 1875 cannot be found. See Chapter XXII for names of Supervisors in these years. I875. Supervisor, Wm. Whitacre; Clerk, A. J. Pullen; Treasurer, Robert C. Bird; Justices of the Peace, A. P. Young, John P. Drake; Superintendent of Schools, Wm. Whitacre; School Inspector, A. P. Young; Highway Commissioner, Pat. Kilford; Constables, Andrew Rice, Wm. Emery, C. S. Merrill, Louis Bordens. 1876. Supervisor, Wm. Whitacre; Clerk, David J. Pullen; Treasurer, Robert C. Bird; Justice of the Peace, Edward Bingell; Superintendent of Schools, Wm. Whitacre; School Inspector, Ambrose P. Young; Highway Commissioner, Jeston R. Warner; Constables, Corydon S. Merrill, Albert Bateham, C. Ransom, D. B. Fisk. 1877. Supervisor, Robert C. Bird; Clerk, Hiram G. Morris; Treasurer, George C. Post; Justice of the Peace, Ira Munson; Superintendent of Schools, A. J. Pullen; School Inspector, A. P. Young; Highway Commissioner, J. R. Warner; Constables, Jacob Chamberlain, Thomas Sloss, Aretus D. Ford, Charles W. Pullen. I878. Supervisor, Robert C. Bird; Clerk, Hiram G. Morris; Treasurer, George C. Post; Justices of the Peace, Peter C. Bird, James M. Orr; Superintendent of Schools, Franklin Rutter; Highway Commissioner, Alanson H. Cory; School Inspector and Drain Commissioner, Hugh Bradburn; Constables, George Barton, Daniel J. Bigelowe, Byron Butler, Charles W. Pullen. 1879. Supervisor, William Whitacre; Clerk, Wm. J. Moore; Treasurer, Alexander McBride; Justice of the Peace, Ambrose P. Young; Highway Commissioner, John Swegles; Superintendent of Schools, Francis A. McBride; Drain Commissioner, Wm. Hale; School Inspector, Ambrose P. Young; Constables, James Wright, Charles Schaub, John Warblow, George Gladding. I880. Supervisor, Wm. Whitacre; Clerk, Wm. J. Moore; Treasurer, Alexander McBride; Justice of the Peace, Edward Bingell; Highway Commissioner and Drain Commissioner, John Swegles; Superintendent of Schools, Francis A. McBride; School Inspector, Ambrose P. Young; Constables, James Wright, Corydon S. Merrill, Wm. Emery, John Poet. i88. Supervisor, Edward Bingell; Clerk, Wm. J. Moore; Treasurer, Wm. Emery; Justice of the Peace, James M. Orr; Highway Commissioner, Jesse Jacott; Superintendent of Schools, Frank A. McBride; School Inspector, Ambrose P. Young; Constables, James Wright, John Warblow, T. B. Downer, Jasper Randall. 1882. Supervisor, P. C. Bird; Clerk, Frank A. McBride, Treasurer, James M. Orr; Justice of the Peace, Robert Fulford; Highway Commissioner, Russell Rice; Drain Commissioner, Emanuel Beard; School Inspectors, Jesse Jacott, Roswell Raymond; Constables, James Wright, John W. Delany, A. J. Eves, Solomon Jacott. I883. Supervisor, Peter C. Bird; Clerk, Samuel R. Kingsley, Jr.; Treasurer, Charles Foss; Justice of the Peace, Andrew J. Hosmer; Highway Commissioner, John Horen; School Inspector, Frank H. Rutter; Constables, James Wright, Jesse C. Jacott. John Hale, James McNutt. I884. Supervisor, Peter C. Bird; Clerk, Samuel R. Kingsley, Jr.; Treasurer, Charles Foss; Justice of the Peace, A. P. Young; Highway Commissioner, John Horen; Drain Commissioner, John Swegles; School Inspector, Jesse C. Jacott; Constables, James Wright, Charles Newington, Wm. McNutt, Aretus D. Ford. 1885. Supervisor, Peter C. Bird; Clerk, Samuel R. Kingsley, Jr.; Treasurer, Hiram E. Cross; Justice of the Peace, John Swegles; Highway Commissioner, Delmer H. Rood; School Inspectors, Lewis C. McBride, John Rutter; Constables, James Wright, Charles Newington, George Newington, Elmer Evans. I886. Supervisor, Peter C. Bird; Clerk, Samuel R, Kingsley, Jr.; Treasurer, Hiram E. Cross; Justice of the Peace, Robert Pulford; Highway Commissioner, John Vining; Drain Commissioner, Wm. Tinkham; School Inspector, Ira F. Johnson; Constables, George Newington, Charles Newington, Winfield Scott, James Wright. 1887. Supervisor, Frank D. Whitacre; Clerk, Samuel R. Kingsley, Jr.; Treasurer, Delmer H. Rood; Justice of the Peace, A. J. Hosmer; Highway Commissioner, John Horen; School Inspector, John Rutter; Constables, Richard Newsom, Chas. Newington, Geo. Newington, Alonzo Sherman. I888. Supervisor, Frank H. Rutter; Clerk, Frank A. McBride; Treasurer, Delmer H. Rood; Justice of the Peace, Peter C. Bird; Highway Commissioner, Charles H. Newington; Drain Commissioner, Russell Rice; School Inspector, David H. Wood, Constables, James Wright, George Emery, George E. Newington, Lewis Gigler.

I364 SPRINGWELLS TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1889. Supervisor, Frank H. Rutter; Clerk S. R. Kingsley; Treasurer, Albert McLaughey; Highway Commissioner, Frank Olds; Drain Commissioner, 0. W. Bird; School Inspector, Wm Barton; Constables, Thomas McLaughey, Rudolph Winch. I890. Supervisor, Joseph Boltz; Clerk, F. D. Whitacre; Treasurer, J. Rosinworth; Justice of the Peace, D. Wood, Jr.; Highway Commissioner, J. Horner, Sr.; Drain Commissioner. J. 0. Bradburn;; School Inspector, Charles Hosmer; Board of Review, Charles Foss, Norman Cross; Constables, Peter Esper, Wm Magee, Rudolph Mook. G. Newington. A town hall, 20x30, was built on the southwest quarter of Section 20, in 1872, at a cost of $500oo. In March, 1879, at a cost of $1oo, it was moved to its present location on the southwest quarter of Section 15, as near the center of the township as possible. In the earlier days the township was largely infested with wolves, so much so that for many years a bounty ranging from two to five dollars was paid for the scalp of each wolf killed in the township. The name of the town undoubtedly preserves the name of the traditional founder of Rome. One of the streams running through the township. marked on some old maps as Hale's Creek was probably called Hall's Creek, after Ira S. Hall, who bought land in the township in November, 1836. The population of the township in 1850 was 621; in i860,,0io6; 1870, 1,462; and in I880, 1,741. The valuation in I840 was $108,412; in I850, $35,13I; in I86o, $146,747; in 1870, $170,831; and in 188o, $560,410. In I888 there were seven school districts, and during the year four male and eleven female teachers were employed. Six hundred and forty-one children were enrolled, of whom four hundred attended school during the year. The township then contained nine school buildings, with sittings for 470 pupils, and the property was worth $3,300. MOUNT PLFASANT. A village with the above name, located on Section 3I. on the river, was platted and recorded in I834 It was on quite an elevation, and this fact gave rise to its name It was projected during the "paper city" period, and at one time contained several buildings, including a hotel. saw-mill and store. A Baptist church was organized here in 1836, but it did not thrive. The locality soon became a great resort for counterfeiters, and thousands of dollars of spurious coin are said to have been manufactured here. In I839 the leaders of the gang were arrested and convicted, and the rest, betaking themselves to safer quarters. left the village to moulder and decay, and to-day nothing remains of the once prosperous village except a few worm-eaten timbers and the moss-covered clapboards of an old hotel. ROMULUS, FORMERLY PULLEN'S CORNERS. This village, located on the line of the Flint & Pere Marquette Railroad, was originally named after David J. Pullen, The village plat was recorded in 1836. In I854 the Romulus Union Church Society was organized for the purpose of constructing a church building which should be open to all denominations free of charge, and for all funerals. A lot was purchased on the northwest quarter of Section 20, and a church built and dedicated in June, i856. It will seat 200, and cost $1,400. Nearly every denomination has held service in the building, but it has been principally used by the Methodists. SPRINGWELLS TOWNSHIP. A township with the above name, located on the river, was created on January 5, I8i8, but different and lessened boundaries were defined by Law of April I2, 1827. The first township meeting was held at the house of Alexander P. Campau, on Monday, May 28, 1827. The township was lessened in size by Law of March 31, 1833, which created the town of Greenfield. By Law of April 2, 1850, more territory was added to Greenfield, but by Law of March 25, I873, a small portion of Greenfield was added to Springwells. The township was, however, again curtailed by Acts of 1849, 1857, 1875, and I885, which added portions of the township to Detroit. Under Law of 1889; the township Board divided the township into two election districts. The portion south of the Iix Road being the first district, and the portion north, the second district. The officers of the township have been as follows: I827. Supervisor, Peter Godfrov; Clerk, Audrain Abbott; Assessors, Gabriel Godfroy, John Burbank, Levi Willard; Collector, Joseph Visger; Overseers of the Poor, Gabriel Godfroy and John Stanback; Commissioners of Highway, Antoine Mette, Abner Willard and Jacobs Dicks; Constables, Ephraim Farnsworth, Peter W. Knaggs, John Langdon, Samuel Lapham; Road Masters.

SPRINGWELLS TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1365 John Brown, Ephraim Farnsworth, Antoine Lorain; Pound Masters, Alexander P. Campau, John B. Riopelle and Francis Cicott; Fence Viewers, John Dicks, John Langdon, Ephraim Farnsworth, Abna Willard, Peter Labadie, Philip Chabert. 1828. Supervisor, Peter Godfroy; Clerk, Elijah Mudge and Audrain Abbott each part of year; Collector, Joseph Visger; Assessors, Gabriel Godfroy, F. Cicott, J. Burbank; Highway Commissioners, A. Mette, J. Dicks. H. Gillispie; Poor Directors, J. Charboneau, P. Labadie; Constables, J. Mudge, S. W. Lapham. A. Abbott, E. Farnsworth, J. Visger, P. W. Knaggs, and E. Matticks. 1829. Supervisor, Peter Godfroy: Clerk, Audrain Abbott; Assessors, J. Dicks, S. Smith, A. Mette; Collector, J. Visger; Poor Directors, B. Riopelle, R. Abbott; Highway Commissioners, R. Stoddard, J. Burbank, C. Henderson; Constables, A. Abbott, P. W. Knaggs, S. Lapham, J. Visger. I830. Supervisor, Peter Godfroy and R A. Forsyth each part of year; Clerk, Audrain Abbott; Collector, J. Visger; Assessors, Samuel Smith, R. Abbott, A. Abbott; Highway Commissioners, J. Burbank, P. Labadie, R. Stoddard; Poor Directors, W. Woodbridge, R. A. Forsyth, G. Godfroy, R. Abbott, R. Stoddard; School Commissioners, Wm. Woodbridge, R. A. Forsyth, J. Knaggs, D. Thompson, G. Godfroy. 1831. Supervisor, William Woodbridge; Clerk, Audrain Abbott; Collector, J. Visger; Assessors, S. Smith, J. Dicks, A. Mette; Highway Commissioners, J. Burbanks, P. Labadie, N. P. Thayer; Constables, S. W. Lapham, D. Thompson. 1832. Supervisor, William Woodbridge; Clerk, Audrain Abbott; Collector, D. Thompson; Assesors, J. Dicks, A. Mette, N. P. Thayer; Highway Commissioners, C. Chaffee, W. C. Maples, J. Visger; Constables, S. W. Lapham, D. Thompson. 1833. Supervisor, William Woodbridge; Clerk, Audrain Abbott; Collector, Selah Mathews; Assessor, S. Mathews, P. Campau, J. Dicks; Highway Commissioners, P. Campau, W. Steers, J. Visger. 1834. Supervisor, William Woodbridge; Clerk, Audrain Abbott; Collector, Audrain Abbott; Assessors, P. Campau, J. Dicks, W. Steers; Highway Commissioners, P. Campau, J. Dicks, W. Steers; Poor Directors, H. B. Brevoort, J E. Schwartz; Constables, E. Miller, A. Riopelle. 1835. Supervisor, William Woodbridge; Clerk, Audrain Abbott; Collector, J. Dicks; Assessors, J. Dicks, P. Campau, J. Visger; Highway Commissioners, P. Campau, A. Wood, J. C. Langdon; Constables, A. Wood, J. Dicks; Poor Directors, P. Godfroy, R. Abbott. 1836. Supervisor, William Woodbridge; Clerk, Audrain Abbott; Collector, W. Steers; Assessors, J. C. Langdon, B Hubbard, A. Wood; Highway Commissioners, J. C Langdon, B. Hubbard, A. Wood; Poor Directors, J. Barron, B. Hubbard; Constables, W. Steers, N. Klump; School Commissioners, P. Godfroy, B. Hubbard, A. Abbott; Justices of the Peace, for one year, Abial Wood. for two years, Audrain Abbott, for three years, Jacob Dicks, for four years, John C. Langdon. 1837. Supervisor, Peter Godfroy; Clerk, Audrain Abbott; Justice of the Peace, Jeremiah Klump; Assessors, J. Dicks, W. Reed, G. Henderson; Collector, W. Steers; Highway Commissioners, J. Dicks, G. Henderson, A. Lafferty; School Directors, P. Godfroy, R. Abbott, H. B. Brevoort; Poor Directors, R. Abbott, H. B. Hubbard; Constables, W. Steers, E. Klump, W. Lamoraux. 1838. Supervisor, Peter Godfroy; Clerk, Audrain Abbott; Collector, B. F. Langdon; Justice of the Peace, A Abbott; Assessors, D. Baldwin, W. Reed; J. G. Langdon; Highway Commissioners, N. Klump, W. Goodhue, J. Palmer; School Inspectors, F. R. Dorr, N. O. Sergent, P. Godfroy; Poor Directors, J. Keal, J. Charboneau; Constables, S. Goodhue, B F. Langdon, W. Lamoraux, J. Palmer. I839. Supervisor, Peter Godfroy; Clerk, Audrain Abbott; Treasurer, J. R. Dorr; Justices of the Peace, J. Barron, H. F. Backus, N. Klump, A. Abbott; Assessors, W. Reed, D. Baldwin, H. F. Backus; Highway Commissioners, W. Reed, D. Baldwin, H. F. Backus; School Inspectors, G. W. Bedell, G. C. Henderson, J. R. Dorr; Poor Directors, A. Frazier, A. Lafferty; Collector, B. F. Langdon; Constables, B. L. May, J. Palmer, B. F. Langdon. 1840. Supervisors, George W. Bedell; Clerk, Audrain Abbott; Treasurer, H. F. Backus; Justices of the Peace, G. W. Bedell, W. Steers; Assessors, W. Reed, J. Dix, W. Steers; School Inspectors, J. Keal, S. Goodhue, H. F. Backus; Poor Directors, A. Frazier, A. Lafferty; Collector, B. F. Langdon; Constables, F. Fifer, B. F. Langdon, L. Specht. I841. Supervisor, Peter Godfroy; Clerk, John C. Langdon; Treasurer, J. R. Dorr; Collector, G. Henderson; Assessors, G. W. Bedell, L. F. Beaubien. J. Mullett; School Inspectors, J. E. Schwartz, J. P. Dorr, B. B. Kercheval; Highway Commissioners, J. Dix, J. Mullett, B. F. Langdon; Poor Directors, A. Lafferty, J. Cannan; Constables, J. Specht, J. Andrews, M. Daly, M. Doran; Justice of the Peace, L. Goodell. 1842. Supervisor. Samuel Trudell; Clerk, William L. Woodbridge; Treasurer and Collector, J. R. Dorr; Justices of the Peace, H. B. Brevoort, G. W. Bedell; Highway Commissioners, L. Specht, S. Hurd, J. Keal; School Inspectors, W. Harsha, W. Steers, C. L. Bristol; Poor Directors, A. Laffer

1366 SPRINGWELLS TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. ty, J. Cannan; Constables, L. Specht, R. F. Langdon. E. P. Abbott, J. Dix. I843. Supervisor, Samuel Trudell; Clerk, William L. Woodbridge; Treasurer and Collector, W. Steers; Justice of the Peace, J. Barron; School Inspectors. W. Harsha, one year, J. A. Cole, two years, L. Specht, J. Cannan; Highway Commissioners, S. Hurd, C. Campau, W. Reed; Constables, L. Specht, J. Fagan, B. F. Langdon, E. P. Abbott. I844. Supervisor, Samuel Trudell; Clerk, William L. Woodbridge; Treasurer and Collector, W. Steers; Justice of the Peace, J. Dorman; Highway Commissioners, W. Reed, J. Fagan, S. Hurd; School Inspector, J. E. Ryan; Poor Directors, L. Specht, J. Cannan; Constables, L. Specht, B. F. Langdon, H. McLaughlin, E. P. Abbott. The Records for 1845 and 1846 are lost. I847. Supervisor, Samuel Trudell; Clerk, William L. Woodbridge; Treasurer and Collector, E. Visger; Justice of the Peace, F. X. Cicotte; School Inspector, W. Burchell; Highway Commissioners, J. Dix, Sr, one year, N. Brevoort, two years, A. Lafferty, three years; Poor Directors, H. Riopelle, J. Girardin; Constables, R. Beaubien. E. Visger, J. Riopelle, T. Boisclaire. 1848. Supervisor, Samuel Trudell; Clerk, William L. Woodbridge; Treasurer and Collector, L. Specht; Justice of the Peace, J. A. Cole; Assessors, J. Dorner, H. Riopelle; Highway Commissioner, G. Lerchin; School Inspector, N. J. Daniels; Poor Directors N. Clump, J. Fagan; Constables, J. Dix, Jr, W. Burchell, J. Riopelle, A. Beach. I849. Supervisor, Samuel Trudell; Clerk, William W. Irwin; Treasurer, L. Specht; Justices of the Peace, J. S. Abbott; J. Riopelle, J. Barron; Assessors, J. Dix, H. McLaughlin; Highway Commissioner, J. B. Piquette; School Inspectors, E. Reeder, J W. Sutton; Poor Directors, T. Lyon, H. Riopelle; Constables, T. Boisclaire, W. Burchell, E. Beach, J. S. Post. I850. Supervisor, Samuel Trudell; Clerk, John Greusel; Treasurer and Collector, L. Specht; Justice of the Peace, H. F. Backus; School Inspector, P. J. Loranger; Assessors, E. Livernois, Sr., A. Frazier; Highway Commissioner, H. Button; Poor Directors, 0. Riopelle, T. Boisclaire; Constables, R. Beaubien, E. Visger, J. Lorain, T. Boisclaire. I851 Supervisor, William W. Irwin; Clerk, Barnard Hackett; Treasurer and Collector, R. Beaubien; Justice of the Peace, E. Martin; School Inspector, J. Barron; Assessors, E. Campau, S. Livernois; Highway Commissioner, J. Lorain; Poor Directors, M. Morris, J. Barron; Constables, P. Rattigan, E. Visger; R. Henderson, J. Lorain. 1852. Supervisor, William W. Irwin; Clerk, Bernard Hackett; Treasurer and Collector, R. Beaubien; Justice of the Peace, J. Barron; School Inspector, E. Ranspach; Assessors, J. Dorner, E. Campau; Highway Commissioner, S. Ludlow; Poor Directors, A. Riopelle, Miles Morris; Constables, P. Rattigan, E. Visger, J. Lorain, L. pecht. I853. Supervisor, William W. Irwin; Clerk, Bernard Hackett; Treasurer and Collector, R. Beaubien; Justices of the Peace, S. Ludlow, S. Trudell; Highway Commissioner, D. Riopelle; Poor Directors, M. Morris, H. Riopelle; School Inspector, J. Barron; Constables, A. D. Burdeno, M. McNabb, E. Visger, A. Lapham. I854. Supervisor, William W. Irwin; Clerk, John Greusel; Treasurer, L. Specht; Justices of the Peace, G. W. Hooper, W. L. Woodbridge; Highway Commissioner, E. Campau; School Inspector, B. M. Davis; Poor Directors L. Lognon, J. Livernois; Constables, A. D. Burdeno, S. P. Knapp, A. Lauria, H. P. Cole. I855. Supervisor, Bernard Hackett; Clerk, Ernst Ranspach; Treasurer and Collector, J. Markey; Justice of the Peace, H. T. Backus; School Inspector, J. D. Johnston; Assessors, H. Haggerty, J. B. Haas; Highway Commissioner, D. C. Whitwood; Poor Directors, M. Morris, A. D. Burdeno; Constables, A. D. Burdeno, P. Dorman, J. Livernois, W. Ringwald. I856. Supervisor, Samuel Trudell; Clerk, Ernst Ranspach; Treasurer, J. Markey; Justices of the Peace, J. Barron, H. Haggerty, M. F. Dickinson; Assessors, E. Campau, M. Markey; Highway Commissioners, W. Walsh, P. Burns; School Inspector, J. R. Grout; Poor Directors, M. Morris, J. Fahey; Constables, J. Livernois, J. O'Neal, C. Daugherty, A. D. Burdeno. I857. Supervisor, Henry Haggerty; Clerk, Ernst Ranspach; Treasurer and Collector, J. Lorain; School Inspector, H. G. Vorce; Poor Directors, P. Dormer, R. Henderson; Assessors, M. Markey, H. Riopelle; Highway Commissioners, E. Campau, E. Reaume; Justices of the Peace, S. Ludlow, I. Marcott; Constables, P. Dormer, H. Riopelle, A. D. Burdeno, W. Ludlow. I858. Supervisor, Henry Haggerty; Clerk, Frederick Heidenreich; Treasurer and Collector, J. Lorain; Justice of the Peace, J. Markey; School Inspector, C. Campau; Highway Commissioner, J. Shafer; Poor Directors, R. Henderson, J. Preston; Constables, H. F. Riopelle, J. Livernois, J. Burke, N. H. Perkins. I859. Supervisor, Benjamin M. Davis; Clerk, Frederick Heidenreich; Treasurer, J. Lorain; Justice of the Peace, E. Ranspach; Assessors, C. C. Campau, W. Welch; Highway Commissioner, S. Ludlow; School Inspector, F. Hines; Poor Directors, J. Preston, A. D. Burdeno; Constables, H. Riopelle, A. Lapham, J. Bourke, W. Ludlow. 1860. Supervisor, Henry Haggerty; Clerk, Con

SPRINGWELLS TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I367 rad Clippert; Treasurer and Collector, C. Markey; Justice of the Peace, S. W. Horton; Assessors, S. Livernois, S. Ludlow; Highway Commissioner, J. Heiter; School Inspector, J. R. Grout; Poor Directors, J. Preston, R. Henderson; Constables, P. Burns, J. Bourke, E. Barkume, J. Knoch. j86I. Supervisor, Henry Haggerty; Clerk, John Greusel; Treasurer and Collector, C. F. Campau; Justices of the Peace J. Barron, S. Ludlow; Highway Commissioner, J. Shafer; School Inspector, E. Barkume; Poor Directors, R. Henderson, J. Preston; Constables, L. Burdeno, J. Lorain, M. Langdon, J. Riopelle. 1862. Supervisor, Henry Haggerty; Clerk, John Greusel; Collector and Treasurer, John Hutter; Justice of the Peace, John Markey; Highway Commissioner, A. Roulo; School Inspector, T. Corcoran; Poor Directors, J. Preston, R. Henderson; Constables, L. P. Allport, L. Burdeno, J. A. Lorain, J. Knoch. 1863 Supervisor, Ernst Ranspach; Clerk, Eli Barkume; Collector and Treasurer, J. Hutter; Justice of the Peace, F. Hines; Highway Commissioner, T. Sullivan; School Inspectors, N. Grant, J. R. Grout; Poor Directors, J. Preston, R. Henderson; Constables, J. A. Lorain, H. Miller, K. Burdeno, L. Lorain. 1864. Supervisor, Ernst Ranspach; Clerk, Eli Barkume; Collector and Treasurer, J. Hutter; Justice of the Peace, B. May; Highway Commissioners, M. Markey, J. Lorain; School Inspector, C. F. Campau; Poor Directors, J. Preston, R. Henderson; Constables, L. Lorain, I. Vermet, L. Buirdeno, J. A. Lorain. 1865. Supervisor, Ernst Ranspach; Clerk, Eli Barkume; Treasurer, J. R. Cooper; Justice of the Peace, S. Ludlow; School Inspector, N. Grant; Highway Commissioner, J. Lorain; Poor Directors, R. Henderson, H. Riopelle; Assessors, E. Campau, M. Markey; Constables, J. Riopelle, J. Goodman, F. Favre, L. Lorain. I866. Supervisor, Ernst Ranspach; Clerk, Eli Barkume; Collector and Treasurer, J. R. Cooper; Justices of the Peace, J. Markey, N. Reiden; Highway Commissioner, H. Brossard; School Inspectors, F. F. Campau, M. Markey; Poor Directors, C. Wagner, R. Henderson; Constables, L. Burdeno, A. Kurth, L. P. Allport, A. Wagner. 1867. Supervisor, Ernst Ranspach; Clerk, Eli Barkume; Treasurer, J. Markey; Justice of the Peace, W. Ringwald; Highway -Commissioner, M. Markey; School Inspectors, P. Ratigan, B. May; Poor Directors, R. Henderson, C. Wagner; Constables, A. Kurth, L. Burdeno, J. McGongon, L. P. Allport. I868. Supervisor, Ernst Ranspach; Clerk, Eli Barkume; Collector and Treasurer, J. Markey; Justice of the Peace, H. Button; Highway Commissioner, H. Haggerty; Poor Directors, J. Hutter, C. Wagner; School Inspector, B. Altenbrant; Constables, L. Burdeno, A. Kurth, H. Randolph, J. McGongon. I869. Supervisor, Ernst Ranspach; Clerk, Eli Barkume; Treasurer, J. Lorain; Justice of the Peace, S. Ludlow; School Inspector, P. Ratigan; Highway Commissioner, H. Brossard; Poor Directors, R. Henderson, C. Wagner; Constables, L. Burdenoj H. Rudolph. J. P. Long, J. McGongon. I8o7. Supervisor, Henry Haggerty; Clerk, Eli Barkume; Treasurer, J. Lorain; Justice of the Peace, N. Rieden; Highway Commissioner, M. Markey; School Inspector, A. J. Linzee; Poor Directors, H. Riopelle, C. Wagner; Constables, P. R. Lisle, A. Kurth, J. Hyns, J. McGongon. 1871. Supervisor, Henry Haggerty; Clerk, Eli 'Barkume; Treasurer, A. Shiel; Justice of the Peace, F. Hyns; Highway Commissioner, E. Campau; Poor Directors. H. Riopelle, C. Wagner; School Inspector, P. Ratigan; Constables, A. Kurth, L. Burdeno, W. Larkins, xV. Jacobs; Drain Commissioner, A. J. Linzee. 1872. Supervisor, Henry Haggerty; Clerk, Eli Barkume; Treasurer, Adam Shiel; Justice of the Peace, H. Button; School Inspectors, A. R. Sink; Highway Commissioner, H. Brossard; Poor Directors, H. Riopelle, J. Schafer; Constables, W. Larkins, J. L. Riopelle, H. Rudolph, H. G. Roeser. 1873. Supervisor, Henry Haggerty; Clerk, Charles Ranspach; Treasurer, M. Schneider; Justice of the Peace, J. R. Cooper; Highway Commissioner, A. Woodworth; School Inspector, G. A. T. Wheeler; Drain Commissioner, E. Meade; Poor Directors, H Riopelle, J. Schafer; Constables. H. Rudolph, A. Kurth, P. Lang, J. Gagnon. 1874. Supervisor, Henry Haggerty; Clerk, Charles Ranspach; Treasurer and Collector, J. Greusel; Justice of the Peace, S. Ludlow; Highway Commissioner, E. Campau; School Inspector, A. R. Sink; Drain Commissioner, M. Esper; Constables, D. Riopelle, A. Kurth, W Ammen, P. Long. I875. Supervisor, Conrad Clippert; Clerk, Augustus R. Sink; Treasurer, A. Gray; Justice of the Peace, F. F. Campau; Supt. Schools, E. Barkume; Highway Commissioner, F. Hynes; School Inspector, W. P. Ratigan; Drain Commissioner, C. 1B. Hubbard; Constables, F. Opp, A. Kurth, D. Riopelle, H. Field. 1876. Supervisor, Conrad Clippert; Clerk, Augustus R. Sink; Treasurer, A. Gray; Justice of the Peace, J. Streeter; Highway Commissioner, F. Hynes; Supt. Schools, J. E W. Lumley; School Inspector, C. Ranspach; Drain Commissioner, M. C. Maples; Constables, O. De Long, F. Opp, W. Ammon, A. Kurth.

1368 SPRINGWELLS TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I877. Supervisor, Conrad Clippert; Clerk, Charles B. Carstens; Treasurer, J. C. McDonald; Justice of the Peace, W. Ford; Highway Commissioner, J. Greusel, Jr.; Supt. Schools, F. Peavey; School Inspector, C. Ranspach; Constables, F. Opp, C. Kuhn, O. De Long, F. Beatcher. 1878. Supervisor, Conrad Clippert; Clerk, Charles B. Carstens and C. J. Ranspach, each part of year; Treasurer, J. C. McDonald; Justice of the Peace, S. Ludlow; Highway Commissioner, F. Hynes; Supt. Schools, F. W. A. Kurth; School Inspector, L. Haggerty; Drain Commissioner, F. Chovin; Constables, F. Beatcher, J. Harrington, C. H. Kuhn, P. A. Mitte. I879. Supervisor, Conrad Clippert; Clerk, Charles C. J. Ranspach; Treasurer, J. Clixby; Justice of the Peace, F. F. Campau; Highway Commissioner, G. W. Wesch; Supt. Schools, F. W. A. Kurth; School Inspector, G. W. Rider; Constables. L. Kuhlick, C. H. Kuhn, D. M. Frazier, J. Riopelle. I88o Supervisor, Conrad Clippert and Lorenzo D. Haggerty, each part of a year; Clerk, Charles C. J. Ranspach; Collector and Treasurer, J. H. Clixby; Justice of the Peace, F. W. A. Kurth; Highway Commissioner, G. W. Wesch; Drain Commissioner, J. Lorain, Jr.; Superintendent of Schools, J. Lunger; School Inspector, J. E. W. Lumley; Constables, A. Bleeser, J. Harrington, A. Kurth, D. M. Fraser. I88I. Supervisor, Lorenzo D. Haggerty; Clerk, John Lunger; Treasurer, C. Goldner; Justice of the Peace, J. Shields; Highway Commissioner, P. E. Hirth; Superintendent of Schools, E. Reeder; School Inspector, M. P. Roulo; Constables, J. C. Riopelle, A. Kurth, H. Fields, G. Rooks. 1882. Supervisor, Lorenzo D. Haggerty; Clerk, John Lunger; Treasurer, C. Goldner; Justice of the Peace, M. P. Roulo; School Inspector, J. Streator; Highway Commissioner, P. E. Hirth; Drain Commissioner, C. Barkume; Constables, J. L. Riopelle, C. H. Hill; F. Rooks, A. Kurth. I883. Supervisor, Lorenzo D. Haggerty; Clerk, Augustus R. Sink; Treasurer, F. Reuter; Justice of the Peace, E. G. Webber; Assessors, J. Greusel, Jr., S. A. Baugh; Highway Commissioner, P. E. Hirth; School Inspector, F. W. Higgins; Poor Directors, W. Endess, J. Goodman, Sr.; Constables, C. H. Hill, P. E. Park, L. Kulich, A. Kurth. 1884. Supervisor, Joseph H. Clixby; Clerk, Charles C. J. Ranspach; Collector and Treasurer, Eli Wuerth; Justice of the Peace, F. W. A. Kurth; Highway Commissioner, P. E. Hirth; School Inspector, J. E. W. Lumley; Constables, C. Hill, H. Richardson, J. L. Riopelle, A. Kurth, Sr. 1885. Supervisor, Lorenzo D. Haggerty; Clerk, Peter Ternes; Collector and Treasurer, E. Wuerth; Justice of the Peace, J. Shields; Highway CommisJ. McIntyre; School Inspector, J. Lunger; Constables, D. Riopelle, C. A. Goldner, F. Kurth, G. R. Stein. t886. Supervisor. Joseph H. Clixby; Clerk, Frederick W. Higgins; Treasurer, M. M. Markey; Justices of the Peace, F. C. Beatcher, F. W. A. Kurth; Drain Commissioner, J. A. Riopelle; School Inspectors, A. E. Riopelle, J. E. W. Lumley; Constables, J. McCoy, F. Sullivan, P. Fuhrman, 0. D. Long. 1887. Supervisor, Joseph H Clixby; Clerk, Frederick W. Higgins; Treasurer, M. M. Markey; Justices of the Peace, A. E. Riopelle, W. Ford; Highway Commissioner, W. H. H. McDonald; School Inspector, J Redwood; Constables, F. Bleeser, H, Schiller, J. McCoy, C. D. Roeser. I888. Supervisor, Joseph H. Clixby; Clerk, Frank Higgins; Treasurer, E. Wuerth; Justice of the Peace, F. W. A Kurth; Highway Commissionee, W. H. H. McDonald; Constables, C. Roesser,.P. Fuhrman, J. McCoy, H. Schiller. I889. Supervisor, Joseph H. Clixby; Clerk, Frank Higgins; Treasurer, W. Meyers; Justice of the Peace, C. C. J. Ranspach; Highway Commissioner, L. Schmidt; School Inspector, F. McDonald; Const,,oles, H. Schiller, C. D. Roesser, C. Rickling, J. McCoy. I890. Supervisor, Wm. Meyer; Clerk, Hugh Cary; Treasurer, C. Clippert 2d; Highway Commissioner, Louis Schnick; Justice of the Peace J. McCoy; School Inspector, F. W. Higgins; Board of Review, C. Clippert, J. McDonald; Drain Commissioner, E. Distel; Constables, F. Ostralo, H. Schiller, C. Rickling, Martin Schweizer. The school report for the year ending September 3, 1888, showed a total of four brick school-houses costing $2I,OOO and four frame houses costing $4,300. The total seating capacity was I,188. There were 2,132 pupils enrolled, and an average attendance of 620. Six male and nine female teachers were employed. The Catholic Church of the Holy Cross is located on the Dix road on Private Claim 40. The land was given 1838 by Joseph Charboneau, and soon after a chapel was erected, and since that time mission services have been held at intervals by various priests. The population of the township in I850 was 1,263; in I860, i,5i8; in 1870, 3,488; in I8So, 7,960. The value of the property in the township in 1840 was $202,582; in I850, $96,460; in i860, $325,875; in 1870, $601,815; in i880 $3,446,200. The name of the township is thoroughly characteristic of the natural features of the lands along the river just below, and even within the present

SPRINGWELLS TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I369 limits of Detroit, and many natural spring-wells are to be found in this region. The township is not only well watered with springs, but a number of streams meander through it. Baby Creek, or as its name is sometimes spelled Baubee Creek, is so named from an old French family who came to this region at a very early day. Roulo Creek preserves the name of Charles Roulo who once owned Private Claim No. 29. Campbell Creek was formerly a well known stream, and was named after George Campbell, one of the early settlers. Holden's Creek perpetuated the name of Theodore G. Holden, after whom the Holden road is named. The River Rouge, or as the English always wrote the name the Red River, is the principal stream in the township, and next after the Huron, the largest in the county, and remarkably deep for its width. It was called the Red River probably because the water was colored in early times by the soil through which it ran. The region about the mouth of the Rouge is destined to be a great manufacturing center. A canal has been cut from the bend about a mile from the mouth to the Detroit River, with the purpose of dykeing and draining a large tract, and in order to give increased opportunity for dockage. A govverment appropriation has been obtained, and the channel has been widened, and for a quarter of a mile from the mouth of the stream there is an average depth of sixteen feet of water A new bridge over the Rouge at this point is also a great additional advantage. In the immediate vicinity of these improvements there is already located the Detroit Glass Works, the Sulphite Fibre and Paper Works, the Michigan Carbon Company, the Delta Lumber Company, the Sutton Tub and Pail Factory, and the Anchor Manufacturing Company, who produce not anchors, but barrels in quantities. There are also extensive brick yards in the township. Fort Wayne, and Woodmere Cemetery, both of which are described in another portion of this work, are in this township. The most noticeable and attractive feature, however, is the very extensive International Fair and Exposition grounds and buildings. Several hundred thousand dollars have been expended in this enterprise, and it is the most extensive and beautifully located local exposition ever provided. It was first opened September 17, 1889, closing on the 27th, and marks an era in the history of Detroit. There is also located in Springwells, on Lafayette Street, between Govin and Springwells Streets, the property of the Michigan Crematory Association. This society was organized chiefly through the efforts of Dr. Hugo Erichsen, on March 31, i886. The building, which cost $3,000, was dedicated on December Io, 1887. The entire property cost $5,400. Up to June, 1889, nineteen bodies had been incinerated. The charge for cremating is $25. BELLEGRADE. This was the name of a small village laid out in 1836, on the north side of the Rouge, about half a mile west of Delray. It long ago lost the name once given to it. DELRAY. This locality was settled in I818. The village was recorded in I856 by Elisha Chase, but much of the land was originally owned by Augustus I). Burdeno He had been a soldier in the war with Mexico, and was one of the first to cross the ramparts at the battle of Molina del Ray, and on his return, in memory of that battle, he provided that the village should be named Delray. The principal manufacture is glassware, the Detroit City Glass Works being here located. OAKWOOD. This new village, located on the River Rouge. and only six miles from Detroit, was laid out in September. 1889, by Messrs. Peppers & Irvine. who are also the chief owners of an electric railroad, the Detroit, River Rouge & Dearborn Railroad Company, which runs from the western terminus of the Fort Street & Elmwood Street Railroad to Oakwood, and will eventually be extended to Dearborn. Because of its location, Oakwood has excellent prospects, and the low price of lots, and the energy and enterprise of the proprietors, are certain to result in great advantage to themselves and to those who become owners in this new and thriving suburb RIVERSIDE. This is the name of an extinct locality, platted into lots in I867. It was at the foot of Clark Avenue, and is now within the limits of Detroit. WEST END POSTOFFICE Is located on the line of the Chicago Road, near the center of the township. St. Alphonsus's Catholic Church, located near West End, began by the holding of services in a farm house in I850. In I852 a church building was erected, which cost $600. The present edifice, on a property of four acres, was erected in I874, and cost $6,ooo. It will seat 220. Their parochial school was established in I86I. Their church was served by the Redemptorist Fathers until July, I858. Since that time the following priests have had charge: July, I858, to May, i86I, Rev. J. Maisejenski; from 186I to September, 1873, Rev Ch. Chambille; 1873 to January 14, I883, Rev. G. Godez. Since 1883 the Capuchin Fathers have had charge.

1370 SUMPTER TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. BIOGRAPH ICAL. JOSEPH H. CLIXBY, one of the representative men of the township of Springwells. was born in Detroit in I85o, and is the son of Thomas and Elizabeth (Woodhouse) Clixby. His parents emigrated from Lincolnshire, England, to Detroit, in I849. His mother died in I886 leaving a family of nine children. His father engaged in the brick manufacturing business in 1852, and continued it for many years. Joseph H., in early life engaged in stock droving and dealing, and soon added the manufacture of brick, eventually retiring from dealing in stock. Since I870 he has engaged extensively in brick making and has also erected several residences. He employs from forty to sixty men. He has held the office of Supervisor several terms and also minor offices of his town. He married Hattie Abel of Detroit, in I87I. They have two children, George T., and Mabel A. SUMPTER TOWNSHIP. This township was organized out of part of Huron Township by Law of April 6, I840. The first township meeting was held the same day, at the house of Zenos Seaman. The township includes all of Town 4, South of Range 8 East. By - a mistake the letter " P " was inserted in the name, but it was intended to honor the revolutionary hero, General Thomas Sumter. The township officers for the several years have been as follows: I840. Supervisor, Ira P. Beach; Clerk, Reuben Merrill; Treasurer, Henry Anderson; Justices of the Peace, for one year, Ira P. Beach, for two years, Daniel Easton, for three years, D. E. Morey, for four years, Henry Anderson; School Inspectors, Daniel Brooks, Ira P. Beach, Martin H. Ford; Collector, George Eiwell; Highway Commissioners, D E. Morey, Ingraham Elwell, Hiram Bird; Assessors, Havillah Plumb, C. T. Beadle, Daniel Easton; Poor Director, David Brooks; Constables, George Elwell, Henry Horner. I841. Supervisor, Ira P. Beach; Clerk, Havillah Plumb; Treasurer, Henry Anderson; Justices of the Peace, Ira P. Beach, four years, C. T. Beadle, three years; Assessors, Hiram Bird, Daniel Easton, C. T. Beadle; Highway Commissioners, Zenos Seaman, David Brooks, Ingraham Elwell; School Inspectors, Reuben Merrill, Enos Easton, C. Rice; Collector, George Elwell; Constables, George Elwell, James Anderson, Henry M. Hosmer, Wm. V. D. Cook; Overseers of the Poor, A. Fletcher, Daniel Easton. I742. Supervisor, Robert Merrill; Clerk, Havillah Plumb; Treasurer, Henry Anderson; Justice of the Peace, Chauncey Rice; Highway Commissioners, Augustus Bradshaw, David Brooks, Enos Easton; School Inspectors, Chauncey Rice, R. Merrill, M. N. Ford; Poor Directors, Adam Anderson, Zenos Seaman; Constables, James Anderson, Charles S. Torrey, Wm. V. D. Cook, Jr., Reuben Merrill. 1843. Supervisor, Martin H. Ford; Clerk, Havillah Plumb; Treasurer, Daniel Easton; Justices of the Peace, for one year, Havillah Plumb, for three years, Daniel Easton, for four years, Martin H. Ford; Assessors, C. Rice, Ira P. Beach; School Inspectors, for one year, Martin H. Ford, for two years, Chauncey Rice; Highway Commissioners, Jeremiah Hewitt, John V. D. Cook, Enos Easton; Poor Directors, Zenos Seaman, David Easton; Constables, Wm. V. D. Cook, Jr., Josiah Easton, M. Anderson, A. Fletcher. I844. Supervisor, Martin H. Ford; Clerk, Havillah Plumb; Treasurer, Daniel Easton; Justice of the Peace, Joseph Allen; Highway Commissioners, Enos Easton, James Anderson, A. Bradshaw; School Inspector, Martin H. Ford; Assessors, R. Merrill, Ira P. Beach; Poor Directors, David Brooks, Zenos Seaman; Constables, Don C. I). Brooks. Henry M. Hosmer. 1845, Supervisor, Martin H. Ford; Clerk, Havillah Plumb; Treasurer, Daniel Easton; Justices of the Peace, Ira P. Beach, Chauncey Rice; Highway Commissioners, Zenos Seaman, C. Rice, S. Bennett; Assessor, Chauncey Rice; Poor Directors, Daniel Beach, Zenos Seaman; School Inspector, Chauncey Rice; Constables Don C. D. Brooks, Michael V. D. Cook. 1846. Supervisors, Joseph Allen and Martin H. Ford, each part of a year; Clerk, Stephen Bennett; Treasurer, Daniel Easton; Justices of the Peace, C. T. Beadle, Charles Crandell; Highway Commissioners, Benjamin Elwell, Harris Shea, Matthew Anderson; Assessors, Martin H. Long, H. Plumb; School Inspector, Reuben Merrill; Poor Directors, A. Fletcher, D. Beach; Constables, Michael V. D. Cook. Don C. D. Brooks. 1847. Supervisor, Stephen Bennett; Clerk,

VCN. KU

SUMPTER TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I37I Marcus W. Wood; Treasurer, Daniel Easton; Justices of the Peace, Martin Chrysler, H. Plumb; School Inspector. Martin H. Ford; Assessors, Ira P. Beach, M. H. Ford; Highway Commissioners, Charles Crandall, for one year, Augustus Bradshaw for two years, D. E. Morey for three years; Poor Directors, David Brooks, Zenos Seaman; Constables, M. V. D. Cook, D. C. D. Brooks 1848. Supervisor, Stephen Bennett; Clerk, Havillah Plumb; Treasurer, Daniel Easton; Justice of the Peace. Henry B. Merrell; Assessors, C. Rice, C. T. Beadle; Highway Commissioners, James L. Bouker, H. Plumb; School Inspector, Stephen Bennett; Poor Directors, David Brooks, Wm V. D. Cook; Constables, D. C. D. Brooks, H. M. Horner, Wm. V. D. Cook, Jr., Addison Fletcher. I849. Supervisor, Martin H. Ford; Clerk, Timothy P. Martin; Treasurer, Ira P. Beach; Justice of the Peace, James Sherman; Assessors, Daniel Pierce; H. I lumb; Highway Commissioners, Harris Shay; School Inspector, W. P Martin; Poor Directors, Daniel Beach, Zenos Seaman; Constables, H. Merrill, A. Fletcher, M. V. D. Cook, A. Hosmer. 1850. Supervisor, Timothy P. Martin; Clerk, Ezra Seaman; Treasurer, Winslow P. Martin; Justices of the Peace, Daniel Pierce, John Goff; Assesors, Daniel Pierce, A. Bradshaw; Highway Commissioners, Matt Anderson; School Inspector, Stephen Bennett; Poor Directors, J. Horner, D. Beach; Constables, Matt. Anderson, A. Bradshaw. 185I. Supervisor, Timothy P. Martin; Clerk, Joseph C. Merrill; Treasurer, Winslow P. Martin; Justices of the Peace, Amos Martin, four years, Datus E. Morey, two years, Martin H. Ford, one year; Highway Commissioners, James Sherman; School Inspector, Winslow P. Martin; Poor Directors, Ira P. Beech, Stephen Bennett, Reuben Merrell, T. P. Martin; Constables, Reuben Merrell, E. G. Marshall, Charles Crandall, A. Bradshaw. 1852. Supervisor, Timothy P. Martin; Clerk, Joseph C. Merrell; Treasurer, Winslow P. Martin; Justice of the Peace, Ira P. Beech; Highway Commissioners, Harris Shay, Gardner Merrell; School Inspector, Martin H. Ford; Poor Directors, David Brooks, Daniel Beech; Constables, John G. Mudge, Reuben Merrell, J. C. Merrell, L. B. Beach. 1853. Supervisor, Timothy P. Martin; Clerk Joseph C. Merrell; Treasurer, Winslow P. Martin; Justices of the Peace, Martin H. Ford, D. E. Morey; School Inspector, R. Merrell; Highway Commissioner, Don. C. D. Brooks; Poor Directors, M. Chrysler, Elias Disbrow; Constables, R. Merrell, Samuel Boyer, Wm. V. D. Cook, Jr., Don. C. D. Brooks. 1854. Supervisor, Timothy P. Martin; Clerk, Joseph C. Merrell; Treasurer, Ezra Seaman; Justices of the Peace, Daniel Pierce, Harris Shay; School Inspector, W. P. Martin; Highway Commissioner, Reuben Blakely; Poor Directors, W. P. Martin, H. Plumb; Constables, R Merrill, Hiram Dolph, Thos. Smith, Charles Cutler. 1855. Supervisor, Timothy P. Martin; Clerk, Joseph C. Merrell; Treasurer, Henry Merrell; Justices of the Peace, Amos Martin, Thomas Smith; School Inspector, Martin H. Ford; Highway Commissioners, for three years, Ezra Seaman. for two years, Daniel Blakely, for one year, Winslow P. Martin; Poor Directors, D. E. Morey, Elias Disbrow; Constables Reuben Merrell, Hiram Dolph, Harris Shay, Paul Westgate. I856. Supervisor, Timothy P. Martin; Clerk, Horatio Northrop; Treasurer, Harvey Merrell; Justice of the Peace, Phineas Stevens, Daniel P. Dye, Martin H. Ford; School Inspector, Stephen Bennett; Highway Commissioner, George D. Stevens; Poor Directors, Martin Chrysler, James Sherman; Constables, Elisha Pearl, Joseph C. Merrell, Eber Sherman, David W. Brooks. 1857. Supervisor, Timothy P. Martin; Clerk, Joseph C. Merrell; Treasurer, Henry Merrell; Justices of the Peace, D. E. Morey, Murray Sherman; School Inspector, W. P. Martin; Highway Commissioner, Daniel Blakely; Poor Directors, Martin Chrysler, Albert C. Dubois; Constables, Hiram Dolph, J. C. Merrell, R. Blakely, Elias Disbrow. I858. Supervisor, Havillah Plumb; Clerk, Joseph C. Merrell; Treasurer, Elias Disbrow; Justice of the Peace, Robert E. Richards; School Inspector, Stephen Bennett; Highway Commissioners, Henry Merrell, Perry S. Pearl; Poor Directors, Elias Disbrow, Martin Chrysler; Constables, Joseph C. Merrell, E. T. Pearl, Samuel Blakely, Isaac P. Terry. 1859. Supervisor, Timothy P. Martin; Clerk, Murray Sherman; Treasurer, Elias Disbrow: Justices of the Peace, Amos Martin, Peter Lewis, Jr; School Inspectors, W. P. Martin, Peter Eaton; Highway Commissioner, Horace C. Johnson; Poor Directors, Elias Disbrow, T. P. Martin; Constables, J. P. Terry, Hiram Randall, Daniel Blakely, Joseph C. Merrell. I860 Supervisor, Timothy P. Martin; Clerk, Murry Sherman; Treasurer, Havillah Plumb; Justices of the Peace, Myron D. Canfield, Niles H. Bishop; School Inspector, Job Burnap; Highway Commissioner, David W. Brooks; Poor Directors, Martin Chrysler, Job Burnap; Constables, Hiram Randall, E. R. Sherman, George J. Chrysler, Elisha T. Pearl 1861. Supervisor, Timothy P. Martin; Clerk, Ezra Seaman; Treasurer, J. C. Merrell; Justices of the Peace, Perry I). I'earl, Martin Chrysler;

1372 SUMPTER TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. Poor Directors, James D. Grandy, James Sherman; Constables, Hiram Randall, A. Bradshaw, Elisha T. Pearl, Leonard Martin. 1862. Supervisor, Timothy P. Martin; Clerk, Ezra Seaman; Treasurer, J. C. Merrell; Justice of the Peace, Daniel Blakely; School Inspector, Demster Disbrow; Highway Commissioner. Charles Danes; Poor Directors, Geo. J. Chrysler. E. Disbrow; Constables, A. Bradshaw, Wm. C. Ayers, R. Blakely, Chas E. Sherman I863. Supervisor Murray Sherman; Clerk, Ezra Seaman; Treasurer, J. C. Merrell; Justice of the Peace, Timothy P. Martin; School Inspectors, Caleb Eaton, Clinton Cook; Highway Commissioner, Daniel Freeman; Poor Directors, John Eaton, J. Thurston; Constables, H. Simmons, J. C. Merrell, I. P. Terry, Charles B. Rogers. 1864 Supervisor, Timothy P. Martin; Clerk, Murray Sherman; Treasurer, Reuben Blakely; Justice of the Peace, Perry D. Pearl; School Inspectors, W. P. Martin, J. C. Merrell; Highway Commissioner, Job Burnap; Poor Directors, Harris Shay, Thomas Outhwaite; Constables, Amos Martin, Wm. Hamilton, Levi Clark, Robert Smith. 1865. Supervisor, Timothy P. Martin; Clerk, Murray Sherman, Treasurer, Reuben Blakely; Justices of the Peace, Martin Chrysler, Peter Lewis, Jr; School Inspector, Job Burnap; Highway Commissioner, Egbert K. Sherman; Poor Directors, Elias I)isbrow, Palmer B. Richards; Constables, R. Blakely, John Ferry. D. W. Brooks, Stephen Randall. i866. Supervisor, Timothy P. Martin; Clerk, MurraySherman; Treasurer, Reuben Blakely; Justice of the Peace, Job Burnap; School Inspector, XV. P. Martin; Highway Commissioner, Amos Martin; Poor Directors, Geo J. Chrysler, Chas. E. Sherman; Constables, James K. Lewis T. M. Sherman, J. P. Terry, Wm, Worthy. 1867. Supervisor, 1 imothy P Martin; Clerk, Murray Sherman; Treasurer, WV. P. Martin; Justice of the Peace, George W. Hicks; School Inspector, John W. Henry; Highway Commissioner, Peter Lewis, Jr.; Poor Directors, T. P. Martin, Geo. J. Chrysler; Constables, Chas. Martin, H. Blakely, Thomas M. Sherman, Albert Hosmer. I868. Supervisor, Timothy P. Martin; Clerk, Clinton Cook; Treasurer, Havillah Plumb; Justice of the Peace, Charles B. Curtiss; School Inspectors, W. P. Martin, Geo. Burnap; Highway Commissioner, Egbert R. Sherman; Poor Directors, T. P. Martin. H. Northrup; Constables Thos M. Sherman, Thomas Spence, Jr, Chas. E. Miller, Reuben Blakely. I869. Supervisor, Timothy P. Martin; Clerk, Joseph C. Merrell; Treasurer, George M. Henry; Justice of the Peace, Amos Martin; School In spector, Job Burnap; Highway Commissioners, Abner J. Henry, D. E. Morey; Poor Directors, Reuben Blakely. Hiram Bird; Constables, E. W. Anderson P. 0. Closser, Wm. Adair, R. Merrell. I870. Supervisor, Amos Martin; Clerk. Joseph C. Merrell; Treasurer, Geo. M. Henry; Justice of the Peace, Emmit E. Ryan; School Inspector, W. P. Martin; Highway Commissioner, Hiram Dolph; Poor Directors, T. P. Martin, M. Chrysler; Constables, R. Merrell, E W. Anderson, Wm. Adair, Amos Martin, 2nd. I871. Supervisor, Wellington Ellis; Clerk, Romeyn Van Wormer; Treasurer, Joseph C. Merrell; Justice of the Peace, Alanson Chaffin; School Inspector, John W. Henry; Highway Commissioner, Martin Chrysler; Drain Commissioner, T. P. Martin; Poor Directors, T. P. Martin, Geo. W. Heath; Constables, Leroy Russ, Thomas Spence, E. W. Anderson, J. L Sherman. 1872. Supervisor, Wellington Ellis; Clerk, Emmet E. Ryan; Treasurer, Romeyn Van Wormer; Justice of the Peace, George W. Foster; Highway Commissioners, Benjamin Brundage, Rialto Gifford; School Inspectors, Joseph Dickson, E. T. Pearl; Drain Commissioner, Harris G. Smith; Constables, Charles Vananthrop, G. W. Foster; Robert Spence, E. Bennett. 1873 Supervisor, Wellington Ellis; Clerk, Joseph C. Merrell; Treasurer, Hiram Randall; Justices of the Peace, Perry D. Pearl; T. P. Martin; School Inspector, E. T. Pearl; Highway Commissioners, Hiram Dolph, Charles Danes; Drain Commissioner, T. P. Martin; Poor Directors, John Renton, Thos Wallace; Constables, Jos. K. Tuttle, Robert Spence, E. A. Bennett D. W. Samson. I874. Supervisor, Wellington Ellis; Clerk, Henry J. Atyeo; Treasurer, Hiram Randall; Justices of the Peace, Elias T. Ingersoll, Horace G. Smith; School Inspector, Homer Bradshaw; Highway Commissioner, T P. Martin; Poor Directors, H. Johnson, R, Spence; Constables, Charles Freeman, E. A. Bennett, Robert Spence, Albert Seaman. 1875. Supervisor, Elias T. Ingersoll; Clerk, Chas. L. Freeman; Treasurer, W. W. Northrup; Justice of the Peace, Horace G. Smith; School Inspector, John Wallace; Superintendent of Schools, Isaac McGinnis; Highway Commissioner, Chas. Danes; Drain Commissioner, Perry D. Pearl; Constables, Howard Hauer, T. M Sherman, D. W. Sampson, Francis Spink. I876. Supervisor, Timothy P. Martin; Clerk. Charles Merrell; Treasurer, Hiram Randall; Justice of the Peace, George W. Hicks; Highway Commissioner, James H Atyeo; Drain Commissioner, Wm. C. Curtis; Superintendent of Schools, E. T. Ingersoll; School Inspector, William Danes; Con

SUMPTER TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I373 stables, T. M. Sherman, John Renton, D. W. Sampson, Charles Miller. I877. Supervisor, Timothy P. Martin; Clerk, Charles Merrell; Treasurer, Hiram Randall; Justices of the Peace, George W Foster, Wm. Gulick; Highway Commissioner, James H. Atyeo; School Inspector, E. T. Ingersoll; Superintendent of Schools, Wm. S. Danes; Constable, S. Rounsifer, Hiram Blakely, Joseph E. Wells, Jr., A. Gibson. I878. Supervisor, Joseph C. Merrell; Clerk, Wm. S. Danes; Treasurer, James H. Atyeo; Justice of the Peace, Benj. Brundage; Superintendent of Schools, Maynard Spink; School Inspector, E. T. Pearl; Highway Commissioner, W. W. Northrup; Drain Commissioner, Romeyn Van Wormer; Constable, Saxton Savage, John Renton, John C. Dunham, E. A Bennett. 1879. Supervisor, Elias T. Ingersoll; Clerk, Wm. S. Danes; Treasurer, James H. Atyeo; Justice of the Peace. T. P. Martin; Highway Commissioner, David F. Barrett; Drain Commissioner, Thomas Jackson; Superintendent of Schools. Wm A. Atyeo; School Inspector, R. M. Richards; Constables, R. Spence, Theo. Sherman, P. I). Pearl, Jr, S. Brundage. 1880. Supervisor, Elias T. Ingersoll; Clerk, Charles Merrell; Treasurer, Romeyn Van Wormer; Justice of the Peace, M. W. Chrysler; Drain Commissioner, Asa Rounsifer; Highway Commissioner, C. E. Dickerson; Superintendent of Schools, Horatio Smith; School Inspector, E. T. Pearl; Constable, R Spence, A. Whitacre, Joseph Rowe, Chas. Rowe. I88I. Supervisor. Chas. Merrell; Clerk, Arthur V. Jones; Treasurer, Geo. W. Freeman; Highway Commissioner, R. Merrell; Justices of the Peace, David Russell, E. T. Ingersoll; Drain Commissioner, Solomon Faust; School Inspector, E. T. Pearl; Superintendent of Schools, Wm A. Atyeo; Constables, Joseph Rowe, Thad. J. Sherman, Jacob Ruberts, Robert Terry. I882. Supervisor, Charles Merrell; Clerk, Arthur V. Jones; T reasurer, Geo. W. Freeman; Justice of the Peace, Joseph C. Merrell; Highway Commissioner, Reuben Merrell; Drain Commissioner, Geo. Dunbar; School Inspectors, Oliver C. Atyeo, Avery Whitacre; Constables, Chas. A. Rowe, Joseph H. Rowe, Robert Terry, Charles C. McIntosh. 1883. Supervisor, Charles Merrell; Clerk, Geo. W. Freeman; Treasurer, Saxton Savage; Justice of the Peace, E. T. Ingersoll; Highway Commisrioner, Rialto Gifford; School Inspector, Daniel Jewell; Constables, Wm. Van Fleet, Robt. Terry, F. L. Hayden. Delos Pearl. 1884. Supervisor, Charles Merrell; Clerk, Wm. A. Atyeo; Treasurer, Saxton Savage; Justice of the Peace, E. C Sherman; School Inspectors, 0. C. Atyeo, J. C. Merrell; Highway Commissioner, Rialto Gifford; Drain Commissioner, Wm. Johnson; Constables, Frank Hayden, George Wilson, J. K. Tuttle, George Rounsifer. I885. Supervisor, Charles Merrell; Clerk, Wm. A. Atyeo; Treasurer, Wilbur B. Sherman; Justice of the Peace, David Russell; Highway Commissioner, Romeyn Van Wormer; School Inspector, J. C. Merrell; Constables, Theodore Tuttle, Nathan Hagadorn, Newton Hosmer, Joseph Rowe. I886. Supervisor, Charles Merrell; Clerk, Elias T. Ingersoll; Treasurer, W. B. Sherman; School Inspector, 0. C. Atyeo; Justice of the Peace, J. C. Merrell; Highway Commissioner, Levi Clark; Drain Commissioner, George Dunbar; Constables, J. H. Rowe, C. G. Gay, N. E. Freeman, E. B. Richards. 1887. Supervisor, Arthur V. Jones; Clerk, Leander Merrell; Treasurer, W. W. Northrup; Justice of the Peace, Asa Rounsifer; Highway Commissioner, Edward Caldwell; School Inspector, Stephen Pearl; Constables, Wm. Van Fleet, John J. Hagadorn, H. H. Beebe, Chas. F. Gay. 1888. Supervisor, Wm. Atyeo; Clerk, Dewitt C. Dickerson; Treasurer, Augustus Van Wormer; Justices of the Peace, Geo. Clayton, Levi Clark; Highway Commissioner, Adam Anderson; Drain Commissioner, E. T. Pearl; School Inspector, 0. C. Atyeo; Constables. Chas. Clayton. Norman Freeman, Chas. G. Gay, John Zibell. I889. Supervisor, Wm. A. Atyeo; Clerk. Leander Merrell; Treasurer, A. Van Wormer; Justices of the Peace, W. B. Sherman, C. E. Dickerson; School Inspector, D. Pearl; Highway Commissioner, G. Dunbar. 1890. Supervisor, W. A. Atyeo; Clerk, D. O'Brien; Treasurer,W. B. Sherman; Highway Commissioner, Rialto Gifford; Drain Commissioner, G. Dunbar; School Inspector, D. Jewell; Justices of the Peace, A. Rounsifer, G. Clayton, P. D. Pearl, J. M. Wheaton; Board of Review, C. D. John, Chas. Yost; Constables, M. Manor, L. Caldwell, F. C. Johnson, C. G. Gay. The town hall, completed in December, 1873, is a frame building costing $600, and is located near the center of the township on the southwest quarter of Section I5. The only cemetery in the township is partly on Section 2 and I1, about a mile and a half north and east of Martinsville. It was opened to the public in I865 Cranberry Creek, a branch of Swan Creek, runs through several sections of the township, the name being evidently given because of the cranberries that grew along its banks. The population of the township in I850 was 434; in I860, 736; in 1870, I,Io6 and in I880, I,445. The valuation in I850 was $31, 146; in i86o, $73,763; in 1870, $ro9,o54; in I880, $430,941. In I888 there were five school districts, with two

1374 TAYLOR TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. brick and five frame houses valued at $3,700, and seating 467 pupils, with an enrollment of 47r, and an average daily attendance of 318. Two male and eight female teachers were employed, and the district libraries contained 1,822 volumes. SMITHVILLE Was the name of a small hamlet, the plat of which was recorded by Orrin and Geo. W. Smith on September 3, I866. The village, if any ever existed, has disappeared. MARTINSVILLE. This is a small village of perhaps 200 people, and is named after Timothy iP. Martin, who owns land near by. There is a Wesleyan Methodist Society here organized by Rev. G. Fairchild in 1852. They originally had eight members, and in I888 had thirty-five. The ministers have been as follows: G. Fairchild, 1852; A. Cassidy, I853; G. Fairchild, I854; N. Swift, 1855; E. Darling, 1856 -1858; L. Squire, 1858; R. H. Ross, 1859; L. Squire, 1860-1862; I. B. Jones, 1862; G. A. Olmstead, 1863; L. Magee, 1864; E. Bibbins, 1865 -I868; W. P. Martin, 1868-1871: I. Martin, 1871 -1874; A. N. Hudson, I874-I876; W. H Ross, 1876-1878; A. Johnson, 1878-I881; H. D. Cheeney, I881-1884; D. D. Martin, I884-1886; H. A. Decker, from I886. WEST SUMPTER Is a station on the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. It has a steam saw-mill. The first Methodist Church of this place was organized in I866. Their church was dedicated August 3, 1885, the lot cost $25 and the building $I,500. It will seat 250. The pastors have been as follows: W. M. Triggs, 1866-I868; E. Bibbins, I869 — 1871; D. Shier, 1872; J E. Diverty and Pearson, I873; S. J. Brown, I874; E. P. Pierce, 1875 —877; J. B. Russell, 1878; A. R. Laing, 1879-1880; 0. F. Winton, I881-I882; J. Robbins, 1883; J. Wright, I884-1885; A. Ebling, I886-I887; R. L. Henson, 1888. TAYLOR TOWNSHIP. This township was created out of Ecorce, on April I, 1847. The first meeting was held on Monday, April 5, I847, at the house of Richard Sutliff. It was named Taylor, in honor of General Zachary Taylor. It is crossed by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway, and includes the western two thirds of Town 3, South of Range io East. At the first township election forty-four votes were polled. The township officers elected in various years have been as follows: I847. Supervisor, Jared Sexton; Clerk, Charles Steward; Treasurer, Wm. W. Fletcher; Justices of the Peace, Jared Sexton, Willard N. Steward; Highway Commissioners, Wm. Sutliff, one year; Hiram H. Stone, two years, Wm Shipman, three years; School Inspectors, James F. Silverwood, one year, Chandler Wells. two years; Constables Chandler Wells, O. R. Robbins; Overseers of the Poor, Samuel Brass, Josiah Johnson 1848. Supervisor, Jared Sexton; Clerk, Charles Steward; Treasurer Josiah Johnson; Justice of the Peace, O. R. Robbins; Highway Commissioner, V. N. Steward; School Inspector; James F. Silverwood; Poor Directors, James W. Clark, Samuel Brass; Constables, Charles Strong, Edward Aspenwall. 1849. Supervisor, Peter Coan; Clerk, Jared Sexton; Treasurer, David C. Kelley; Justice of the Peace, Peter Coan; Highway Commissioner, Wm. Sutliff; School Inspector, David C. Kelley; Poor Directors, J. W. Clark, Samuel Brass; Constables, Philetus Pullen, Hiram Aspenwall. 185o. Supervisor, Peter Coan; Clerk, Jared Sexton; Treasurer, David C. Kelley; Justice of the Peace, Willard N. Steward; Highway Commissioner, 0. R. Robbins; School Inspectors, Charles Steward, James Evans; Poor Directors, James W. Clark, Josiah Johnson; Constables, Elias Douglass, E. W. Coan Abel Aspenwall, Henry H. Tucker. I851. Supervisor, Charles Steward; Clerk, Jared Sexton; Treasurer, Philetus Pullen; Justice of the Peace, Martin Vrooman; Highway Commissioner, J. Moat; School Inspector, B. F. Brainard; Constables, Elias Douglass, James Petty. 1852. Supervisor, Charles Steward; Clerk. Jared Sexton; Treasurer, P. S. Pullen; Justice of the Peace, O. R. Robbins; Highway Commissioner,Wm. Sutliff; School Inspectors, Charles Steward, James Evans; Poor Directors, Josiah Johnson, Samuel Brass; Constables, P. S. Pullen, James Pattee. 1853. Supervisor, Charles Steward; Clerk, Jared Sexton; Treasurer, P. S. Pullen; Justice of the Peace, Peter Coan; Highway Commissioner, David C. Kelley; School Inspector, James Evans; Poor Directors, Josiah Johnson, Samuel Brass; Constables, P. S. Pullen, E. W. Coan.

TAYLOR TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I375 1854. Supervisor, Charles Steward; Clerk, Jared Sexton; Treasurer, Willard N. Steward; Justices of the Peace, Willard N Steward, David C. Kelley; Highway Commissioner, James Evans; School Inspector, Charles Steward; Poor Directors, Samuel Brass, Josiah Johnson; Constables, E. Coan, A. Hartwell I855. Supervisor, Charles Steward; Clerk, Wm. Slack; Treasurer, W. Steward; Justice of the Peace, J. F. Silverwood; Highlway Commissioner, Wm. Sutliff; School Inspector, W. Steward; Poor Directors, J. Townsend, Samuel Brass; Constables, N. Joslin, E. Coan. 1856 Supervisor, Charles Steward; Clerk, William S. Locke; Treasurer, John H. Wells; Justices of the Peace, E. Aspenwall, W. Steward; School Inspector, Chas. Steward; Highway Commissioner, E. Douglass; Poor Directors, James F. Silverwood; Constables, E. W. Coan, A. Hartwell. 1857. Supervisor, Charles Steward; Clerk, Wm. S. Locke; Treasurer, John H. Wells; Highway Commissioner, W. N. Steward; Justices of the Peace, James Evans, P. Coan;.School Inspector, James Evans; Poor Directors, P. Coan, E. Aspinwall; Constables, E. W. Coan, M H. Coan. 1858 Supervisor, Chas. Steward; Clerk, James F. Silverwood; Treasurer, G. C. Pitman; Justices of the Peace, W. N. Steward, Chandler Wells; School Inspector, Chas. Steward; Highway Commissioners, P. Coan, D. C. Kelley; Poor Directors, E. Aspenwall, J. G. Townsend; Constables, E. W. Coan; Jason Jackson, A. L. Reynolds. I859. Supervisor, Charles Steward; Clerk, Wm. S. Locke; Treasurer, G. C. Putnam; Justice of the Peace, Chandler Wells; Highway Commissioner, Wm. Sutliff; School Inspector, A. Sexton; Poor Directors, Samuel Brass, J. G. Townsend; Constables, E. W. Coan, J. H. Douglass, S H. Joslin, Truman Brass. i~6o. Supervisor, Charles Steward; Clerk, Wm. S. Locke; Treasurer, Wm, Sutliff; Justice of the Peace, Edward Aspinwall; Highway Commissioner, G. C. Putnam; School Inspector, Chas Steward; Poor Directors, J. G. Townsend, Samuel Brass; Constables, M. Brass, E. W. Coan, E. Sheldon, F. Eastwood. I86I. Supervisor, Charles Steward; Clerk, Edward Aspinwall; Treasurer, Wm. Sutliff; Justices of the Peace, James Evans, Peter Coan; School Inspector, James Evans; Highway Commissioner, J. B. Smith; Poor Directors, Chandler Wells, Abel Prouty; Constables, Wm. F. Prouty, Wm. N. Perry, I. M. Eastwood, J. W. Holmes. I862. Supervisor, Charles Steward; Clerk, Edward Aspinwall; Treasurer, John McPherson; Justice of the Peace, Peter Coan; Highway Commis sioner, Wm. Sutliff; School Inspector, Charles Steward; Poor Directors, Peter Coan, Wm. K. Silcox; Constables, E. Sheldon, Wm. N. Perry, H. H. Tucker, M. Brass. I863. Supervisor, Charles Steward; Clerk, J. A. Sexton; Treasurer, John McPherson; Justice of the, Peace, G. C. Putnam; Highway Commissioner, G. C. Putnam; School Inspector, James Evans; Poor Directors, Peter Coan; J. G. Townsend; Constables, E. Sheldon, Wm F. Prouty. 1864. Supervisor. Garret C. Putnam; Clerk, Jared A. Sexton; Treasurer, Wm Sutliff; Justice of the Peace, E. Aspinwall; Highway Commissioner, J. B. Smith; School Inspector, Henry McMullen; Poor Directors, J. G. Townsend, Samuel Brass; Constables, E. Holton, A. P. Rhodes, F. M. Eastwood, E. W. Coan. I865, Supervisor, James Evans; Clerk, J. A. Sexton; Treasurer, Wm. Sutliff; Justice of the Peace, James Evans; Highway Commissioner, Wm. Sutliff; School Inspector, James Evans; Poor Directors, E. Sheldon, J. G. Townsend; Constables, E. Sheldon, Victor Smith, F. M. Eastwood, E. Holton. I866. Supervisor, James Evans; Clerk, Jared A. Sexton; Treasurer, J. B. Smith; Justice of the Peace, Peter D. Coan; Highway Commissioner, G. C. Putnam; School Inspector, N. B. Steward, Poor Directors E. W. Coan, E. Sheldon; Constables, T. Brass, E. Sheldon, E. Holton, Wm. N. Perry. 1867. Supervisor, James Evans; Clerk, Burritt Sutliff; Treasurer, J. B. Smith; Justice of the Peace, Henry Wigand; School Inspector, E. Aspinwall; Highway Commissioner, A. Strong, Jr.; Poor Directors, Wm. W. Fletcher, F. Hagamaster; Constables, W. James Sutliff, George Coan, James Holton, L. Spring. I868. Supervisor, James Evans; Clerk, Burrett Sutliff; Treasurer, George W. Beadleston; Justice of the Peace, John A. Vrooman; Highway Commissioner, S. B. Toppens; School Inspector, John A. Vrooman; Poor Directors, W. W. Fletcher, E. Sheldon; Constables George Coan, E. Sheldon, S. Rudduck, P. Boltz. 1869. Supervisor James Evans; Clerk, Wm. S. Locke; Treasurer, S. B. Toppens; Justice of the Peace, James Evans; Highway Commissioner, Wm. Steinhouse; School Inspector, George P. Coan; Poor Directors, W. W. Fletcher, E. Sheldon; Constables, James Sutliff, E. Sheldon, George P. Coan, James Adams. 1870. Supervisor, James Evans; Clerk, John J. Vrooman: Treasurer, N. B. Steward; Justice of the Peace P. D. Coan; Highway Commissioner, Wm. Sutliff; School Inspector, N. B. Steward; Poor Directors, W. W. Fletcher, E. Sheldon; Constables, G. P Coan, James Adams E. Sheldon, R. Brighton.

1376 TAYLOR TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I87I. Supervisor, John A. Vrooman; Clerk, Russell W. Fletcher; Treasurer, Francis G. Hendricks; Justice of the Peace, Henry Wegand; Highway Commissioner, Robert Brighton; School Inspector, George Coan; Poor Directors, Wm. W. Fletcher, E. Sheldon; Constables E. Sheldon, D. Prank, George E Moore. James Adams. 1872. Supervisor, James Evans; Clerk, Russell W. Fletcher; Treasurer, John J. Vrooman; Justice of the Peace, John McPherson; Highway Commissioner, Henry McMillan; Drain Commissioner, George P. Coan; School Inspector, N. B. Steward; Poor Directors, W. W. Fletcher, E. Sheldon; Constables, James Adams, Charles Reidle John Rachs, E Sheldon. I873. Supervisor, John J. Vrooman; Clerk;John A. Vrooman; Treasurer, Carl Eggebrecht; Justice of the Peace, Wm. Galladay; Highway Commissioners Wm Sutliff, D. G. Prouty; Drain Commissioner, W. N. Steward; School Inspector, John J. Vrooman; Poor Directors, W. W. Fletcher, Henry Fritz; Constables, Peter Schlof, Joseph Boltz, Christian Stephenson. I874. Supervisor, John J. Vrooman; Clerk, Peter Boltz; Treasurer, Carl Eggebrecht; Justice of the Peace, Peter Coan; G. C. Putnam; Highway Commissioner, V. M. Smith; School Inspector, Frederick Rocho; Drain Commissioner, N. C. Lamb; Poor Directors, J. G. Townsend, Wm. Schroeder; Constables, John Brast, Jr., Isaac A. Kaus C. Stephenson, J. Boltz. 1875. Supervisor, John J, Vrooman; Clerk, Wm. S. Locke; Treasurer, Henry Fritz; Justice of the Peace, James Evans; Highway Commissioner, Wm. Sutliff; Supt. of Schools, G. C. Putnam; Drain Commissioner, V. M. Smith; School Inspector, John J. Vrooman; Constables, John Boltz, V. M. Smith, John Brast, Jr., P. Schloff. 1876. Supervisor, John J. Vrooman; Clerk, Richard H. Sutliff; Treasurer, Henry Fritz; Justice of the Peace, V. M. Smith; Highway Commissioner, Wm. Sutliff; Superintendent of Schools, G. C. Putnam; Drain Commissioner, Fred. Racho; School Inspector, John J. Vrooman; Constables, J. Boltz, J. Brast, Jr., P. Schloff, C. Crowley, Jr. 1877. Supervisor, John J. Vrooman; Clerk, John A. Vrooman; Treasurer, Henry Fritz; Justice of the Peace, G. C. Futnam: Highway Commissioner, Wm. Sutliff; Superintendent of Schools, G. C. Putnam; Drain Commissioner, Peter Schloff; School Inspector, John J. Vrooman; Constable, P. Boltz, John Brast, Jr., P. Schloff, L. Sutliff. 1818. Supervisor, Peter Boltz; Clerk, William S. Lock; Treasurer, Frederick Schumann; Justice of the Peace, Peter Schloff; Highway Commissioner, Henry Fritz; Superintendent of Schools, N. B. Steward; School Inspector, C. Crowley, Jr.; Drain Commissioner, H. W. Akaus; Constables, F. Nicholas, George Boltz, James Adams, L. Sheldon. I879. Supervisor, Peter Boltz; Clerk, William S. Locke; Treasurer, Fred. A. Schumann; Justices of the Peace, George P. Coan, Carl Eggebrecht; Superintendent of Schools, Henry McMullen; School Inspector, George Brighton; Highway Commissioner, F. Sutliff; Constables, Henry Fritz, L. Sheldon, George Brighton, Frank Threadgold. I880. Supervisor, George P. Coan; Clerk, Joseph J. Murphy; Treasurer, Wm. H. Hanks; Justice of the Peace, Peter Schloff; Superintendent of Schools, S. B. Lappens; Drain Commissioner, William McMullen; School Inspector, P. Fletcher; Highway Commissioner, Henry Fritz; Constables, Randolph Gradon, John Brast, P. Bondi, Warren Trowbridge. I88I. Supervisor, Peter Boltz; Clerk, Adolph Koester; Treasurer, Wm. L. Prouty; Justice of the Peace, G. C. Putnam; Highway Commissioner, Henry Fritz; Superintendent of Schools, G. C. Putnam; School Inspector, P. Fletcher; Drain Commissioner, Carl Eggebrecht; Constables, John Tive, Henry Wigand, Chas. Kreuger, Amanzer Sickmonds. 1882. Supervisor, Peter Boltz; Clerk, Adolph Koester; Treasurer, Joseph Miller; Justice of the Peace, Randolph Graden; Highway Commissioner, Peter Schloff; School Inspectors, John McMullen, J. P. Fletcher; Drain Commissioner, Henry Fritz; Constables. John Ruehle, H. Theise, John E. Sell, Fred Erke. I883. Supervisor, Frederick A. Schumann; Clerk, John Crowley; Treasurer, Joseph Miller; Justice of the Peace, Wm. J Sutliff; S. B. Lappens; Highway Commissioner, Peter Schloff; School Inspector, C. Crowley; Constables, H. Theise, W. Trowbridge, John Reuhle, J. Bragenzer. 1884. Supervisor, Randolph Graden; Clerk, John Crowley; Treasurer, Chas. H. Purdy; Justice of the Peace, Geo. P. Coan; Highway Commissioner, Joseph Miller; Drain Commissioner, Seymour Putnam; School Inspector, Wm. Doran; Constables, W. Trowbridge, Fred Kottkofski, George Smith, J. Bondi. I885. Supervisor, Randolph Graden; Clerk, John Crowley; Treasurer, C. H. Purdy; Justice of the Peace, Wm. Locke; Highway Commissioner, Warren Trowbridge; School Inspector, John McMullen; Constables, John Sidgust, T. Theise, G. Kercherage, L. Healins. I886. Supervisor, Frederick A. Schumann; Clerk, Wm S. Locke; Treasurer, Joseph Miller; Justice of the Peace, Peter Schloff; Highway Commissioner, Henry Fritz; Drain Commissioner, John McMullen; School Inspector, Wm. H. Hanks; Constables, John Keuhl, Jr., A. Smith, H. Theise, Henry Knapp.

VAN BUREN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I377 1887 Supervisor, Frederick A.- Schuman; Clerk, Wm. S Locke; Treasurer. Joseph Miller; Justices of the Peace, Frederick Walden, S. B. Lappens; Highway Commissioner, Henry Fritz; School Inspector, James McMullen; Constables, Henry Theise, Lewis Helms, A. Schultz, R. Puskie. 1888. Supervisor, Squire B. Lappens; Clerk, Lewis Helms; Treasurer, John E. Sell; Justice of the Peace, Martin A. Coan; Highway Commissioner, Henry Fritz; Drain Commissioner, R. H. Sutliff; School Inspector, Aaron Strong; Constables, Hermann Hildebrandt, Peter Theise, Jos. Fleihaus, Henry Long. I889. Supervisor, Squire B. Lappins; Clerk, Louis Helms; Treasurer, John E. Sell; Justice of the Peace, Wm. Locke; Highway Commissioner, Wm. Sutliff; School Inspector, J. McMullen; Constables H. Hildebrandt, H. Fritz. I890. Supervisor, S. B. Lappins; Clerk,' L. F. Helms; Treasurer, J. McMullen; Board of Review, W. L. Locke, J. McPherson; Justice of the Peace, F. Walden; Highway Commissioner, J. Crowley; School Inspector, Wm. Locke; Drain Commissioner, J, E. Sell; Constable, H. Hildebrandt, H. Fritz. Schools. In i888 there were six school districts. besides one fractional district, and eight teachers were employed. The reports showed 416 children in the districts, of whom 260 attended school during the year. The total seating capacity of the schools was 295, and the school property was valued at $2,200. The population in 1850 was 303; in I860, 567; in 1870, 867; in 1880, I, I6. The valuation in 1850 was $24,o83; in 1860, $66,253; in 1870, $114,410; in 1880, $334.999. HAND. A small station on the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad, is named after Judge Geo. E. Hand, of Detroit, who owned a quantity of land near by. TAYLOR CENTRE. This is a post office and small settlement. The town hall located here was completed in 1863, and cost $200. There are two Lutheran churches here. The Evangelical Lutheran St. Paul's Church was organized in 1883, and the next year they erected a church building, which was dedicated on May 4. 1884. It will seat 225, and cost $1,400. The society began with twenty-five members. and now has sixty-seven. The pastors have been as follows: Rev. G. Fetzer, 1883; Rev. Julius Schum, 1884; Rev. H. Ludwig, I885 to 1887; Rev. H. Schaarschmidt, June 1887 to WEST MOUND. There is a Methodist Episcopal Church tere which had its beginnings in a class organized in I833. The church society was organized August 2, 1879. A church lot and ground for a cemetery, located on Section 33 was donated by M. A. Coan. Their church building was dedicated February 5, 1882, will seat 200, and is worth $2,000. The society is connected with the New Boston charge, and the following have served as pastors: I840 -1841, John Gray and Wm. Taylor; 1845, Jonathan Blanchard and Wm. H. Haze; I848, Robert Bird; 1849-I850, J. S. Smart; 1851-1852, Isaac C. Abbott; 1853, B. F. Doughty; 1856-1857, J. J. Smith; 1859-1860, J. J. Gridley; I861-1862, T. Wakelin; 1863, V. C. Crane; I864, John Wilson; I865, Richard McConnel; 1867,- Noyes; I869, B. Ross; 1870-1871, J. G. Morgan; 1872-1873, Thos. Nichols; 1875, Samuel Bibbins; I876-1877, Jas. H. Morton; 1878-I879, Almon F. Hoyt; 1880 -I88i, - Caster; 1882, Wm. Pierce; 1883-1884. J. G. Goodson; 1885-1887, F. E. Pearce; 1888, James S. Rose. VAN BUREN TOWNSHIP. This township was formed out of Huron by a Law taking effect on April 6, 1835. The first township meeting was held on the first Monday of April, at the school house between the dwellings of Abraham Soop and Scot Vining. The township includes all of Town 3, South of Range 8 East, and is crossed by the Huron river, and by the Wabash, St Louis & Pacific, and the Michigan Central Railroads. The township officers elected in the various years have been as follows: The records should begin with 1835, but there are none for that year. I836. Supervisor, Ebenezer C. Eaton; Clerk, Job Smith; Treasurer. Alexander Buchanan; Assessors, Arba Ash, John M. Hiller, James C. Vaughn; School Commissioners, John Buchanan, Waterman Convis, Miner Savage; School Inspectors, David Fell, Harvey Douglass, Eli Bradshaw; Highway Commissioners, Benjamin Brearley, Isaac Otis, Daniel Douglass; Overseer of the Poor,

1378 VAN BUREN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. James McIntosh; Collector, Amos Bradshaw; Constables, Amos Bradshaw, David Fell, John M. Hiller, Adolphus Dalrymple; Justices of the Peace, Job Smith, one year, Eli Bradshaw, two years, W. W. Maxon, three years, Ebenezer C. Eaton, four years. No records can be found for I837. 1838. Supervisor, Ebenezer C. Eaton; Clerk, Eli Bradshaw; Assessors, Job Smith, Josiah Burt, Henry Post; Justice of the Peace, Eli Bradshaw; School Inspectors, David Fell, Eli Bradshaw, Job Smith; Treasurer, Simeon A. Dunn; Overseer of the Poor, James McIntosh; Collector, Charles S. Stanley; Constables, Chas. D. Stanley, John M. Hiller, Stephen Randolph, Ephraim A. Shaw. 1839 Supervisor, Job Smith; Clerk, Eli Bradshaw; Treasurer, Adolphus Dalrymple; Collector, Amos Bradshaw; Assessors, Josiah Burt, Thomas W. McKee. Henry C. Post; School Inspectors, Eli Bradshaw, Job Smith, Daniel Fell; Directors of the Poor, Joseph Warner, Jr, Hiram Millspaugh; Highway Commissioners, Benjamin Brearley, A. Soop, Henry Frain; Constables, Amos Bradshaw, William Warner, Cornelius Post, Charles W. Clark. I840. Supervisor, James C. Vaughn; Clerk, Eli Bradshaw; Treasurer, Adolphus Dalrymple; Justice of the Peace, Ebenezer C. Eaton; School Inspectors, Eli Bradshaw, David Fell, Charles S. Stanley; Highway Commissioners, Benjamin Brearley, Hiram Millspaugh. John Carpenter; Assessors, Josiah Burt, William Gibbs, Henry C. Post; Directors of the Poor, Henry Frain. Hiram Millspaugh; Collector, Amos Bradshaw; Constables, Charles W. Clark, Stephen Randolph, Amos Bradshaw Levi Tenny. I84I. Supervisor, James C. Vaughn; Clerk, Eli Bradshaw; Treasurer, A. Dalrymple; Justice of the Peace, Joshua Church; School Inspectors, E. Bradshaw, David Fell, E. C. Eaton; Highway Commissioners, Benjamin Brearley, Henry Frain, Hiram Millspaugh; Poor Directors, Daniel Millspaugh, Adolphus Dalrymple; Collector, Amos Bradshaw; Assessors, Josiah Burt, H. C. Post, George M. Shaw; Constables, Amos Bradshaw, Levi Tenny, Charles W. Clark, Gustavus Lunberg. 1842. Supervisor, James C. Vaughn; Clerk, Job Smith; Treasurer and Collector, Adolphus Dalrymple; Justice of the Peace, Eli Bradshaw; School Inspectors, Ephraim A. Shaw, David Fell, James C. Vaughn; Highway Commissioners, Henry C. Post, Joseph Warner, Samuel Westfall; Overseers of the Poor, Henry Frain, Hiram Millspaugh; Assessors, William Gibbs, Hiram Millspaugh; Constables, Charles Adams, Wm. Sterling, Wm. E. Warner, Levi Tenny. 1843. Supervisor, Eli Bradshaw; Clerk, James Moorman; Treasurer, Adolphus Dalrymple; Justice of the Peace, Henry C. Post; School Inspectors, Charles Hanley, one year, David Fell, two years; Highway Commissioners, Samuel Westfall. Joseph Warner, Stephen Randolph; Overseers of the Poor, Jebial Burt, Henry Frain; Assessors, H. C. Post, Thos. W. McKee; Constables, Wm. E. Warner; Wm. Sterling, Stephen Randolph. I844. Supervisor, William H. Cannon; Clerk, Eli Bradshaw; Treasurer, William E. Warner; Justice of the Peace, Eurotus Morton; School Inspector, Charles Stanley; Highway Commissioners, Samuel Westfall, Ephraim A. Shaw; Overseers of the Poor, Henry Frain, Jehial Burt; Assessors, Daniel Pierce, Thomas Wood, Joseph Warner; Constables, Wm. E. Warner, John Whitaker, Montgomery French, Isaac S. Barlow. I845. Supervisor, George Jewett; Clerk, Wm. H. Cannon; Treasurer, Wm. Crawford; Justice of the Peace, Joshua Church; Assessors, Henry C. Post, Clark Horner; Commissioners of Highways, Samuel R, Bumpus, Waterman Convis, Joel P. Barlow; Overseers of the Poor, Jehial Burt, Henry Frain; School Inspector, David Fell; Constables, Charles S. Stanley, Caleb J. Barlow, Abner Miller, James Taylor, Jr. 1846. Supervisor, George Jewett; Clerk, Eli Bradshaw; Treasurer, Isaac P. Bush; Justice of the Peace, William H. Cannon; Assessors, Jehial Burt, Henry C. Post; Highway Commissioners, Samuel R. Bumpus, Samuel Westfall, John Hoffman; Overseers of the Poor. Henry Frain, Adolphus Dalrymple; School Inspector, Charles S. Stanley; Constables, Ira Merrell, James Moorman, Caleb J. Barlow, Chas Fleming. 1847. Supervisor, Jehial Burt; Clerk, Eli Bradshaw;' Treasurer, Isaac P. Bush; Justices of the Peace, Wm. E. Warner, two years, Henry C. Post, four years; Assessors, Job Smith, Henry Robson; Highway Commissioners, Samuel Westfall, one year, Daniel Pierce, two years, Henry C. Post, three years; School Inspectors, Charles S. Stanley, one year, David Fell, two years; Directors of the Poor, Amariah Rawson, Adolphus Dalrymple; Constables, Thomas W. Hewett, Lyman B. Dalrymple, James Moorman, Caleb J. Barlow. 1848. Supervisor, James C. Vaughn; Clerk, Aretus Dunn; Treasurer, David Fell; Justice of the Piece, Isaac P. Bush; Assessors, Job Smith, Joseph Warner; Highway Commissioners, Lewis S. Anderson, one year, John Whitaker, two years; School Inspector, Charles S. Stanley; Overseers of the Poor, John C. Post, Henry Frain; Constables, Samuel C. Post, Job Smith, Thomas N. McIntosh, Lyman B. Dalrymple. I849. Supervisor. E. C. Eaton; Clerk, Stephen S. Hicks; Treasurer, Philip A. Monroe; Justices of

VAN BUREN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1379 the Peace, Eurotas Morton, Lewis S. Anderson; School Inspector, William E. Warner; Highway Commissioner, Wm. Crawford; Overseers of the Poor, John C. Post, Henry Frain; Constables, Thomas W. Hewett, James Moorman, John Eaton, Charles Fleming. I850. Supervisor, Robert P. Clark; Clerk, Levi J. Ford; Treasurer, Philip A. Monroe; Justice of the Peace, George H. Burroughs; Highway Commissioner, George Jewett; School Inspecto;, Levi S. Anderson; Assessors, Joseph Warner, Henry Robson; Overseers of the Poor, Job Smith, John C. Post; Constables, Thomas W. Hewett, Lyman B. Dalrymple, James Moorman, Lewis C. Warner. I851. Supervisor, Lewis S. Anderson; Clerk, Levi J. Ford; Treasurer, Isaac P. Bush; Justices of the Peace, Wm. E. Warner, Lewis S. Anderson; Highway Commissioner, Joseph Warner; Assessors, Job Smith, Henry Robson; School Inspector, Wm. E. Warner; Overseers of the Poor, Job Smith, Stephen Randolph; Constables, Thomas W. Hewett, Byron Ayers, Benj. Cotton. Joseph Spear. I852. Supervisor, Lewis S. Anderson; Clerk, Levi J. Ford; Treasurer, George Jewett; Justice of the Peace, E. A. Shaw; Highway Commissioner, Edward Strong; Overseers of the Poor, Job Smith, Stephen Randolph; School Inspector, Lewis S. Anderson; Constables, Adolphus Dalrymple, Peter Lewis, Thomas Hewett, Byron Ayres. I853. Supervisor, Lewis S Anderson; Clerk, L. J. Ford; Treasurer, Lyman B. Dalrymple; Justice of the Peace, Thomas Biggam; Highway Commissioner, Robert P. Clark; Overseers of the Poor, Job Smith, Stephen Randolph; School Inspector, Charles S. Hanley; Constables, Lyman B. Dalrymple, James W. Mason, Byron Ayres, Thomas W. Hewett 1854. Supervisor, Lewis S. Anderson; Clerk, L. J. Ford; Treasurer, Lyman B. Dalrymple; Justice of the Peace, Wm. H. Cannon; Highway Commissioner, Joseph Warner; Overseers of the Poor, Stephen Randolph, Horace Miller; School Inspector, Alvah Whitman; Constables, Lyman B. Dalrymple, Byron Ayers, Abner Miller, James W. Mason. I855. Supervisor, Wm. E. Warner; Clerk, John Boyce; Treasurer, Lyman B. Dalrymple; Justice of the Peace, Wm. E. Warner; Highway Commissioner, Wm. Crawford; Overseers of the Poor, Wilkinson Dean, Henry Frain; School Inspector, Lewis S. Anderson; Constables, Lyman B. Dalrymple, Byron Ayres, John Eaton, James G. McQuail. t856. Supervisor, Wm. E. Warner; Clerk, Wilkinson Dean; Treasurer, Lyman B. Dalrymple; Justice of the Peace, Morris Littlefield; Highway Commissioner, Robert P. Clark, Overseers of the Poor, S. Randolph, H. Frain; School Inspector, E. P. Barlow; Constables, L. B. Dalrymple, J. C. Demosh, H. Miller, A. Dickinson. 1857. Supervisor, Wm. E. Warner; Clerk, Henry E. Champion; Treasurer, Wm. Sands; Justice of the Peace, Thomas Biggam; Overseers of the Poor, John Whitaker, Stephen Randolph; School Inspectors, Lewis S. Anderson, Wm. E. Warner; Constables, Jeremiah Hewett, John Forsythe, William Sands, Lyman Dalrymple. I858. Supervisor. Wm. E. Warner; Clerk, Wm. Sterling; Treasurer, Wm. Sands; Justices of the Peace, Daniel Fell, Levi J. Ford; School Inspectors, Iris W. Badger, Wm. O. Vining; Overseers of the Poor, Stephen Randolph, John Whitaker; Highway Commissioner, Charles Adams; Constables, John W. Forsythe, Lyman B. Dalrymple, Thomas W. Hewett, Wm. Sands. I859. Supervisor, Wm. E. Warner; Clerk, Levi J. Ford; Treasurer, John Hope; Justices of the Peace, James H. Bailey, George W. Moore; Highway Commissioner, Samuel Robb; Overseers of the Poor, Stephen Randolph, John Whitaker; School Inspector, George H. Combs; Constables, Lyman B. Dalrymple, Wm. Sands, Thomas W. Hewett, Ezra Francisco. i860. Supervisor, Wm. E. Warner; Clerk, Levi J. Ford; Treasurer, Thomas Quirk; Justice of the Peace, Levi J. Ford; School Inspectors, William Whitaker, S. D. Moon; Overseers of the Poor, Stephen Randolph, Ephraim R. Thornton; Highway Commissioner, Byron Ayres; Constables, Wm. Sands, Benjamin Cotton, Jr., Alvin B. Warner, A. C. Dunlap. I86i. Supervisor, Wm. E. Warner; Clerk, Alexander Robb; Treasurer, John S. Bush; Justice of the Peace, Thomas Biggam; Highway Commissioner, Henry Robinson; Overseers of the Poor, Stephen Randolph, Samuel Westfall; School Inspector, Hiram R. Nowland; Constables. William Sands, A. C. Dunlap, Benjamin Cotton, Jr., Byron Ayres. 1862. Supervisor, Wm. E. Warner; Clerk, Alexander Robb; Treasurer, Daniel J. Smith; Justice of the Peace, George W. Moore; Highway Commissioner, Robert P. Clark; Overseers of the Poor, Stephen Randolph, Edward McIntosh; School Inspector, Wm. Whitaker; Constables, Wm. Sands, Byron Ayres, A. C. Dunlap, George Westfall. 1863. Supervisor, Wm. E. Warner; Clerk, Wm. Sterling; Treasurer, Oscar F. Westfall; Justice of the Peace, Caleb J. Barlow; Commissioner of Highways, Perrin Brown; Overseers of the Poor, Stephen Randolph, Edward McIntosh; School Inspector, Robert Vanderwerker; Constables, Wm. Sands, Byron Ayres, Edward McIntosh, B. Cotton.

1380 VAN BUREN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1864. Supervisor, Wm. E. Warner; Clerk, S. W Earing; Treasurer, Byron Ayres; Justice of the Peace, Daniel Smith; Overseers of the Poor, Stephen Randolph, Edward McIntosh; School' Inspector, Marion Moore; Constables, Benjamin Cotton, Edward McIntosh, Hiram Eaton. I865. Supervisor, James C. Vaughn; Clerk, Jesse Randolph; Treasurer. Edward McIntosh; Justice of the Peace, Thomas Biggam; Overseers of the Poor, Samuel Robb, Jonathan Powell; School Inspectors, William Whitaker, Lester R. Brown; Constables, Hiram Eaton, Oscar F. Westfall, Benjamin F. Cotton, Wm. Smith. I866. Supervisor, Lester R. Brown; Clerk, Jesse Randolph; Treasurer, Henry P. Smith; Justice of the Peace, George W. Moore; Highway Commissioner, Perrin Brown; Overseers of the Poor, Stephen Randolph, Timothy M. Cody; School Inspector, Daniel Rounds; Constables, Henry Landon, Jacob Stofflet, Hiram Eaton Henry Frain. 1867. Supervisor, Lester R. Brown; Clerk, Timothy M. Cody; Treasurer, Wm. Sands; Justice of the Peace, Caleb J. Barlow; Highway Commissioner, Hiram Millspaugh; Overseers of the Poor, Stephen Randolph, Joseph Warner; School Inspector,. Francis M Moore; Constables, Benjamin Cotton, Ezra Eaton, Edward H. Doyle, A. C. Dunlap. 1868. Supervisor, Caleb J. Barlow; Clerk, Edward H. Doyle; Treasurer, Wm. Sands; Highway Commissioner, Edward McIntosh; Justice of the Peace, John Hope. 1869. Supervisor. Caleb J. Barlow; Clerk, Edward H Doyle; Treasurer, Frederick Soop; Justice of the Peace, Thomas Biggam; School Inspector, Alexander Robb; Constables, John S. Bush, George Warren, George Gould, George Warner. 1870. Supervisor, Caleb J Barlow, Clerk, Wm. Sterling; Treasurer, Wm Fell; Justice of the Peace, Joseph Spear; Highway Commissioner, Hiram Millspaugh; School Inspector, James Stuart; Constables, John S. Bush, George Warren, George Gould, John Zibbell. I871. Supervisor, Caleb J. Barlow; Clerk, Wm. A. Haak; Treasurer, Wm. Fell; Justice of the Peace, Caleb J. Barlow; Highway Commissioner, Samuel Westfall; School Inspector, Alexander Robb; Constables, John S. Bush, John Zibbell, Obed Coy, Charles W. Smith. 1872. Supervisor. Caleb J. Barlow; Clerk, Wm. A. Haak; Treasurer, James Renton; Justices of the Peace, Jesse Randolph and Auren Roys, part of a year each; Commissioner of Highways, Charles W. Smock; Drain Commissioner, Alexander Robb; School Inspector, James Stewart; Constables, John S. Bush, John Zibbell, Wm. Cotton, Jacob Stoffiet. 1873. Supervisor, Wm E. Warner; Clerk; Wm A. Haak; Treasurer, James Renton; Justices of the Peace, Thomas Biggam, W. E. Warner; Highway Commissioner, David Soop: Drain Commissioner, Alexander Robb; School Inspector, George Smock; Constables, Frank Miller, Charles W. Smith, Myron N. Bumpus, Robert H. McKinstry. 1874. Supervisor, Wm. E. Warner; Clerk. Wm. A. Haak; Treasurer, John Hope; Justice of the Peace, George W. Moore; Highway Commissioner, Jacob H. Post; Drain Commissioner, Alexander Robb; School Inspector, James Stewart; Constables, John Zibbell, Andrew J. Smith, Wm. Cotton, Wilbur B. Sherman. 1875. Supervisor, William E. Warner; Clerk, Wm. A. Haak; Treasurer, John Hope; Justice of the Peace, Caleb J Barlow; Highway Commissioner, Jacob H. Post; Drain Commissioner, Alexander Robb; Superintendent of Schools. Franklin Robb; School Inspector, George Smock; Constables, Andrew J. Smith, John Zibbell, Robert H. McKinstry, Jacob Stofflet. 1876, Supervisor, William E. Warner: Clerk, Wm. A. Haak; Treasurer, Samuel G. Denton; Justice of the Peace, Wm. E. Warner; Supt. of Schools, Franklin Robb; Highway Commissioner, Alexander Robb; Drain Commissioner, Wm. S. Gordon; School Inspector, Albert Day; Constables, Andrew J. Smith, John Zibbell, Wm. Cotton, Palmer Edmunds, I877. Supervisor, Gilbert Brown; Clerk, Wm. A. Haak; Treasurer, Woodbury Clark; Justice of the Peace, Thomas Biggam; Supt. of Schools, Leon D. Brown; Highway Commissioner, Daniel J. Smith; School Inspector, George Smock; Constables, Andrew J. Smith, Byron Ayres, William Cotton, John S. Bush. 1878. Supervisor, William E. Warner; Clerk, William A. Haak; Treasurer, Leon Riggs; Justice of the Peace, George W. Moore; Highway Commissioner, Wm. K. Horner; Drain Commissioner, David Soop; Supt. of Schools, Seward R. Thornton and Franklin Robb, each part of a year; School Inspector, 'George Smock; Constables, Eurotas Throop, Byron Ayers, Wm. Cotton,John Jewett. 1879. Supervisor, William E. Warner and James E. Stevens, each part of a year; Clerk, Wm. A. Haak; Treasurer, Henry Davis; Justice of the Peace, Caleb J. Barlow, Wm. A. Haak; Highway Commissioner, James F. Barry; Supt. of Schools, Frank Miller; School Inspector, Charles C. Smock; Constables, Perry G. Osler, Ernest E. Ryan, Eurotas Throop, Wm. Cotton, John Zibbell. 1880. Supervisor, James A. Stevens; Clerk, Wm. A. Haak; Treasurer, Henry Davis; Justice of

VAN BUREN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. I381 the Peace, Wm. H. Kinney; Highway Commissioner, Frank Miller; Supt. of Schools, Benjamin F. Smith; School Inspector, Wm. H. Dunham; Drain Commissioner, Samuel Westfall; Constables, Ernest E. Ryan, Wm. Cotton, John Zibbell, Charles L. Freeman. I88I. Supervisor, Henry Davis; Clerk, Wm. A. 8 Haak; Treasurer, David Soop; Justice of the Peace, Thomas Biggam; Highway Commissioner, Michael Frain; Supt. of Schools, Benjamin F. Smith; School Inspector, Henry L. Fell; Constables, E. E. Ryan, Charles L. Freeman, John Zibbell, Frank Anderson. I882. Supervisor, Henry Davis; Clerk, Wm. A. Haak; Treasurer, David Soop; Justice of the Peace, George W. Moore; Highway Commissioner, Edward McIntosh; Drain Commissioner, Henry Brier; School Inspectors, Franklin Robb, two years, John Gillespie, one year; Constables, Wm. Cotton, Edwin Barlow, Frank C. Anderson, Aretus D. Ford. 1883. Supervisor, Henry Davis; Clerk, Wm. A. Haak; Justice of the Peace, Caleb J. Barlow; Highway Commissioner, Obed Coy; School Inspector, John Gillespie; Constable, John Zibbell; Treasurer, Franklin Robb; Justice of the Peace, Perry D. Pearl; Constables, Frederick Roths, Robert H. McKinstry, John S. Bush. 1884. Supervisor, Henry Davis; Clerk, Wm. A. Haak; Treasurer, Franklin Robb; Justice of the Peace, James Stewart; Highway Commissioner, Obed Coy; Drain Commissioner, Charles F. Barry; School Inspector, Benjamin F. Smith; Constables, Frederick Roths John Zibbell, Frank C. Anderson, Wm. Cotton. I885. Supervisor. Henry Davis; Clerk, Wm. A. Haak; Treasurer, John W. Clark; Justice of the Peace, John Gillespie; Highway Commissioner, Wm. H. Soop; School Inspector, John Gillespie, two years, Henry L. Fell, one year; Constables, Albert Kane Elmer Zibbell, Frank C. Anderson, Frederick Roths I886. Supervisor, Franklin Robbe; Clerk, Henry Fehlig, Jr., and A. J. Smith, each part of a year; Treasurer, John W. Clark; Justices of the Peace, George Smock, Charles W. Smith; Highway Commissioner, Wm. H. Soop; School Inspector, Henry L. Fell; Drain Commissioner, James R. Clark; Constables, John Zibbell, Frank C. Anderson, Albert Kane, Jesse Jaycott. 1887. Supervisor, Franklin Robbe; Clerk, Andrew J. Smith; Treasurer, Henry L. Fell; Justice of the Peace, Caleb J. Barlow; Highway Commissioner, William Lilley; School Inspector, John Gillespie; Constables, Wm. Cotton, Byron Ayers, A. D. Ford, Charles Hines. 1888. Supervisor, Perry Vorce; Clerk, George Loewer; Treasurer, Henry L. Fell; Justice of the Peace, James A. Stewart; Highway Commissioner, Chester E. Wright; Drain Commissioner, James R. Clark; School Inspectors, James C. Pullen, Albert Day, Jr.; Constables, Frederick Roths, Wm. Cotton. 1889. Supervisor, Perry Vorce; Clerk, George Loewer; Treasurer, Charles F. Voorheies; Justice of the Peace, Frank W. Smith; Highway Commissioner. Marcus C. Robb; School Inspector, Albert Day, Jr.; Constables, Fred Raths, H. A Sherman, H. Frain, H. M. Babcock. I890. Supervisor, Jasper Moore; Clerk, W. A. Haak; Treasurer, S. W. Earing; School Inspector, W. J. Gillespie; Highway Commissioner, Robert Robson; Drain Commissioner, J. R Clark; Board of Review, J. N. Post, John Eaton; Constables F. Raths, W. H. Burrell, H. Frain. At the annual township meeting in 1875, a committee, consisting of Robert P. Clark, Thomas Quirk, and William Crawford, was appointed as a building committee, to take charge of a fund of $1,50o, and superintend the building of a town house. At a special meeting held September 2, I875, by a vote of ninety-nine to seven, the. Grange organization was permitted to join with the committee and put up a second story for the use of their fraternity. The building was completed and opened late in the fall of I875. A notable exhibition of generosity on the part of the township was the vote of May 27, 1865, which relieved the Township Treasurer, Byron Ayres, from the payment of $3,000 township funds of which he had been robbed by a school teacher who at the time boarded with him; the taxpayers, by a vote of 204 to I84, voting to re-tax themselves to make good the amount stolen. The population of the township in 1850 was 1,470; in i860, 1,757; in I870, 1,970; and in I880, 1,918. The valuation in I840 was $I24387; in I850, $75,433; in I860, $297,140; in 1870, $287,265; and in I880, $1,053,847. Wood's Creek, in the south part of the township, was so called after Matthew Wood, who purchased part of Section 36 in I825. As early as 1822 a school house was built, and a school kept by John Price. In i888 there were twelve districts and parts of school districts in the township Six male and eight female teachers were employed, and there were 483 children, of whom 353 attended school. There were five brick and three frame school houses, seating 587 scholars, and the school property was valued at $I6,8oo. BELLVILLE. The plat of the village was recorded in 1848 by Geo. D. Hill, D. L. Quirk, and R. P. Clark.

I382 VAN BUREN TOWNSHIP-ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. The name Belleville, or Beautiful village, is very appropriate, for it is an unusually clean and pretty settlement. It is in the center of an excellent grain and fruit region, and considerable amounts of these products are shipped from this point. It is located on the southerly bank of the Huron River, the banks at this point being about thirty feet high, and the excellent water power is utilized by two flouring mills, three saw mills, and other smaller establishments. The Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific R. R, passes through the village, and it has good shipping facilities. The town hall, a two story brick, is located here, and there is also a well built public school. The Myrtle Lodge. No. 19, of F. and A. M., was organized March 8, I856, and in 1859 they erected a two story building, with a lodge room in the second story. An Odd Fellow Lodge known as Galaxy, No. 384, was organized on March 8, 1887. A paper called the Michigan Mirador, published by W. W. Secord, was issued here from I88I to 1883, and then moved to Detroit. The Belleville Enterprise was first issued March IO I886, with Roscoe C. Begole as editor and proprietor. On March 5, 1888, it was sold to Albert E. Smith, who has since had entire control. In politics it is independent and neutral. It is issued weekly, on Wednesdays, at $i a year, and has a circulation of about 500. The Methodist Episcopal Church of this place traces its origin to a class which was formed in 1840, when Belleville was in the Dearborn Circuit, with Elijah Crane as Presiding Elder. As near as can be ascertained, the following pastors have been in charge: I840, Rev. Adam Minnis; 1841, Rev. Elias Pattee and Rev. Robert Howe; 1482, Rev. John Gray and Rev. Wm. Taylor; 1843, Rev. Alanson Fleming, Rev. Caleb Bruce and Rev. R. Dubois; 1844, Rev. Gideon J. Shurtliff, Rev. Henry Penfield and Rev. Robert Bird; 1845, Rev. Jonathan Blanchard and Rev. W. H. Hayes; 1846, Rev. Daniel Bush and Rev. Wm. Benson; 1847, Rev. D. Bush and Rev. Francis Glass; 1848, Rev. Isaac Abbott and Rev. Benjamin Pritchard; I849, Rev. Wm. Mothersill and Rev. Robert Bird; 1850, Rev. J. F. Collins and Rev. Wm. Fox; I85I, Rev. Samuel Bessey and Rev. Wm. Fox; 1852, Rev. Samuel Bessey and Rev. Jacob Wortley; 1853, Rev. Ebenezer Steel and Rev. C. W. Leeman; 1854, Rev. E. Westlake; I855, Rev. John J. Smith; I856, Rev. J. Kellogg and Rev. - Dwelle; 1857, Rev. J. W. Kellogg and Rev. A. J. Bigelow; I858, Rev. John Levington and Rev. W. C. Way; 1859, Rev. John Levington; 1860, Rev. R. R. Richards; I86i1863, Rev. Rufus C. Crane; 1863, Rev. H. N. Brown; 1864, Rev. S. P. Warner; 1865-x867, Rev. Charles M. Anderson; 1867-1869, Rev. Jesse Kil patrick; 1869, Rev. Jesse Kilpatrick and Rev. W. W. Washburn; 1870-1872, Rev. J. G. Morgan; 1872, Rev. Wm. J. Campbell; 1873-1875, Rev Jas. S. Sutton; 1875, Rev. John W. Crippen; I876 -1878, Rev. W. J. Clack; I878, Rev. E. Barry; I879 -I88I, Rev. S. L. Ramsdell; 1881-I883, Rev. W. R. Jordon; November I6, 1882, to March 26, I883, Rev. R. J. Parrett; 1883, Rev. R. B. Rogers; 1884, Rev. H. A. Merrill; 1885, Rev. L. C. York; I886 -I889, Rev. R. L. Hewson. In 1850 Robert Clark and Daniel Quirk donated a lot, and the present church was erected The present valuation of the church property, including parsonage, is about $3,100. The First Baptist Society was organized in July, 1841. The church was dedicated in September, I853, will seat 200. and is worth $2,000. The pastors have been as follows: Rev. John Goff, 1841 to -; Rev. A. Whitman, April, 1851, to -; Rev. T. L. Bulis, I857-I859; Rev. A. H. Harris, February, J86o, to February, 1862; Rev. P. Gambell, April, 1862 to April, I868; Rev. D. Osborn, April, 1868, to March I869; Rev. J. P. Chenoworth, April, 1869, to January, 1870; Rev. D. J. Parker, August, 1871, to November, 1871; Rev. A. B. Kinne, May, I873. to August. 1873; Rev. A. Snider, December, 1876, to January, I878; Rev. A Gower, February, 1878, to -; Rev. R. D. Herrington, June, I88I, to March, 1883; Rev. A. M. Lyon, April, 1883, to May, 1885; Rev. H. C. Scofield, May, 1885, to November, 1885. DENTON'S, A small station on the Michigan Central Railroad, was laid out by Samuel Y. Denton in 1866. The Methodist Episcopal Church at this place originally formed part of what was known as the Huron Mission. A regular society was organized in I835. Their present church was dedicated December 7, 1869; the lot cost $Ioo, and the building $3,000. It seats 250. They have about IOO members. The following have served as pastors: Arthur B. Elliott, 1835; Wm. H. Brockway, 1836-1837; Robert Triggs, 1838; Charles Babcock, 1839; Adam Minnis, 1840; Elias Pattee and Robert Howe, 1841; J. Gray and Wm. Taylor, 1842; E. Fleming and Robert Dubois, 1843; Gideon J. Shurtleff and Henry Penfield, 1844; Jonathan Blanchard, I845; Daniel Bush, 1846-1847; Isaac C. Abbott and B, F. Pritchard, 1848; Wm. Mothersill and Robert Bird, 1849; I. F. Collins and Wm. Fox, 1850; Samuel Bessey and J. Wortley, 851; Isaac Abbott and B. F. Pritchard, 1852; Ebenezer Steele and C. W. Seyman, 1853; Curtis Mosher and Harrison Colby, 1854; J. H. Carter, I855; J. W. I(ellogg, 1856-1857; John Levington and William C. Way, 1858-1859; R. R. Richards, 1860; RufusC.

VAN BUREN TOWNSHIP —ORGANIZATION AND OFFICERS. 1383 Crane, I861-1862; H. N. Brown, I863; S. P. Warner, 1864; Charles M. Anderson, 1865-1866; Jesse Kilpatrick, 1867-1868; Jesse Kilpatrick and W. W. Washburn, 1869; Samuel Kitzmiller, 1870; J. S. Sutton, I87I-I872; H. N. Brown, 1873; N. Newton, 1874-1876; L. C. York, I876-I879; S. Clements, I879-1881; R. Wrench, 1881; F. W. Warren, 1882-1884; L. C. York, 1884; J. A. Lowry, I885 -i888; S. Bird, I889 -RAWSONVILLE, FORMERLY MICHIGAN CITY. This village, the post-office of which was formerly called Michigan City, was platted by Matthew Woods, Amariah Rawson, and Abraham Voorhees, in 1836. By Act of Legislature of March 22, 1839, the name was changed to Rawsonville. It is located on the Huron river, on the line between Wayne and Washtenaw Counties. It has a good water power and several mills. A Methodist Episcopal Church was organized in 1843. The first building was dedicated December I9, 1876. The lot cost $Ioo, and the building $I,6oo. It seats 200. The following persons have served as pastors: Wm. Taylor, J. S. Collins, H. Penfield, William Mothersill, F. Glass, I. C. Abbott, R. Bird, S. Bessy, Wm. Fox, J. Wortley, W. Donaldson, E. Klumph, A. Bigelow, C. M. Anderson, J. S. Sutton, S. L. Ramsdell, J. G. Morgan, J. Kilpatrick, S. P. Warner, W. W. Washburn, E. Barry, W. Clack, T. C. Higgins, - Jordon, B. B. Rogers, Jesse Robbins, John Wright, A. Ebling. SECORD'S, A small station on the Michigan Central Railroad, is named after Henry B. Secord, who bought land here in 1845.

I

PERSONAL SKETCHES. CANTON. CHARLES E. ANDREWS, of Canton, was born in Lyons, Wayne County, New York. April 7, 1832. He came to Michigan by team from Erie, Pa., in 1833 with his parents, Augustus and Dorothy Andrews. January 20, I858, Charles married Helen Cook, of Canton. Helen was born in New York, April I, 1838. By this marriage there were two children; Alice Grace, born December I2, 1859, and Tracy, born April 30, I863. Tracy died December 19, I877. Helen C., died February 28, 1882. November 28, 1883, Charles married Ella Dickerson, of Rawsonville, Van Buren township. Ella was born August 28, I845, in Leroy, Genesee county, New York. Charles was elected Township Clerk in I853, held the office seven years; then that of Treasurer for one year; elected Justice in I88i, and held the office two years In 1883 he was elected Town Clerk and held the office three years R. D. BALLOU of Canton, was born in New York State, October 4,1826. and came to Michigan with his parents, Royal and Mary (Hix) Ballou, in 1836. He has always resided at Canton, and engaged in farming. He has been School Director. THOMAS BLACKMORE, boot and shoe manufacturer of Sheldons. was born in Lamentshire, England, July 21, 1839. He served an apprenticeship in England for seven years. In 186i he married Elizabeth Jones, of Somersetshire, England. Elizabeth was born in Somersetshire, April 21, I840. Thomas came to America in 1869, locating in New York City, where he worked at his trade for one year. In 1870 he came to Sheldons and sent for his wife. He opened a shop and has since worked at his trade. They have seven children; Clara, Henry and Louisa were born in England, Charles, John, Mary, and Edna were born in America. Edna died when eleven months old. Mr. Blackmore is the only manufacturer of boots and shoes in the township. JOHN BRYANT, of Canton, was born in Niagara, New York, November II, I8II. In 1833 he came to Michigan, and located on eighty acres of land in Hillsdale County. He returned to New York in i835, and returned to Michigan in I838. April 17, 1845, he married Sarah A. Smith, of Hillsdale County, Michigan. Sarah was born in New Lebanon, New York, October 3, 1828. In 1864 they moved to Canton, Wayne County, where he had Ioo acres of land. In May, I887, their house was destroyed by fire. They have five children, Rachel A., born December 23. I846; Annie C., born June 25, 1849; Nathaniel H., born December 21, 1851; Daniel S.. born September 5, 1852, and Harris J., born July IO, I873. Nathaniel H.died August 2, i860. On December 25, 1882, Daniel S. married Adelaide S. Oliver. born in Lisbon, Portugal, October II, 1867. They have three children, John D., Jeannette A., Lavanche S. MILTON E. CARLETON, farmer, brick and tile manufacturer, of Canton, Mich. was born on the farm he now owns, October 13, I845. His father, Martin Carleton, died April 27, 1884, aged 8i. His mother, Sarah (Owen) Carleton, died January 15, I888, aged 80 years April 3, 1867, Milton married Eliza M. Rich of Canton. Eliza was born in Ypsilanti in 1842. She died August 6, I878, aged 36 years. They had five children by this marriage. Walter R., born September 6, Ic68; Frank M., born October 24, 1871; Claud D., born May 14, 1875, and died September 14, 1875; Floyd H., born February 20, I877, and died October 26, i881; Lida M., born July 30, 1878, and died October 30, i88i. October 20, I88I, he married Carrie Rash of Canton, Michigan. Carrie was born August 31, 1852. They have two children, Ralph, born May 17, I883, and Ray Owen, born August 28, 1886. In I878 Mr. Carleton erected his brick and tile works, putting in the latest and best of machinery. He annually manufactures 400,000 pieces of tile and 500,000 brick, giving employment to nine men. He carries on extensive farming employing three men. He is a member of F. & A. M., also A. O. U. W., of Sheldons. Eliphalet Carleton, brother of Milton, enlisted in Company D, Twenty-fourth Michigan Infantry, and was wounded at Battle of Gettysburg. He died July 13 following the battle, and was brought home and buried at Sheldon's Corners. JOSEPH CLARK, of Canton, was born in Norfolk, England, March 18, I833. He, with his parents, Charles and Margaret Clark,came to the United

I386 PERSONAL SKETCHES-CANTON. States in 1853, locating at Rawsonville, Wayne County, and worked by the day for the farmers. They afterwards went to Iowa, where Joseph remained until I859. when he returned to Ypsilanti. May I4, I863, he married Mary Ann Roach of Ypsilanti. Mary was born in Cornwall, England, September 6, I837. Her parents, William and Elizabeth Roach, came to Canton in 1858. Elizabeth died July 13. 1883, aged 64. William is still living inVan Buren County, Michigan. After his marriage. Joseph worked rented farms for eleven years. In 1875 he purchased the farm he now owns. They have three children, Charles R., born August 31, 1870; Willie J., born June 26, 1874; and Gracie, born November 12, I876. SYLVESTER P. CLARK, of Canton, was boru in Canton, November I8, I849. His parents Roswel P. and Sylvia (Tripp) Clark came to Michigan, in I833. Sylvia died in I870, aged 47 years. November 21, 1871, Sylvester Clark married Elizabeth Miller of Greenfield, Michigan. Elizabeth was born in Greenfield, July 29, 1854. Her parents were Horace and Mary (Larkins) Miller. Horace died in I855. Mary is still living in Springwells, Michigan. Sylvester came upon the farm he now owns in 1870. In 1884 he erected a large and commodious farm house. MRS. DORA A. CORWIN, of Canton, was born in Canton Wayne County, Michigan. September I7, I853. Her maiden name was Lyndon; her parents were Samuel and Jane R. Lyndon. For biography of Samuel see this History of Wayne County. March 11, I 74 Dora A Lyndon married Frank A. Corwin of Canton. Michigan. Frank A. was born in Canton, Wayne County. Michigan May 12, I85I. His parents, Edward and Harriet (Bartlett), were Eastern people, coming to Michigan. at an early day. In the Spring of 1884, Frank erected a large and commodious brick residence. After a sickness of only four days Frank died, October 2, I884. Mrs Corwin finished the house and is now living there. They have two children, Edward Samuel, born January 19, J878, and Jennie Ethel, born November 8, i88o. JOHN W. COTTON was born in Canton, Wayne County, Michigan, October I, I866. His parents, Myron and Laura (Huston) Cotton were born in Michigan, and are still living. Myron owns and operates the steam saw and feed mill at Denton, Wayne County, Michigan. John remained at home until after his marriage, on Iecember 6, I886. His wife was Effa M. Parkhurst, of Canton, Michigan. Effa was born in Appleton, Wisconsin, July 20, i868. Her parents were James and Lorena Parkhurst, and were born in Michigan. In the fall of I877 John and wife came to the farm on which he was born and now owns. They have no children. MiSS THURSTY M. CUMMINGS, of Canton, was born in Gaines, Orleans County New York, February 26, 1838. Her parents, Isaac and Sarah Cummings, came to Canton Michigan in I825, soon afterwards returning to New York. In I850 they returned to Canton township, Michigan, remaining here until their deaths. Isaac died February 20, I880, aged 88 years; Sarah died March 6, I887, aged 71 years. One child, Jane, now Mrs. Erdman, was born after they came to Michigan. She is a widow, and lives inlonia, Mich. CHARLES ESSLINTER, of Canton, was born in Germany, February 23, 1864. and came to the United States, April 2I 1884, going direct to Ann Arbor, Michigan. He learned his trade of blacksmith in Germany, and while living in Ann Arbor he worked at it. In March, 1887 he came to Manning's Mills in Canton and opened a general repair shop. On July 3 1887, he married Mary Reddeman of Ann Arbor. Mary was born in Pasewalk, Germany, June I, 1864. She, with her parents, William and Mary, came to America in 1883. Mary died December 20, i886, aged 40 years. William is still living. They have one child Charles William, born May 9, i888. PIKE GOODELL of Canton, was born in Superior, Washtenaw County, Michigan, January 1o, 1833. His parents. Jonathan and Aurilla (Stephens) Goodell, were from Watertown, New York. They came to Michigan in 1826. Pike remained at home until he was 21 years old. His father then deeded him 80 acres of land in Superior township. September IO, I856 he married Mary Huston, of Canton. Mary was born in Michigan, February I6, 1837. Her parents were W. B. and Hulda (Knapp) Huston. They were Eastern people, and came to Michigan in the twenties. They are both dead. In I862 Mr. Goodell came to Canton, where he purchased 95 acres of land. In 1885 he purchased 20 more, which gives him a farm of 15 acres, all under a high state of cultivation. They have no children. MRS. LUCRETIA GORHAM, widow of Benjamin Gorham, of Canton, was born in Rochester, New York, July 28, I829. Her maiden name was Watson. Her parents, Walter and Rebecca Watson, came to Michigan, September 4, 1830 Walter taking up eighty acres of land from the Government. Rebecca died in I879, aged 70; Walter died in I880 aged 71 years. To Benjamin and Lucretia Gorham two children were born: Walter B. and Willis A., born December 27, 1857. Willis A. died when two months old. Walter B. is living, and his biography appears in this history. WALTER B. GORHAM, of Canton, was born in Canton, Wayne County, Michigan, December 27, 1857. His parents, Benjamin and Lucretia

PERSONAL SKETCHES-CANTON. 1387 (Watson) Gorham, were Eastern people, coming to Michigan before it became a state. Benjamin died January 14, 1877, aged 52 years. January I8, 1887. Walter married Paulina Prebe, of Canton. Paulina was born in Germany, April 28. 1869. She came to the United States with her parents Godfrey and Elizabeth Prebe in December, 1880. They first located in Detroit, and in 1883 they purchased a farm in Canton, Wayne County, Michigan. They had one child, Benjamin born January 12, i888. JAMES B. GOULD, blacksmith, of Cherry Hill, Canton township, was born in Madison County, New York, January 25, 1836. His parents, Samuel and Sally Gould, came to Michigan in the fall of 1835, locating in Monroe County January 25, I86I, James married Mary Southwood, of Monroe County. Michigan. Mary was born August 3, 1839, and died January 17, 1876. April 14, I88o, James married Frances Thurston, of Ypsilanti, Michigan. Frances was born in Genesee County, New York, September 7, 1846, her maiden name being Rowe. The children by the last marriage are: Nina E., born December 6, I88o; Eda M., born January 21, 1882, died March 29, 1888; Jennie Belle. born June 26, 1883. James began his trade at Northville, Michigan, working at Ypsilanti, Milan, Stony Creek, and in I886 came to Cherry Hill, Wayne County. JAMES GUNN, Cherry Hill, Canton township, was born in Canada, March 4, 1848. His parents, John and Mary Gunn, came to Detroit, Michigan, in 1855, living in Detroit for five years, then coming to Canton, Wayne County, in I86o. John died June I3 I878, aged 56 years. Mary is living at Cherry Hill, Canton township. James married Katie Burns, of Plymouth, Michigan, January 7, 1875. Katie was born in Canada, October I, I86o. Mr. Gunn has followed farming during the greater part of his time in Michigan. He has been elected constable of Canton continuously since I872. Four children have been born: James E., born August 13, 1877; Maggie, born July 26, I880; John F., born June I6, 1882, Katie May, born January 23, 1887. H. 0. HANFORD, of Canton, was born in Perrinton, New York, October 5, 1824. In 1844 he came to Michigan, where he engaged in teaching during the winter and worked on farms in summer. In the Spring of i848 he returned to New York. May 15, I849, he married Margaret Clayton, of Canton, Michigan. Margaret was born in Montgomery, New York, August I8, 1827. They remained in New York until I850, when they returned to Michigan, bringing his parents, Jesse and Eunice Hanford, with them. His purchased a farm near Plymouth. His mother, Eunice, died February 28, 1864, aged 8 years. Jesse died February 25, i868, aged 91 years. Margaret (Clayton) Hanford, died November IO, I86I. They had three children, Helen E., born July 24, I850, died February 9, 1858; William, born July 6, 1853 died February 4, 1858; James H.. born July 25 1858. February I2, I866, H. 0. Hanford married Margaret R. Cramer, of New London. Iowa. Margaret was born in New York, October 17, i836. Her parents were James and Ann Eliza Cramer. James died August 21, 1878, aged 66 years; Ann E., is still living. Their children were Anna B., born February 27, I867, died November 7, I867; Isabella L., born December 23, 1868; Minnie A., born April 13, 1870, died March 8, 1882; May, born May IO, 1874. Mr. Hanford purchased his present farm of 290 acres in 1862, and engaged in general farming and stock raising He has held office of Township Clerk, of Plymouth, and Justice of the Peace. of Canton township two terms. He has been chairman of the executive committee of the Michigan State Agricultural Society since 1870. MRS. JAMES W. HANNAN, of Canton, was born in New York State, September, 28, 1820. She came with her parents to Michigan in 1831, locating at Detroit, and married on November 25, I839. Mr. Hannan was born in New York State November 15, 1812. They have eight children. Mr. Hannan died October 15, I882. JASON A. Hix, of Canton, Michigan, was born in Nankin, Wayne County, Michigan, February I2, I86I. His parents were Amos and Julia (O'Brien) Hix. Jason remained at home until after he was twenty-one. December 25, I88, he married Caroline L. Pullen of Van Buren, Wayne County, Michigan. Caroline was born in Van Buren, Wayne County, Michigan, May 27, 1861. Her parents, Jenks and Matilda (Carpenter) Pullen, are living, and residents of Van Buren. Mr. Hix is engaged in farming. They have one child, Mabel, born October 21, 1887. WILLIAM HOLMES, of Canton, was born in Clarkston, Monroe County, New York, June 5, 1825. He, with his parents, came to Michigan in 1835. December 31, 185, -he married Cornelia Hutchinson of Ypsilanti. Cornelia was born in Watertown, New York, August 12, 1832. Her parents, James and Elizabeth came to Michigan in 1836. William enlisted December 19, I86I, in Company H, First Michigan Volunteer Infantry as a private, joining the regiment in Maryland. He was in the Battle at Malvern Hill, and was slightly wounded. He was taken sick soon after and sent to the Hospital, thence to Convalescent Camp at Washington in December. He was discharged January 24, 1863, being unfit for service. He returned to Ypsilanti, Michigan. In April, 1865, he came to his present farm in Canton. They have

1388 PERSONAL SKETCHES-CANTON. three children, Florence E., born October 3, 1852; Florus E., born January 25, 1858; Aaron E., born October 31, i866. BENJAMIN W. HUSTON, of Canton, was born in Canton, Wayne County, Michigan, April 26, 1856. His parents Reuben and Sarah (Gill) Huston came to Michigan in 1836. Reuben Huston is one of the most successful farmers of Canton. September 19, J876, Benjamin married Emma Lewis of Superior, Michigan. Emma was born in Canton, Wayne County, Michigan, August I7, 1858. Her parents AndrewJ., and Helen (Howell) Lewis were born in Michigan. Andrew J., died January, 1862, aged twenty-seven. Benjamin Huston has three children, Frank R, born May I5, 1879; Milton B., born July 13, i881; Sarah E., born April 21, i886. Mr. Huston is Moderator of School District No. I, of Canton. JOHN HUSTUN, 2d, was born April II, i828. in Greece, Monroe County, New York. His father's name was Benjamin W. Huston; his mother's maiden name, Huldah Knapp. They came to Michigan in May, I835, and located in Canton, Wayne County. His mother died July 6, 1864, aged sixtyfour; his father died November 24, 1874, aged seventy-four years. John was married October 28, 1857, to Betsey Ann Mott. She was born in Canton, April IT, I836 Her father's name was Adam R. Mott, her mother's was Betsey Patrick. The children are Louisa, born July 30, 1858, and Jason D., born May 24, I860. Benjamin Huston was elected Justice of the Peace in 1841, and held the office until 1865, when John was elected and now holds the office. He has also held the office of Supervisor five years, Town Clerk, one year, Deputy Sheriff, two years, under Peter Fralick, besides other minor offices. ROBERT L. HUSTON was born November 7, 1833, in Canton, Michigan. His parents were John and Laura Huston. John Huston came to Michigan in 1827, moving his family here in I833. His wife Jane A., was born May 17, 1839 in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Her parents Peter and Jane Comer came to Michigan in 1838. Robert and Jane (Comer) Huston were married July 17, 1856. Their children are as follows: Owen L., born March 4, I858; Annette Gertrude, born July 3, I86I; Dwight M., born November 19, 1862; Ida Adell, born February 2, 1865; Charles C., born March 27, 1867; Leon V., born October 21, I869; Mary Jane, born June 15, 1873; Robert Newton, born December 5, I875; Clarence J., born May I9, 1878. Robert was school director for one term. SAMUEL H. JOSLIN, merchant and manufacturing blacksmith of Sheldon's Corners, Canton, Wayne County, Michigan, was born in Rochester, New York, January 3, 1835. Samuel with his parents, Nathaniel and Sophronia Joslin, came to Dearborn Township, Wayne County, Michigan, in 1838. Nathaniel was by trade a blacksmith He enlisted in the Ordnance Department of Arsenal at Dearborn in 1842, serving until 1847. Nathaniel and Sophronia Joslin were killed in an accident on the M. C R. R., in 1852. Samuel learned his trade of his father, working at it until 1859, when he began farming. June 26, 1859, he married Louvina A. Gardner, of Nankin, Michigan. Louvina was born in 1840. They had two children; Clara A., born June 9, I860, and May L, born June I6, I865, and died in December, 1865. Samuel married Lorena Parkhurst, of Ypsilanti, Michigan, on May 8, I879. Lorena was born in Ypsilanti, April I, 1843 They have two children. Ada, born July 24, 1864, and Effa May, born July 20, I868. In i856 Samuel went West prospecting. In 1872 he came to Sheldon's Corners and engaged in blacksmithing. In 1878 he engaged in mercantile business at Sheldon's Corners. In I884 he was appointed postmaster of Canton, holding the office until September, I885. He buys and sells $2,500 worth of butter per month, and handles r,ooo dozens of eggs per month. He is a member of the A. 0. U. W., of Sheldons WALTER KINGHORN, of Canton, was born in Alleghany County, New York, November 23, 1854. His parents, Alexander and Ann (Havens) Kinghorn, were Americans. Alexander enlisted in 1862 as private in Company G.. 130 New York Volunteers Infantry, and was killed at Cold Harbor in June, 1864. In I865 Walter and his mother came to Michigan. Walter married Leah Josephine Wheelock, of Canton, on November 4. 1880; Leah was born in Canton, Michigan, December I4, 1849. Her parents, Andrew Jackson and Mary Ann (Gregory) Wheelock were Eastern people, coming to Michigan while it was yet a Territory. JAMES LILLEY, of Canton, was born in England, July 2, I815. He came to America in 1834, working in Detroit, Michigan. In 1836 he returned to England. On July 23, 1838, he married Mary Ann Lee; of Yorkshire, England. Mary Ann was born in Yorkshire, England, June I7, 1817. After marriage James and his wife came direct to Canton, Wayne County, Michigan, where he purchased forty acres of land. In 1846 he purchased forty acres additional. Five children have been born, Ann, Elizabeth, William, Jane and James, all of whom are living. ALFORD D. LYNDON, of Canton, son of Samuel and Rebecca Lyndon was born in Canton, Michigan, June 21, i851. Since I866 he has had charge of the stock department of his father's farm. November 27, 1872, Alvord married Sarah M. Butler, of Plymouth, Michigan, Sarah was born

PERSONAL SKETCHES- CANTON. I389 in New York City, March I8, 1852. Her parents were Jeremiah and Sarah Butler. Samuel Lyndon died in i888 In the Spring of I888 Alford moved to the old homestead for the purpose of making a home for his mother. He has three children, Alford S., born March 16, 1875; Mabel Pearl born December 7, I876; and Roy J., born February 7, I879. JOHN S. LYON, of Canton, was born in Bethel, New York, June I, 1831. He with his parents, John W., and Rebecca Lyon, came to Michigan in 1838, locating in Canton. He married Elizabeth J. Smith, of Canton. Elizabeth was born in Canton, February 14, 1840. Her parents were Alva J., and Eunice Smith. John learned the carpenter's and joiner's trade, working at it for several years. They have had six children, Alva J.. George, William, Rosa B., Mary A., and Minnie M. All living except Alva J., who died September 14, I864, aged one year. REBECCA LYON, of Canton, was born in Western Fairfield, Conn., June 26, I814. Her maiden name was Fayerweather. October IO, 1830, Rebecca Fayerweather married John W. Lyon of Bethel, New York. John was born in Fairfield, Connecticut, September 10, 1807. They came to Ypsilanti, Michigan, June 17, 1838, with two children. In 186I John W., enlisted in Company F., 66 Illinois Volunteers as a private. He died April 26, I862, from disease contracted in the army, leaving eight children: John S., Samuel L., George, Joseph B, Eliza J., Betsy C. Almira M., Mary R. Those who have died are George, Almira M., and Joseph P. Joseph P., enlisted in Company D., Fourth Michigan Cavalry, July 3, 1862, and was taken prisoner and confined in Libby Prison for one year, was then taken to some other prison and no trace of him has ever been found. Mrs. Lyon has adopted the following grandchildren: Rosa B. Lyon, when she was four years old; Mary, a sister of Rosa, when she was three years old, and George, their brother, when he was six years old. MRS. ALFRED MOORE, of Canton, was born in Lima, New York, April 7, I82I. Her maiden name was Louisa N. Rose. She, with her parents, George and Nancy Rose came to Washtenaw County, Michigan, in 1833. Nancy died Iecember 8, 1848, aged forty-eight years. George died in 1855, aged sixty-five years. Louisa N. Rose married Alfred Moore, June 3, I840. Alfred was born in Orange County, New York, in 1802. In 1823 Alfred walked from Orange County, New York, to Canton, Michigan, locating 440 acres of land. He returned to New York after locating this land, and in 1825 returned with his wife. His first wife's name was Hannah Moore. She died in I848, leaving seven children; Horton, Isabella, Leona, Solon, Augusta, Eveline, and George, none of whom are now living Louisa (R6se) Moore had eleven children, Ruizah, Mary E., Addison J., Alfred M, Abbie J, Ellen V., Virgil L, Milton V, Edith A, Effie A., and Mina L. Ellen V., Milton V., and Edith A., are dead. Alfred Moore died February 8, I88o, aged seventy-eight years. Mrs. Moore still lives on the homestead, the two youngest children living with her. CLARK MOTT, of Canton, Michigan, was born September 21, 1844, His parents, Adam R. and Betsey Mott were Eastern people, coming to Michigan in 1832. In I839, Adam purchased 120 acres of land which constitutes part of the farm Clark now owns. Betsey died November 4, 1860, aged forty-six years. Adam R., died March ii, I886, aged seventy-eight years. Clark married Rachel Howson, of Canton, Michigan, November 4. i868. Rachel was born in Canada, January I, 1852. Her parents John and Margaret O'Riley came to Canton, Wayne County, Michigan, in I865. They have four children, Bertha S., born July 5, 871; Bertel G., born June I6, 1873; Edith C., born November 24, 1876; Floyd A., born August 13, i88i. MRS. MARY E. NASH, of Canton, was born in Seneca, Ontario County, New York, May 4 1827. Her parents were Isaac and Mary (Dodd) Corwin, who came to Michigan in 1834. Mary E. Corwin married Zenas Nash of Lodi, Michigan, April 20, I847. Zenas was born in New York State, July 22, 1821. His parents Aaron and Mary Corwin came to Michigan in 1836. Zenas and his wife lived in Jackson County, Michigan, until 1854 when they came to Canton, Michigan. Zenas died October 22, 1887, aged sixty-six years. They had five children, Erford, born May 24, 1848; Edgar, born June 19, I850, died June II, 1885; Ella, born July 21, 1852; Marian, born February II, I857, died August 22, I886; John, born October 13, i86i. John married Jessie M. Lever, of Canton, December 20, 1882. Jessie was born in Detroit, October 20, I860. John and Jessie have two children. MRS. JOHN PACKARD, of Canton, was born in Florida. New York, March 25, 1820. Her maiden name was Diantha Hannan. Her parents William and Fannie (Britton) Hannan came to Canton, Michigan, in the spring of I853, and purchased eighty acres of land from the United States Government. Diantha Hannan married John Packard of Waterford, Wayne County, Michigan, August 12, I840. John was born in Canada, September 4, I818. His parents Willard and Sarah came to Michigan in 1832. John Packard and wife came to their present farm soon after their marriage. John died May 20. I886. Nine children were born: Winslow H., born January 29, I841, died SeptemI4, I875; Florence A., born May I8, 1845; Preston,

I390 PERSONAL SKETCHES-CANTON. born November 6, 1846; Silas J., born December 21, I849, died January 2, 1876; Cynthia, born October 27, I851; MaryB., born May8, 1854; George, born September 15, I855, died September 24, 1862; Martha, born April 17, 1858, died October i, 1875; Elizabeth, born November 2, i861. Winslow enlisted in Company D, Fourth Michigan Cavalry, in 1862, and served as a soldier until i865. ALFRED RIGGS, of Canton, was born in State of New York, May 23, 1832. His parents were Eli and Mary (Soule) Riggs, who came to Michigan in 1852 with their family of nine children. Eli died in 1859, aged 57, Mary died in I866, aged sixty-six. Alfred married Abigail Z. Menzer, December 28, 1854 Abigail was born in Lodi, Michigan, November 8, I835. Her parents George and Angeline Menzer were Eastern people. George died in I853, Angeline is still living. Mr. Riggs came to Wayne County, Michigan, in I860. In 1863 he built a large brick house and new barns. They had five children, Mary A., born April 8, 1857; Frank L., born August 26, I859; Arthur E., born July 13, 1863; Dora A., born January 4, I865, died May 14, 1871; Jennie M., born January 2, 1872. Frank L., married Ella Jones, of Canton, Michigan, April 5, 1882. Ella was born in Plymouth, Michigan, January 15, I859. Frank is engaged with his father on the farm. Mr. A. Riggs has been Treasurer of Canton one year, and Director of School District No. 2, of Canton and Van Buren. MRS. ELIZA C. ROBINSON, of Canton, was born in Canada, March 6, 1838. Her maiden name was Eliza Cheney. Her parents John and Eliza (Thornton) Cheney, were from Ireland. John died in 1845 aged fifty, Eliza '., in 1850, aged thirty. Mrs. Robinson, nde Cheney, came to Michigan in 1831. Eliza Cheney married Hiram H. Robinson, of Canton, Michigan, August 8, I863. Hiram was born in Elmira, New York, September 30, I833, and came to Michigan in I837. Hiram being a sawyer by trade was obliged to move from place to place, but finally settled in Canton. Four children were born to them: May S., born May 8, 1864; William E., born January 22, 1866; Mary L., born October 19, 1867; Sarah B., born September 14, 1871. May and Mary L.. have been engaged as teachers in the public schools throughout the county for a number of years. Mary L., married Wesley Baker, of Canton, Michigan, February 9, 1887. Wesley died July 30, 1887, aged thirty-two. Mrs. Baker has one child Ethel W. C., born December 25, 1887. They are living with Mrs. Robinson. LORENZO SECORD, of Canton, was born in Clarence, Erie County, New York, July 19, 1817. His parents Joshua and Lydia (Harris) Secord came to Michigan with his family of four children,'January, 1821, locating in Detroit. Lydia died at Adrian, in 1876, aged eighty-one. The father died in Van Buren, Wayne County, April, 185I, aged sixtyseven. Lorenzo learned the trade of millwright of his father. On April 25, I841, he married Mary Smith, of Penfield, Monroe County, New York. Mary was born in Penfield, New York, May 2, 18I8. Her parents were John and Sally Smith. After his marriage Lorenzo purchased a farm in Unadilla, Michigan, living there until 1848, when he came to Canton, Wayne County, Michigan. They have seven children: Sarah J., born March 4, I8 2; John M., born May 23, 1844; Sylvester A., born November 19, I846; Frank A., born May 22, 1851; Charles P., born December 3, 1856; Mary E., born July 9, I859; Delbert M., born December 14, I860, died September 4, I861. Mr. Secord held office of Constable and Treasurer. He is a member of Myrtle Lodge, No. 89, F. & A. M., of Belleville. JOSEPH SEYMOUR, of Canton, was born in East Cottingworth, England, December 25, i8I8. In 1843, Joseph married Ann Wiles, of East Cottingworth, England. In I844 they came to Canada, remained there until 1853, when they came to Canton, Michigan, purchasing forty acres of land. Ann (Wiles) Seymour died October I8, I870, aged fifty-five years. They had six children: Alary Jane, Sarah Ellen, Ann, Josephine, Walter and George. On April 19, 1871, Joseph married Sarah Ann Kinghorn, of Ypsilanti, Michigan. Sarah Ann was born November 3, 1827. They have no children. CHARLES SHIPTON, of Canton, was born in Sternsville, Massachusetts, March 21, I860. His parents George and Mary (Hoyt) Shipton were English people, coming to America in I858. In 1868 George with his family came to Rawsonville, Wayne County, Michigan, being engaged in the woolen mills at that place. Charles worked in the mill with his father. In 1882 George and his family excepting Charles went to Dakota. July 4, 1880, Charles married Hattie McKinstry of Canton. Hattie was born in Canton, Michigan, September 4, 1861. Her parents Andrew and Maria McKinstry, are residents of Canton, Michigan. Mr. and Mrs. Shipton have one child, Mabel, born November 3, I88I. HENRY SITLINGTON, of Canton, was born in Stone House, England, June 26, I812. He was apprenticed to a millwright when ten years old and served until seventeen years old. In 1829 he came to Canada remaining there until I835. While in Canada he learned the carpenter's and joiner's trade. In 1836 he came to Ypsilanti, Michigan. In 1839 he married Frances Smith of Canton. Frances was born in England in I815. By this marriage there were eight children. Wm. Henry, Mary E. G. Oliver, Alfred A., Diana B.,

PERSONAL SKETCHES-CANTON. 139i Hannah C., Anna M. and Henry. Wm. H. and Henry are dead. Frances (Smith) Sitlington died in 1856. In 1858 Henry married Frances E. Lilley of Canton. Frances was born in England, June 5, 1838. She came to America in 1854. They have seven children: Sarah Jane, Edward A., George H., Frances M., Charlotte and Robert, Charlotte married James H. Phillips in June, 1887, and died April 13, i888, aged twenty-two years. She left a son, Harry F. S. Phillips, who is with her parents. CHARLES H. SMITH, of Canton, was born in Van Buren, Wayne County, February I, I859. His parents were Chas. W. and Jane (Barton) Smith and are residents of Van Buren. Chas. remained at home until twenty-one years of age, when he purchased IOO acres of land in Canton, it being known as a part of the Cotton farm. He married Ida R. Huston of Canton, Michigan, October 25, 1882. Ida was born in Canton, February 2, I865. Her parents Robert L. and Jane Ann (Comer) Huston are prosperous farmers of Canton. They have no children. JOHN E. SMITH, of Canton, was born in Canton on the farm he now owns, March 17, 1854. His parents are George T. and Elizabeth (jOuffey) Smith. John remained at home until his eighteenth year. He then went to Saginaw, Michigan, working in a saw-mill, and afterwards engaged in railroading on the F. & P. M. R. R. and M. C. R R. until the spring of 1884. April I6, 1884 he married Minnie Wilkinson, of Ypsilanti township, Michigan. Her parents Isaac and Emily Wilkinson are residents of Ypsilanti. Minnie was born in South Lyon, April 7, I857. They have two children: Byron J., born April 7, i886, Emmet, born June I6, I888. JOHN NV. SMITH, of Canton township was born in Van Buren, June 13, i866. His parents are Charles W. and Jane (Barton) Smith and are residents of Van Buren. John was at home until the spring of i888. On March 27, i888, he married Carrie C. Packard, of Ypsilanti, Michigan. Carrie was born iu Romulus, Michigan, January 21, 1871. Her parents were Winslow and Sarah (McKinstry) Packard. Winslow died September 16, 1876, aged 33 years; Sarah is still living. Soon after their marriage John and his wife came to live on the farm they now occupy. JOHN J. TAIT, of Nankin, Michigan, was born in Dearborn, Michigan, January 8, 1856. His parents, John and Elizabeth (Slyphield) Tait, were English people. John died April 12, i888, aged 71 years. John J. remained at home until he was sixteen years old and then began working for himself. In I880 he had saved enough to buy an interest in a portable saw-mill, George Proctor being his partner. They engaged in the lumber business two years in the town of Salem and then came to Canton and purchased what was known as the "Mann 8o," erecting a large mill, boarding house and necessary barns. July 3, 1885, fire destroyed their mill, nothing being saved but the engine. In 1886 fire destroyed their barns and carriage house, nothing saved. In spring of I887 fire destroyed their boarding house, but they saved one-fourth of the contents. The amount of lumber sawed annually was 500,000 feet, the oak timber going to the Car Works and the soft woods to the Michigan School Furniture Company and Frost Wooden Ware Works of Detroit. They give employment to twelve men. Mr. Tait attends to the financial part of the business, the buying and selling of the logs and lumber, Mr. Procter superintending the mill. C. B. TRUESDELL, of Canton, general farmer and importer of thoroughbred horses, was born in Canton, August 6, 1844. His parents, Erastus and Cholista Truesdell, came to Michigan in 1834, locating in Canton. Cholista died in 1882, aged sixtyseven years; Erastus died in 1885, aged eighty-three years. On May 29th, I866, C. B. Truesdell married Harriet Smock, of Van Buren. Harriet was born in New York, July 21, 1844. Her parents, Charles and Elizabeth Smock, came from New York to Michigan in 1845, locating in Van Buren township, where they are still living. They have five children: Carrie, born February 18, 1867; Bert, born October 28, 1875; Roy, born September 20, 1877; Samuel, born October 12, 1880; Frank, born July II, 1883. Mr. Truesdell purchased the farm he now owns prior to his marriage. In 1 880, he purchased an imported Clyde stallion, and has since added (by direct importation) two each of English Shire and Cleveland bays. He has twenty head of horses aside from these on his farm, and keeps from six to ten milch cows. DEFOREST TRUESDELL, of Canton, Michigan, was born in Van Buren, Wayne Co., Michigan, June 26, I860. His parents, Lewis and Eveline (Stewart) Truesdell, were Eastern people. Lewis was a soldier in the War of the Rebellion, and was killed at the battle of Winchester. Eveline died in 1873, aged thirty-eight years. On January I, I878, DeForest married Eleanor Berdan, of Canton. Eleanor was born in Canton, Michigan, May I8, I853. Her parents are Geoge and Cynthia Berdan, who are living in Canton. In 1873 DeForest came to Wayne County, Michigan, to live with his uncle, Ephraim Truesdell, living with him until his marriage. In I880, he purchased the farm he now owns. They have three children, Ella M., born October 12, 1878; Mary E., born February 12, 1883, and a boy, born May 25, i888. HENRY P. TRUESDELL, of Canton, wasborn in

1392 PERSONAL SKETCHES-CANTON. Canton, July 17, I836. His parents, Erastus and Cholista (Mary) Truesdel.l, came to Michigan in 1836. Cholista died in 1882, aged sixty-seven years; Erastus died in 1885, aged eighty-thrree years. January I, I86I, Henry married Martha H. McKinstry, of Canton. Martha was born October 31, 1838. Her parents, Archibald and Mary (Adams) McKinstry, came to the United States in 1834. Archibald died October 23, 1884, aged seventy-two years; Mary died May 12, 1885, aged seventy-five years. November 9, 1865, Henry purchased one hundred and eight acres of his present farm. They have three children: Elmer Erastus, born February I6, 1865; William A., born May i8, I869; George H., born December 17, 1872. Mr. Truesdell is a general farmer and stock raiser. WILLIAM S. TRUESDELL, of Canton, was born in Barry, near Albion, New York. December 5, I830. He, with his parents, Erastus and Cholista (Mary) Truesdell, came to Michigan in 1834. locating in Canton township. Cholista died in 1882, aged sixty-seven years; Erastus died in 1885, aged eightythree years. November 14, 1859, William married Sarah R. Nagge, of Canton. Sarah was born in Raisinville, Monroe County, Michigan, November 13, 1835. Her parents, James and Clarissa Nagge, were of Michigan birth. Clarissa died in 1848, aged thirty-nine years. James was a soldier of the Black Hawk and Patriot War, and is credited with the capture of the chief, Black Hawk. He is still living with his daughter Sarah, and is eighty years of age, and, with the exception of being blind, is in general good health. WILLIAM TYLEY, of Canton, was born in England in 1822. He came to Michigan in 1832. In 1840 he purchased the farm he now owns, clearing it himself. Subsequently he purchased forty acres more, and now has a fine farm of eighty acres under cultivation. RICHARD WEST, of Canton, was born in Ireland, July 24, 1826. October 22, 1848, Richard married Jane Jones, of Ireland. Jane was born October 2, 1822. In July, 1850, Richard, his wife and only child, Deborah, sailed for America. September 29, I850, they landed in Montreal, Canada. They came West to Superior, Washtenaw County, and purchased ninety acres of land, living here for thirteen years. In I863, they came to Canton, Wayne County, Michigan, purchasing one hundred and sixty-five acres. Their children are Deborah, Joseph, Elizabeth, Mary Ellen, Jennie, William, Jerome, and Nettie. Jerome died May 27, i88i, aged eighteen years. Joseph and William are conductors on Detroit street car lines. P. S. WESTFALL, of Canton, was born in Phelps, Ontario County, New York, April I, 1822. His parents, Peter and Abigail (Brink) Westfall, with a family of four children came to Plymouth, Wayne County, Michigan, in September, 1835. Peter died in Plymouth Michigan, February 20, 1848, aged sixty-three years. Abigail died September 3, 1870, aged seventy-eight years. April 2, 1846, Mr. Westfall married Lydia Knapp, of Salem, Michigan Lydia was born in New York State, June 7, 1828. Her parents, Harry and Siless (Simons) Knapp came to Michigan in I834. After his marriage Mr. Westfall lived in Plymouth, Michigan, until 1851. He then moved to Lyon, Oakland County, Michigan, living here until the Spring of 1866, when he moved to Canton, Wayne County, Michigan. They have two children, Charles, born November 5, 1852, and Ada, born January I8, I860. Charles is a druggist at Ithaca, Michigan Ida married Dr. E. F. Holmes of Canton. JOHN P. WIEST, of Canton, Michigan, was born in Ontario County, New York, May I6, I835. His parents were William and Amelia (Culver) Wiest. William was born August 5, 1803; Amelia was born November 2J, I8Io. They came to Michigan in June, 1836. William located the farm John now has, in 1840 William died September 19, I885, aged eghty-two years. Amelia is living with her son, John. February I8, 1872, John married Mary Shackelton, of Canada. Mary was born in Canada, September I9, 1848. They have three children: Hattie J., born January I6, I873; John J., born November 19, 1875, and Francis J., born May 23, I888. He is assessor of School District No. 2 of Canton. JAMES WILES, of Canton, was born in Yorkshire, England, August 5, 1824. His parents were William and Ellen Wiles. William died in I858, aged eighty; Ellen died in I866, aged ninety. James came to Americain 1884, coming to Canton, Michigan, and working at his trade, that of a mason. On August 5, I850 he married Ann Jane McKinstry of Van Buren, Michigan. Ann was born in Ireland, June 16, 1832. Her parents Archibald and Mary (Adams) McKinstry came to Michigan in 1834, settling in Van Buren, taking land from the government. Archibald died in 1884, aged seventy-two; Mary died in I885, aged seventy-five. In I850 Mr. Wiles purchased forty acres in Canton, and has since added to his farm until he now has I50 acres. The cliildren are: Francis W., born June 17, 1851; Mary Ellen, born August 11, 1853. died June 5, 1863; Sarah Jane, born January 8, 1856; Betsey Ann, born June 5, 1859; James A, born March 22, 1862; George A., born October 24, I865; Edward I., born June 20, r868, died August 17, I875. ZENAS H. WINSOR, postmaster of Canton, was born in Chautauqua County, New York, July 8, 1830. In I856 he came to Van Buren, Michigan,

PERSONAL SKETCHES-DEARBORN. I393 where he worked at his trade, that of wagon and carriage making for about three years. He then engaged in surveying, with George Lamson of Detroit, in Saginaw and Bay counties. After this he returned to Canton at that time called Sheldon's corners built a shop and worked at his trade. In I86i he went to California prospecting and returned in the fallof 1862. In the spring of I863 hewent to Nevada and kept a station on a mail route for the exchange of horses. This station was at Spring Valley. In the fall of i865 he returned to Sheldons, Michigan. On January I, i868, he married Sarah Simpson of Canton, Michigan. Sarah was born in Canton, February 26, 1840. In I877 Mr. Winsor engaged in general merchandise which he still continues. On October i, I885, he was appointed postmaster of Canton. They have two children: Frank, born December 21, 1868, and Clark, born February 15, 1871. DEARBORN. JOHN BLACK, of Dearborn, was born in Scotland, May 9, I844 His parents were natives of Scotland. His father died there in I886, his mother still lives in that country. John came to America in I87I, locating upon his present farm. He married January 30, 1883, Alexina McCallum of Liverpool. Her parents were born in Scotland. They have three children. JOHN COSBEY was born in Ireland in I820. He came to America in 1843, and settled at Herkimer, New York, clerking in a general store. He came to Dearborn in i850, and married Mary Campbell of Dearborn, in I852. They have six children. He has been Supervisor, two terms, Treasurer, two terms, Justice of the Peace, eight years and is still in office. He is a member of the Masonic fraternity. He enlisted in the United States Army in 1850, was detailed as clerk in the Detroit Arsenal, and held that position fifteen years. He held the same positiop as civilian ten years, then when the arsenal was discontinued in 1875, he was appointed custodian of it, holding that position three years, making a continuous term of twenty-eight years. HENRY DITTMER was born in Germany, February 20, 1827. He came to America in I88I, and settled upon a farm in Dearborn. He married Miss Annie Lukins of his native town. They have six children, Annie, Minnie, John, Emma, Lena and Frederick. ANDREW J. DORT was born at Dearborn, January 9, 1837. He married Lydia S. Wisner, of Dearborn, January i, I857. Seven children were born to them. Mrs. Dort died July I7, i885 Mr. Dort has been School Assessor about twenty years. He is largely engaged in market gardening JOHN GARDNER, farmer of Dearborn, was born on the farm where he resides, November 14, 1844. His parents were born in England, and came to America in 1828, locating at Dearborn, At the death of his father James purchased the homestead of 80 acres of land. He married No vember 29, 1883, Jennie Flaherty of Barrie, Ontario, who died April 6, 1885. He is engaged in raising English draft horses and fine live stock. He is a school director. WILLIAM M. HOLTON, merchant of Dearborn was born September 21, 1847, in Ireland. His father died when William was two years of age. His mother, with her family, came to America in I849. In I855 they came to Michigan. She died in I872. William, when twenty-one years of age, entered the Normal School at Ypsilanti, and afterwards the Detroit Business College, from which he graduated in I869. He was clerk in a store until I875. when he began business for himself. On January 2, I87I he married Anna M. McPherson, of Dearborn, who was born March 20, I848. Four children were born to them: Gertrude, William, Charles and Don M. Dickinson. Mr. Holton has been Justice of the Peace since July I875, and post master four years and is now deputy. EDGAR HOWARD, retired farmer of Dearborn, was born in Bristol County, Massachusetts, April 8, I822. His parents came to Michigan in 1836 locating at Dearborn, and afterwards bought the farm now occupied by Edgar. When he was twenty-one years of age, Edgar was employed on the railroad, which position he retained sixteen years, when he returned to the farm, and a few years afterwards was appointed Superintendent of the County House. Has been town treasurer three years, Justice of the Peace four years, and Highway Commissioner. He married Nancy A. Van Alstine, of Nankin, in I843. She was born in Genesee County, New York, September, 1822. They had seven children. SHEPHARD L. HOWARD, farmer of Dearborn, was born in Massachusetts. He came with his parents to Dearborn in I836. For ten years he was employed by railroad companies as fireman and engineer. He enlisted August, 1862, in the Twentyfourth Michigan Infantry, Company D, as private.

1394 PERSONAL SKETCHESHe was in the battles of ISt and 2d Fredericksburg, Fitzhugh's Crossing, Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsylvania and Cold Harbor, where he was wounded. He re-enlisted in 1864 as First Lieutenant in the Twenty-fourth Michigan, Company K, and was mustered out June 30, I865 He married in April 1865, Irene Allen of Dearborn, whose parents came from England, July i, I836. Four children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Howard. He has been town treasurer, also held other offices. GEORGE MCCORMICK was born at Dearborn, February I9, 1836. His parents came to Michigan in I829. He married January 9, 1878, Anna Robb of Van Buren, who died April 25, i886. BERNARD H. MAGOONAUGH was born March II, 1842, at Dearborn, Michigan. He enlisted in the Fifteenth United States Infantryin I86I, and served three years. when he was wounded at the battle of Shiloh or Pittsburgh Landing. He served under Generals Buell, Grant, Sherman, and Thomas. He re-enlisted March 17, I865, and was stationed at the Detroit Arsenal. While firing a salute on the day of President Lincoln's funeral, by the premature discharge of one of the guns, he lost both hands. He was appointed Custodian of the Detroit Arsenal, -DEARBORN-DE TROIT. June 17, 1885, by President Cleveland, and still holds the position. CYRUS RANDALL, of Dearborn, was born June 24, 1821, in New York State. His parents were of New York birth and came to Michigan in I832. He married Caroline Downing of Nankin. He owned at one time' forty acres of land at Romulus, where he lived a short time. He returned to Nankin and purchased sixty acres of land. Nine children were born to them. SAMUEL REED was born in Ireland in I829. He married Mary Smith in 1844, who was also born in Ireland. They have five children. They came to America in 1845, and located at Dearborn in i851. He enlisted in 1863 in the Twenty-fourth Michigan, and was with the regiment in all its engagements. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity. He is a general contractor for digging wells, fencings, etc. ARCHIBALD ROBINSON, was born at Aberdeen, Scotland, December Io, I8Io. He came to Ameica in 1832, locating at Dearborn in I833. He married Sarah Woodworth, at Dearborn, in I850. They have an adopted son. Mr. Robinson has been Pathmaster and Assessor for several years. DETROIT. SAMUEL ABERNETHY was born at Detroit in 1838. His father was born at Colchester, England, and his mother in Ireland; they were married in Canada and came to Detroit in I837. His father engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes, and died in 1853, leaving a widow and eight children. Samuel learned the tin and sheet iron trade, and worked as journeyman for several years. In I869 he engaged in the hardware business, and in 1877 purchased his present store on Grand River Avenue. He married Margaret Hopkin, of Detroit, in I864. She was born in Scotland, and died in 1887, leaving one daughter, Jennie Belle. WALTER M. ADAMS, was born in Vermont in 1852, when a child went with his parents to Worcester, Massachusetts, and there he learned the tinsmith's trade, and plumbing business. He married Adella E. Whipple, of Douglass, Massachusetts, in 1872. They settled in Detroit in 1876, where he found employment as journeyman at his trade. In I886 he became one of the firm of C. J. L. MacLeod & Company on Woodward Avenue, dealers in hardware and house furnishing goods. Mr. and Mrs. Adams have five children, Edna M., Ethel L., Lewis L., Walter C. and William Waugh. Mr. Adams's parents are natives of Vermont, his mother died in 1857. There were but two children, Walter M. and Mary F., now Mrs. William Waugh. ALBERT W. ALLEN, son of Amos and Margaret (Hicks) Allen, was born in Schoolcraft, Kalamazoo County, Michigan, December 29, 1848. Mr. Allen learned the molder's trade in Detroit, which he followed for five years. In 1873 he engaged as clerk in a drug store with Comfort Bros., in Detroit. In 1875 Mr. Allen opened his drug store on Grand River Avenue as one half owner of the firm of Comfort Bros., becoming after a time sole owner. He is now the pioneer druggist of Grand River Avenue. He is putting on the market some very valuable cough syrup, and is part owner of the barque "Francis Palms." He married Carrie Whitaker, of Detroit, in 1879. They have one son, A'illard B. Amos, the father of Albert, enlisted in the Thirteenth Michigan Regiment with his two sons, Joseph N. and James M. James died in service at the hospital. Frances, now Mrs. Reilley, Joseph N., Rebecca, now Mrs. West, and Albert W., are still living. FERDINAND AMOS, son of Jacob and Barbara Amos, was born in Wurtemberg, Germany, in I 840, and came to America with his parents in 1848. Jacob died in I849, leaving a widow and four *

PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. I395 children, Ferdinand, Barbara, Caroline and Jacob Jr. The widow died in I88I. Jacob, Jr., served in the war in the I6th Regiment. Barbara is now Mrs. Rosman and Caroline is now Mrs. Ramsay. Ferdinand became proprietor of the Amos House in 1875. His hotel accommodates fifty guests. He married Martha Bristol, of Flint, in I868. She died Sept. 30, i880, leaving three sons, Frederick, Charles and Walter. He married Rose Couls, in October, 1882. They have two daughters, Grace and Edith. UNDERWOOD ARMSTRONG, a master builder and contractor, was born at Stockton-on-Teese, England, in 1834. He was the son of Wm. Armstrong. He learned the carpenter's and joiner's trade. He married Sarah Breckon, of Yorkshire, England, and emigrated to America, settling in Detroit in i855, working at his trade until I86o, when he engaged in contract building, and has been very successful, employing from 75 to 125 men. Mr. Armstrong has built many of the prominent buildings in Detroit. He has two children, Arthur R., born in I858, and Lillian F. Mr. Armstrong is a great lover of the English game of cricket, and has the honor of being one of the picked eleven of America. WM. H. ANDERSON, of the firm of W. H. Anderson & Son, manufacturers of stonecutter's tools and supplies, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, in I837. He received a liberal education and learned the tool and smithing trade. In i856 he emigrated to America, spending some time in New York State. He settled in Detroit in I86I, working as a journeyman at his trade. In I865 he became mastersmith at Fort Wayne, in the employ of the government, remaining three years. In I868 he went to Pittsburgh, Pa. In 1870 he returned to Detroit and founded his present manufacturing business, purchasing a lot and erecting his factory and smith shop, of 40xIo6 feet, and three stories high, at Nos. 4 and 16 Macomb Street, In I886 his son. James D. Anderson, was admitted as partner. Wm. Anderson married Janet McVittie in I863. She was born in Scotland, and died in 1865, leaving one son, James D., who was born in 1864. Wm. Anderson married Elizabeth McVittie in 1871. They have three children, William R., Gilbert J.. and Mary M. CHARLES APPELT, son of Wenzel and Caroline Appelt, was born in Hartzdorf, Austria, in 1847. His parents came to Detroit in 1850 with five children. Mr. Appelt died in I855, leaving six children, Amelia, Charles, Wenzel, Jr., Edward, and Emil (born in America). Charles built a steam flour mill in 1877, on the lot owned by his father and in 1879 erected the present mill, 4ox60 and three stories high, with 60 horse-power and capacity of ioo barrels per day, which is one of the most complete in the state. Mr. Charles Appelt married Emma Hoffman of Austria, in Detroit, in I879. They have two children, Ella and Charlotte Bertha. Before he entered the flour business he was engaged in I869 in the picture frame trade, and in I871 in real estate. In I880 he was elected Alderman in the 9th Ward, and in I882 in the Ioth Ward. CHARLES G. BAIER was born in Detroit in I850. His parents came to Detroit in I841. His father was a merchant tailor, who died in 1872, leaving a widow and five children, three of whom are living, Charles G., William, and Edwin; two of them served in the War in I86I. Charles clerked in a drug store from I863 to 1872, when he engaged in business for himself. He married Amelia Ek, of Cincinnati, Aug. 13, 1884. They have one child. WILLIAM M. BAILEY was born at Eaton Rapids, Mich, in 1845. His father was born in New York in 181I, and his mother in Vermont; they were married at Troy, Mich., in I833. William entered the Cleveland Homeopathic Medical College and graduated in I868. He settled in Mason, Ingham Co., Mich., in I870, He spent three or four years in California, practiced at Lansing, Mich., and then settled at Detroit in I877 where he has a fine practice. In 1878 he was president of the State Medical Society, and is now secretary and president of the Detroit Medical Society. He married Miss Lucy Stead of Cleveland, O., in 1869, they have two sons Benjamin and Edwin. GEORGE BAKER was born in Hampshire, Eng., on Dec. 28, I814. After reaching manhood he enlisted and served seven years in the British Army, his company was transferred to Montreal, Canada, where he served four years in the Artillery. He was discharged Dec. 31, I846, and in I850 came to Detroit in the employ of the Michigan Central R.R. In 1857 he was engaged in the grocery business on Michigan Ave. He married Mary MacDonald, of Detroit, Nov. I6, I849. She died on Aug. 22, 1883, leaving two children. In connection with his other business Mr. Baker was engaged in gardening. He has now retired from active business life. FREDERICK J. BARBIER was born in France in November, I83I. He is the son of Frederick and Elizabeth (Zeigler) Barbier, who came to America and settled at Detroit in 1848. The mother died in 1852. His father married a second wife, by whom he had three children. Frederick J. learned the machanist trade, and in I865 engaged in saw filing and repairing. In 1871 he was appointed Justice of the Peace, was elected on the Republican ticket in 1879, county collector. In I88o was appointed deputy sheriff which position he resigned in 1881, when he engaged in the hardware business on

I396 PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. Croghan St. He married Margaret Guilloz of Detroit, in I859; she was born in France. CHRISTIAN BAUMANN, manufacturer of artificial limbs, trusses and surgical instruments, was born at Frankfort on the Main, Germany, in 1841. His parents came to America in 1843 and settled at Philadelphia, Pa. Mr. Baumann learned his trade at Philadelphia, was foreman nine years of the factory, and in i868 engaged in business for himself. In 1874 came to Detroit, and formed a partnership with Joseph Foster, an artificial limb manufacturer. After Mr. Foster's death in 1882, Mr. Baumann succeeded to the business. When but 16 years of age he married Anna Mackin. They have four children. RICHARD BEAUBIEN, son of John and Cecilia (Beauyear) Beaubien, was born in Detroit in 1821. John B. was born in 1784 and died in 1824. He left a widow and six children, one son and five daughters. Richard resided with his mother and stepfather at Ecorce for several years, engaged in various occupations. He afterwards opened a grocery store on the River Road and continued it for many years. In 1876 Mr. Beaubien engaged in the ice business, having storage capacity for 3,000 tons, he has now room for 25,000 tons. In 185I he married Julia Ann Abbott, who died, leaving one son, Samuel A. Mr. Beaubien married Frances Cocklean in 1868. They have two children, Josepha and Edna. Mr. Beaubien has been a member of the Board of Estimates for several years. JOHN BEATTIE was born in the county of Tyrone, Ireland, in 1837. His parents, Robert and Mattatha (Robinson) Beattie, came to America in 1848, and settled at Detroit. They had ten children, Mary A.. Margaret, Eliza, Jane, John, Mattie, James and Alexander. The father was born in 1802 and died in I868, The mother was born in 1807 and died in I880. John Beattie is by trade a mason, learning his trade from his father. He continued in the business, giving employment to ten or fifteen hands, until 1883 He then retired and established a grocery and general supply store, on Grand River avenue, in a building erected by himself. He married Phebe Jane Woodworth, of Springwells, Wayne Co., in 1869. They have seven children, Jane, Alice, Cora, Robert, Alfred, Howard, and John. PETER BEER, son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Marsh) Beer, was born in Williamsport, Pa., in 1823. He learned the carpenter's trade in I847, and in 1852 he became contractor on-the Pennsylvania Central R. R., and built the tunnel in 1855. In 1856 he came to Detroit as foreman for Andrews, James & Co., and from 1857 to 1862 was engaged on various railroads. In 1862 he engaged in the match manufacturing for D. M. Richardson, in I864 he was made superintendent, when they gave employment to 400 persons. In 1875 the business was organized as the Richardson Match Co. Mr. Beer resigned in 1878 and joined the firm of B. M. Gardner in Chicago. They were burned out, and returning to Detroit Mr. Beer became superintendent for the D. M. Richardson Co., and erected the Union Match Factory, corner Standish and Twenty-first Streets, where they employ I50 persons. Mr. Beer married Nancy J. McFarland, of Pennsylvania, in 1852. Their children are: Ida M., Laura A., Isadore, Edward, James and Charles. JOHN L. BEHAM was born at Flint, Mich., in I854. He learned the machinist's trade. became an engineer and later on master mechanic of the Toledo, Peoria & Western R. R., and held several important positions in his profession, which he abandoned in 1887 to engage in the retail grocery business. In 1886 he married Julia Collins, of Detroit, they have one child, Nina. Miss Collins was principal of the Conservatory of Music, and is the daughter of John Collins Mr. Beham's parents, John B. and Ellen (Dorham) Beham, were born at Black Wood, Ireland, and were married at Flint, Mich. His father died in Feb. I887. The present firm of BEHR BROS., dealers in wool and hides, was formed in 1887 as successors to Otto C. Behr and Frank Rothenberg, who began their business connection in I876 and dissolved in 1887. Otto C. Behr was born at Ann Arbor, Mich., 1855, his brother Gustave F., was born in the same city in I859. Otto C. received his education at the German Seminary and Gustave graduated from Ann Arbor University. JACOB BELLER was born in Diessbach, Oberamt Conolfinger, Switzerland, May Io, 1824. He came to America in August, I844, clerked in a grocery at Rochester, N. Y., and in 1847 engaged in business. In 1870 he purchased property on State St., Detroit, and in 1875 purchased his present business on Jefferson Ave., where he built bath houses and engaged in boating. He was married at Rochester, N. Y., in I847 to Janet Allan, who was born in Scotland. They have had four children, Jacob, Jessie, John and Marion. His wife died in I86I. He married his second wife, by whom he had one son, Fred. His son, Jacob Beller Jr., was admitted to the bar, engaged in the practice of law, and died in California. JOHN P. BENOIT, son of John P. and Emily Bogardus, was born in France in I835 His parents settled in Detroit in I860 with a family of eight children. The father was born in 1799 and died in 1875; the mother died in 1870. Five of the children are now living, Emily, Charles, John P., Sophia, and Eliza. John P. established his present

PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. business on his coming to Detroit and now has a foundry at 245 to 255 Croghan St., where he manufactures the compound engine and all classes of machinery. Mr Benoit married Louisa Winey in I865. They have a family of nine children. ALBERT E. BIFGELOW, son of William C. and" Sarah A. (Prindle) Bigelow, was born in Redford, Wayne Co., Mich. in 1840. His father was born in New York in 1815, settled in Redford in I837 and married in 1838. They have three children, Albert E., Marion, now Mrs. G.W. Reed, and Louis. Albert spent his boyhood in attending school in Detroit and upon his father's farm until the outbreak of the War with the South when he enlisted in the 24th l ich. under Col Morrow for three years He was wounded at the battle of Gettysburg, then taken prisoner, but soon released. He was mustered out with his Regiment at Detroit and returned to farming until 1868 when he settled 'in Detroit and engaged in the lumber trade, the firm being W C. & A. E. Bigelow. In 1869 Albert became sole proprietor locating first corner Cass and Bagley, subsequently corner Grand River Ave. and i6th St., purchasing his lot 36oxo05 in I885 at $I5 per foot. Mr. Bigelow married M J. Ashcroft of Redford, in 1869. She died in 1875, leaving one son, Charles A. He then married Lucia Pierce in 1876, who died in 1878. In 1883 he married Lydia Houk of Detroit. They have two children, Fred E. and Althea M. PAI RICK BLAKE was born in Dublin, Ireland on Nov 5, 1833. He is the son of John and Catherine (McKune) Blake. The family came to Montreal, Canada, in 1834, where the father died in 1840, leaving a widow and four children, John, Patrick, Eliza, and Edwin. The sons learned the shoemaker's trade. Patrick found employment at Detroit and the family moved here in 1849. In i85I he opened a shop and made a speciality of dress shoes, but sold out in 1856. In I860 he engaged in the furniture business, employing some 30 or 40 hands; in 1865 he added the undertaking business, and in I870 relinquished the furniture business. He purchased his present place of business on Abbott St. in 1884. He married Eliza O'Rafferty in 1855; she was born in Ireland. They have ten children In 1865 Mr. Blake was elected trustee of Mt. Elliott Cemetery and held the office ten years. He was appointed superintendent of the poor in Wayne Co ini 1885 and reappointed in 1889. He, with two brothers, John and Edwin, enlisted in the army during the last war, John died at Fort Donaldson, and Edwin at the Illinois hospital. MICHAEL BLAY, son of Akin and Hester Blay was born in Mt. Clemens, Macomb Co., Mich., April IO, 1827. Mr. Akin Blay was born in Canada and served in the War of I812 in the American Army and afterwards he engaged in farming at Mt. Clemens until his death. They had 14 children, 7 of whom are living. His widow died at the age of 98. The sons David and Clement served in the War with the South. Michael learned the mason and building business thoroughly and has erected many of the leading buildings of the city, D. M. Ferry's seed store, Detroit Savings Bank and Pullman Car Shops being amongst the number. Mr. Blay married Agnes Bordeneau in 1848, she died leaving one daughter, Caroline. In r856 he married Phoebe Dupuis. They had twelve children, five of whom are living. Mr. Blay was a member of the Board of Estimates in the I Ith Ward. He erected his residence, cor. of Napoleon and Rivard, in I851. AUGUST BLOINK was born in Westphalia, Germany, in I860, and came to Detroit in I88I. He learned the cabinet maker's trade in Germany,_ but in 1885 became a clerk in a grocery store. In January, 1888, he purchased a stock of groceries and provisions and began business for himself at the corner of Macomb and Beaubien Sts. JOHN BREITMEYER was born in Bavaria in 1830. In 1845 he came to Detroit, and with no capital began the gardening business and in I865 he engaged in the florist business in connection with gardening. He purchased from time to time until he obtained forty acres located on Mack Street and now has a full collection of tropical plants as well as all the popular choice flowers of this country. His sale room is on the corner of Gratiot and Miami Avenues. Mr. Breitmeyer married Frederica Christina Schneider, born in Berlin. They have had twelve children, nine of whom are living; three of the sons are in partnership with their father. In 1886 they purchased thirty acres in Mount Clemens, and now have the most extensive establishment in the West. BUHRER BROTHERS, sons of Charles and Eva (Lerch) Buhrer, were born in Detroit, Charles A. on Aug. 4, 1855, and William F. on Oct 6, 1856. Their parents married in Detroit in 1849, and began the hotel business at the Four-mile House, on Woodward Ave., in i850. The father was born in 1818, and died in Wayne in 1864, leaving a widow and two sons. Charles A. learned the printer's trade, working on a German paper and two years on the Post, and eleven years in the job department of the same paper. In 1883 he began business for himself. He married Julia Kengott, daughter of Gottlieb Kengott. They have one daughter, Louisa. William F. learned the tinning and plumbing, trade, and worked as a journeyman until 1879, when he located on Michigan Avenue, in his present business. He married Carrie Schmitt, daughter of John Schmitt, of Detroit. They have two sons, George and Charles.

I398 PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. LOUIS BUYSSE, one of the leading merchant tailors of Detroit. located at 12 Grand River Ave., was born in Belgium, in I834. He learned the tailor's trade, and coming to America, settled at Mishawaka, Ind, in I854. In I864 he came to Detroit as a journeyman tailor, and in 1871 engaged in business for himself. He married Mary Claerhout, at Detroit, in I858. She was also a native of Belgium. They have six children: Louis B., Mary F., Charles E., Lizzie M., John F., and Anna M. Mr. Buysse was prominent in organizing the Belgium society, and has served as president, secretary and treasurer of the association. His parents were Eugene and Blondine (DeCoster) Buysse. They had six children. RICHARD BYRNE was born in Detroit in I857. His parents, Michael and Susan (Morrison) Byrne, came to Detroit in I855. His father engaged in the confectionery business, and in 1860 in the furniture trade. He died in I875, leaving a widow and seven children, six of whom are now living. Richard received his education at Detroit, and is engaged in the general hardware and house furnishing business at o18 and I I Michigan Ave., giving employment to from six to ten persons. He has also a branch store at IO5 Michigan Ave. JAMES W. CALDWELL was born at Toronto, Canada, in 1846; educated at London, Canada, read medicine and attended medical lectures at Detroit Medical College in 1865, and the same year engaged as a clerk in a drug store, and in I869 was given the management of the store. In 1875 he purchased a stock of drugs and opened a store on Grand River Ave. He married Lena A. Richards, of Springfield, Mass., in 1872. They have four children: Berenice, William, Harriet and Florence. Mr. Caldwell is the son of Edward and Ann (Cresswell) Caldwell. They were born in Ireland, and married at Sligo, Ireland. They settled in Canada in I846. The father died there in i86i, leaving a widow and three children, James W., Annie and Louisa. The widow and family came to Detroit in I865. James W. established a second drug house on Grand River Ave. in 1882. He is president of the Detroit Pharmaceutical Association. JOHN E. CAMPBELL, druggist and general dealer in fancy articles, at 477 Grand River Ave., was born at Elmer, Canada, in I86I. He is the son of John and Emeline (Van Wagner) Campbell. His mother was born at Elmer, Canada, and his father in Scotland. They came to Detroit in I863, engaging in the dry goods business. They had,a family of three children, John E., David L., and Jennie. John E. received a liberal education. He was at one time a clerk in a drug store, received a diploma in pharmacy, and engaged in business for himself in 1886. EDWARD CAMPAU, son of John Batis and Josepha (Gamelin) Campau, was born in Detroit, Feb. 15, 1813. His grandfather was from France, and must have settled in Detroit about I750, John B.. and Josepha had fourteen children. Edward married Cecilia Boyer in 1835. She was born at Mount Clemens in I798. They had three children, Samuel, Cecelia and Frederick. Cecelia died Jan. 22, 188I. Edward in early life learned the cabinet trade, then engaged in farming. He was afterwards appointed custom house officer in Ietroit, and served twelve years. He then engaged in farming for six years when he returned to the old homestead, and his mother resided with him until her death at the age of 94 years. Edward owned and occupied a part of claim 563, a farm originally of 200 acres, in Springwells. HENRY CAREW, JR., was born in Ypsilanti, Mich., in April, 1843. Henry Carew, Sr., was born in 18 r in England, coming to America and settling in Detroit in I845. He died in I886, leaving six children, four of whom are now living, John H., Edward, Henry Jr., and Rosanna, now Mrs. Hall. Henry Jr., was educated in Detroit and learned the mason trade, and became one of the most extensive builders, giving employment to from IOO to 400 men, erecting dwellings, factories, depots, etc. He married Julia Ryan of Detroit, in I865. She was born in Ireland and came to Detroit when an infant. They have two daughters, Nellie J. and Mollie HENRY CASPARY, jeweler of Michigan Ave., was born at Detroit in I854. His parents were born in Germany, and settled in Detroit in I850. They had two sons, Henry and John S. Henry learned the jeweler's trade by apprenticeship, and in 1885 engaged in business under the firm name of Genicke & Caspary, at his present stand. He married Lizzie Hohman. of Detroit, in 1878. They have one daughter, Ella. WILLIAM F. CHAFFEE was born in Detroit in I86I. His father settled in Detroit in I846. William was educated at the High School of Detroit, and became a proficient book-keeper. In 1887 he engaged with Edward German, of Saginaw, lumber dealer, and in Feb., 1888, was appointed manager for the Detroit branch, for the sale of sash, doors, blinds and general finishing work. His father was by trade a carpenter, and was connected in responsible positions with the Michigan Central Railroad. MICHAEL CHENE, son of Gabriel Jr., and Philister (Ladrout) Chene, was born in Detroit, in I830. Gabriel, Jr., was born in Hamtramck, now Detroit, in 1796. His wife was bornin I799. They had seven sons and two daughters, seven of the children are now living, Emily, Charles, Michael, William, Peter, Isadore and Elizabeth. Philister died in 1852. By his second marriage Gabriel Jr., left four children, Gabriel, Philister, Alexander and Rosa. Gabriel

PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. I399 Jr., was son of Gabriel Sr., and Theresa (Campau) Chene. They were married in Detroit. Gabriel Sr. was a baker by trade, furnishing a quantity of food for the fur traders of the northwest. He was born in Loraine, of German parentage, and he and his son Gabriel were actively interested in the War of I812, performing many acts of kindness to the U. S. soldiers. He died in 1826, leaving a family of two sons, Gabriel Jr. and Isador, and five daughters. Michael, his grandson, married Agnes Perrent, of Detroit, in 1849. They have nine children, Rose, Mary, Sylvester, Delia, Adelaide, Cyrus, Raphael, Colfax, and Martha. Michael lived on a farm in St. Clair County for 17 years, and returned to Detroit in 1876, engaging in the general grocery and provision business in 1877. He erected several stores, public halls and dwellings in 1884. EDWARD CHOPE, an early settler of Detroit, was born in Devonshire, England, in i815. He came to America in 1835, settling in Buffalo, N.Y., and working at the blacksmith trade. He came to Detroit in 1837 and became the expert horseshoer of the city. He located first on Jefferson Ave., and was burned out in 1841. In 1858he purchased the present location on Randolph St., adding the manufacture of wagons. drays, etc., to his business. He married Mary Ann Raney, of Washtenaw Co., Mich., who was born in New York in 1838. She died in I85I, leaving four children, Edward B., Mary, Charles H., and Clara V. In 1852 he married Elizabeth Anscombe of Detroit. They have three children, Frank F., Ella E., and Robert Lincoln. Charles H. enlisted in Co. G., 24th Michigan Regiment in August. 1862, and was promoted to lieutenant, serving until the close of the war. Edward enlisted in Co. B., 24th Michigan Regiment, and was promoted to Sergeant-Major. Charles H. married Amelia Blackman in I868. Frank F. married Mary Gabriel in 1879. Mr. Chope's sons became partners in the business from time to time, until 1872, when he retired, leaving Charles H. and Frank L. to continue the business. FRANK CLARK was born in Detroit in 1856, and is the son of Josiah and Margaret (Morgan) Clark. His father was born in England, his mother in Scotland. Frank, in early life, was fireman on the Michigan Central Railroad, was promoted to engineer on the Canada Southern Railroad, resigned, and engaged in the wood and coal business. He married Viola McFarlan, of Ypsilanti, in 1883. JOSIAH CLARK, a representive man in his ward, was born in Cornwall, England, in I834, and was the son of James and Sarah Clark, who died in I834. He learned the machinist trade in England, and came to Detroit, in Dec., 1852, where he worked at his trade until 1869,when he engaged in the grocery and provision business. In 1874 he erected the block Nos. 369-373 Baker St. He married Margaret Morgan in I855. She was born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in 1834. They have had six children, Frank F., William, Emily F., George Anna F., Lizzie M., and Mary H. JOHN G. COLL was born in Denmark, in 1859, and is the son of Henry and Augusta Coll. John came to America in 1872, settled at Detroit, and learned the carpenter trade and engaged in contract work. In 1882 he established a grocery and general supply store on Fort St. West. He married Minnie Frahm, of Detroit, in I880. They have two children, Bennett and John, Jr. Mrs Coll was born in Germany, and is the daughter of John and Minnie Frahm, who settled in Detroit in 1865. JOHN CONWAY, JR., was born at Pittsburgh, Penna., in I854, and came to Detroit 'in I858 with his parents. He became a sailor and filled many different positions in sea-faring life. In 1876 he learned the foundry business and commenced manufacturing stoves, giving employment to four hands. In 1878 the business was incorporated with Mr. John Hurley as President, Mr. Thomas Conway, Vice-President. Mr. J. H. Williams, Secretary and Treasurer, and John Conway, Manager; the company manufacturing all kinds of ranges, cook and heating stoves, giving employment to 75 hands. He married Ann McHugh. of Detroit, in I879. They have one son, John David. RHODA E. COWLES was born in Adams, Jefferson Co., N. Y., in 1814 She was the daughter of Judge John Cowles. His wife was Anna Bishop, who was born in Danbury, Conn. Judge Cowles was born in Saybrook, Conn. They were married at Adams, and had 14 children, Miss Rhoda being the only one now living. She settled in Detroit after the death of her parents, about 1835, and became active in the organization of the Fort St. Congregational Church, being one of the 13 founders, and is one of the three surviving members of the church organized in 1844. Her two brothers, Samuel and Noah, settled in Detroit. Her sister, Mary Ann married Charles M. Bull, a prominent grocer of Detroit. After his death Mrs. Bull married Judge E. Smith Lee, who moved to Washington, D. C., where he died. leaving one son, Charles E. Lee. Mrs. Lee died in Washington, leaving five children by her first marriage, Jennie, Eliza C., Kate, Frances, and Anna. WILLIAM COX was born in Erie Co., Ohio, in 1837, and is the son of William and Matilda (Knight) Cox. William came to Detroit in 1859, where he was employed as hotel clerk. On Aug. I, I86I, he enlisted in Co. C, First Michigan Cavalry, under Col. Broadhead. He was disabled and discharged in Oct., 1862, and receives a pension of $Io per month. In 1865 he engaged in farming in

I400 PERSONAL SKETCHES —DETROIT. Redford, and kept hotel at Greenfield, from 1868 to i88I, when he returned to Detroit. In I886 he purchased a lot on Grand River Ave., and erected a store, dwelling, and farmer's shed, and engaged in the general grocery and provision business. He married Mary Race, of Redford, Mich., June 6, 1863. They have one child, Jessie. JOSEPH E. CRADDOCK, son of John and Jane Craddock, was born in Detroit in 1859. His parents came from Ireland and settled in Detroit about I854. John was a marine engineer, which occupation he followed on the lakes until 1886, when he retired. He had six children: John H., Joseph E., William H., Elizabeth, Susan, and Carrie. The brothers, John H. and Joseph E., engaged in the lumber business and manufactured car-roofing and siding on Cass St. and also on Vinewood Ave., giving employment to 60 persons. They dissolved partnership in 1886, when Joseph E. located on Harper Ave., manufacturing lumber and fancy shingles, forming the firm of J. E Craddock & Co. Mr. Craddock married Maggie Chisholm, of Detroit in i882. She was born in Hamilton, Canada. They have two children, Leslie and Grace. WALTER J. CREE, physician and surgeon at No. 123 Grand River Ave., Detroit, was born. March 29, I86r. He is the son of James and Elizabeth Ann (Johnston) Cree, his father was born in Scotland, and his mother in Newfoundland. They were married at Toronto, Canada, and settled at Detroit in 1859. They had six children. James J. Cree, was connected for many years with the Great Western and Michigan Central R. R, and now resides at Atlanta, Georgia. Walter J. commenced his business life in the employ of the Detroit and Milwaukee R. R. in 1876; began the study of medicine in I878, and graduated at the Detroit Coll ge of Medicine in 1883. He is a representative man. a member of various societies and examiner of several life insurance companies. He married Mary E. Stevens in 1884. They have one child. FREDERICK CRONENWETT was born in Daden, Germany, in 1831. His parents came to America and settled at Detroit in 1855. His father was born in I8oo, and died in 1878. His mother was born in i805, and died in I883 His father was a farmer in Monroe Co. Mich. Frederick, after his father's death. engaged in farming. and was in the employ of the Michigan Central R. R. for twenty years. In I870 he engaged in the grocery business, and in I883 established his present successful flour, grain. and farmer's produce store. He was elected Tax collector in 1878 and Alderman of the 8th \ ard in 1888. He married Catharine Frank in 1858.. They have seven children. PATRICK CUMMINS was born in the County of Wexford, Ireland, in 1823. He married Catherine Murphy. They came to America and located in Detroit in I849. By trade Mr. Cummins is a stone mason. He found employment in various kinds of business until 1877, when he purchased land and built three stores and a dwelling on Michigan Ave., and engaged in a general grocery and provision business He has a family of one son and five daughters, William J., Nellie, Mary, Anna, Maggie, and Alice. DANIEL CURRIE was born in Scotland in 1849, and came to Detroit in 1851 with his parents, John C. and Jane M. (Speirs) Currie. John C. was by trade a tailor. He soon acquired knowledge of the machinist trade and followed this occupation until 1857, when he began the grocery business. At an early age Daniel found employment as an office bov, and later on learned the machinist trade, and was engineer on the -barge Nahant for three years. In I880 he engaged in the grocery line, and, in 1883, settled at 320 W. Fort St. He married Ida Beyer, of Detroit in 1886. They have one son, William C. JACOB DANIEL was born in Bavaria, Germany, in I834. He came to America in I85o, and settled at Detroit. In 185I he found employment with C. Lee, brick maker, and in 1863 began the manufacture of brick on Gratiot Ave. In I866 he purchased Io acres of land and gave employment to some twelve hands. In 1874 he became one of the firm of Clippert & Daniel. In I88o he purchased his partner's interest, and now gives employment to 30 or 40 men. He married Elizabeth Speier in 1858; she was born in Bavaria. They have had fourteen children. JOHN J. DAVIS was born at Galt, Ontario, in 185'. He learned the tinner's trade with his father, and eventually became an agent for farm implements. In 1884 he established his hardware business on Baker St., subsequently adding plumbing and roofing departments. He married Josephine Shea, of New York, in 1876. They have three children. LYCURGUS W. DAY, son of James W. and Minerva A. (Doud) Day. was born in Onondaga Co., N. Y,in 1838, and educated at the Onondaga Valley Academy. In I86 he visited Detroit in hopes that the climate might benefit his health, which proved to be the case. He remained in Detroit as clerk in the hardware business until 1868, when he formed a partnership in the lumber business under the firm name of Ross & Day. In i88o Mr. Day became sole owner. His yard at 79 Michigan Ave is one of the oldest established lumber yards in Detroit; he has also a branch yard at 272-298 Trumbull Ave. He married Euphemia Murray, of Detroit, in 1872. They have six children, viz., James W., Lewis M., Bessie E, Merrill S., Olive I., and John.

PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. I401 FRANK A DFJAT was born in Warsaw, the capital of Poland in 1847. He came to America in 1865, settling at IDetroit, and engaging in the butcher business on Michigan Ave. In 1884 he built his present market and dwelling. He married Mary Ella Kinucann, of Detroit. They have one son, Frank H. Mr. Iejat's parents, Anthony and Agnes Dejat, had a family of seven children. JAMES DEWEY, of Detroit, was born in Windsor County, Vermont, in 1822. and settled in Detroit, in I848, as a practical mechanic in the manufacture of sash, doors and blinds. In 1854 the firm of Geo. H. Shearer & Dewey was formed, and in 1865 the firm of Dewey, Brady & Co. was organized. In 1889 the firm dissolved, and Mr. Dewey moved to the corner of Fourth Avenue and Holden Road, where the present firm of Dewey, Allan & Co. are engaged in general contracting, carpenters' jobbing and the manufacture of sash, doors and blinds, giving employment to 75 men. Mr. Dewey married S. C. Beardsley, of Detroit, in I864. They have one son, Harry J. His first wife was Sarah Bentley. They had two sons, Ziba, and George H., who enlisted in the 24th Michigan Regiment in 1861, serving until the close of the war. JOHN A. DEGRAW, JR., son of John A. and Rose DeGraw, was born in Detroit on Jan. 29, 1849. His parents were married in Detroit in I847. His father was drowned in 1850; his mother died in 1870. John learned the tinsmith's trade and in 1879 opened his hardware store at 757 Michigan Ave. In i88i he erected two stores at 779 Michigan Ave. He is now a large real estate owner. In 1870 he married Margaret Barber, who was born in Greenfield, Wayne Co., in I848. They have one son, Fred Eberle. Margaret is the daughter of Walter and Minerva (Wheat) Barber. Her parents were early settlers in Wayne County. The Wheat family were pioneers from Vermont. SAMUEL DICKSON, was born in Kirkcudbright, Scotland in I848. He came to Detroit in 1862 and found employment in the plumbing business. In I863 he went to New York City in order to complete his knowledge of plumbing. In 1883 he engaged in the plumbing and steam heating business at Detroit on his own account, giving employment to 8 persons and now employs some 24 persons. He married Christina Oglive in I869. She was born in Canada. They have seven children. PETER DINGEMANS, son of Marinus and Adrianna Dingemans. was born in North Brabant, Kingdom of Holland, Feb. 15, 1828. The father died in Holland and the widow, with two sons, Frank and Peter, came to America in 1854. In 1856 they started the planing and sawing business, giving em ployment to eight persons. Their business has increased steadily until now they employ 80 persons and 60 horse power. They occupy one block of 200 feet on Grand River Ave. with a wareroom of 90 feet on Fourth Ave In 1855 Mr. Dingemans married Anna C. Jordon who was born in Cologne. She died in I871, leaving a family of 12 children, eight of whom are now living. In 1872 he married Anna Vanhoogstraaten. They have six children. SAIMUL B. DIXoN, son of George H. and Susan A. (Ayer) Dixon was born in Oswego, N. Y.. in,844. George H. was born in Nantucket, R I., and Susan in N Y They married in New York and settled in Toledo, O. In I861 he engaged in the fish business, and in r>66 he settled in Detroit, and died in 1884 aged 84, leaving a widow and six children: William N., Charles P., Carrie now Mrs. Wil iams. Samuel B, Alfred C., and Frederick E. Samuel B. enlisted from Cincinnati for one year in the Mississippi Squadron and re-enlisted in 1864 in the same for one year, serving under Commodores Foot and Porter. He was in the employ of the U. S Express Co. at his first enlistment, and the company paid him one-half of the years wages and after his discharge he returned to their employ. In i866 he came to Detroit and engaged in the fish business with his father. In I873 he began the steam sawing at planing business but in 1875 returned to the fish business, locating at 361 Woodward Ave. He married Maggie B. Morris, in Cincinnati, in I865. They have two children, Florence E. and Elmer M. GEORGE DUFFUS, son of James and Ann Duffus, was born in Hamilton, Canada, in 1848. His father was born in the Highlands of Scotland; his mother was born in England. James died in Toronto in 1875, leaving a widow and seven children, George, Bessie, Maggie, Emma, Mary, Charlotte and Hannah. George came to Detroit in I866, working as a cabinet maker until 1876, when he began the butchering business in two stores,, 705 and 743 Woodward Ave. He removed to Baker St. in 1882 and by his personal superintendance in all branches of his business he has steadily increased it, and in 1883 he added another store for the general grocery and provision business. In 1888 he purchased two stores and a hall over them and his dwelling at 221 Eighteenth St. He now employs three teams and four clerks. Mr. Duffus married Jennie Turner, daughter of Richard Turner, in I873. WILLIAM A. V. EDWARD was born in Banffshire, Scotland, in I861. He was the son of John and Isabella (Ballock) Edward. William came to Detroit in 1881, and found employment with the Grand Trunk R. R. Co. In 1884 he became wholesale drug clerk. In 1886 he engaged in the

PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. i402 flour and feed business at 324 Fort St. West. He married Cecelia Dondero of Detroit in 1884, the daughter of M. A. Dondero who was an early settler and manufacturer of Detroit. PETER FABER was born in Germany in 1824. He was the son of Peter and Elizabeth Faber. They left Buffalo on board the steamer Atlantic for Detroit, Aug., 1852. The steamer was wrecked and father, mother and two sons were drowned. Peter, Jr, and his brother Adam were among the saved. Peter found employment in a mill and later learned the saw manufacturing business, which he followed 14 years, when he engaged in the grocery business on Gratiot Ave. In I877 he erected a store and dwelling on Seventeeth St. He married, in 1854, Maria Millhouse, who was born in Germany. They have five children. JOHN FAIRBAIRN, was born at Detroit in I844. His parents, James and Margary Rose Fairbairn, settled in Detroit in I833. His mother died in I885; his father in 1887. They had five children, Eliza, Thomas, James, John and George. Thomas graduated at Ann Arbor, Mich, and from the Philadelphia Medical College. John becamera drug clerk and graduated prescriptionist. James was a carpenter and builder; he retired in 1870. John was engaged in business in Pennsylvania in 1865. He returned to Detroit in I883 and engaged in his present drug business. He married Josephine Martin, of Buffalo, N. Y, in I874, who died in 1882, leaving two children, James M. and Florence L. SAMUEL S. M. FARQUHAR, son of Allen and Lola (Mallory) Farquhar, was born at Monroe, Mich., in I833. His mother was born in Connecticut, in Dec., I798. She came to Detroit in i818 and died Sept, I879. Samuel engaged as clerk in the grocery business in 1850, becoming proprietor in 1865. In 186I he married Frances, daughter of Prof. Goldsmith. They have two daughters, Mary, now Mrs. J. H. Finney, and Edith, now Mrs. Whitaker, and one son, Frank S. In 1884 Mr. Farquhar opened his store at No. 498 Third Avenue, where he has been very successful. CHARLES H. FISCHER, son of Charles C. and Louisa (Neddenmeyer) Fischer, was born in Detroit, Mich, in I86o. His mother was born in Hanover, Germany, in I828, and came to Detroit in 1848. His father was born in Ganshein on the Rhine, Germany, 1827. He settled in Detroit in 1848 and married in 1858. He died on April 2, 1887, leaving a widow and five children, Charles H., Louisa, Maria, Ferdinand A. and Henry. Mr. C. C. Fischer established his fine boot and shoe manufacturing trade at 343 Woodward Ave. in Feb., I858, his sons becoming successors to his lucrative business. WILLIAM FISCHER, son of Peter and Anna Fischer, was born in Ludencheid, Westphalia, Prussia, in I814. The parents died in Prussia, leaving two sons and one daughter, Peter, Jr., William and Louisa. They came to America in 1836 with their stepfather, Mr. William Preasser settling in Detroit in I837. The brothers began the jewelry business in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, but not being successful, they returned the same year to Detroit and began business at No. 217 Jefferson Ave., and it is now the oldest firm in that line of business in the city. William Fischer married Maria Rademacher in 1844. She was born in Olpe, Westphalia, in I819, and died in 1887, leaving five children, William, Jr, Emma, Alexander, Bertha and Henry. ANTHONY P. FLEWELLING, son of Joseph and Martha (Powers) Week, was born in Lincoln, Canada, in 1845. His father died in Canada, leaving a widow and six children, Mary, Peter, James, Wesley, Anthony P., and Martha. Anthony received a common school education and at the age of 13 was apprenticed to the carpenter's trade, and settled in Detroit in I866, as a journeyman carpenter. In 1869 he engaged in the building business, and in 1875 he became superintendent for one of the contract builders, holding the position for five years. He resigned in i880, and formed the firm of Lloyd, Flewelling & Co., as jobbing contract builders, and the firm have erected many prominent buildings, the Butler Building, the renowned Log Cabin, the Palmer Mansion in Washington, D. C., and many others. In I889 he formed the Flewelling Co., who employ 125 persons. Mr. Flewelling married Magdalen Meek in Detroit in i868. She was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. They have two children, Theresa, born in 1874, and Grace, born in 1886. WILLIAM H. FLYNN, son of Hugh and Anii (Irwin) Flynn, was born in Detroit in I851. His parents were born in Ireland, married in Toronto, Canada, and came from Tonawanda, N. Y., to Detroit, in 1836. Hugh Flynn was born in 18o5, and died in 1875, leaving a widow and four children, John, Eliza, Catherine and William H. Mr. Flynn was a prominent contract builder, and has erected many blocks of stores and dwellings in Detroit. In 1882 William H. was appointed Deputy County Treasurer, which position he still holds. He married Anna Cooney, of Detroit, in I888. FREDERICK FREIBURGER was born in Baden, Germany, June 14. 1822. His parents diedin Baden, leaving a family of seven children. Frederick learned the marble-carving trade. He married Elizabeth Ruehle in 1846, and in 1848 came to America. He settled at Detroit, April 15, 1848, and soon after they reached Detroit his wife died. He worked at his trade four years. In 1849 he married Christine Kull, who was born in Germany. She died April 20, 1888, leaving one son, Charles

PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. I403 M. Mr. Freiburger engaged in the manufacture of stone and marble monuments for four years, when he retired. He was Deputy Sheriff two years, Constable, U. S. Deputy Marshal, and also held other offices. He resigned the office of Government Inspector of Live Stock in I88o. VALENTINE GEIST, son of August and Catherine Geist, was born in Hesse Cassel, Germany. in I824. He learned the blacksmith trade and received a common school education. In I840 he came to New York City, where he learned the shoemaking trade. In 1841 he spent some time in Philadelphia, Pittsburg, and Cleveland, Ohio, returning to New York City. In 1848 he settled in Troy, N. Y., where he was appointed city watchman. In 1855 he settled in Detroit, working at the boot and shoe trade until I859, when he engaged in the undertaking business. He became conductor on the Jefferson Ave. horse cars in 1863. Mr. Geist resumed the undertaking business in 1864, which he has since continued, and now ranks among the oldest in that business in Detroit. In I847 Mr. Geist married Josephine Walles, in New York City. They have eight children, Elizabeth, Henry, Anna, Catherine, William, Louis, Charles,.and George. WILLIAM F. GENICKE was born in Detroit, Oct. II, I858. His parents were born and married in Germany, and came to Detroit in 1856, with six children, Joseph, William, Frank, Albert, Julius, and Louisa. William has been in the jewelry business since 1872. In 1885 he organized the present firm of Genicke & Caspary, on Michigan Ave., dealers in all kinds of jewelry, settings and society badges. HENRY GEORGE, a leading carpenter and builder of Detroit, was born in Wayne Co., N. Y., in 1838. He came to Detroit with his parents in I851. In 1857 he married Harriet Hughes, and has three children, Charles J., Harriet J., and William H. In 1865 he engaged in contract building, and was from the first very successful. In 1879, he, with his son, Charles J., began the general lumber and building business, locating at 53I Beaubien St., where they give employment to 200 men in their steam sawing and planing mill. HENRY E. GIBSON was born at Barry, Orleans Co., N. Y., in 1845. His parents were John and Flossie (Gates) Gibson. His father died in New York. His mother came to Michigan in I854, with a family of I children, six of whom are now living, Caroline, Mary A., Lewis J., Helen P., Louisa J., and Henry E. Henry E. received his education at the Agricultural College of Lansing, Mich., from which he graduated in 1869. He married Cornelia Hedges, of Oakland Co., Mich, in I877. They settled in Detroit in 1881. She was a daughter of Joseph and Emily (Collister) Hedges. Joseph Hedges was born in New York State in 1819, and settled in Oakland Co., Mich., in 1824. Mr. and Mrs. Gibson have two children, Cornelia and Hiram. Mr. Gibson engaged in the grocery and general supply business in 1884, at 585 Grand River Ave. DR. WII.BUR GILLETT, son of Albert and Lucina (Andrews) Gillett, was born in New Hudson, Oakland Co., Mich., in 1852. His father was born at Lyons, Wayne Co., N. Y., in I820, and died in March, I888. His mother died in I867, leaving only one child, Wilbur. He was educated at the Ypsilanti State Normal School, where he taught for several years. He then read medicine with Dr. Hagerdorn, of Lansing, and entered the Department of Medicine in the University at Ann Arbor, in I877, graduating in the class of I879. Dr. Gillett settled in Detroit as physician and surgeon in 1881, locating at 760 West Fort St. He married Julia A. Fuller in 1880, daughter of S. W. Fuller, of Hudson, Wisconsin They have two children, Marion and Wilbur Fuller. CORYDON P. GOWMAN was born in Ontario, Canada, in I86I. He settled at Wyandotte, with his parents, in 1865. In 1877 he was clerk in the drug business at Monroe, Mich. He came to Detroit in I880, and engaged with Parke, Davis & Co. In 1884 he opened his drug and prescription store on Baker St. In 1888 he changed to his present handsome store at 555 Baker St. He married Emma C. Blennan in 1884. DANIEL GRAHAM was born at Glencoe, Ont., in I847. His parents were born and married in Scotland. They came to Detroit in I850. Daniel learned the hardware trade with the firm of Buhl & Ducharme, where he was employed fourteen years. In 1881 he engaged in business for himself, and erected his present store and dwelling on Baker St. in 1883. He married Maggie Kidd in 1873, who was born in Scotland. They have five children. JOHN GREUSEL, JR., son of John and Susan (Sarvis) Greusel, was born in Glasgow, Ulster Co., N. Y., January 6, 1839. His parents settled in Springwells in I846. In I86I he went west and found employment on the Burlington & Missouri R. R., and was promoted to engineer in 1864. In I866 he resigned and returned to Detroit, and began working at the brick and tile manufacturing business, established by his father in 1847, and is now the owner of the homestead of ten acres, and the brick yards. He was Collector of Springwells in 1874-75; appointed Highway Commissioner in 1876, which position he held for five years, besides holding several minor offices. He married Elida Mills, of Battle Creek, in 1869. They have three children, John G., Edith, and Charlotte. His father was one of the prominent men of the county, representing his district in both the Lower and Upper House of the Legislature for several terms.

1404 PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. ENGELBERT GRIMM was born at Detroit in 1851. His parents were born in Germany, and came to Detroit in 1842. His mother died in 1852, leaving two sons, Peter and Engelbert. His father for many years taught school in Germany as well as fifteen years in Detroit. He died in 1879. The sons received a classical education. Peter became a professor of music, and Engelbert learned the jeweler's trade, and in 187 engaged in business at Wyandotte, and in 1878 he established his store on Michigan Ave. In 1884 he erected his store and dwelling at 613 Michigan Ave. He married Josephine Carr, in 1873; she was the daughter of Richard and Alice (Caine) Carr, who settled in Detroit in 1853. To Mr. and Mrs. Grimm four children have been born. Englebert, like his brother, is a musician, and at the age of fourteen became an organist, and has been prominently connected with church music ever since. PETER G. GUILLOZ was born in eastern department du Doubs, France, in 1843. His father, Peter Guilloz. died in France in 1850, leaving a widow and eight children, who came to America in 1856. His mother died in Detroit. They had five childdren, Frederick, Catharine, Margaret, Peter G. and Louisa. Peter received good educational advantages in France. In 1862 he enlisted in Co. E, 22d Michigan Infantry, and was discharged by reason of disability in 1863. After his discharge he worked at saw filing and repairing. In 1875 he engaged in the hardware business. In 1881 he sold out to his partner and began business at No. 148 Grand River Ave. He married Eliza Bondy, of Mt. Clemens, in 1864. They have had ten children, six of whom are living, Louis A., George, Lizzie, Peter G. Jr., Blanche and Esther. CHRISTIAN H. HABERKORN, son of Henry and Margaret (Colby) Haberkorn, was born in Detroit in 1856. Henry settled in Detroit in 1843, and and married in 1855. They have four children, Christian H., Sophia, Anne and Emma. He has a son, August, by an earlier marriage. Henry has been employed for 34 years by the same company. At the early age of nine years Christian began work in a carpenter shop. In 1871 he went to California, and received $8 a day working at his trade. In 1878 he went to Sault bt Marie, and in 1879 was engaged on the steamer City of Detroit in completing portions of the fine work. In I88o C. H. Haberkorn began his now extensive cabinet furniture business, with a capital of $250. In I884 he located at 416-420 Michigan Ave,, under the name of C. H Haberkorn & Co. In 1885 he purchased his present location. giving employment to 3 persons. He added from year to year to his factory until 1888, when he built a five story brick building, and employs ioo persons, his furniture being sent all over America. He married Fanny, daughter of Frederick Ruehle, in October. 1883. ANDREW HAIR was born at Ayr, Scottland, in 1849. He is the son of Andrew and Sarah (Farquhar) Hair. Andrew was educated in England and became his father's book-keeper. In 1870 he came to Quebec, and engaged as book-keeper for the Great Western R. R. Co., at London, Canada. In 1871 he came to Detroit in the interest of the same company. In 1875 he was appointed cashier of the company, and resigned in I876. The same year he married Mrs Amanda Hutton, of Detroit, and in 1877 became successor to Mr. Hutton's confectionery business on Jefferson Ave. He soon introduced the catering business, being the first to serve public dinners in Detroit. In 1884 he located on Woodward Ave. He gives employment to 25 persons, and stands at the head in his profession. MICHAEL HALLER, son of Anthony Haller, was born in Luxembourg, France, May To, 1833. He came to Detroit on May Io, I852, engaging on a farm for the first year after his arrival In 1853 he was employed as fireman on the M. C. R. R. In Sept., 1855, he went to New Orleans, returning home in 1856, when he became emigrant agent for the M. C. R. R. In 1858 he began the harness business, under the firm name of Willet & Haller, locating on Michigan Ave. In 1862 they dissolved partnership, Mr. Haller visiting his native country on the Great Eastern, the largest ship ever built. After traveling through several countries he returned to Detroit in the fall of 1863, and resumed the hardware business, erecting a store at No. 591 Michigan Ave. He married Barbara Bertram in 1864. They have one daughter, Anna Mary. He was a member of the Board of Estimates. and Alderman from 1876-1880. DAYTON S. HALLOCK was born at Clarendon, Orleans Co., N. Y.. in 1846. His parents, James C. and Oneida (Pettingell) Hallock, were born in Oneida Co., N. Y His father died in 1859. They had two sons, William Irving and Dayton S Dayton came to Michigan in I862. In I863 he found employment as drug clerk at Almont, Mich. In 1871 he opened a drug store at Saline. Mich. In 1877 he came to Detroit, locating at 764 W. Fort St. He married Julia A. Andrus, May 3, I869. They have two children, Gertie M and James C. ALFRED E. HAMLIN, son of Alexander and Mary (Neview, Hamlin, was born in 1845. His parents came from Montreal, Canada, and settled in Detroit about I834. Alexander died in I150, from an accident, leaving a widow and five children, Matilda, now Mrs. Jarvis Alexander, Jr, Jane, now Mrs. DeMars, Alfred E.. and Josephine, now Mrs. Ogee. Alfred was a clerk in the grocery business for nine

PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. 1405 years, and in i868 began for himself, in the firm of Hamlin & DeMars, and in 1873 he purchased his present site, No. 831 Fort St. West, erected two brick stores, and opened the grocery and hardware store, which he still retains In 188I he was elected Alderman of the I2th Ward, and has been School Inspector and member of the Board of Estimates. He married Anna Conroy in 1886 They have six children, Josephine, Harry, William, Mary, Louisa, and Frank. LOUIS HAMMEL was born at Detroit, July 1o, 1852. His parents came from Switzerland, and settled in Michigan in 1852. In I869 he visited France, and attended school for one year. He then visited Switzerland and Germany, and returned to Detroit to learn the carpenter's trade. and engaged in contract work. In I874 he began the undertaking business. In I888 he purchased a factory for the manufacture of caskets, at Saginaw, Mich., giving employment to 25 persons. He married Margaret Salter, of Grosse Point, Mich., in I876. They have four children, Agnes, Ida, Lester, and Stella. JOHN WILLIAM HANGSTERFER, son of Jacob and Catherine (Biechle) Hangsterfer, was born in Pittsburgh, Pa., May 4, 1849 His parents settled in Ann Arbor in 1854, where Mr. Hangsterfer was successful as an expert caterer. He died in 1873, leaving a widow and eight children, John W., Lizzie, Albert, Franklin, Clara, Lulu, Matilda, Ella and Edward Valentine. John W. became partner with his father in 1870. In I884 he sold out his interest, and settled in Detroit, residing at 33 Lincoln Ave, and having wholesale confectionery stores at 112 Jefferson Ave. and 290 Woodward Ave. He now has a factory on Lincoln Ave. He married Emma Berby, of Detroit, in April, 1875. They have had six children, of whom five are living, Emma, Cora, Nellie, Walter and Frederick. JOHN HARPFER, merchant tailor, was born at Detroit in I863. He is the son of Ulrich and Catherine (Frank) Harpfer, who were born at Bavaria, and married in New York, settling in Detroit in 1850. His father died in I887, leaving a widow and seven children, Carrie, Lizzie, Edward, Catherine, George, John and Anna. John established his business at 549 West Fort St. in 1887, where he makes custom work a specialty. ALBERT M. HARRIS was born in Rochester, N. Y., in I839. His parents were Daniel E. and Fidelia (Strickland) Harris. In 1863 he came to Detroit as manager in the lamp and oil business, and in I869 changed to his present business, with Geo. R. Angell as partner. In 1883 he began on his own account, and organized his stock company in x886, at 17-19 Grand River Avenue, of which company he is President and Treasurer. He mar ried Sarah E. Green, of Detroit, on September 14, I865. JOSEPH HARRIS, son of Thomas and Elizabeth Harris, was born in Worcester, England, in I850. He learned the baking business and came to Detroit in 1871, working as a journeyman at his trade. In I880 he formed the firm of Haste & Harris, locating at No. 9 Orchard St., manufacturing cream crackers as a specialty, which business has grown to such an extent that it is the only establishment in the United States confined exclusively to one grade of crackers. They employ 30 people with a complete sett of machinery and a 6o-horse power engine. Mr. Harris married Clara M. Smith. of Detroit, February 1884. They have two children, William Haste and Grace C. JONAH E. HARTSIG was born at Grosse Point, Wayne Co., Oct. 20, I837. He is the son of Benjamin and Susanna (White) Hartsig. who were born and married in Switzerland, and came to Detroit in April 1826. His father engaged in the shoe business, and in 1837 settled on a farm at Grosse Point, where he died in April, I838. His mother died in 1871, leaving five sons, Lewis, William, Benjamin, Joseph and Jonah. Jonah engaged in farming in Warren, Macomb Co., where he married Percis Spinning, May 17, i86-. She was born Jan. 9, 1838. They have six children; Emery, Ilewis, Benjamin, Janney, Rosa and Samuel. He sold his farm and came to Detroit in I873. In 1885 he engaged in the hardware business. WILLIAM HASTE was born in I835 at Hastings, England, where he served his apprenticeship to the baking trade. Leaving there he went to Collingwood, Ont., in 1862. In 1863 he came to the United States, locating at Bay City, Mich., where he remained until I865, when he came to Detroit, Mich., engaging with Clark & Snyder in the fall of 1886, taking charge of the cracker business then organized. In January, 1867, the above firm was changed to Clark Bros., and continued until 1880, during which time he remained in active charge of the factory until their retirement from business. He then associated with him Mr. Harris, and purchased the business now conducted under the firm of Haste & Harris, increasing the business annually from comparatively a small beginning, to its present dimensions. At the time the business was first organized there were employed in all eight men and boys, until now, with all the modern appliances and improved machinery requisite to facilitate labor, they give employment to over thirty people, in producing the necessary amount of goods required in supplying their rapidly increasing trade. Mr. Haste has, since his boyhood, been closely identified with the baking business in all its departments, having devoted most of his life to its duties,

I406 PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. and still energetically and closely oversees all the details of their present business. JOSEPH HASTY, of Detroit, was born in Cumberland Co, Maine, October 25, 1829. Helearned the cooper's trade with his father, Nathaniel Hasty. Joseph spent two years in the West Indies and was appointed general superintendent of the West India Coopering Co. He organized the firm of Hasty & Perley at Portland, Me. They moved their business to London, Canada, in I86I, and from that place they moved to Elsie, Clinton Co., Mich., in 1869, In 1877 Mr. Hasty sold his interest and settled in Detroit, and engaged in the manufacturing and shipping business, giving employment to a large force of men. Messrs. Hasty & Son have a factory in Parigould, Green Co., Arkansas, where many men are employed; they ship their entire product to New Orleans He married Annie N. Phillips, Jan. 20, I856, who was born at Portland, Me. They have six children, MATTHEW C. HECHTNER was born at Detroit, in 1854. He was employed by the Detroit Fire Department for three years, when he engaged in the flour, feed, grain and general produce business. He is a machinist, and married Louisa Meissner of Detroit, in 1875. They have one daughter, Lillie. Matthew's parents, John C. and Barbara (Malladon) Hechtner, were married at Detroit. His mother was born at Detroit and his father in Germany and settled in Detroit in 1848. His father died in 1876, leaving a widow and five children. WILLIAM HELLWIG was born in Bavaria in 1824, came to America and settled at Buffalo in 1844, where he enlisted in the army and was transferred to Detroit to the First Michigan Regiment, and served in the Mexican War. He was under command of Col. Stockton and Lieutenant John V. Ruehle, and was discharged July i6, 1848. He married at Buffalo, in 1,845, Christina Smith, who was born in Bavaria in 1824. They came to Detroit in 1845. He engaged in the grocery and market business, in which he was successful. He died in 1873, leaving a widow and ten children. His widow carries on the business at 254 Rivard St. PETER HENDERSON was born in Ontario, Canada, in 1851. He learned the carpenter's and builder's trade and engaged in business at Amherstburg, Canada. In 1884 he settled in Detroit and had charge of the building of a public schoolhouse. In 1885 he erected a shop and engaged in all kinds of carpentry, giving employment to o1 or 20 persons. He does most of his work by steam, using I2-horse power. He married Rebecca C. Walden, of Canada, in I873. They have four children, Thomas, Benjamin, Albert Bruce, and Minnie Freeborn. WILLIAM HENRIS was born in Germany in 1841. His parents came to Detroit in 1848. In 1858 William learned the copper and sheet iron trade, and in I880, formed the firm of Tuite & Henris. In 1882 he became sole proprietor, and gives employment to from 20 to 40 hands. He is considered a master mechanic. He married Mary Brier, May 17, I866. They have a family of six children. JOHN P. HENSIEN, son of John M. and Barbara (Christopher) Hensien was born in Loraine, Germany, Feb., 1827. He came to Detroit with his parents in 1846 and learned the tinsmith's trade. In 186o he began business for himself in the hardware and stove business. Through misplaced confidence he became financially embarrassed, but by good judgment recovered, and now gives employment to 30 persons. He married Elizabeth Simon in 1852. She died, leaving one son, John Jr. In I859 Mr. Hensien married Genevieve Scholdenbrand, who was born in Switzerland. They have a family of eight children: Josephine, Julia. Margaretta. Paulina, Ida, Genevieve, Amelia, and Bertha. In I864, Mr. J. P. Hensien erected two stores at 132-134 St. Antoine St. MAX W. HERBERGER, JR., was born in Detroit in 1865. His parents, Max W. and Catharine (Marks) Herberger, were born in Germany. His father settled in Detroit in 1852, finding employment as a tailor. In 1854, he engaged in the dairy business, retiring in 1882 from active business life Max W., Jr., engaged in the grocery business corner Beaubien and Alfred Sts. in 1887. WILLIAM A. HOFFMAN was born at Detroit in 1860. He is a son of Jacob and Matilda (Schrives) Hoffman, who were born in Germany and came to America and settled at Detroit in 1848. The father died in 1884. leaving a widow and seven children. At the age of 14 years William took the responsibility of a man in order to assist his mother and family, and by the financial assistance of his brothers saved their property, and they are now in comfortable circumstances. William erected a fine brick store and residence at a cost of some $Io,ooo, where his mother resides with him. JOSEPH M. HOMMEL was born at Detroit in I855. He is the son of Michael and Gertrude (Krapp) Hommel, who were born in Germany, and married at Detroit in I853. His father came to Detroit in 1835 with his parents; he was born in 1832. Joseph M. received his education in Detroit schools, and learned the cabinet maker's trade, and was employed by the Michigan Car Co. until 1877, when he erected a small factory and began business for himself. He manufactures sash, doors, and blinds, and makes a specialty of window and door screens, and gives employment to some 50 persons. VERNON HOXIE, owner and proprietor of the

PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. 40o7 Detroit creamery and ice cream depot, was born in Lenawee Co, Mich, Feb, I866. He is the son of Ezra and Susan Hoxie, who settled in Lenawee Co. in I833 His mother died in Oct., I886, leaving four children, Albert, George L., Nellie, now Mrs. Steele, and Vernon. Vernon was a graduate of the Adrian Commercial College, class of 1883. He settled at Detroit in 1886 and purchased his business in I888, as successor to F. D. Hart. He procures all his milk direct from the Hoxie farm, Lenawee Co. JOSEPH HUETTEMANN was born in Westphalia, Germany, in I840. He is the son of Frank and Elizabeth (Rohrig) Huettemann. Joseph and his brother Frank came to Detroit in 1866, Joseph finding employment as carpenter. In 1867 he began the grocery business on a small scale. In 1877 he erected a store and dwelling corner Macomb and Russell Sts. In 1884 he opened the wholesale grocery business, and, in 1885, admitted William Rademacher as partner. He married Theresa Rademacher, in I872. They have five children. His wife's parents were John and Theresa (Bornmann) Rademacher, of Germany, and settled in Wayne Co. in I853. HORACE E. HUNGERFORD was born in Canada, June 4, 1862. His father was born in 1795. His mother was born at Perth, Canada. They settled in Michigan in 1867. His father died May I9, 1873. They had six children, Sarah L., Edwin K., J. E Burchard, Alice M. N., Horace E., and Mary B. Horace attended school at St. Clair and the high school at Port Huron, and entered the University of Michigan in 1883 and graduated in class of I885. He began his practice at Port Huron, and in Nov., 1887, located at 629 Michigan Ave. as physician, surgeon, and druggist. FRANK INGLIS, a druggist and pharmacist, located corner of State and Griswold Sts., Detroit, was born in Detroit in I855. He is the son of Dr. Richard and Agnes (Lanrbie) Inglis, who settled in Detroit at an early date. Dr. Ingliswas a prominent physician, who died in 1876. Frank became clerk in I869 in his father's office. In 1872 he founded his present business, and ranks amongst the leaders of his profession. He married Mary Meginnity, of Detroit, in I877. They have two children, Richard and Bessie. GEORGE W. JOHNSTON, son of John W. and Sarah (Wood) Johnston was born in Detroit in 186I. His father was born in Canada, his mother in Scotland; they were married in Detroit in 1843. His father was a prominent real estate man and organized the loan building system of Detroit. He died in 1872, leaving a widow and eight children, William F., Cyrus, Sarah, Aggie, Collins H., Adelaide, George W., and Talitha. In I875 George W. was engaged on the Detroit Press, in 1885 he became interested in the store railroad system company, and in 1887 began his present business of the manufacture of sash, doors, blinds, etc., at the factory. corner Warren Ave. and Fifteenth St., under the name of the Delbridge, Brooks & Fisher Co, J. E. Scripps. Pres.; J. M. Corbin, Vice-Pres.; G. W. Johnston, Sec; and G. G. Booth, Treas. Mr. Johnston married Louisa De Sale, of Detroit, in 1884. They have one daughter, Florence. JOHN A. KENGEL, son of Joseph and Theresa (Martin) Kengel, was born in Detroit in 1864. His parents were born in Westphalia, Germany, came to America in 1854, and settled in Detroit in 1857, opening a carriage shop at No. 53 Gratiot Avenue. They have four children. Mary, now Mrs. J. A Bayer, William J., John A., and Frank H. John A. was educated at the Detroit College, and worked with his father in the carriage business until 1888, when he opened a general hardware store at Nos. 159-161 Grand River Ave. He married Lizzie Lehr, of Detroit, in I866. They have one son, George. CHRISTIAN KENNGOTT, founder and proprietor of the New York Steam Dye Works, at I20 Michigan Ave. was born in Germany in 1853. His parents were Christian and Caroline (Wolff Kenngott. They had a family of three children, Christian, Jr., Louisa, and William. Christian, Jr., came to Detroit in 1864, but returned to Germany in 1865, and finally settled at Detroit in 1876, and founded the dye works in 1881. He married Augusta Josenhans at Detroit in 1879, who was born in Germany. They have four children: Agnes, Max, Willie, and Augusta. SAMUEL KERR was born at Detroit, in 1867. His parents, James and Margaret (Hendrie) Kerr, were born and married at Beethshire, Scotland, and settled at Detroit in 1852. His father died Oct. 9, I886, leaving a widow and six children, John H., Margaret, James, Jennie, Sarah and Samuel. Their father was a painter, and was employed for 21 years by the Michigan Central R. R. Co. Samuel has been engaged in the flour and feed business since April, 1886, at 423 Grand River Av. CHARLES A. KING was born in Albion, Orleans Co, N. Y., in 1848. His parents located at Romeo, Mich., in I85o, his father being a merchant tailor. Charles enlisted in the 22d Mich. Regiment in 1864 and served until the close of the war. After his return he learned the tailor's trade of his father and became his partner. In 1876 he opened his present tailoring parlors on West Fort St. He married Ada C. Weakly, of Detroit, in I875. JAMES J. KING was born at Detroit, Mich., April 19, 1845. He married Dec. 3, 1864, Sarah Palmer, of Detroit, who was born May 2, 1847. To

140o8 PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. them six children were born. Mr. King's father was born at Langdon, N. H., came to Detroit and settled on the Cass farm in 1837. Mrs. King's father was a native of France; her mother was born in New York; both deceased. Her father was lost at sea. Mr. King is proprietor of the King Stock yards. AUGUST KIRCHNER was born at Newstandt, Germany. in 1856 His parents died leaving three children, Leopold, August, and Caroline. In 1870 the brothers came to Detroit; in 1874 their sister came. August entered as clerk in a dry goods house, where he remained for eleven years. In I88I he entered into partnership with Mr. Damm, under firm name of Damm & Kirchner, opening a dry goods store. In 1887 August became sole owner; the same year he opened abranch house on Grand River Ave. He now has two large stores and is doing a successful business. He married Magdalena Back in I88 r. They have three children. Her father, George Back, was an early settler of Detroit. He enlisted in the U. S. army, and died in a rebel prison. LEOPOLD KIRCHNER, son of John and Mary E. (Precker) Kirchner, was born in the Electorate of Hessia, Germany, in 1854. His parents died in Germany. leaving three children. Leopold, August. and Caroline. Leopold and August came to Detroit in 1871; they sent for their sister in I874. Leopold began life as an errand boy in a dry goods store, rose to be salesman, and in 1880 founded his successful mercantile business at 126 Gratiot Ave. In I889 he purchased his present location, at No. 846 Gratiot Ave. He married Caroline Josephine Balwick in 1876. They have two sons, Frederick Leopold and Arthur George. CHARLES KLEIN was born at Yettenbach, Bavaria, in 1839. His parents came to America in 1840, and settled at Detroit in 1842, where his father died about 1855. leaving a widow and four sons, three of whom are living Charles, William, and Edwin. Charles at an early age learned the jeweler's trade and afterwards chose railroad life. He began by building car trucks, then became brakeman, was soon appointed baggageman, and in 1864 conductor between Detroit and Chicago, which position he held until 1888, when he resigned to give his entire attention to his hardware business. He was in the employ of the M. C. R. R from 186I to i888. He married Jane A. Pratt in 186I, at Detroit. She was born in London, England They had a family of eight children, five of whom are living, Charles, Andrew W., Clara L., Edward W., and Walter E. HENRY W. KOEHLER was born in Detroit in 1854. He learned the carriage and wagonmaker's trade. In 1880 he commenced the manufacture of light and fancy carriages. In 1884 he purchased his present place of business on St. Aubin Ave., and gives employment to five persons. He married Catherine Swarthout in I882 They have three children, Catherine A., Ada P., and Burt. His father was born in 1812, and married Julia George in 1842. He came to Detroit in 1837, and died in 1868, leaving a widow and six children, five of whom are now living. BERNHARD KORTE was born in Prussia in 1841. His parents came to America in 1848. Bernhard learned the carriage and wagon manufacturing. He established his business in 1871, and purchased his present factory in I877. He added to his business all kinds of boat repairing. He married Mary Sommer, at Detroit, in 1867. She was born in Prussia, and died Dec 23. 1878. They had six children, Edward J., Catherine, Leonhard, William F., and George J. Mr. Korte gives employment to ten persons. KRENTLER BROTHERS are sons of George F. and Sophia (Foersch) Krentler. George F. was born in Hanover in I830, and came to New York in 1832. with his parents, George H. and Caroline Krentler, They finally settled in Wisconsin, where Caroline died; George H. enlisted in the army, where he died. George A., his grandson, was born at Sheboygan, Wis., in 1856; Edwin 0., his brother, was born at Waupau, Wis., in 1858. George A. and Edwin 0. constitute the firm of Krentler Bros, who are manufacturers of lasts, boot-trees, crimps, clamps, etc. They are successors of Messrs Mumford. Foster & Co, the founders to the business, purchasing their interest on Jan I, I886. They are located Nos. 245-247 Rivard St, and employ 15 persons. CLEMENT LAFFERTY, son of Joseph and Mary Louise (Beauyear) Lafferty, was born in Detroit in I818, and is the only one left of ten children. Joseph Lafferty was the son of Louis, who was born in France, and settled in Detroit about 1750. One daughter, over go years old. is still living. Louis was a tailor and his wife managed the farm. Clement now owns 38 acres of his grandparents' farm in the city limits. Louis owned slaves, and at his death left two of them comfortable for life. Clement married Adelaide Beaubien, daughter of John and Cecelia Beaubien, on Jan. 29. I850. She died Oct. 31, 1857, leaving three children, Matilda, Edward, and Mary L. Edward married Wob Ward Walsh, daughter of John Walsh, of Sixth St., a resident of Detroit since 1838. Clement married for his second wife Elizabeth, daughter of Louis and Catharine Beaufait, Oct. 22,186i. They have four children, Elizabeth, Louis, William T., and Emma J. EDWARD LAFFERTY, son of Clement and Ade

PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. 1409 laide (Reaubien) Lafferty, was born in Detroit, in 1852. His mother was a daughter of John B. and Cecelia (Beauyear) Beaubien Adelaide died, leaving three children: Melinda, Edward, and Mary L. Edward was a student at Fordham, N. Y, and a graduate of the Detroit Commercial College In 1876 he engaged in the real estate business, and in I884 began the general grocery business under the firm name of Marantette & Co. Edward married Miss Wob Ward Walsh, in 1887. She is the daughter of Mr. John Walsh, who settled in Detroit in 1858. Mr. Clement Lafferty was born in Detroit in Sept., I818. He is the son of Joseph and Louise (Beauyear) Lafferty, and Joseph was the son of Louis Lafferty, who settled in Detroit about 1750. PETER LAFFERTY, JR., son of Peter and Mary (Lafoy) Lafferty, was born at Ecorce, Wayne Co., Mich., in I831. His father died in'1834; his mother died in 1836. Left an orphan at an early age, he was compelled to work, and he learned the carpenter's trade in I849. He was compelled through an accident to give up his trade, and in I852 he began the grocery business on Woodbridge St., where he continued until 1885, when he erected two stores and hall at Nos. I288-I290 West Fort St., where he has an extensive produce and provision business. He married Sophia Dauphin, of Canada, in 1856. They have had io children, seven of whom are now living, viz: Eleanor, now Mrs. R. H. Visger, Sylvester H., Richard L., Louisa, now Mrs. Arthur Hatt, Mary, Grant P., and Maud. ANTHONY LAFFREY was born in Detroit, Dec. 14, 1829. His mother settled in Detroit about 1800 living in a log house corner of Croghan and Beaubien Sts. Anthony learned the boat building business. and assisted in building the "May Flower" and "The Atlantic." He afterwards engaged as a carpenter and was the first to rut up machinery for the manufacture of sash doors and blinds in the Shearer shop on Woodbridge St. in 1850. He purchased a factory at Ingersol in 1855; it was burned down. He then went to Kalamazoo and organized the business of Dewing & Son. In 1863 he went to Jackson and in 1865 to Ann Arbor, engaging in the furniture business; he was burned out in I869 at a loss of $35,000. He returned to Detroit in 1870 to superintend the building of the Michigan Central Elevator. In 1873 he was sent to Chicago as superintendent of the car shops. In 1875 he resigned, and returning to Detroit he established his present business at Nos. 240-252 Foundry St., manufacturing builder's supplies and contract work. He has been twice married leaving six children now living: William H,, Charles, Esther A., Veronica, Skalaska, and Rosa. Mr. Laf frey early exhibited mechanical ability by whittling out clothes-pins, he and his chum making one or two dozen a day and selling them. JOHN M. LALLY, son of Michael and Elizabeth (Dunn) Lally, was born in Buffalo, N. Y., in 1863. His father was born in Ireland in 1856; his mothej was a native of Vermont. They were married in Lockport, N. Y., in 1858. They settled in Detroit in 188o, with ii children. Mr. Michael Lally is a railroad contractor, the present firm being McRae, Lally & Son. John M. received his education at Lockport. In 1878 he became manager for his father on railroad contract work, and in 1885 was admitted as partner. In 1887 John M. engaged in the manufacture of harness and horse furnishing goods at No. 47 Michigan Ave He is one of the organizers of the Peninsular Savings Bank. EMIL P. LANDSBERG was born at Stettin, Pomerania, Germany, in 1841. and is the son of Frederick Landsberg. He came to America in 1867, settling at Detroit in 1875, and engaged in the general insurance business. In 1879 he became head book-keeper for the brewing house of E. W. Voigt. He married Jennie Boyd in I867, who was born at Painesville, Ohio. BURDETT G. LATIMER was born at Detroit, Dec. 27, 1845. He engaged in the undertaking business, and has become one of the most prominent. He married Josephine K. Law, Sept. 3, I879. She is a daughter of Joseph and Kittie (Hinchman) Law. His parents, George W. and Helen (Cornell) Latimer, were born in New York State. His father came to Detroit in 1838. His mother died in 1852, leaving one son, Burdett G. By a second marriage there is one son George W. George W., Sr., was for 17 years an engineer on the Michigan Central R. R., and was promoted to route agent between Detroit and Chicago. He served five years and resigned. In 1867 he engaged in the undertaking business, under the firm name G. W. Latimer & Son. In 1884 they dissolved, and B. G. Latimer engaged in the business for himself. HENRY LISCH. merchant tailor of Detroit, was born in Luxembourg, Germany, in 1845, where his father died, leaving a widow and five children. Henry learned the tailor's trade, and came to America in I866, settling at Newburg, N.Y. In 1873 he settled at Detroit, engaging in the tailoring business. He has a fine trade, and gives employment to a number of hands. He married Miss Mattie Jane Young, of Detroit, Jan., I879. They have three children, Charles, Lulu, and Clarence. OTTO L. LUTTERMOSER was born in Russia in 1859, and is the son of Karl and Mary (Wiemer) Luttermoser. His father came to Detroit in 1869; his mother and rest of family in 1872. His father by trade was a cooper. Otto engaged as a farm

1410 PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. laborer, and in I88I learned the butcher's trade. In 1884 he engaged in business on Michigan Ave., and erected a store and dwelling in I886. He married Mary Martz in I883. They have one daughter, Ella. ALBERT C. LUYCKX, son of Theodore A. and Josephine (Buys) Luyckx, was born in Zundert, Holland, in I853. His parents emigrated to America in 1868, with five children, Jennie, Albert C, Anthony A., William J., and Anna. The mother died in 1884. In 1874 Albert C. began the repairing of furniture in part of their house, and so great was his success that in I875 his father opened a store, under the firm name of Luyckx & Sons, on Randolph St., and in 1877, at No. 287 Woodward Ave. Theodore retired in I879, his sons becoming successors to the business. In 1888 Albert C. sold out his interest, and opened his present large store at Nos. 602-606 Michigan Ave., also engaging in the real estate business. He married Annie Schneider, daughter of Martin Schneider, of Springwells, in 1885. They have one son, Theodore Albert M. PETER MCCONACHIE was born in Ontario, Canada, in 1852, came to Detroit in I877, and in I880 engaged in the grocery and meat business on Crawford St. In I886 he purchased a store and dwelling, and was the first merchant on Crawford St. In 188i he married Martha Merideth, of Canada. They have two children. Peter is the son of John and Janet McConachie. They had seven children, Alexander, John, Peter, William, Ann, Ellen and Margaret. Peter by trade was a carpenter and mill-wright. ROBERT S. MCKIBBIN was born at Royal Oak, Oakland Co., Mich., in I867, and is the son of James and Ann (Walsh) McKibbin, who were born in Ireland and married in Oakland Co. The mother died in 1876, leaving seven children, six of whom are living, James A., Maggie, Joseph, John William, and Robert S. In 1882 Robert became a clerk in a wholesale drug house, and in 1887, with his brother William, engaged in the retail drug and prescription business, under the firm name of Mc. Kibben Brothers, on Fort St. West. AMBROSE S. MALLERY was born in Wayne Co., N. Y., in I845. In 1864 he enlisted in the navy from Brooklyn, N Y., served on the war ship State of Georgia, and after the close of the war was taken on board the war-vessel Lancaster. In I865 he made a trip to the Sandwich Islands, was discharged in I866, at San Francisco, Cal., and returned to New York. In 1870 he was employed as agent for the Michigan Central Railroad at Ypsilanti, Mich. In I882 he engaged in the grocery business at Galesburg, Mich. In I883 he came to Detroit and engaged in the tobacco and cigar trade. In 1884 he founded his present second-hand and general house furnishing store on Michigan Ave. He married Elizabeth Cooper, of Clyde, N. Y., in 1864. They have two children. FRANK D. MARANTETTE, of the firm of Marantette & Lafferty, of Detroit was born in Detroit in 1857. His parents were Alexander and Eliza (Henderson) Marantette. His mother was born at Detroit, and his father in Canada. They were married in Detroit, in 1850, and had II children, eight of whom are living. At the age of 14 Frank became a clerk in a grocery house, where he remained I3 years In March, I884, he formed the present firm, dealers in cut meats, groceries and' general provisions He married Mary Louise Lafferty on Jan. 9, 1884. They have two children. His wife's parents were Clement and Adelaide (Beaubien) Lafferty of Detroit. TRUMAN W. MARR was born in Washington, Macomb Co., Mich., in I86o, and is the son of Sidney and Margaret (Blakeley) Marr. His father was born in Maine, and his mother in the north of Ireland. They settled in Michigan about I857. His father enlisted in Co. G, 6th Michigan Cavalry, in I863, was wounded, taken prisoner, and confined in Libby Prison, where he died. After 19 years of widowhood, his widow married James Reed, and resides at Romeo, Mich. Truman acquired a thorough knowledge of the drug and prescription business at Romeo, and in 1885 came to Detroit, and organized the firm of Gage & Marr. In I887 he purchased his partner's interest, and has become one of Detroit's popular and successful druggists. JAMES J. MARTIN was born at Madison, Morris Co., N. J.; in I838, and is the son of James and Mary (McCormac) Martin. His mother was born in Ireland, and his father in New York. They settled in New York City in I839. James J. learned the trade of ornamental and decorating sign painter. He enlisted in Co. D, 9th New York Infantry, in May, I86I, served two years under Col. J. D. Stiles, and was discharged on account of receiving a slight wound. He married Catherine Nolan, of New York, in I858. They have four children, William H., Mary C., Henry T., and Joseph R. Mary C. married Livingston S. Page. AUGUST MAY, son of Henry and Catharine (Moeller) May, was born in Detroit in I859. His parents were born in Germany, and married in Detroit about 1854. Henry settled in Detroit in 185I, and died in I888, leaving a widow and five children, Mary, Christina, August, Christian and Gustav. August engaged in the grocery business with his father until i885, when he sold his interest to his brother, and formed the present firm of Eisman and May, located at No. 85 Gratiot Ave., engaged in the boot and shoe trade. Mr. May mar

PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. ried Rosa Gmeiner, of Detroit, in August, 1883. They have two children, Flora and Vera. GEORGE MEAD, son of John and Mary Mead, was born in Devonshire, England, and came to America in I860. He found employment as machinist at New York and Boston, and in 1864 settled in Detroit as a master mechanic. In 1877 he founded his present business. His father died in 1848 leaving a widow and five children, John Jr., Sarah, George, Louisa and Emanuel. John, Jr., came to America in 1857 and the widow and the rest of the family came to Detroit in I866. The mother died in I88o. George married Harriet Jones of Wales. They were married at Troy, N. Y., in 1864, and have one son, Harry Elijah Mead. JOHN MEAD, son of John and Mary Mead, was born in Devonshire, England, in 1838. He became an expert mechanic and came to America in 1857, and found employment as superintendent in Boston and other cities, coming to Detroit, in 1874, as superintendent for the Frontier Iron Works, which position he held for 1 years; when he resigned to give his attention to his brother's manufacturing business. They erected their present shops in 1885. He married Maggie Doyle in Sept. I868. She was born Cat alais, Maine. They have a family of four children, James E., Georeg F., Mabel H., and John. Jr. LUCETTA R. MEDBURY was born at New Berlin, N. Y., in I8I5. Her father was born in 1785, and her mother in I780. She married Samuel Medbury, of New Berlin, in 1836. They came to Detroit in I867, and he was engaged in the banking business until his death, in I874. They had three children. Mrs. Medbury resides at the old homestead, on Woodward Ave. DAVID F. MITCHELL was born in Detroit, Mich., in 1822. His parents were William and Elizabeth (Fair) Mitchell, they were born and married in Scotland. In 1872 his father engaged in the flour and feed business. In I879 he moved his milling business on Lamed St., and his sons, John H. and David F., became his partners. The father died in July, I889, and the business was continued by his sons. David married Nellie Watson, of Ontario, Canada, in 1885. They have one son, James W. John H. was born in Canada in I854, married Adeline Whipple, of Detroit, in I875. They have six children. GEORGE MITCHELL, JR., merchant tailor of Grand River Ave., was born in Paris, Canada, in I855. He learned the tailoring trade, and on coming to Detroit in I876. engaged as book-keeper for Baxter, the clothier. While there he learned the art of cutting. In 1880 he began business for himself on Grand River Ave., where he employs eight persons. He married Annie M. Sims, of Ontario, in 1879. They have four children, George E., Laura B., Olive F., and Wilfred S. Mr. Mitchell's father was born in Ireland, and his mother in Scotland. They were married in Ontario, and had seven children. HENRY H. MOORE was born at Hume, Alleghany Co., N. Y., in I849. His father was born in New Hampshire, and died in New York State. His mother, born in 1812, now resides with her son Henry, and is the mother of eight children, five of whom are living, Charles M., Julia, now Mrs. J. H. Hackley, Jason L., Betsey, now Mrs. J Q. A. Clark, and Henry H. Henry married Emma L. Robinson, of Alleghany, Nov. 23, I869. They settled in Michigan and engaged in farming, and in 1874 he sold his farm and engaged in the mercantile business at Lake View, Montcalm Co., Mich. In 1885 he came to Detroit and engaged in the grocery and general supply business at 356 and 358 Grand River Ave. J. WILKIE MOORE, a pioneer of Detroit, was born in Geneva, New York May 13, 1814. He settled in Detroit in I833. He has held several important positions, viz., member of the Board of Education, Deputy U. S. Inspector for 14 years, and U. S. Consul to Upper Canada. On his early settlement he was engaged in the mercantile business and became real estate dealer. He was the son of Aaron and Mary (Wilkie) Moore, who was the daughter of Dr. Wilkie, of Scotland. In I84I he married Margaret Berthelet, daughter of Henry Berthelet t.one of Detroit's prominent men in its earlier history. She died in 1875, leaving one son, Joseph B., now cashier of the Peninsular Savings Bank, Detroit. SAMUEL MOORE was born in Brighton, England, in I846, and is the son of Jesse and Mary (Burton) Moore. They located at Woodstock, Canada, in 1849, where Mr. Moore died in I857, leaving a widow and nine children. Samuel learned the carpenter's trade, and located at Detroit in 1865. He spent some time at Grand Rapids, Mich., as manager for a large manufacturing house, but in 1873 returned to Detroit and kept a bakery on Woodward Ave. He purchased some real estate on Fourth Ave., and erected two stores, and in I88o erected a third. In 1883 he engaged in a general grocery and provision business. Mr. Moore married Eliza Lawson in I877; she was born in Hamilton, Ontario. They have five children, Mabel, Russell, Maud, Raymond and Elmer. CHRISTOPHER MOROSS is a grandson of a French pioneer, who settled in Detroit about I750, and was owner of the farm owned by Mr. W. B. Wesson, having the title from the French government. Christopher was born in Detroit on March

PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. I412 I, I821. He is the son of Victor and Theresa (Presault) Moross. Victor was born on the homestead farm in Hantramck, in 1787; Theresa was born in Sandwich, Canada, in 1790, and died in 1875. They had seven children, Christopher Columbia, Cleophas, Theresa Emily, Mary Ann, and Adeline. Victor was a captain in the War of I8I 2 and went with his company to Flat Rock, with Major DeCamp and at the surrender of Hull he met his brother Anthony of Hull's Army. Victor was a son of Antoine and Mary (Guoin) Moross. Antoine was born in Montreal or Quebec, Canada his father coming from France previous to the French and Indian War. Antoine settled in Hamtramck; a part of his land is still in possession of the family. Christopher was born on the homestead. He first engaged in the manufacture of brick and later in the livery and sale of stockand furnished a large number of cavalry horses in the War of the Rebellion. In i866 Mr. Moross retired from business giving his time to the care of his real estate. He married Emily Cicotte in 1846, daughter of Captain James and Mary R Cicotte. They have six children; Cleophas C. C., Victor J., Alfred A., George S., Emma, now Mrs J. J. Ray, Selina, now Mrs. J. A. Perret. EDMUND DAY MORRIS was born in Detroit in Nov., I857. His parents were born and married in Ireland, and came to Detroit in I845. Edmund D. was a graduate of the class of 1873, of Goldsmith's Commercial College. In 1876 he was employed by Raymond and Samuel Ferguson in the lead pipe business. In 1883 he was given a working interest, and the same year the business was organized as a corporation, with capital of $50,ooo, with E. D. Morris secretary and treasurer. It is the only lead pipe manufactory in Detroit, and gives employment to twelve hands. Mr. Morris married Ida S. Hall, of Detroit, in I88o. They have three children. HENRY M. MORRIS was born at Quebec, Canada, in 1859, and was educated in London England, and Paris. In I870 he came to Detroit, and engaged as clerk in the drug business. In 1884 he served as traveling agent for a wholesale drug house. In 1886 he commenced business for himself on Grand River Ave, where he keeps fancy articles and all classes of drugs. He married Mary Cuyler, of Detroit, in 1880. They have one son, Mack. Mr Morris's parents were Edwin and Sarah (Williamson) Morris. His mother was born in Canada, and his father in London, England. JOHN MURRAY was born in the County of Cork, Ireland, in 1833. His parents, Thomas and Mary (Flannery) Murray, came to Canada in I835. His mother died in Canada, leaving one son, John. His father married a second wife, and they had five children. At the age of 15, John shipped as cabin boy, made several trips, and in I152 left Boston on the steamer Mary Agnes, as watchman, starting for New Orleans. He was engaged in this business eight years, and in I860 commanded a ' essel on Lake Superior, then became mate of a sailing vessel, and in I86I quartermaster on the revenue cutter. He served as second mate on the Harvest Queen, and also on the Burlington. In It66 he went on an exploring expedition on the north coast of Lake Superior. In I867 he returned to Detroit, and engaged with D. J. Smith, where he remained until he engaged in business for himself on Grand River Ave.In I881 he erected his present store and dwelling. He married Ann Crowley, of Detroit, in 1854. PERCY F. NASMYTH was born at Woodstock, Canada, in 186o. His parents died in Canada, leaving four children. He became a clerk in the drug business, graduated in pharmacy in the class of I880, and in 1883 engaged in the drug business at Detroit. He succeeded to the first established drug business in Baker St. He married Kate Davidson, of Windsor, Canada in I888. HENRY C.- NEFF, physician and surgeon, was born in Wayne Co., Mich., in 1864. His father was born in Germany, and his mother in Canada His father died, leaving a widow and four children, John, William, Sophia and Henry C. Henry C. graduated in pharmacy at Toronto in 1883, and as a physician from the Detroit College of Medicine in 1887, and commenced his practice as physician and surgeon. He engaged in the drug and prescription trade in 1884. and is now located on Fort St. WILLIAM NEWSOME, was born in Eckmondwick, England, in 1855, and is the son of James and Mary (Shephard) Newsome, who came to Detroit in I86o. His father by trade was a mason and stone cutter. William worked with his father in a steam saw mill until I876, when his father died. In 1877 he learned the blacksmith trade, and in 1883 located on Grand River Ave., and established his blacksmith shop. wagon factory and repair business. In 1887 he erected a large two story shop. He married Mary Talbot, of Detroit, in 1884. They have had three children, two of whom are living. THOMAS E. NEWTON, was born at Livonia, Wayne Co., Mich, in I865, and is the son of Melvin and Mary Newton. His father, Melvin Newton, was born in New York State in 1831. His mother died in 1877, leaving three children, Elva, Thomas E. and Bert. Thomas was for a while engaged in the milk business. In 1887 he engaged in general grocery and provision business, at 394 Grand River Ave He married Caroline Lattier, in 1886. She was born in Greenfield, \Wayne Co., Mich.

PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. I413 GEORGE E. OSMUN was born in Pontiac, Oakland Co, in 1865, and is the son of Abraham and Martha (Persall) Osmun. Mr. Osmun was born in Tompkins Co, N. Y. His wife was born in Pontiac, and is the daughter of George and Mary Ensign Persall Mr. Osmun married in 1862, and died in 1876, leaving a widow and four children. She married her second husband, Robert E. Dawson, and settled in Detroit in 188O. George E Osmun engaged in the hardware business on Grand River Ave. and became one of the firm of Osmun & Dawson, and in I888 engaged in the druggist business at No. 723 Fort St., as successor to an old established business. JAMES W. PARTLAN was born in Detroit in I857, and is the son of Thomas and Alice (Kelley) Partlan. They have five children. James learned the plumber and steam heating business in 1873. In I879 he was made foreman of the Detroit Metal and Heating Works. In i88I he went into business locating at 40 Congress St. East, where he now gives employment to 20 persons. CHARLES A. PAULUS was born in Detroit in 1848. His parents were born in France and came to Detroit in 1847. His father was a tinsmith, and Charles learned the business of his father, and became clerk in a hardware store, and later on was manager for a large firm. In 1887 he engaged in business for himself, carrying a full line of hardware, and farming implements. He married Serille DeManigold, of Toledo, O., in 1877. They have two children, Paul and Eugene. WILLIAM B. PENFIELD, dealer in agricultural implements and seeds, was born in Detroit in I863, and is the son of Williston S. and Angeline (Beatty) Penfield. His mother was born in Butler Co., Pa., and his father in Schenectady Co., N. Y. They married in Butler Co., and settled in Detroit, in I851. Mr. Penfield engaged in the tin and stove trade, under the firm name of D. O. & W. S. Penfield, and became sole proprietor in I869, when he added the sale of agricultural implements. W S. Penfield died on Sept. 9, 1888; his wife died Jan. 20, 1885. They had three children, Anna, now Mrs. A. H. Munger, Mary, now Mrs Chas. A. Strelinger, and William B., who married Virginia Richards in I887, and became a partner in the business in I888. JOSEPH PERRIEN, of the firm of Perrien Bros., flour manufacturers and shippers, No. 236 Gratiot Avenue. Detroit, Mich., was born in Loraine, France, Jan. 12, 1833. He is the son of John and Maria (Lothringer) Perrien. They emigrated to America in 1V47, and settled in St. Louis, Mo., with a family of six children, Mary, John, Agatha, Joseph Louise, and Dominick. The father came to Detroit in I851, purchased a lot on Gratiot Ave., and erected a steam custom mill. He settled his family in Detroit in 1856, and died in 1862. He was born in I800; his wife died in 1863. His three sons became successors in the flour business, and largely increased the production, enlarging the mill, erecting a store-house with a capacity of 2,500 barrels, and adding nine sets of rollers They manufacture I50 barrels daily, and give employment to 15 to 20 persons. John died in 1874, leaving a widow and three children. Dominick died Aug. 30, 1885. The firm operate extensively in the real estate business. Joseph is Vice-President of the Peninsular Savings Bank. FRED W. R. PERRY, son of Dr. W. W. and Sophia B. Perry was born at Superior City, Douglas Co., Wisconsin. in 1859. He received a liberal education, graduating in pharmacy at Ann Arbor in the class of 1880. He engaged as clerk in Grand Rapids. and in 1882 came to Detroit and opened a store at 709 Woodward Ave His father, Dr. W. W. Perry was born, in 1826, in New York State, coming to Michigan with his parents in I829, and died at Hancock. Houghton Co., in 1877, leaving three children, Gertrude A, Mary P., and F. W. R. Perry. DAVID PETERKIN was born in Upper Canada in 1848, and settled in Detroit in I859, with his parents, James and Catharine (Black) Peterkin. David enlisted in the war in 1864, and was discharged in I867. He returned to Detroit, engaged as fireman on the Michigan Central R. R., and was promoted to position of engineer, which position he resigned in 1885, to give his attention to the market business which he had established in I88I. He purchased a lot and erected a store and dwe'ling, and engaged in the grocery and general supply business. He married Maggie Bemis, of Detroit in 1870. He was elected Alderman of his ward in 1886. ROBERT POUND is manager of the Enterprise Machine Works corner of Fort and Beaubien Sts., in which he purchased an interest in 1885 The business was founded in 188I. Thev are now engaged in manufacturing several specialties as well as building all classes of machinery to order, and attending to general repairing; also building steam engines and patent gear cutting attachments for lathes. Mr. Pound was born in Detroit, in 1854, and is the son of James H, and Eleanor (Meginnity) Pound. His father was born in Dover, England, in 1828, and came to Hamilton, Canada, with his parents in I834. He learned the machinist trade, and settled in Detroit. in I847, and married in 1851. They have three sons, James Henry Robert, and George C. James H. is a lawyer. Robert a machinist, and George C. a printer and publisher. EDWARD W. PRICE, one of the leading and

1414 PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. successful bakers of Detroit, was born at Newark, N. J., in 185o. He is the son of James and Catharine (Bowman) Price. They had three children, William, Edward, and Mary. Edward W. married Charlotte Lang, of Toronto, in 1872; they have three children, Charles, William, and Carrie. Mr. Price settled at Detroit in I872 as a journeyman baker. In 1874 he opened a store for himself on Fort St., and in I885 located at his present store at 365 Fort St. He gives employment to some 15 persons, makes a specialty of his brand of homemade Sunrise bread, the sales of which on Saturdays frequently reaches over 9,ooo loaves. ANTON PULTE, son of Caspar and Catharine Pulte, was born in Westphalia, Prussia, Dec. 5, i 86. He was one of seventeen children, four of whom came to America. He came to America in 1835, and after farming for several years he settled in Detroit, in i842, and in I843 began the retail grocery trade with about $200, and laid the foundation of his wholesale grocery trade, which now reaches $400,ooo per annum. His book-keeper, John J. Gennin, a native of Prussia, has been in his employ for twenty-three years, as his confidential clerk. His son, Anton, Jr., became partner in 1866, and at his death, Joseph, another son, took his place, the firm now being A. Pulte & Son. Mr. Pulte is VicePresident of the People's Savings Bank, is a large real estate owner, and has assisted many in a successful start in mercantile life. He married Louisa Gabler in 1843, who died in 1862. leaving eight children, of whom only two remain, Joseph and Sophie. Mr. Pulte married Elizabeth Struk, a Prussian, in I863. Joseph married Sophie Kaiser in 1878, who died in 1885, leaving three children. He then married Mary Fischbach. Joseph was Teller in the People's Savings Bank, which position he resigned in I876, to become partner in his father's business. NICHOLAS P. RATHS, JR., was born in Detroit, in 1862. His parents were Nicholas and Catherine (Tanzer) Raths. His father came to Detroit in i851. Nicholas P. organized the firm of N. P. Raths, Jr., & Co., at 1443 Michigan Ave., successors to Peter Raths, in 1883. They are dealers in hardware, stoves, groceries and general provisions. He married Bertha Miller, in 1884. They have one daughter, Mary. His wife was born in Marquette County, Mich. JAMES F. RATIGAN was born at Detroit, in i861. His parents, Patrick and Ellen (McAdams) Ratigan, were born in Ireland, and married in 1849, at Springwells, Wayne Co., Mich. His father settled in Detroit in 1847, was proprietor of the University Hotel, on the River Road, from 1848 to I854, when he engaged in the mercantile trade. In 1861 he located on River St., opposite the fort, erected a store, which was destroyed by fire, and rebuilt a block of three stores in 1876. He was born in I820, and died in I884, leaving a widow and six children, William P., Mary, Nellie, Winnie, Ella, and James F. James F. became successor to his father's business, the firm being J. F. Ratigan & Co., his mother constituting the company. His father was for many years post-trader for the fort, and James succeeded to the business. OLIVER RAYMO was born at Toronto, in 1848, and is the son of Charles and Anna (Dumas) Raymo. His parents died in Canada, leaving seven children, six of whom are now living. Oliver came to Detroit in 1870, and engaged as clerk in a wholesale stove house and general hardware, where he remained 15 years, and then engaged in business for himself at 1002 Michigan Ave. He married Mary Broderick in 1875. They have five children, James E., Charles H., Catherine E., Louis H., and Irene. ALEXANDER B. RAYMOND, son of William A. Raymond, was born in Detroit in January, I850. He was educated in Detroit, and graduated as civil engineer from the University of Michigan in 1871. He at once began serving as assistant engineer for the following railroads: In 1871 and 1872, for the Michigan and Chicago Lake Shore; in I872 and I873, for the Michigan Central, in the laying of their double track; and in 1873, 1874 and 1875, for the New York Central, in the laying of their four tracks, with headquarters at Rochester, N. Y. In 1875 he was appointed Assistant. City Engineer of Detroit, which position he left in May, 1877, to engage in the grocery and provision business at his present stand, 693 and 695 Woodward Ave. Detroit, his native city, he has chosen for his future home. On June 6, 1877, he married Mary R. Whiting. daughter of Col. Henry Whiting, of St. Clair, Mich. CHARLES REEBER & BROTHER are dealers in domestic and foreign dry goods, carpets, etc. Charles was born in Germany, in I850. He learned the carpenter trade, and subsequently became clerk in a dry goods house, continuing until 1879, when the present' firm was organized. Charles married Helen Lutticke, of Detroit, in I879. They have four children, Clara, Bertha, Helen, and Charles. Jr. His brother, Joseph, was born in Germany in 1855. He married Dora Willsberger in i88t. They have four children, Mamie, Alvord, Joseph, Jr., and Henry. Their parents were Joseph and Mary (Kirchner) Reeber. His father died in 1876, leaving a widow and three sons, Charles, Joseph, and \V illiam. Charles Reeber & Bro. located in their new stores, 967 and 969 Michigan Ave., in i888. WARREN P. REED was born at Redford, Wayne Co., Mich., in 1847. His parents, Jesse W. and Maria (Coon) Reed, came to Michigan in 1830, set

PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. 1415 tied at Redford, and engaged in farming and stock raising. His mother died in I850, leaving eight children, Charles, George, Emma, Margetta, Alford, Edwin, Warren P., and Jesse, Jr. Albert enlisted in the 7th Michigan Infantry, and was killed. Charles enlisted in the same company, and Alford in the 5th Michigan. In I868 Mr. Reed was engaged in the manufacture of salt. He also taught school three years, and in 1874 engaged in the cooperage business. In 1876 he came to Detroit, and opened his present dry goods and general supply stores, at 445 and 447 Grand River Ave. He married his second wife, Malvina Campbell, in 1875. Tbey have four children, Burton, Fred, Gertie, and Phil. EDWIN REEDER was born at Lemington, England, April I8, I818. His parents, John and Elizabeth (Ellis) Reeder, had ten children, four of whom still survive, viz., Elizabeth, Edwin, Harriet, and Isabella. The parents died in England. In 1854 Edwin came to Detroit. The following year he entered the Commercial College at Pittsburgh, Pa., and after graduating returned to Detroit and became bookkeeper in the office of the Detroit and Lake Superior Copper Mining Co., which position he still retains. In I8566he married Elizabeth Thorley, who was born in England. They have four children, three of whom are married. Before leaving England Mr. Reeder united with the Methodist Church, and for fifty years he has been a devoted member, and is now an earnest Sunday-school worker. RICHARD AUGUST REUTHER, sculptor, modeler and carver in stone, wood and marble, was born at Detroit in I859. His parents were born in Saxony, Germany, came to America in 1848, and in 1855 settled in Detroit and engaged in the dry goods trade. His father died in 1876, leaving a widow and eight children, five of whom are now living, Herman, Emma, Bertha, Richard and Victor. Richard received a classical education, acquired his profession, and opened his place of business in 1882, where he gives employment to from three to eight persons. He is a prominent officer and stockholder in the Art Stove and Range Works of Detroit, located on the corner of Russell St. and Milwaukee Ave. Herman Reuther enlisted in the ioth Michigan Battery, served three years, and was discharged with his regiment. GEORGE RHODE was born'in Detroit, Nov. 28, I85I, and is the son of Joseph and Anna Maria Rhode, who were born in Prussia, and married at Detroit in I850. His father, by trade, was a pattern maker. They had seven children, of whom five are living, George, Gertie, Elizabeth, Ferdinand, and Mary. His father erected a store and dwelling on Gratiot Ave., in 1870, and George engaged in the grocery and general supply business with him. In 1888 his father retired from active business. THOMAS H. RICHARDS was born in Devonshire, Eng., in 1846. He is the son of John and Grace (Harris) Richards, who settled in Orleans Co., N. Y., in 1856. Thomas was educated at Medina, and graduated at a commercial college. He came to Detroit in 1872 as prescription clerk in a drug store. In 1877 he enghged in the business for himself as successor to Dr. Monroe. He married Martha E. Parish, of Detroit, in I879. They have two children, William Adelbert and Gilbert R. Parish. His wife was born in Canada; her parents were from northern New York. CLAUS RINGE, JR., was born at Hanover, Prussia, in 1833. In 1850 he came to Philadelphia, where he learned the confectionery trade. He married Anna Joest, of Philadelphia, in I855. She died in 1885, leaving five children. He married his second wife, Catherine Mayer, in I886. In 1862 he settled in Macomb Co., and engaged in farming, but in 1868 came to Detroit and entered the grocery and dry goods business. He erected his dwelling and store on Twelfth St. in 1876. CHARLES W. ROBINSON was born in Greenville, Canada, in I830. He engaged in farming in I859, and was afterwards in the mercantile business from which he retired and settled in Detroit, in I863. In I866 he purchased a homestead of five acres out Grand River Ave., planting the first vineyard in Wayne Co., Mich., also cultivating vegetables. His grapes proved a success, and he has added 25 acres more, having over fifteen thousand vines. He also leased a plat of 15 acres. Mr. Robinson is now manufacturing some 20,000 gallons yearly, of pure grape wine, which is highly appreciated for medical use. He still continues the vegetable business. His erected his present dwelling and wine cellar in I874. He married Elizabeth McMartin, in 1850. They have had seven children; Wellington L., Malcolm C., Charles W., Jr., Anna, Washington I., Emma, and Lafayette L. Washington graduated as a lawyer in I888. Mr. Robinson is the son of Jeremiah and Rebecca (Smyth) Robinson. His father was born in A-lbany, N. Y.; his mother is of Scotch parentage. WILLIAM C. ROSS, son of Andrew and Jane (McDonald) Ross, was born in St. Mary's, Canada, in 1838. His parents were Scotch, and coming to this country, settled first in Canada, and after a time came to Chesterfield, Macomb Co., Mich., where Mrs. Ross died in 1854, leaving seven children, Daniel A., William C., Andrew, Belle and Julia. John enlisted in the First Michigan Regiment in 1861, and was killed in the Battle of the Wilderness. The body never was found. He was 26 years old. Andrew and George enlisted in 1862 and served to the close of the war, the former in the 22d, the latter in the 24th Regiment. The father

1416 PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. was born in 1807 and died in I88I. William C. settled in Detroit in 1855; in 1857 he manufactured lath at St. Clair, and in I859 he, with two others, crossed the plains, via St. Joe and Salt Lake, and engaged in mining on the Pacific coast, where he remained until i866, returning via the Isthmus to New York City, after much varied experience. In 1870 he began the lumber business at the corner of Michigan Ave. and Griswold St., and in i882 on Woodward Ave. He afterwards joined Mr. Spaulding, under the name of Spaulding, Ross & Co., and in I885 dissolved partnership and started for himself, at No. 792 Grand River Ave. He married Alida H. Balsley, of Detroit, in 1869. They have three children, Cora D., born Sept., I87I, Edgar E., born 1873, and William C., Jr., born 1879. ARTHUR WILLIAM ROTH was born at Detroit in I85I. His parents were Louis and Fannie (Zerna) Roth. His father died, leaving a widow and three children, Alfrida, Robert and Arthur W. His parents were born in Saxony, Germany. Arthur W. was educated in the Detroit schools, studied chemistry and pharmacy at Chicago, and in 1862 engaged as prescription clerk in Detroit. In 1875 he opened a store for himself on Croghan St. FREDERICK RUEHLE, son of John V. and Susan (Cronenwith) Ruehle, was born in Baden, Germany, Feb. 24, 18I6. They came to Detroit in August, 1832, with four children, John, Frederick, Mary and Margaret. Frederick learned the jewelry business in Germany, but finding no work at his trade in Detroit, he learned the cabinet trade, and in 1855 began with his brother in the grocery and baking business, in which they were successful. In 1843 they dissolved partnership, Frederick continuing the business. In 1841 he enlisted in the Scott Guards, in which he served from Corporal to Captain, and as Captain was prominent in the Company, and organized a company of Ioo men for the United States Army, and assisted to fill Col. Stockton's, the I6th Regiment Michigan Volunteers, in 1862, becoming responsible for several thousand dollars to furnish substitutes for the war. He was a War Democrat. He has held the position of Alderman and also a member of the Board of Public Works. He sold out his business in 1871, and began the real estate. In i886 he retired. He married Dorothy Ungerer, in Detroit, in 1836. She died in I885, leaving ten children, Dorothy, Frederick, Caroline, Emily, Charles W., Fanny, Julia, George, Ella and Laura. HERMAN SCHAALE was born in Germany in 1834. His parents, Karl and Christina Schaale, died in Germany. He came to Detroit in I855, and commenced the butchering business. In I872 he engaged in the manufacture of fine sausages, with a steam engine of 15-horse power. In 1873 he erected a market and dwelling on Fort St., and has a large wholesale trade. By his first wife, Elizabeth (Yax) Schaale, he had one child. He married his second wife, Charlotte Krumbach. in 1871. She was born in Prussia. They have four children. AUGUST SCHELBE was born at Detroit in I858, and is the son of August and Christina (Dash) Schelbe. His father was born in Germany, in I834, and settled in Detroit in 1854. His mother died in I87I. They had three children, August, Louisa, and John. His father married for a second wife Catherine Cronenwett, who was born July I2, I840. They have five children, Herman, Elizabeth M., Catherine C., Adam H., and Walter. August, Jr., married Ellen Citrelet, of Detroit, in 1883. He succeeded his father in the grocery and general supply store. OTTO SCHEMANSKY was born in West Prussia in 1852. His parents came to Detroit in 1870. In 1872 Otto commenced to learn the monument and designing trade, and continued the same until 1880, when he went on the police force, and served two years. He then resigned and resumed his marble business. He purchased his store on Gratiot Ave. in 1878. He married Mary Lenz, of Detroit, in 1876. They have five children. WILLIAM SCHOOK was born in Prussia in I840. He was enrolled in the Prussian army in I858, called out in I860, and served three years. He married Johanna Schemer, in i865, in Prussia. In I866 they came to America, locating at Detroit. In I868 he moved to the Lake Superior mining district, and engaged in farming. In 1883 he returned to Detroit, and purchased his hotel on Ferry St., on the D., M. & G. T. R. R. They have two children, William, Jr., born in Prussia, and Anna, born in 1879 at Marine City, Mich. SCHULTE & KAISER, dealers in groceries and provisions, succeeded to the grocery business of Anthony Grosfield on Jan. 15, I88I. Willebald Schulte was born in Westphalia, Germany, in I852, and settled in Detroit in I870. He engaged as clerk in the grocery business, where he remained ten years, and until he organized the present firm. Anthony Kaiser was born in Westphalia, Germany, in 1855. He came to Detroit in I874, and is now one of the above named firm. ERNEST SCHWEIM was born in the north of Germany, in 1850, and learned the carriage and wagon trade. He came to Detroit in 1872, and formed the firm of Schweim & Essler, on Lafayette (now Champlain) St. In July, I888, a branch shop was established. The firm is now Belnap, Essler & Co. Mr. Schweim married Rickey Turner in 1875. She was born in Germany. They have three children, Willie, Ernest and Anna.

PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. I417 GEORGE JACOB SEXAUER, hardware merchant of Detroit, was born in Baden, Germany, in I846, and is the son of Tobias and Ursula (Hoefflin) Sexauer. George came to America in 1867, and found employment at his trade as journeyman tinsmith in New York City. He came to Detroit in 1873, and engaged in the hardware trade, under the firm name of Welz & Sexauer. He subsequently sold his interest in that firm and engaged in the general hardware business for himself, employing from IO to 15 persons. He married Wilhelmina Eich, of Toledo, Ohio, in I870 She died in I879, leaving two children, Lilla and Frederick. He married his second wife, Isabella Bick, in May, I880. They have two children, Amelia and Edward. CORNELIUS SHEEHY was born in the County of Kerry, Ireland, on June 4, 1836, and is the son of Martin and Margaret Sheehy. He came to America in 1848, settling at Buffalo, N. Y. From there he went to Erie, Pa., in I85I. All of Mr. Sheehy's school advantages were obtained in the common schools of these two cities. In 1854 he removed to Toronto, Canada, where, on May i of the same year, he entered into the employ of the Northern Railway of Canada. In 1864 he severed his connection with that company and came to Detroit, where he was employed successively by the Michigan Southern Railway, the Michigan Central, and the Canada Southern, and after June I, I877, was the Canadian passenger agent of the Wabash Railroad Company. Mr. Sheehy resigned this last position to enter the employ of the Canada Pacific Railway. He is a self-made, self-educated man, who by perseverance and strict attention to business has risen to his present position. He is of a genial, kindly disposition, and is highly esteemed by all who know him. DEWITT C. SPAULDING, son of Henry and Amy E. (Askins) Spaulding, was born in Cattaraugus County, New York, in I843. Henry was born in 1799 in Vermont, and died in 1870, his wife having died ten years before. DeWitt came to Detroit in I860 and enlisted in Company G., Eighth Michigan Infantry. In 1861 he re-enlisted in the same company, and at the close of the war, in 1865, he engaged in Detroit as bookkeeper. In 1875 he began the lumber business in Wayne, and in I880 he formed the firm of Spaulding, Ross & Co., at 265 Trumbull Avenue. In 1886 he became the sole proprietor. Mr. Spaulding married Mattie Black, of Fentonville, Michigan, in 1867. She died in 1871, leaving one son, Ray C. On May 27, 1874, Mr. Spaulding married Isabella Ross. They have three children, Mattie B., James G., and DeWitt C., Jr. SPECK BROTHERS, furniture dealers at 684 and 686 Michigan Ave., are sons of Joachim and Julia Ann Louisa (Rebehn) Speck, who settled at Detroit[in 1865. Thefatherwas born in 1815, and died at Wyandottein 1878. He had a family of I children, of whom ten came to America; one daughter remained in Germany. Henry Speck was born in 1849, and Jacob in 1857. Jacob learned the cabinet maker's trade, and Henry learned the cigar trade and conducted the same until 1882, when he entered into partnership with his brother., Jacob married Dora Otto in 1882. She was born in Germany. They have four children Hattie, Frederick, Amanda, and Mary. JOSEPH SPITZLEY, son of Stephen and Agnes (Thomas) Spitzley, was born at Mayen, Rhein Preusen, Germany, in 1840. He came with his parents to Detroit in 1848. In I86I he enlisted in Company D, 2d Kansas Regiment, under Col. Mitchel, and served two and a quarter years, and was discharged with his regiment at Fort Leavenworth. He married Louisa E. Schmitz, Oct., 1863. In 1866 he joined the firm of Pip & Spitzley Bros. In I868 the firm became Spitzley Bros, who now rank among the first builders in Detroit. His father, Stephen, was born in I800 and died in 865, leaving seven children. His mother died in I853. JOSEPH SPRANGER was born in Germany, in 1838, and is the son of Conrad and Anna M. (Koch) Spranger. They married in Prussia, and emigrated to America in I841, settling in Detroit with two children, Joseph and Mary; and three others, Catherine, John, and Anna M., were born in Detroit. The father died in 1852, and the mother in 1886. Joseph acquired an English education, and at the age of 14 learned the boiler trade. In 1870, he and his brother John began the manufacture of boilers. In 1877 he purchased his present location, and in I878 he became sole proprietor. The firm is now J. Spranger & Sons, and is located at Nos. 194-II96 Atwater St. Mr. Spranger married Amelia Cuney, in 1861. She was born in Switzerland. She died on Jan. 13, I88I, leaving a family of nine, of whom eight are now living, viz., John J., William J., Henry, Louis A., Amelia, Mary, Estella, and Walter. Mr. Spranger married his second wife, Rosa Cuney, in I883. OSCAR M. SPRINGER was born Nov. 7, I859, his earlier years being spent in the town of Lynn, St. Clair Co. From 1872 to I880 he lived at Petrolia, Ontario, where his father was engaged in the oil business. He attended the usual grammar schools, and soon after his arrival in Detroit early in I880 commenced the study of law, studying in the offices of Edmund Hall, A. F. Willcox, and F. A. Baker. He was admitted to the bar in 1881, but continued in the office of Mr. Baker, being with him for some two years. He has been in practice for himself for a number of years, and gives special

14i8 PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. attention to railroad and insurance law, but has been engaged in some notable criminal cases, and is specially diligent and painstaking in his practice. He was married on Oct. 28, 1885, to Emma A. Wreford. One of the most attractive and unique business and residence buildings in the city, known as the Utopia and located on the northwest corner of Bagley Avenue and Clifford Street, erected by Wm. Wreford, was in large part designed by him, and shows evidence of good business judgment and good taste as well. FRANCIS X. STARK was born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1845, and came to New Baltimore, Macomb Co., Mich., in I851. His father died the same year, and the widow and two children came to Detroit in I854, and began farming and with her son Francis's help, she soon had Ioo acres. In 1870 she purchased 80 acres of the Inkster farm, paying $r,ooo, and sold the same for $1,900. She then bought ioo acres for $2,500 and sold it for $5,000. She next purchased four acres of the Lancy tract for $400, and soon after sold it for $4,000. In I869 she purchased 330 acres at Mt. Clemens, where she resided until I876 when she returned to Detroit. She assisted her son in the brick manufacturing business, and contributed to the county fund in aid of the soldiers' families in the late war. Francis X. married Mary Livernois Aug., 1868. They have four children. J. F. SULLIVAN, a prominent florist of Detroit, was born in Chester Co., Pa., in I859, and is the son of Cornelius and Julia (Gleason) Sullivan. He received a good education, and having a great fancy for the rose, he made it his leading specialty. In I880 he went to Louisville, Ky., in charge of extensive floral grounds. In 1886 he resigned the position and settled in Detroit, renting five acres on Gratiot Ave. He now gives employment to from five to ten persons. He married Maggie A. Harrington in 1882. She was born in Philadelphia, Pa. They have a family of three children, Norman, Helena and Irene. Mrs. Sullivan is the daughter of John and Ellen Harrington. STEPHEN TAPLIN was born at Hampshire, Eng., in I834, and is the son of William and Ann (Barnes) Taplin, who died in England. They had nine children, of whom six are living. Stephen received a liberal education and served an apprenticeship with several of the leading florists of England, becoming proficient in his business, which he has always followed. He has 1 acres of land under cultivation confined to the raising of choice roses, shrubs and small fruits, and makes a specialty of all kinds of floral designs. He married Sarah Rollison in London, England, and in I869 they came to America and settled at Detroit. They have three children, Tom, Emily, and William. In i87I he purchased Ioo ft. front on Fort St., and now owns 200 ft., which is occupied by his green houses. I-le gives'employment to from 10 to 20 persons. HENRY C. THOMM was born in Oswego Co., N. Y., in I859. He served as a drug clerk in New York city, and in I880 graduated in pharmacy. He next came to Detroit and engaged with his brother Lewis in the grocery business, and in I884 they located on Woodward Ave. north of the railroad station in grocery and crockery business. In I886 they dissolved and Henry continued the business, and is one of the oldest merchants in that section. He married Mame Davey, of Detroit, in I886. They have one daughter, Wanda. Mr. Thomm is secretary of the People's Loan Association, and was active in organizing the association. JAMES B. THOMPSON, one of the leading florists of Detroit, is located at Nos. 1077 to 1085 Third Ave. He was born in Perthshire, Scotland, Sept. 1846, and is the son of Robert and Ann (Morris) Thompson. James B. received a good education. He married in Scotland, in I867, Miss Hannah May. They emigrated to Detroit in I868, where he found employment as a mason. In 1870 he engaged in the contract business on Third Ave., near Canfield Ave., and in 1874 he purchased on Third Ave., a lot 9oxIoo feet. In 1876 he added 60 feet to his grounds, and in 1878 erected his dwelling and conducted an extensive florist business. He has a family of two sons, James D. and Arthur T. THOMAS TUCKER, JR., was born at Devonshire, England, in Feb., 1853, and is the son of Thomas and Ann T. Tucker, who came to America in 1873 and settled at Flint, Mich. They had seven children, William, John, Henry, Thomas, Jr., Robert and Eli. Thomas learned the hardware trade, and came from Flint in 1879 to clerk for Standart Bros., of Detroit. In 1882 he engaged in business with Mr. Roberts, under the firm name of Tucker & Roberts, at 483 Grand River Ave. At the death of his partner in Feb., I886, Mr. Tucker became sole proprietor of the hardware house. He married Lydia Robinson, of England, in 1875 at Flint, Mich. They have one daughter, Ethel. THOMAS P. TUITE was born in St. Catherines, Ontario, in 1848. His parents, Patrick and Ann (McGinnis) Tuite, were born in Ireland, and married in Detroit in 1838. Thomas enlisted in Company G, 74th New York Vol., from Buffalo, June 1863, and was discharged with his regiment. Mr. Tuite settled in Detroit in 1864, learning the plumbing, tin and stove business. He located in 1880 at 239 Jefferson Ave., where he is often consulted on scientific ventilating and plumbing. He was elected Councilman in I886, and City Treasurer in 1887. He married Mary Ann Ryan, of

PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. 1419 Detroit, in I873. They have two sons, Patrick S., and Charles R. He was an active member of the fire department from 1865 to 1872. NICOLAS VANDENBELT, druggist and prescriptionist of 33 Lafayette Ave., was born at Kalamazoo, Mich., in I859. He was educated at Hope College, Holland, Ottawa Co., Mich., and graduated in pharmacy at the university of Ann Arbor in 1882. He entered the drug business as clerk in I886, and became the successor of A. B. Stevens, chemist, prescriptionist and general druggist. GEORGE W. VIDEAN was born at Detroit in I859. His father was born in England, and his mother in Prussia. They had five children, of whom four are living, George W., William, Minnie, and Emma. His parents died in Detroit. At the age of 13 George became clerk in a dry goods house. In I88I he engaged in business for himself, and carries a full line of ladies' and gents' furnishings and fancy articles. He married Amelia Born. They have one daughter, Violet. Mr. Videan is one of the successful enterprising merchants of Detroit. EUSEBE J. VILLEROT was born in France in I845. His parents came to Wayne Co. in 1852. Eusebe learning the carpenter's trade, and in I87I settled in Detroit, and worked at his trade. In 1873 he purchased land and later on erected a store, where in 1882 he engaged in the grocery business. He married Louise DeGrace, of Detroit, in 1873. They have two children, Adolph and Josephine. GEORGE J. VINTON, son of Warren G. and Jane E (Putnam) Vinton, was born in Detroit in 1859. He graduated from the high school in 1878, and became book-keeper for and subsequently member of the firm of Vinton & Co. He married Annie A. Mitchell, of Detroit, in Oct., I883. She died in Aug., I885, and in Oct., 1887, he married Rosa B. King, of Brooklyn, N. Y. The firm of Vinton & Co., now located at I26-146 Woodbridge Street East, gives employment to several hundred men. WARREN G. VINTON was born in Utica, N. Y., in I830, removing with his parents at an early age to Fulton, N. Y., where he learned the carpenter's trade, and at the age of eighteen commenced the contract carpenter and building business, erecting many of the prominent buildings at that time in Fulton. In I853 he visited California, and on his return settled in Detroit, and in 1854 began business, employing five or six men, having an increasing business for over thirty years. In I884 he admitted his son, George J., to the firm; in 1887 it became Clark, Vinton & Co., and on the death of Mr. Clark, in I889, the name was changed to Vinton & Co., and located on Woodbridge St East, where they employ hundreds of men. He married Jane E. Putnam at Pinckney, Mich., in I858. She was a native of Cleveland, O. They have had six children, four of whom are living, George J., Guy W., Clara J., and Blanche. Mr. Vinton was commissioned to raise a company at the outbreak of the war with the South and became Captain, but owing to ill health was compelled to resign after a few months' service. He has been a prominent republican, and was appointed for three terms on the building committee of the Eastern Michigan Asylum, and Trustee of the same institution or eleven years. JAMES A. VISGER, son of Joseph and Ann (Godfroy) Visger, was born in Springwells, July 30, 1824. Jacob Visger was born in Schenectady, N. Y., settled in Detroit at an early date, and married Agatha Cicotte. They had two children, Joseph and Catherine. Jacob was a Colonel in the War of I812. Joseph, the father of the subject of this sketch, was born in I796. He also served in the War of 1812, and received a land warrant from the government. Joseph died June 30, I855. He had fourteen children, eight of whom are now living. He was a Captain in the militia, was Township Treasurer, and at the time of his death was Justice of the Peace at Ecorce. James A., at the age of 21, was elected Township Treasurer of Ecorce, holding the office for seven years, being afterward Town Clerk and County Auditor. In 1872 he settled in Hamtramck, where he has since been identified with the interests of the town. Mr. Visger was appointed Deputy Register of Deeds in 1883, holding the office for six years. In January, I889, he opened a real estate office in the Moffat Block in conjunction with his son Robert H. James A. married Phyllis Beaubien in I849. They have had eleven children, seven of whom are living. SAMUEL W. WAYSON was born in Washington, D. C., in I855, and is the son of Israel and Mary (Conner) Wayson. His father died in Washington in I856, leaving a widow and nine children, five of whom survive, Matilda, Mary, Joseph, James and Samuel W. The mother came with her children to Detroit in i868. Samuel W.,'found employment with Newcomb, Endicott & Co., later became shipping clerk for a tobacco firm, then engaged as telegraph messenger, becoming an operator in 1872. He then learned the plumbing trade, and in 1877 he began the plumbing business with a small capital. In I878 he formed a partnership with David T. Rogers, which firm continued until Jan. I889. when they organized a company called the Western Plumbing and Heating Co., locating at No. 138 West Lamed St., with a capital of $50,000, Mr. Wayson being treasurer, He married Gertrude L.

1420 PERSONAL SKETCHES-DETROIT. Barker, of Detroit, March 5, i879. They have three children, Edna, Gertrude and Henry. HENRY A. WEBER, boot and shoe dealer, was born in the Electorate of Hessia, Germany, in I852 and is the son of George and Mary (Schick) Weber. They had six children. Henry A. came to America in 1872. From 1874 to i880 he was clerk for L. L. Farnsworth. In 1880, he, with a brother, began business for themselves on Gratiot Ave., and during the same year opened their store on Michigan Ave. In 1884 they dissolved partnership. Henry married Mary Theresa Walter, of Detroit, in I879. They have four children, Harry W. Charles J., Chester, and Lillie. CHARLES F. WEST, physician and surgeon, was born at Chatham, Kent Co., Canada, in 1854. He read medicine with Dr. Roe, of Chatham, and graduated from the medical and surgical department of the University of Michigan in 1876. He practiced at Chatham until I880, when he came to Detroit, locating at 390 Baker St. JOHN L. WHIPPLE, owner of the Whipple Steam Rolling Flour Mills, was born at Lansing, N. Y., in I826. His parents were born in Vermont. His early life was spent in sailing on Lake Erie. In I850 he was mate, and became master of a ship. The same year he purchased the tug Bruce, and engaged in towing. He settled at Detroit in I851, and built the tug, George W. Parker. In 1868 he retired from the business, engaging in the manufacture of wooden ware, chairs, boxes and spring beds, shipping some 20,000 of his spring beds annually. In 1875 he bought out his partner and moved to Wyandotte, and added a steam flour mill to his business. In 1887 he returned to Detroit, and erected his extensive mills of 70-horse power, on West Fort St. and Columbus Ave. By his first wife, Anna (Nelson) Whipple, he had two children. He married his second wife, Maggie Ditman, of Detroit, in i880. They have one child. DAVID WHITE was born in Belfast, Ireland, Jan. 26, 1838, and is the son of Robert and Elizabeth (Robinson) White, who came to America and settled in Romeo, Macomb Co., Mich., where Mrs. White died, leaving nine children, seven of whom are living, namely: Elizabeth J., David, Robert, Anna, John, James, and Lydia. The father enlisted in the war of I86I, and served until its close. He was by trade a plasterer, and his four sons learned the trade. David White married Mary E. Sullivan, of Detroit, July 25, I86o. They have four daughters, Belle, Lillie M., Anna E., and Dida Mary. Mr. White settled at Detroit in 1873, and engaged in the jobbing building business, and employed a large force of men, He retired from the building business and began the manufacture of plaster paris ornaments, such as center-pieces, brackets, cornices, etc. He is the only manufacturer in this line, and is located at 521 Grand River Ave., where he has a fine business, wholesale and retail. WILLIAM HALL WILLIAMS was born at London, Ont., in I849. He married Sarah E. Phillips, of Detroit, in 1880. She was born Sept. i6, I86o. They had three children. He is engaged in the manufacture of pickles and vinegar under the firm name of Williams Bros. & Charbonneau. The factory and works are located on Grand River Ave. and 19th St. His parents were natives of England. His wife's father, Henry T. Phillips, was born at Philadelphia, Pa.; her mother in New York. They reside in Detroit. CAPTAIN WILLIAM WILSON was born at Hull, Yorkshire, England, in I805. At 15 years of age he began a life on the sea, made trips to the Arctic region with Capt. William Knight, and served as first mate on several British vessels. In 1829 he married Mary A. Utting. She died in I849, and in I85I he resigned his position and came to Detroit with his three sons, Edward, George and William. Edward enlisted in the 24th Michigan Regiment, and died from fever. George and William were commanders of vessels. George is now a customhouse officer. In I85I Mr. Wilson commanded the Oliver H. Perry. He retired from lake life in 1857, and engaged in the manufacture of sails and rigging. He married his second wife, Mrs. Ann Morris Allyn, in I855. She was born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1821. GEORGE WINTERHALTER, one of the representative furniture and upholstering dealers of Detroit, is located at No. 256 Woodward Ave. He occupies four floors of 20XI00 feet, and basement, giving employment to eight persons in his finishing department. Mr. Winterhalter was the son of Christian and Eva Winterhalter, who died in Baden, leaving nine children, five of whom survive, Sophia, Joseph, Theresa, George and Eva. Mr. Winterhalter was born in Baden, Germany, in I836. He received a liberal education, and in'*Ig"'4:came to Detroit and found employment, where he learned the cabinet trade, which he followed for I5 years. In I869 he organized a firm and engaged in the general furniture and upholstering business, locating on Monroe Ave. In 1870 the firm changed and he located on Woodward Ave, where he still remains, and has always maintained a high standing for good goods and square dealing. In 1885 he sold his interest in the firm, and located in,his present store under the firm name of George Winterhalter & Son. He married Elizabeth Withahn in I86I. They have two children, George W., and Carrie. WILLIAM WREFORD, who is now about 56 years old, came to Detroit from Tiverton, England,

PERSONAL SKETCHES-ECO PKCE. 1421 where he was born. He arrived here when he was about 21 years old. After his arrival he worked for the well-known Wm. Smith for a few months, and then engaged in the business of a butcher, continuing steadily and successfully in the retail trade until about I880, having for a long period of time a leading position in the Central market. He then located himself in his block on the corner of Jeffer son Ave. and Riopelle St., where he has the largest wholesale and retail meat trade of any single individual in the city. He is known as a provident and reliable citizen, deserving of the success he has attained. He has a wife and two children, a son and a daughter. His wife's maiden name was Elizabeth Webber, and his daughter is the wife of Oscar M. Springer. ECORCE. JOHN BOEHLE was born in Prussia, June 24, 1824. He came to America in June, 1852, and settled in Detroit, where he resided until 1857, when he removed to Taylor on a farm of 80 acres. In 1883 he purchased a farm of oo00 acres irn the town of Ecorce and has lived there ever since. He married Minnie Grote of Detroit, Aug. 1852. They have eight children: Augustus, Mary, Emma, John, Henry, Minnie, Albert and Edward, who are twins, He has been school director three years. LOUIS CICOTTE, merchant and manufacturer of flour at Ecorce, was born in 1818. His parents were born at Detroit and settled at Ecorce in I815. They had a family of ten children, two now living. His father served in the war of I812. Louis married Fanny Beaubien, of Detroit, in I847, who was born in 1826. They have had seven children. three of whom are living. Mr. Cicotte was supervisor seven years, constable and custom house officer for 20 years. He erected his hotel in I866, and owns a farm of 37 acres of land which he purchased in 1840 at $10 per acre. GEORGE GEHRLING was born in Germany, March 30, 1823. He came to America in 1848, and settled in Wayne County. Since I86I he has lived in Ecorce, on a farm purchased at that time. He married Mary Mettie; they had two children, both died in infancy. LOUIS GEORGE, a merchant of Wyandotte, was born in Germany in I844. He is the son of Anthony and Barbara (Burg) George, who came to America in 1852, and settled at Dallas, Clinton Co., Mich. They had 13 children. Louis came to Wyandotte in 1872, and engaged in a general mercantile business, which he has largely increased. He erected a store and dwelling in 1882, and in 1886 erected a second store. He manufactures charcoal. His kiln is located in Isabella Co., and gives employment to IOO persons. He married Mary Moran in I867, who was born in Prussia, and came to America in 1855. They have seven children, Edward A, John L., Charles J., Anna C., George Frederick W., Regina Henrietta, and Lewis John. ABRAHAM LA BLANC, a general farmer, was born at Ecorce, Mich., Oct. 17, 1820. His parents, Peter and Theresa (Bourrasson) LaBlanc, settled at Ecorce in 800oo. His father was born in France, was an extensive fur dealer, and fitted out fur trading vessels. Abraham married Phyllis Perry, in I851. She was born in Canada. They have eight children. He owns 300 acres of fine farming land, and is one of the active farmers of his town GUSTAVE RAUPP was born in Baden, Germany, in 1848. His father was born in 18I9, and came with his family to America in 1851, and settled at Brooklyn, N. Y., where his wife died in 1870, leaving four children, William, Mathias, Gustave, and Herman. William enlisted in Co. H, 6th Mich. Infantry, re-enlisted and died at Fort Donaldson in I864. Gustave married Selina Peyette in 1884. They have two children. He has held office of town treasurer one term, and supervisor, two terms. In 1877 he formed his present business firm of Salliotte & Raupp, lumber dealers and manufacturers of stave and hoops, and does an extensive shipping business, employing some Ioo to 150 persons. ALEXIS M. SALLIOTTE was born in Ecorce township in I837. His father, Moses Salliotte, was born at Ecorce in I806. His mother, Charlotte (Cook) Salliotte was born at lorkshire, Eng. They had seven children. The grandparents settled at Ecorce in 800o. Alexis married May Rousson in 1867, who was born at Ecorce. They have had nine children, eight of whom are living. Mr. Salliotte, in 1845 kept a grocery and general supply store. In 1859 he manufactured boots and shoes. In 1877 he became a member of the firm of Salliotte & Raupp, engaging in lumbering and the manufacture of staves. In I879 the mill was destroyed by fire, and a new steam saw and planing mill was erected with capacity of 50,oo0 feet in ten hours. They also have mills at Ashley and Lansing, Mich., and are extensive shippers of pine lumber. Mr. Salliotte has been town treasurer one term, town clerk two terms and postmaster I6 years.

1422 PERSONAL SKETCHES-GREENFIELD. JOSEPH SALLIOTTE, merchant and proprietor of the Ecorce flour mills, was born in I840. He is the son of Moses and Charlotte (Cook) Salliotte. His mother died in I856, leaving seven children, five of whom are living. His father was born at Ecorce in I806; his mother was born at Yorkshire, Eng. Joseph's grandparents settled at Ecorce in I8oo. His grandfather died in I816, his widow in 1862. Joseph married Mary Moran, in 1862, who was born in Ireland. They have five children. He engaged in the butchering business in i862, and in 1882 opened a general grocery and supply store In I884 he built his steam flour mill, roller process, and is also engaged in farming. He has been the Justice of the Peace for eight years. CHARLES TYER was born in Ecorce, Wayne Co., July 15, I864. His father, Charles Tyer, came to America, from Germany, in I863, and settled in Ecorce. He has one brother and five sisters, John, Sophia, Mary, Eliza and Minnie, who died May 7, I888, aged 31. Charles married Sophia Smith, of Ecorce, in 1887. They have one child, Albert. GREEN FIELD. GOTTFRIED BANDBURG was born in Prussia in I844; came to America, and settled in Greenfield in 1873; married Ernestine Brands, of Germany, who died in Illinois, and in I876 he married Margaret Strahla, of Bernstine, Prussia. He has nine children, and owns 50 acres of land. AUGUST BUSCH was born at Oslan, Prussia, in 1845; came to America in I87I; settled at Detroit and engaged in butchering; married Dora Bausta, of Oslan, Prussia, in I869. They have five children. He purchased the Oldekeep estate of 80 acres, at Greenfield, where he resides. The family are members of St. Joseph's church, of Detroit. J. H. BYRNE was born at Sandusky, O., in I864; settled in Greenfield in 1887. He carries on general farming and fruit growing. His father, William Byrne, was born in Ireland and came to America in I86o. His mother was also a native of Ireland. RICHARD CARTER was born in Yorkshire, Eng., in 1838. His parents were natives of the same place. He came to the United States in 1855, settled at Greenfield in 1865, and married Mary Pallister, March 6, 1872. She was born at Greenfield in 1848. They have two children. Mr. Carter enlisted Feb. 5, 1864, in Co. C., Ioth Mich. Infantry, and re-enlisted as a veteran in the same company at Louisville, Ky., and was discharged July i9, 1865. JAMES CHRISTIE was born at Perthshire, Scotland, in 1834. lived in Detroit nine years, and in Canada fifteen, and in I885 came to Greenfield, where he is engaged in business with his son, William, under the firm name of J. Christie & Son, florists. He married Margaret Fogo, who was a native of Scotland. Her parents as well as his own were natives of Perthshire, Scotland. Mr. and Mrs. Christie had three children, two of whom are deceased. He is a member of the masonic order. JAMES INGLIS COOK was born in Detroit, July I, 1846. His father was born in New Jersey, in I825, and his mother in England. They were married in 1845, and had four children. James married Elizabeth Campbell, of Baileyville, Ill., Oct. I8, I873. She was born at Jersey City, N. J., Jan. 12, I847. Her parents were born in Pennsylvania. James was engaged in the quartermasters' department at Chattanooga during the war, and was afterwards bookkeeper for J. P. Donaldson, ship chandler of Detroit. He is now engaged in general gardening, is a member of masonic order and of the A. 0. U. W. MYRON COON was born in Ontario Co., N. Y., and married Debbe Otis, of Cherry Valley. N. Y., in I85r. They settled in Greenfield on a farm of 200 acres of land in 1856. He is interested in a saw mill at Redford; has held offices of commissioner, school director, commissioner of highways, deputy sheriff and constable; was a member of the legislature in 1877 and 1878; was a Corporal in one of the old militia companies under Col. Thayer; is an Odd Fellow and member of the Methodist Church. In politics a Democrat. His family consists of eight children. RICHARD DIXON was born in Cumberland Co., England, and settled at Greenfield in 1840; married Cornelia Burns of New York State, March 19, I840. She died at Detroit, aged 59 years. Two children were born to them. He is engaged in general farming, and has 80 acres of land; is a member of the I. O. O. F. MICHAEL DORAN was born at Greenfield, in I836, on the old Doran farm; married Phoebe Gates at Detroit, in I866. She was born in Oakland Co., Mich., in I838. They had four children. He has held office of Justice of the Peace, and School Inspector. His father and mother were both born in Ireland, came to America in I825, and settled in Greenfield in I829. His father married Margaret Slavin, in I834. His wife's father was born in New York State, and came to Michigan in 1832. Mr. Doran has a farm of 80 acres. ALBERT C. FISHER was born at Detroit in

PERSONAL SKETCHES-GREENFIELD. I423 1846; married Francis Guering, of Vermont in 1871, and settled in Greenfield in I880. They have ten children. He has a farm of 30 acres of land. At present is village trustee. His father M. M. Fisher was born in 1844, his mother was born at Mt. Vernon, O. MRS. ELIZABETH FORD was born in Limerick Co., Ireland, in I815; married Richard Ford, of Worcestershire, Eng., in 1840. He settled at Greenfield with his parents in 1836. He owns sixty acres of land, and has held office of postmaster. Mrs. Ford is the mother of six children. Her parents were natives of Ireland, and his of England. None of them are living. JOHN F.- Fox was born at Staffordshire, England, Dec. 23, i8 5. He married Mary Ann Worthington, of Stoke-on-Trent, England, in 1836, and came to America in I849. Hesettled at Greenfield, on his present farm of 92i acres, in 1856. Is engaged in gardening and fruit growing. Has one son George F. Fox. ELIZABETH FRANK was born at Detroit, Sept. 19, 1836. Her father, A. Gies, was born at Hesse, Germany, in 1804. Her mother, Mary Ann Schmitdiel, was born in 1796. They settled at Greenfield when quite young. Elizabeth married Anthony Frank, in 1857. He was born at Baden, Germany, in 1828. They settled on the farm where his family reside in 1857, and have had seven children. He held the office of Collector, Treasurer, Drain Commissioner, Constable and Postmaster. They are members of St. Mary's Church, Detroit, and are engaged in general farming and dairy produce, and have 104 acres of land. EDWARD GATES was born in Oakland Co., Mich., in 1856. He married Margaret Lattier, of Greenfield, in I855. They have two children, Mabel and Anna May. His father, Ezra Gates, was born in New York State, and his mother in Ireland. His wife's father, George Lattier, was born in Germany, and her mother in Ireland. She resides at Greenfield. They have a farm of 40 acres of land. ANTHONY GRIX was born at Hesse, Germany, in 1828, and came to America in 1847. He settled at Greenfield in 1867, and married Mary Hilt, of Hesse, in 1859. They have six children. He has a farm of 35 acres. Has held the office of School Director, and at one time was clerk for Governor Baldwin. Mr. and Mrs. Grix's parents were born at Hesse, Germany. WILLIAM HOUGHTON was born in London, England, and came to Michigan in I835. He was employed in a boot and shoe house at Detroit, and secured 20 acres of land at Greenfield and settled there in 1837. He married Elizabeth Keal, of Springwells, July 4, 1852. They have eight children. His sons, William and John, are engaged in the flour and feed business, on Grand River Ave., Detroit. Mr. Houghton has retired from business. JOHN KEAL was born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1807, and came to America with his parents, locating at Detroit, in 1823. He married Clarissa Hunt, in I859. She was born at Devonshire, England, Aug. 13, I814. They have seven children. He has a farm of 83Y acres of land, and has been School Director for 25 years. THOMAS LANGLEY was born at Albany, N. Y., in 183r, and came to Michigan with his parents in 1832. His parents were born in England. He married Adelia L. Smith, of Wayne Co., N. Y., in 1857. She was born in I833. Her father, James Smith, was born in 1777, and died in 1857. Her mother was born in 1797, and died in 1869. He is a retired farmer. He has been Constable and School Inspector. ELIZABETH W. MCFARLANE was born in England, in I816, and came to America with her parents in 1824. She married James McFarlane at Belleville, N. J., in 1839. He was born in Scotland, in i8io, and came to America in 1826, settling in Michigan, at the town of Greenfield, in 1842. He was a member of General Thayer's regiment.. He, held the office of Justice' of the Peace, and was Supervisor for 20 years. He was engaged in general farming, on a farm of oo00 acres. Mrs. McFarlane is the mother of six children. Mr. McFarlane died in 1880. JAMES P. MANSFIELD was born in Connecticut, Sept. 2, 181 I, and settled at Greenfield in 1848 and married Betsey Moore of Phelps, N. Y., 1839. She, was born in I819. His father was born in Connecticut in 1782. and died at Phelps, N. Y., in 1845. His mother was born in 1789, and died in 1852. His wife's father, Washington Moore, was born in New Hampshire, and died at Peterboro, N. H.; her mother was born in 1781, and is also deceased. Mr. Mansfield has Ioo acres of land. JOHN MOORE was born at Fergus, Wellington Co., Canada, Sept. 8, 185o. His father was born at Plattsburgh, N. Y., in 1821, and died during the seige of Vicksburg. He was a member of the 8th Battery N. Y. Flying Artillery. John married Emma Harland, April II, 1881. She was born at Detroit, May 29, I857. They have three children. He is engaged in general gardening at the old Easter farm, which consists of 40 acres of land. He has been Postmaster one term and is a member of the A. O. U. W. CATHERINE NARDIN was born in France, in 1834, and came to the United States in i848; married James Nardin, at Detroit, in I860. He was born in France, and came to America in 1848. They had one child, born Nov.. I86I. Mr. Nardin died April 15, I888. They located at Greenfield,

1424 PERSONAL SKETCHES-GREENFIELD. in 1860, purchasing a farm of 46y acres, upon which Mrs. Nardin resides. AMOS OTIS was born in N. Y. State in Jan., I820. His father, Asa Otis, was born at Fort Ann, N. Y., in I80o, his mother was born at Cherry Valley, N. Y. They settled in Greenfield, on the farm Amos now owns, in I829. Both parents are deceased and buried at Woodmere Cemetery, Detroit. Amos was elected Drain Commissioner in 1871, held the office two years, and also held the office of Town Clerk, Poormaster and Town Commissioner. He was ist Lieutenant of a company in Col. N. P. Thayer's regiment. SARAH ANN PALLISTER was born at Leicestershire, Eng., in 18I9, and came to America with her parents in I840; married Robert Pallister, of England, in 1842, and settled at Greenfield on 40 acres of land, engaged in hop raising and general farming. She has had three children. Her husband died in 1883. ROBERT, JOHN and MATTHEW PEARSON were born at Yorkshire, England. Robert in 1816, John in 1823, Matthew in I827. Their parents were natives of Yorkshire. The boys came to America in i850 and settled at Greenfield, where they are engaged in general farming, and own 80 acres of land. Robert has held office of Postmaster. ROBERT RADFORD was born at Gravelly, Cambridgeshire, Eng., in I812, and married Anna Lucas, Feb. 18, I834. She was born at St. Notes, Huntingtonshire, Eng., in I817. They had ten children. His wife's parents were born in England. Robert Radford came to America in 1837, and was the first gatekeeper on Grand River road; he held the position nine years, and then settled on his present farm at Greenfield. His parents were born in England, his father, who was a farmer and game keeper,' died in 815. Mr. Radford has been School Director and Postmaster. HENRY A. REYNOLDS was born in Chenango County, N. Y., June 20, I830, and settled at Greenfield in 1856. He married Cordelia A. Hudson, Oct. 13, I85I. They have eleven children. His father Abel, and mother Hannah Briggs, were natives of Newport, R. I., as were also his wife's parents. Mrs. Reynolds is a sister of Col. Charles Tracey Hudson, who commanded the 4th Mich. Cavalry, the regiment that captured Jeff. Davis. Mr. Reynoldsis engaged ingeneral farming. His farm contains 50 acres. WILLIAM RUTHRUFF was born in Seneca Co., N. Y., in 1830. His father was born in Alleghany Co., Pa., in I805, and his mother in New York State in I808. William located in Greenfield in 1870. He married Jane Smith, of Milford, Oakland Co., Sept. 30, I860. She was born in I839. They have two children. Mr. Ruthruff is engaged in the manufacture of pumps and raising of choice fruits. He served as town clerk and grain inspector. DANIEL J. SCOVEL was born in Vermont in 1813, and came to Michigan in 1823 with his parents. They first settled at Troy, Mich, and moved to Greenfield in I827, upon a farm of I90 acres. Daniel married Ellen Jenkins, of New York State, in I833. She died in 1840, leaving two daughters. He married his second wife Jane M. Hanmer, Dec. 2, I841. She was born at St. Albans, Eng., in 1826. They have had nine children. He has served as Constable and Town Clerk. Has a farm of 174 acres, but has retired from business. MRS. HANNAH SMITH was born in Yorkshire. Eng., in I804. She married Robert Porritt of Yorkshire, in 1823, and came to Greenfield in 1831. He died at Greenfield, aged about 40 years. Her second husband, James Smith, of England, was born in 18IO, and died in 1885. Mr. Smith held the office of Postmaster and School Director. One child, Joseph, was born to Mrs. Smith by her first husband. She has a farm of eighty acres of land. MICHAEL STACK was born in Ireland in 1835, and settled at Greenfield in 1867. He married Bridget Connors at Plymouth, England, Jan., 1863. She was born at Clankilty, Ireland, in I835. Thirteen children were born to then. He served as roadmaster one term and was in the English Navy nine years. Mrs. Stack's father, Patrick Connors, lives at Greenfield at the advanced age of Ioo years. LUDWIG STEPHANHAGAN was born at Mecklenburg, Germany, in 1834, and came to America in 1862, settling at Greenfield. He married Fredericka Guertke, of Mecklenburg. She died in 1871, and he married Mary Asmus, of Mecklenburg, in 1872. He has eight children, and farms 80 acres of land. JOSEPH TIREMAN was born at Greenfield, Mich., Sept. 27, i860. His father was born in England in 1823, and his mother, Aug. 31, 1838, in England. He married Maggie Moxen, of Toronto, Ont., in Nov., 1883. Her father was born in England, and her mother in Canada. Mr. and Mrs. Tireman have two children, Eva, born in Aug. 1884, and Harry, born Sept. 14, 1888. They have a farm of 35 acres. JAMES F. TURNER was born in Canada, June 27, 1831. His father was born at Montreal, Canada, in 1790, and came to Greenfield in 1861. He married Mary Hahn, Oct. 30, 1857, who was born in Germany, Feb. i6, I835. They had eight children. He has held the office of treasurer two years, and has also been highway and drain commissioner. He has a farm of I14I acres, and is engaged in general farming and dairy products. ARTHUR G. TYLER was born at Detroit, Jan.

PERSONAL SKETCHES-HURON. I425 2. I1847. His father was born in New Hampshire, in 1812, and his mother at Detroit in I823. He married Mary Ogle, May 30, 1870. She was born at Pontiac in 1848. Her parents were born in New York State. Her father is still living at Pontiac. Mr. and Mrs. Tyler have six children. He is a member of the Masonic Order and has a farm of 74 acres. HOWELL S. TYLER was born in New Hampshire in I812, settled in Greenfield in I845, and married Ann Caniff, of Detroit, in I846. She was born in 1823, and died in I888. They had two children, Alice and Arthur. His father, Benjamin Tyler, was born in New Hampshire, and his mother in Vermont. His wife's father was born in New York, and died in Detroit; his mother also died in Detroit. He owns I90 acres of land, and is engaged in general farming. DAVID WALLACE was born in Cork Co., Ireland, in I823, came to America in I862,'and settled at Greenfield in 1866, He married Ellen Lambert, of Plymouth, England, in 1842. They have seven children. His parents, and also his wife's, were natives of Ireland. He was Postmaster one term, and owns 50 acres of land. T. J. WELLS was born at Burlington, Vt., in May, I841. He married Elvina H. Pierce, of Canton, Feb., I866. They have had four children. He enlisted in May, I86i, in Co. G, I7th N.Y. Vol.; was in Gen. Porter's Corps, Army of the Potomac. At the expiration of two years' service, he re-enlisted as a veteran in the i th N. Y. Cavalry (Scott's 9oo), and served until the close of the war in I865. He is a member of Fairbanks Post, G. A. R., has held the office of Justice of the Peace one term, and served as member of the State Legislature from the second district, of Wayne Co. He is largely engaged in the dairy business, has about 125 cows, and 360 acres of land. A. H. WILLMARTH was born at Redford, Mich., in 1839. His father was born in Massachussetts in 1794, and his mother in New York State in i806. They came to Detroit in 1824. A. H. Willmarth married Cassandra Perry, Feb. o1, I861. She was born at Redford June 8, 1839. They had ten children. He has been County Surveyor four years, Deputy Surveyor two years, and is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, Redford Lodge. HURON. WILLIAM ABBOTT was born in Wayne Co., Oct. 26, 851; married Hattie C. Richardson, Oct. 20, 1872. She was born Nov. 25, I853. Their children are; Ada J., born March Io, 1874, and Edith I., born Aug. 16, 1881. RUDOLPH BAUSMER, a farmer of Huron township, was born in Germany I846, came to America in 1868, and married Josephine Bolk in I868. Their children living are Mary, Barney, Toney, Elizabeth, Charles, John, Joseph and Martha. CHARLES BENNETT was born in Germany in 1814; came to America in 1856; settled in Wayne Co. in I857; married Caroline Gisman in I848. She was born in 1826. Their children are Betsy, Anna, Mary Emma, Charles, Theodore, Henry and Albert. ISAAC BIDDELCOMB was born in England, Oct. 29, I829; came to America in 1836, and settled in Wayne Co in I866; married Elizabeth Clara Kelley, Dec. 20, 1854. She was born March 27, 1838. Their children are Jane V., William H., Mary E. and Ella B. He married his second wife, Delila Nichols, Nov. 30, I873. She was born in 183I. He enlisted July 30, 1862, in Co. E, 22d Regiment Michigan Volunteer Infantry, and was mustered out June 26, i865. WILLIAM BOUKER, a lawyer of Waltz, was born in Michigan, Oct. 31, 1837; came to Wayne Co. in 1848; married Jane Ash in November, 1856. She was born in Wayne Co., in 1838, and died March 15, 1883. Their children are Mary F., Sarah E., Willie and Zoe. Mr. Bouker married his second wife, Rachel Parritt, on Nov. 26, 1885. She was born in Oakland Co., Oct. 6, 1858. One child, Ida, was born Aug. 8, I886. He has practiced law for 15 years. JAMES BROUGHTON, a farmer of Huron township, was born in Ohio, Aug. I5, 1833; came to Wayne Co. in I840; married Eliza J. Chase in I852. She was born Sept. I6, I837. Their children are Charles, Daniel, Samuel, Lyda J., Safrona E. and Alma A. ORION BROWN, an old settler of Wayne Co., was born in Orange Co., Vt., March I, I806; came to Wayne Co. in 1832; married Charlotte Sherman in I834. She was born in I814, and died Sept. 28, 1838. Their children are Mary and Charlotte. In 1852 he went to California, and while there was engaged in mining. He returned to Wayne Co. in 1862, and has lived here since. GEORGE BURK was born in Wayne Co., Feb. 17, 1846; married Agnes Winne, September, 1868. She was born March 17, I852. Their children are Allen, born July 3, I869; Walter, born Dec. 19. 1874; Eber, born Nov. I, I879. Mr. Burk enlisted

1426 PERSONAL SKETCHES-HURON. in 1864, in Co. B, 25th Regiment Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and was mustered out in March, I866. He has been farming since I866. WILLIAM BURNHAM was born in Canada, Oct. 8, 1828; came to Wayne Co. in 1863; married Maria Potter in 1844. She was born in 1826, and died in I884. Their children are William, Maggie, Hugh, George, Maria, Rachel, Fred and Frank. Mr. Burnham married his second wife, Sarah A. Rubert, in 1885. She was born in 1830. WILLIAM BUTLER, a farmer of Huron township, was born in England, Feb. 15, 1804; came to America in 1832, and settled in Wayne Co. in 1835; he married Anna Barnard in 1831. She was born in England, April, 9, 1809. Their children living are Anna, Esther, Charles, Emma, Fred and Jessie. He married Anna Hemmings, in 1878. They had three children, Charles, Ethel and Lee. Mr. Butler died March 9, 1884. ENOCH A. CHAMBERLIN was born in Seneca Co., Fayette Township, New York, Feb. 6, 1826; came to Wayne Co., Mich., in 1847; married Julia A. Fay in I85I. She was born Feb. 2, I831. Their living children are, Adrian, Lois, John and Jay. His business is farming, WILLIAM W. CHAPIN, a farmer of Huron, was born in Madison Co., New York, June 4, 1829; came to Michigan with his parents in 1844, and settled in Wayne Co.. in 1853; married Juliet Potter in 1854. She was born in I834. Their children are Eva E. and Jennie P. He followed sailing for 15 years, and has been farming since 1853. PETER E. CRAFT was born in Wayne Co., Nov. 24, 1862; married Retta Pennock, May 25, I885. She was born in Wayne Co., June 25, 1867. Their children are: Jessie, born Aug 19, I886, and Edward, born March 22, 1888. His business is house moving and farming. MERRITT CROSS was born in Pennsylvania, Sept. 30, 1837; came to Wayne Co., in 1858; married Deborah Jones in 1861. She was born in Wayne Co., Jan. 6, 1839. Their children are Isabel, Lillie A., Wilson E., Mary A. and Charles C. His business is farming. IRA W. CURTISS was born in New York State, Sept. 30, 1844; came to Wayne Co., June 16, 1857; married Maggie Fisher, of Livonia, Wayne Co., Aug. 28, 1864. She was born at Plymouth, Wayne Co., Jan. IO, 1845. They have one child, William, born Oct. II, 1870. He has been in the hardwood lumber and milling business for 15 years. and has filled the offices of Township Clerk and Treasurer. JAMES DANE, a farmer of Huron, was born in Delaware, Aug. 20, I826; came to Michigan in 1855; settled in Wayne Co.; married Angelica Howard, June, 1845. She was born in Delaware, March I, 1826. Their children living are, Mary A, William T., Goldsmith, and David J, BENJAMIN F. DAVIS, a harness manufacturer of New Boston, was born in Gratiot Co., Mich., Aug. Io, 1865; came to Wayne Co., in I870, and married Chloe J. Johnson, Jan. 31, I886. She was born in Wayne Co., June I4, 1869. They have one child, Chloe Adella, born Dec. 13, i886. DAVID DRIGGET, a farmer of Huron, was born in Delaware, Nov. 6, 1832; married Hester Durham May 13, I855. She was born in Delaware, May II, 1835. and came to Wayne Co., in 1868. Their children are, Sarah J., Harriette, Daniel, Elisha, Susan, Lucy, William, Hester, and Oliver. CHARLES H. FELT, a merchant of Waltz, was born in New York State, Sept. I1, 1835; came to Wayne Co., in 1838, and married Martha Sutliff, Jan. 13, 1856. She was born in Wayne Co., Nov. 5, I837. Their children are Etna A. and Porter W. His business was farming up to 1880, since then he has been engaged in the mercantile business. He is also Station Agent and Postmaster. NOAH FELT, a farmer of Huron Township, was born in Flat Rock, Wayne Co, Jan 15, 1831, and married Laura Lincoln in 1861. She was born in New York State, Oct. 25, 1829. Their children are Imus N., William E. and Zorah L. SETH FELT, of New Boston, was born at Taylor, Wayne Co., Mich., Feb. 7, 1840, and married Mary Sutliff, of Taylor, Sept. I, i86i. She was born in Wayne Co., Jan. 6, 1840. Their living children are, Frank, born June 24, I869, and Jessie, born Sept. 24, 1873. He has been Health Officer four years. He enlisted August 8, 1861, in the Michigan Volunteer Infantry, 7th Regiment, Co. E., was detailed for service in a field hospital, and mustered out in May, I865. CHARLES FEUSCH, a farmer of Huron, was born in Germany, Feb. 7, 1847; came to America in 1882, and settled in Wayne Co; married Louisa Heidekruger in 1872. She was born in Germany in I843. Their children are Albert and William. WILLIAM FITTLER was born in Germany, June 24, 1822; came to America in 1855; settled in Wayne Co., in 1866; married Ricca McGee in 1843. She died in 1845. He married his second wife, Ricca Wagner, in 1846. She died Sept. 26, 1879. Their children are Charles, Susan, William, Amelia, Ricca, Anna and August. He married his third wife, Christina Strewink, Jan 5, 1882. LUDWIG GERMAN was born in Germany, April 12, 1826; came to America in 1849, and settled in Wayne Co., in 1865; married Catherine Kline in Oct., 1858. She was born in Germany, Aug. 22, 1828. Their children are; Fred, Mary, Phillipp, Catherine and Christina. Business, farming and basket-making.

PERSONAL SKETCHES —HURON. 1427 NICHOLS GRADEN was born in Switzerland, June 24, 1825; came to America in 1852, and settled in Wayne Co. in 1853; married Ruth Dean in Dec., 1866. She was born April I8, 1846. Their children are: Jennie M., William N., Annie S., and Estmon E. He enlisted in Co. B, Ist Reg., Mich. Light Artillery in I861, and was mustered out in 1865. Business, farming. AUGUST GRUBBA was born in Germany, April 3, I855; came to America in 1873, and settled in Wayne Co.; married Mary Alerholtz, Nov. 13, 1881. She was born in Germany, Oct. 8, I864. Their children are William, August, Minnie, Charles, and Lizzie. AMOS A. HALE was born in New York State, June 22, 1821, and came to Wayne Co, with his parents in 1835; married Margaret McFall in 1842. She was born May 19, 1822. Their children are James H., Amanda, Mary J., Cornelia, Schuyler, Erastus, Cornelius, Frank, Rhoda, Ellen and Arvilla. WILLIAM H. HEYWOOD, Superintendent of Schools at New Boston, was born in New Hampshire in I830, and came to Wayne Co. with his parents in I835. His family consists of wife, two sons, and two daughters, viz; Leroy N.. Blanche, William Bradley and Mary C. His business has been farming and teaching. WILLIAM S. HOSMER was born in Wayne Co., Mich., Oct. I, 1822; married Helen Bloomer, Oct. 20, 1844. She was born at Lyons. N. Y., Aug. 21. 1826. Their children living are Wilmer S., George E., Walter B.. Antoinette, John G. and Minnie. He has taught school 36 terms. CHARLES A. KITTLE was born in Huron, Wayne Co, Mich, Nov. 9, 1853; married Mary Huntley in 1875. She was born May 31, 1857. Their children are Curtiss T., Ismal D. and Ernest. NELSON KITTLE was born in New York State, Jan. I, 1825, and came to Wayne Co. in 1843; married Mary Hale in 1845. She was born April I8, 1824. Their children living are Charles, Eastman and Eva. His father, William Kittle, died in 1881, aged I04 years. CHRISTIAN KOHL, a farmer of Huron Township, was born in Germany, Sept. 30, 1826, and came to America in 1870; married Sophia Loose in I845. She was born in Germany, Dec. 27, 1823. Theyhave one child living, Minnie, born Oct. 9, I856. She married John Neemann in 1879. He was born Dec. 25, I853. They have two children, Clara and John. CARL KREBS, a farmer of Huron, was born in Germany, Jan. I, 1832; came to America in I859, and settled in Wayne Co. in 1864; married Fredricka Blonk in I860. She was born in Germany, July 25, 1832. They have one child living, Louisa A. T., born Oct 8, I870. MICHEL KURZHALS was born in Germany in Oct. I840; came to America in 1872, and settled in Wayne Co; married Pauline Burnstine, in 1865. She was born in Germany in 1843. Their children are Fred, Julius, Charles, Michel, Henry, Augusta and Emma. RICHARD LABO was born in Monroe Co., Mich., Jan. 7, 1838; married Victoria Amo, Sept. 14, 1857. She was born June 6, 1842. Their children living are Louis, Josephine, Maxim, Ellen, Theresa and Rebecca, Mr. Labo followed sailing for I6 years. CHARLES LITOGOT was born in Wayne Co., June 22, 1852; married Esther Sherman, May 17, 1875. She was born in Wayne Co., March 22, 1858. JOSEPH LIVERNOIS was born in Wayne Co., March 2, 1864. His father, Joseph, died in I886, Joseph, Jr., married Rosa Hanrahan, Nov. 13, 1884. She was born July 21, 1862. Their children are Joseph and John. MRS. PAMELIA (MILLER) LORAINE was born in Wayne Co., New York, Feb. 24, I830; came to Wayne Co., Mich., with her parents, in 1836; married Thomas Downs in 1847. He was born Aug. 25, 1824, and died Jan. 28, 1876. Their children living are Ida M., Frank H., Deborah L., Helen M. and Seril C. She married her second husband, Theodore Loraine, in I883. CHESTER MAES, a farmer of Huron township, was born in Green Co., N. Y., April 6, 1817, and came to Wayne Co. in 1842; married Susan Curtiss in 1839. She was born in Ohio, in 1824, and died July 13, 1854. Their children are, Alonzo D., Jotham W., Chester C. and Eliza Jane. He married his second wife, Alice Crawford, Feb. 13, I855. She was born July 2, 1834. Their children are James E., Mary E., Lucy E., Gertrude, Dennis, Anna B., Alice I. and Leroy. He is a carpenter by trade. CHARLES W. MATTHEWS was born in Ohio, July 23, I844; came to Michigan in 1884, and settled in Wayne Co.; married Lucinda A. Lesley, January, 1871. She was born Sept. I, 1852. Their children are William H., Stella M., Rena B. and Edna. He enlisted in the 29th Regt., Co. B, Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Aug. I9, 1861, and was discharged June I, 1862. He re-enlisted in the I77th Regt., Co. K, Ohio Volunteer Infantry, and remained until the close of the war. MICHAEL MATTIE was born in Prussia, Aug. 26, 1834; came to America in 1869, and settled in Wayne Co.; married Mary Nemjeck in 1858. Their children are John, Frank, Matthew, Mary, Rosie, Annie, Antoine and Katie. HENRY MOSES, a farmer of Huron, was born in New York State, May 9, I847; came to Wayne Co. with his parents in 1848; married Matilda Moore,

1428 PERSONAL SKETCHES-HURON. March 17, I879. She was born in Canada, in 1854. He enlisted in September, 1864, in the 4th Regt., Co. D. Michigan Volunteer Infantry, and was mustered out in June. I866, at Detroit. Mr. Moses is a member of the Wallace Post. No. 95, of Flat Rock. EDSON MURTONYE, a farmer of Huron township, was born in New York State, Sept. 26, 1821; came to Wayne Co. in 1845; married Sarah Ladue, October, 1842. She was born in New York State, July 3, 1823. Their children are James and Emma J. He enlisted Aug. 22, I86I, in the ist Michigan Cavalry, Co. K, and was mustered out in 1865. MRS. LINA NEAR was born in Flat Rock, April 18, 1848. Her father. Mr. Vreeland, was one of the first settlers of Flat Rock. In 1870, she married Loomis Near. She has one child, John L., born Oct. I, 1871. JAMES T. NEWINGTON, a farmer of Huron township, was born in Albany, N. Y., Nov. 22, 1835; came to Wayne Co. with his parents in 1837; married his first wife, Sarah A. Harris, in Dec., 1857. She was born in I842, and died Dec. 25, I88o. Their children living are Elliott E., Francis E. and Clara. He married his second wife, Elizabeth Willis, in I881. She was born June 4, I836. He is a carpenter by trade; has been farming 19 years. He enlisted in 1862, in the Michigan Volunteer Infantry, 24th Regt., Co. B, and was mustered out in 1863. HOMER NORTON was born in New York State, Jan. 20, 1829; came to Wayne Co. in 1834; married Harriet E. Fay, Feb. 4, 1856. She was born on the farm where he now resides, July 26, 1837, and died Sept. 8, 1887. Their children are Edwin, Julia A. and Fred L. ANDREW NOWLAND was born in New York State, March 18, 1813; came to Wayne Co. in 1834; married his first wife, Elizabeth Downs, in 1836. She died in I850. They had two children, Mary A. and William. He married his second wife, Sylvia Slinger, June 24, 1883. She was born in New York State, July 8, 1815. HENRY NOWLAND was born in New York State, May 22, 1822; came to Wayne Co. with his parents in 1834; married Celinda Downs in 1847. She was born April 19, 1827, in New York State. Their children living are Cornelius S., Charles M.. Mary J., Thomas, and William C. WILLIAM T. NOWLAND was born in Huron, Wayne Co., April 19, 1839, and married Mary H. Evans, May 28, 1865. She was born in 1856. They have two children, George E. and Walter G. He enlisted in Aug., 1862, in Co. D, 24th R., M. V. I.; was wounded in the arm, at the battle of Spottsylvania, and mustered out Dec. 12, 1864. ISRAEL OLMSTEAD, an old settler of Wayne Co., was born in Pittsford, Monroe Co., N. Y., Aug. 19, 18o7, and married Mary Ensign in 1829. She was born in Ohio in I8o5, and died in May, 1878. Their children are: Nelson F. and Minerva. He married his second wife Mary Loura, in 1879. They have two children. Benjamin and Hila He has always been a farmer. FHe drove the first team over the line of the Chicago Pike, and served in the Black Hawk War from the beginning until Black Hawk was captured. He was also in the Toledo War. ROBERT OUTHWAITE, a blacksmith of New Boston, was born in Plymouth, Wayne Co., Mich., June 4, 1833; come to Huron Township in 1865, and married Emma Johnson July 17, 1865 She was born in Monroe Co., Mich. Their children living are Nathan E., Mary, Thomas E., Ida P., Nellie, and Etta. Aug. 5. 1862, he enlisted in Co. K, 24th Reg., M. V. I., and was mustered out in 1865. THOMAS H. PARKES, a merchant of Belden, was born in England, April 30, I838; came to America in I859, and married Elizabeth J. Blackbourn in 1870. She was born June I, I846. In his early days he was engaged in the photograph business, and for the last 15 years has been engaged in the mercantile business. JOHN PARR, of New Boston, was born in Flatbush, N. Y., April 12, 1849; came to Wayne Co., in I882; married Rachel Hamilton, of Rochester, N. Y., Sept., 1877. She was born in Canada, Aug. 13, 1850. Their children are Frank, Eva, and Lulu. He has been Health Officer three years. PERRY I). PEARL was born in Monroe Co., N. Y., Nov. 24, 1824; came to Wayne Co. with his parents in 1836; married Elizabeth J. Morey in 1847. She was born in 1832, and died in 1857. Their children are; Gilbert F., Perry D, Elizabeth A., Sarah R., Erastus, and Charles. He married his second wife, Elector Whipple, in I86I. She was born Jan. 21, 1831. Their children are Lillian E., Arthur D., and Mary G. He was a member of the State Legislature in 1871 and 1872, and has held a number of town offices. LANSING QUACKENBUSH was born in Madison Co,, New York, Sept. 20, 1840; came to Michigan in I860; married Eliza Iberson, in Jan, 1882. She was born in England in 1838. THOMAS READ was born in England, June 17, 1828; came to America in May, 1851; settled in Wayne Co., in 1853; married Carrie Laing in I855. She was born in NewJersey, April 30, I837. Their children living are Ida and Mary. AUGUST REETZ, a farmer of Huron township, was born in Germany, Dec. 18, I839; came to America in 1868, and settled in Wayne Co.; married Caroline Pecon. She was born Aug. 18, I847. He was in the brick business for a number of years, in Detroit.

PERSONAL SKETCHES-HURON. 1429 JOHN REIF, a farmer of Huron Township, was born in Germany, Feb. 9, 1825; came to America in 1853; married Mary Mutcel in I858. She was born in Germany, March 4, 1823. Their children are Louisa and Fredrick. CLINTON S. RICHARDSON was born in Wayne Co., Oct. 17, 1859; married Alice Lura, Oct., 1882. She was born Oct. 20, I865. They have one child, Amy L., born Aug. 25, 1883. WILLIAM RINNA was born in Germany, in 1848; came to America in Feb., I868; married Augusta Krantz, in 1873. She was born in I854. Their children are Armanda, Herman, Yost, Minnie, Sophia, Emil and William. His business is farming and coal burning. FREDERICK ROTZ was born in Germany, July 15, i818; came to America in 1853; settled in Wayne Co. in 1863; married Christina Westfall, in 1842. She was born in 1816, and died'Nov. 22, I875. He has one son, John, who resides in Buffalo, N. Y. DAVID SCHAFER, a farmer of Huron, was born in Germany, Feb. 16, 1835; came to America in 1866; settled in Wayne Co. in 188; married Sophia Kasnow, in 1867. She was born in 1832. They have one child, Caroline, born July 31, i868. GOTTLIEB SCHWAB, a farmer of Huron township, was born in Germany, Dec. 19, 1823; came to America in 1846; married Christina Hyde, in 1849. She was born in Germany, in 1832. They had 12 children, eight of whom are still living, John, William, Louis, Margaret, Caroline, Mary, Anna and Clara. Mr. Schwab followed brick making for 15 years in Detroit. JOHN SCHWAB, a farmer of Huron township, was born in Wayne Co., Jan. 30, 1852: married Caroline Domm, in I877. She was born Jan. 31, 1857. Their children are Charles, William, Emil, and Amelia. He is a carpenter by trade, and at present is engaged in farming. WILLIAM SHICK, a farmer of Huron, was born in New York State May 5, I830; settled in Wayne Co. in 1852; married Sarah Williamson in 1851. She was born in 1836, and died in 1876. Their children living are George D., Edward, Sabina and Lucinda. CHARLES SIMNICK, a farmer of Huron, was born in Germany, May 8, I846; came to America in 1872; married Bertha Kroll, in 1872. She was born in Germany, Nov. 23, 1849. They have six children, Mary, William, Anna, Bertha, Emil and Charles. HENRY P. SMITH was born in New York State June 9, 1833; came to Wayne Co. in the same fall with his parents; married Louisa Fain, Oct. 29, I856. She was born in Wayne Co., Nov. 12, 1834. Their children are Flora, born April 16, I860, and Nettie, born Sept. 21, 1863. PORTER VAIL was born in Masonville, Delaware Co., N. Y., Nov. 14, 1832; came to Michigan in 1858, and settled in Wayne Co.; married Laura Felton, in Oct, 1858. She was born in 1836. They have one child living, Jerome F., born June 3, i86o. FERDINAND VOGLER, proprietor of a hotel at Waltz, was born in Germany, June 19, 1834; came to America in 1852; settled in Wayne Co. in 1866; married Sophia Wiedman, Dec. I, 1868. She died March 13, 1887. Their children living are Ferdinand, Emil and Annie. He married his second wife, Elizabeth Eckhuf, in 1887. She was born in 1854. He enlisted Aug. 30, 1862, in Co. C, 9th Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, and was mustered out at Little Rock, Ark., June 3, I865. He is a member of Wallace Post, G. A. R., No. 95, of Flat Rock. HENRY WAGAR, a farmer of Huron township, was born in New York State, Dec. 3, 1822; settled in Wayne Co. in 1854; married Susan M. Coons, in 1843. She was born March 15, 1827. Their children are Albert W., Sidney M., Delbert I., Willington Gordon and Ida. ELIZABETH WAGER was born in New York State, Dec. 14, I829; married Ananias Wager in 1848; came to Wayne Co. in I855. He was born Dec. 14, 1819, and died Oct. I, 1879. Their children are Arthur K., Austin I., Harrison W., Shirley, Syntha J., Ira, Morris E., Ella A., Eva M., Hattie M. and Effie E. Since Mr. Wager's death Mrs. Wager has carried on the farm. HENRY WAGNER, a farmer of Huron, was born in Germany, Nov. 8, I850; came to America in 1883, and settled in Wayne Co.; married Minnie Baumdrahier, April 3, I884. She was born Dec. I8, I860. JOHN WARDEN, a farmer of Huron, was born in Wayne Co., Dec. 4, I858; married Emma Hale, April 13, I887. She was born in Wayne Co. in 1868. His father, John, died in 1859, aged 58; his mother, Rachel, died in 1887, aged 69. AMARIAH WATERMAN was born in New York State, March 9, I830; came to Wayne Co. in 1840; married Hannah Quillin, March I9, 1854. She was born in England, Jan. 16, 1837. Their children are Olive A., Riel M., Estella, Clara C. and Wade. WILLIAM R. WELLS was born in Taylor, Wayne Co., April 2, 1848; married Sarah A. Bateham, Jan. I, 1871. She was born in Wayne Co. in 1852. Their children are Ada L., Esther R., Judson R., Jessie L. and James E. His business is farming and coal burning. FRANCIS WINNE was born in New York State, May 22, I819; came to Wayne Co. in 1865; mar

t430 PERSONAL SKETCHES-LIVONIA. ried his first wife, Eliza Dumont, in 1836. She died June 22, 1842. They had three children, Stephen, Elizabeth' and William. He married his second wife, Margaret Burst, in 1844. She died in I863. Their children were Lyda, Augustus, Agnes, Martha, Emerick, Watson and Rhoda. He married his third wife, Caroline Hurd, in 1865. They have one child, Malvina. LIVONIA. ROYAL G. ADAMS was born at Richfield, N. Y., Dec. 28, 1854. In I88I he went to Farmington, Mich., and engaged in the manufacture of cheese for the Maple Grove cheese factory. In I886 he settled on his present farm. He married Naverna Joslin, of Farmington, on Dec. 10, I880. She was born in New York State, Aug. 7, I859. Mr. Adams is engaged in general farming and dairying. He has a farm of 176 acres. NICHOLAS BOVEE, a farmer of Livonia, was born in New York State on Jan. 3, I814. Came to Michigan in 1860, and in 1862 began the manufacture of cider and vinegar. He manufacturers from 300 to 500 barrels per year. He married Mary C. Bovee, of Ionia Co, Mich., April 12, I88o. She was born in New York State, Sept. 14, I830. She was the widow of Isaac Bovee, who came to Michigan in 1856, and died in June, 1876. They had nine children. Mrs. Bovee died Aug. 31, I888. Mr. Bovee has a farm of 115 acres. MRS. ANN BRIGGS, widow of Carmi Briggs, of Livonia, was born in England, Dec. 15, I819. On Feb. 22, I859, she married Carmi Briggs, who was born in New York State, Dec. 30, 1823. They came to Michigan in 1830. Mr. Briggs died Oct. 29, 1875. Mrs. Briggs is a member of the Church of England. Her farm contains 165 acres. LEWIS BRIGGS, of Livonia, was born at Sheldon, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1817. He married Hannah Pennington, July I8, 1839. She was born in New York State, April 21, 1820. In 1842 Mr. Briggs purchased a farm of 80 acres, and now owns 200 acres. He has two children. Has been Justice of the Peace for eight years. LUTHER BRIGGS, farmer of Livonia, was born in New York State, July 23, 1814. Came to Michigan in 1829, In May, 1842, he married Alta Briggs, of Genesee, N. Y. She was born Jan. 14, 18i8. They had nine children. His wife died Aug. 3, 1882. His farm contains 156 acres. ANGELINE CHILSON, of Livonia, was born in Monroe Co., N. Y., July io, 1814. She married Austin Chilson, Oct. io, 1832. He was born April 17, I809 They had nine children. In I883 they came to Michigan, locating on the farm Mrs. Chilson now owns. Mr. Chilson died Jan. IO, 1877. Their farm consists of io6 acres of land, finely cultivated. MRS. SOPHIA FLINT, widow of Elisha Flint, was born in Pennsylvania, Oct. 19, 18IO. She came to Michigan in 1828. On March I, 1832, she married Silas Joslin of Livonia, Mich., who was born in New York State Nov. 27, 1804. They had two children. Mr. Joslin died Sept. I8, 1839. Mrs. Joslin married Elisha Flint, Sept. i, 1842. He was born in New York State, June 2, I808, and came to Michigan in 1840. By this marriage one child was born. Mr. Flint died June 3, I879. Mrs. Flint manages the farm, which consists of 79 acres. GEORGE M. GALBRAITH, of Stark Station, was born Dec. 25, I853; married Matilda J. Martin, Oct. 4, I886. She was born in Pennsylvania, Jan. 19, 1858. He came to Michigan in Jan, 1878, locating at Livonia, and engaging in farming. Six children were born to them. Mr. Galbraith is engaged in the merchantile business, as well as farming. JAMES J. GRACE, farmer of Livonia, was born in Maine, April 2, 1831. His parents came to Michigan the year James was born. - He married Rebecca Brown, who was born in Yates Co., N. Y., Sept. I2, 1827. Nine children were born to them. His wife died March I2, I886. Mr. Grace has been School Director several years and Commissioner of Highways, and has a farm of 80 acres. MRS. MARY A. GRACE, widow of Albert Grace, was born at Prescott, Canada, May 30, 1855. Her parents came to Michigan from New York State, in 1865, locating at Detroit, where they remained ten years. Mrs. Grace was married Sept. 15, 1875, and has four children. Her farm consists of 40 acres. ULYSSES A. GRACE was born at Farmington, Mich., July 9, 1865, and came to Livonia in I885; married Lydia Turner, of Redford, Nov 26, i886. She was born April 13, 1869. Her parents were natives of England. Mr. Grace is a staunch Republican. His farm contains I80 acres. CHARLES J. GUNNING was born at Southfield, Mich., June 10, 1827. His parents came to Michigan in 1822; married Clarissa Worden, of Livonia, Nov. 6, 1849. She was born June 29, 1829. They have five children. Mr. Gunning is a fine musician and is often called upon to furnish music at entertainments. His farm contains 60 acres.

PERSONAL SKETCHES-LIVONIA. I431 SAMUEL R. HARLAN, of Livonia, was born in Maryland, Aug. 17, 1839. His parents came to Michigan in I853. He married Sarah E. Weist of Canton, Mich, May 24, 1866. She was born May 27, 1838. They have two children, Mary A, born May 3, I867, and William J, born Feb. I8, 1870. The family are members of the Baptist Church at Farmington. Their farm consists of 45 acres. CLEMENT C. LEACH was born Oct. 6, 1803, at Lima, Ontario Co., N. Y.. and came to Michigan, locating at Plymouth, in 1825. Three years after he located 320 acres of land at Livonia; married Maria Peck, Oct. 27, I831. She was born at Bedford, Conn., May Io, 1813, and came to Plymouth with her parents in April, 1826. After the marriage Mr. Leach and his wife started at once from Plymouth for their new home at Livonia, a distance of ten miles, with oxen and lumber wagon, which contained their household goods, and were two days traveling the distance. They have had six children, four girls and two boys. Mr. Leach died May I, I868. Mrs. Leach still resides upon the farm. BENJAMIN MCCLURE, farmer of Livonia, was born at Chester, Penn., July,17, I830. His parents came to Michigan in 1851, locating at Livonia. He married Harriet Chillson, of Livonia, June I9, 1852. She was born in April, 1834. They had three children. He has held the offices of Treasurer, Justice of the Peace, and Deputy U. S. Marshal. By trade he is an engineer and machinist. OLIVER MAUNAUSAU, hotel proprietor and dealer in groceries and provisions, of Livonia Centre, was born at Brownstown, Mich., Sept. 10, 1848. He enlisted in Co. E, i7th Michigan Infantry, as a private, and was in the battles of the Wilderness and Petersborough. He was captured and became a prisoner. He was discharged from service June 23, 1865. He married Helen Vallade, of Canada, Dec. 22, I870. She was born Jan. 12, I849. They have had five children MRS. SARAH MERIHEW, widow of Ephraim Merihew, was born in Ulster Co, N. Y., July 15, 1815, and came to Michigan with her parents. She married Ephraim Merihew in I859. He was born in Ulster Co., N. Y., in I81o, and died in 1880. He was Town Treasurer for one term. He had no children. His widow resides upon the old homestead. BLAKE C. NORTHRUP, a farmer of Livonia, Mich., was born in Farmington, Oakland Co., Mich., Aug. 6, I846. His parents came to Michigan in 1834. He married Helen Johnston, Dec. 20, 1870. She was born at Penfield, N. Y., in 1843, and died June 15, 1873. Mr. Northrup married his second wife, Carrie E. Ingersoll, on Oct. 22, I879. She was born in Farmington, Mich., March 20, I86o. They have two children. In politics Mr. Northrup is a Democrat. JOHN SHAW, an active farmer of Livonia, was born in England. July 6, 1824. His parents came to America in I836. He married Mary Ann Maiden, of Farmington, Dec I, I850. She was born Sept. I9, 1830. They had three children. Mrs. Shaw died Aug. 14, 1875. Mr. Shaw married his second wife, Myra Hodge, of Plymouth, on Sept. 14, 1876. She was born Jan. 25, 1836. They own 260 acres. He is a Democrat in politics, and director of the school district. MRS. MARY E. SHAW was born in New York State, Nov. I6, I829. Her father was born in Ireland in I8oo, and married Mary Borden, who was born in New York, Aug. 15, I807. He came to America in I824, and to Livonia in 1841, where he resided until his death, in 1885. His wife died in 1884. They had six children. William, their only son, enlisted in Co. C, ist Michigan Cavalry, in I861, was wounded, and died Jan. 12, 1864. EUGENE SMITH was born Aug. 13, 1842, upon the farm he now occupies. His father was born in Canada, and his mother in New York State. They came to Michigan in I833. Eugene married Ella Grace, of Livonia, Dec. 8, 1869. She was born July 27, I850. They have three children, Charles E:, born Sept, 13, 1870; Edna E., born July 3, I872, and James Grace, born May I, I884. Mr Smitl has been school director of District No. 5 for several years. He is a staunch Republican, and has a fine farm of i60 acres. MRS. JEANNETTE J. SMITH was born in Norfolk Co., England, May 3, 1843. Her parents, Jeremiah and Sarah Brown, came to America in 1858. In 1863 they came to Livonia. Jeannette married Ira Smith of Plymouth, Feb. 27, 1883. She was born at North Adams, Mass., March 4, I826 and came to Michigan in I866. By trade he was carpenter and joiner. Mrs. Smith is engaged in general merchandise carrying on the business herself at Nankin. CHARLES TEAGAN was born in Cork Co., Ireland, July II, 1844, and came to America in 1862. He enlisted Dec. 23, I863. in Co. G. 8th Mich. Cavalry, was captured Aug. 4, 1864, and held prisoner at Andersonville and Florence, when he made his escape. He was discharged May 12. 1865, returned to Detroit and entered the employ of the Michigan Car Co., where he remained 14 years. He married S h Eady, of Detroit, Jan. 30, 1866. They have six children, are members of the Episcopal Church, and have a farm of 120 acres. HENRY VAN HORTON, farmer of Livonia, was horn at Salem, Mich., June 8, 1835. On Aug. I7, 1863, he enlisted in Co. B. i9th Michigan Cavalry, as private He was discharged June 19, 1865, by order of War department No. 77, issued April

1432 PERSONAL SKETCHES-NANKIN. i8, 1865. In i866 he married Esther Jole Franklin, Mich. She was born in New York in 1842. Mr. Van Horton in politics is a D crat. FREDERICK L. WEST, proprietor and mai of the Livonia cheese factory, was born in wego Co., N. Y., Aug. I5, I830. When I8 of age he began the life of a sailor. In May, he entered the U. S. Navy, being assigned t( gun boat Kansas, and continued in service the close of the war. He married Georgie Herdman, of Westburgh, N. Y., Dec. 28, She was born in Oswego Co., N. Y., April 15, They had one child. Mrs West died in Feb. In 1867 he married Julia Herdman, of Oswegc N. Y. She was born 1838. In April. I871 West came to Michigan, and had charge o: JAMES BAHAN was born in Cork, Ireland, 6, I8i6, and his parents died in that country came to America in 1848, and was employer years by the Lake Superior Mining Co. He ried Mary Mullins, of Ireland, in 1845. The) six children. James is a Democrat, and a me of the Catholic Church. His farm has 66 acre ALICE IDA BEEMAN PALMER, widow of Je e Palmer, was born at Nankin, Oct. 12, 1854. Hei ents came to Wayne Co, Michigan, in 1828. were married Jan. I, 1834, and had fourteen dren. Mrs. Palmer has three children stillat h Their farm contains 40 acres of land. JONATHAN BOICE was born in Cambr Washington County, N. Y., Dec. I, I83I. In he came to Michigan and settled in Nankin, farm of 80 acres he purchased at that time. married Miss Ruby Temple, of Windom Coi Vt., in I849. They have seven children, Win Addie, Burton, Ida, Edward, Earl and Zenie. has always been engaged in farming. MRS. ABIGAIL BRINK, widow of Archi Brink, was born in Wayne Co., N. Y., Marct I812. She married Mr. Brink April 12, 1831. was born in Seneca, N. Y., March, 1809. came to Michigan in I833, locatihgon present f obtaining their deed from Gen. Jackson. They no children of their own, but have adopted raised 14 children. Mr. Brink died Dec. 19, 1 The farm contains 80 acres. MRS. ROSETTA CARVER, widow of Elizu: Carver, was born at Dearborn, March 24, I832. parents were natives of Vermont. They cam Michigan in 1827. On Feb., 1862, she ma' es, of cheese factory for seven years. He is now sole State owner of the Livonia cheese factory and manufacemo- tures yearly I 29,000 pounds of cheese, sold mostly to Detroit parties. By his second marriage he has lager one child. Mr. West is a member of F. & A. M., i Os- and of Marshall M. Beach Post No. 267, G A. R, years of Farmington. 1864, JOHN E. WILCOX, farmer of Livonia, was born o the in Monroe Co., N. Y., March Ir, J845. On Sept. until 20, 1871, he married Libbie Smith of Farmington, Ann Mich. She was born Dec. I6, I848. They have 1860. had four children. Mr. Wilcox has been treasurer 1832. of Livonia township. He is a member of Farming1865. ton Lodge, F. & A. M., No. 15I, also of Northville Co., Chapter, No. 55, and Royal Arch, No. 39. He is,Mr. a Republican His farm contains 160 acres. f the NANKIN. May Mr. Carver. He enlisted in I862, in Michigan He Sharpshooters, as First 1 ieutenant. He resigned, I ten returned to the farm, engaged in raising blooded mar- horses. They had three children. ITheir farm conr had sists of Io5 acres. mber GFORGE CHILLSON. of Pike's Peak, Nankin.s. township. was born at Livonia, Marcfl 3, 1836. miah His parents came to Michigan from New York rpar- State. in 1833, purchasing from the government 80 They acres of land. George taught school winters, and chil- worked upon the farm summers. On Nov. 27, ome. I860, he married Margaret Bentley, of Livonia, who was born June 30, I843. They have had four idge, children. In 1884 they came to Pike's Peak and 186I opened a general supply store, also engaged in buyon a ing and selling live stock and produce of all kinds. He Through his influence the name of Perrinsville was unty, changed to Pike's Peak. Has been Postmaster four field, years or more. He JOHN CLAY was born at Dearborn, July 28, I828. His parents came to Dearborn in 1827. He ibald married Mercy Delaney, of Dearborn, in I858. I I9, Her parents were born in New York. He enlisted He in Co. B, 3d Mich. Cav., Feb., 1863, was engaged They in battles of Little Rock, Island No. 1o, Mobile and arm, others. He was discharged in 1865; and receives a have pension for injuries sustained while in service. and His wife died June, I875. They had four children. 1875. He married Sally Calkins, of Grand Rapids, in 1876. Five children were born. He is a member of G. r R. A.R. Her FRANK E. COLEMAN, of Inkster, was born in le to St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Dec. 20, I842. When 14 rried years of age he began driving on the canal. In

- PERSONAL SKETCHES-NANKIN. i433 I86r he enlisted in Co. D, 27th N. Y. Infantry, as private. He was in first and second Battles of Bull Run, also at Fredericksburg and in other battles. He was wounded and mustered out as Sergeant in May, 1863 Re-enlisted and was employed by the government to take charge of a gang of men repairing a railroad in Georgia and Alabama. On Aug, I863. he re enlisted in Co. M, Ist N. Y. Vet. Cav., as Quartermaster Sergeant, and served under Gen Robin until the close of the war, and was finally mustered out on June i, I865. He married Caroline E. Morris in I874. She was born in Michigan, Dec., 1855. They had three children. He came to Inkster in I876, engaged in blacksmithing and wagon manufacturing. He is Commander of Corey Post No. 261, G. A. R., at Wayne. Is also a Mason. FANNY CURTIS, widow of William R. Curtis, was born in New York State, June 7, i808. Her parents came to Michigan, locating in Oakland Co., in I825. She married Mr. Curtis on Jan. 30, 1832. He came to Michigan in. 83I, and taught school one year before his marriage. He died upon the farm June 12, 1884. They had six children. Mrs. Curtis is one of the original members of the M. E. Church. Her husband was Deputy Sheriff for a number of years. JAMES GILLISPIE was born in the Township of Plymouth, Wayne Co., Mich., on Dec. 27, 1836. His father's name was M. M. Gillispie, of Goshen, Orange Co., N. Y. His mother's name was Sarah Ann Harmon, a native of Vienna, Ontario Co., N. Y. Mr. Gillispie's father emigrated to Michigan from New Orleans, and settled in Plymouth at an early day; his mother died in 1845. He went to school in Plymouth until nine years of age, at which time his mother died, and he made his home with his maternal grandmother in the town of Canton, where he attended school for two years. The next four years he was an inmate of an uncle's family in Wayne. Returning to Canton, he engaged in farming until I861. On the breaking out of the Civil War, Mr. Gillispie enlisted in Company C., 24th Mich. Infantry, entering as a Corporal. He was captured at Gettysburgh, taken to Richmond and confined at Belle Isle, remaining there until Feb 22, I863, and then moved to Andersonville, where he remained until that fall; he was removed thence to Savannah, remaining six weeks; thence to Milan, Ga. At the beginning of winter he was moved to Florence, S. C. While being moved to Wilmington, the Rebel guard was captured by the Union forces, and he was released. In June, I865, he was mustered out of service at Columbus, Ohio, returning at once to Detroit. In I866 he located at Van, Buren, Mich., and married Mary Train on April 24, I866. By this marriage he has three children, Daniel Q., George H and Katie. Mr. Gillispie was elected Justice of the Peace in I888, and has been manager of the county farm of oo acres. He is a member of Corey post, No. 26i, G. A. R. CHARLES A GORDINIER, of Wayne, was born in New York State, Jan. 19, I862. His father was a physician. Both of his parents are still living in New York State. Charles came to Michigan in 1888, and is engaged in the manufacture and sale of a patent medicine. He is a tinsmith by trade. HERNRY E. HEYWOOD, farmer of Nankin, was born in Wayne Co., July 18, I830. He married Eunice Bills, Oct. 28, I849. She was born in New York State in 1830, and died Feb. 8, 1856. He married Sarah Parmar, his second wife, April 8, I856. She was born Jan. 23, 1833. By his first wife he had two children, and by his second wife four. He is a Republican. BRADSHAW HODGKINSON was born at Stafford. in the County of Stafford, England, May 20, 1815. Soon after he was born his parents removed to Preston, in Lancashire, where they and their ancestors had resided for several generations. He was apprenticed at the age of 15, to the hatting business for seven years, served nearly that time, but having a little legacy left him by his Grandfather Bradshaw Hodgkinson, and being anxious to get under the Stars and Stripes, he ran away from the pprenticeship, and on May 2, I837, took passage at Liverpool on one of the Black Ball Line of sailing ships, and after a voyage lasting seven weeks, landed in New York City early in the morning of July 4, 1837. He tried all summer to obtain work at his trade, but without avail, and finally, learning that he had a relative in Schenectady, he consulted and decided to go West. He left for Detroit, arriving here on the Commodore Perry, in Oct., 1837. From here he made his way to what was called Sheldon's, in the town of Canton, and from there to Ypsilanti, eventually going to work on the railroad, at that time in progress from Wayne to Ypsilanti. He subsequently worked on a farm, took out his papers as an American citizen in October, 1844. In politics, he is a Democrat, has held the office of Justice of the Peace from 1853 to 1874, and that of Supervisor of the Town of Canton for twelve years, from the year I86I. He was Chairman of the Board of Supervisors two years, and was elected a member of the Legislature of I863, as a Union, or War Democrat. In the year 1864 he was appointed by a Republican Board of County Auditors, Superintendent of the Poor of the County, serving with Alanson Sheley and T. T. Lyon, and was Superintendent of the Poor, some nine years. He was afterwards for four years a clerk in the office of the County Treasurer, under George H. Stellwagen,

1434 PERSONAL SKETCHES-PLYMOUTH. and since I882 has been clerk and bookkeeper at the Wayne County Alms House. He resides in Wayne. of which village he has been President two terms, is amember of the Masonic Fraternity, formerly belonging to Phoenix Lodge, of Ypsilanti, but in 1859 became a charter member of Wayne Lodge, No. 112, at Wayne, of which Lodge he has been master several years. ASA G. JOHNS, merchant and Postmaster of Nankin, was born at Detroit, March IO, 1819. His parents came to Michigan in 1813. He married Nancy Clark, of Dearborn, Mich., Dec. I6, 1840. She was born in Wayne Co., N. Y., in 1832. In 1873 Mr. Johns came to Nankin and opened a general supply store. He was appointed postmaster in 1875. Four children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Johns. Mrs. Johns died Feb. I6, 1887. Mr. Johns isTa Democrat, a member of the M. E. Church, and has a farm of 35 acres. MRS. MARY MARBLE, merchant at Inkster, was born in Cayuga Co., N. Y., April 14. 1825. She married Nathaniel Meade of Ann Arbor, Jan. I, 1847. He enlisted in Aug 1862, in Co. H., in the 4th Mich. Cavalry. Was engaged in the battles of Stone River, and Chattanooga. He died in the hospital at Nashville, Tenn., Nov. 7, 1863. His widow married W. S Marble on Dec. 4, i867. In i868 she opened a general supply store at Inkster, where she continues the business She has three children. THEODORE RAYv0, a farmer of Nankin, was born Oct. 23, 1841. His parents came from New York State. He married Emma Handysides; of Nankin, March 20, 1870. Her parents came from England, and she was born in that country Jan. 3, 1853. Mr. and Mrs. Raymo have had six children. They own 60 acres of land. JOSIAH SMITH, farmer of Nankin. was born in Duchess Co, N. Y, April I8, 18I3. came to Michigan in I834, and married Lucinda Blair, of Romulus, March 28, 1841. They have had four children, Elizabeth, Mary, Emma and William. Mr. Smith has always been a Republican. His farm consists of I15 acres, 21 acres of which is in Canton, Mich. OLIVER VAN ALSTINE, farmer of Nankin and Dearborn, was born in Genesee Co., N. Y., May I, 1824. His parents were natives of New York. His father was drowned by being carried over Niagara Falls. His mother died in Michigan, in 1879. Oliver married Frances Palmer, of Jackson (o., Mich. in 1854. They have had five children. His wife died Sept. I, 1877. He has been Justice of the Peace, and has a farm of 310 acres. SELAH WIN FIELD, of Nankin, was born in Sussex Co., N. J., Jan 30, I792. He worked upon the farm until the breaking out of the War of i812, when he enlisted and served until the close of the war. He subsequently moved to the town of Phelps, N Y., where he married Nancy Showers, who was born in Germ'any, in 1802. They came to Michigan in 1 851, locating at Nankin, where he now resides. Three children were born to them. His wife died in 1874. He has great-grand children living with him, who ate 5 years of age. PLYMOUTH. FRANK B. ADAMS, M. D., was born Oct. 15, 1854, at New London. He was educated in the literary department and graduated at the State Normal School, in 1876; graduated in 1884 from the Homeopathic College of Michigan, and married May S., daughter of Rev. G. W. Bryant, of New York City, in 1878. JOHN ALLEN was born in Monroe Co., N. Y., Dec. 18, 1819, and married Mary A. Cady, May 7, 1843, who was born in Monroe Co., N. Y. Mr. Allen graded most of the road for the Detroit, Lansing and Northern Railroad, to Lansing. He died Feb. I9, 1872. They had five children, three of whom are living. GARDNER BARBER, farmer of Plymouth township, was born in Green Co., N. Y., Jan. 12, I787, and married Esther Wilson, of N. Y. State, in 1807. She was born at Bronn, N. Y., in J795. He came to Michigan in 1852; enlisted Nov. 18, J862, in the 124th Ohio Vol. Inf. Feb. 20, 1863, and was discharged by order of hospital surgeon because of chronic rheumatism. In 1875 he moved to Northville, on the present farm of 40 acres. Is father of 12 children. He draws $56 per month pension, and is the oldest soldier living in the State of Michigan. DEXTER BRIGGS, a retired farmer of Plymouth, was born in Vermont, Aug. 2, 1804. On Jan. 26, 1826, he married Laura Durand, who was born in New York, Aug. 5, 1804. In the spring of 1826 he walked from Royalton, N. Y., to Livonia, Mich., where he purchased 80 acres of land of the government for $ioo. In the spring of I827, he returned to New York for his wife, and on their return lived upon the farm until 1855, when they came to Plymouth. They have three children. His wife died Dec. 5, 1872. MRS. ELIZA F. BUNNELL, widow of B. C.

PERSONAL SKETCHES-PLYMOUTH. 1435........................., _.1...5 Bunnell, of Northville, was born at Crown Point, N. Y., Jan. 15, I8 I. She was married June 22, 1829. Mr. Bunnell was born at Morristown, N. J., June 27, I8o8. In 1834 he came to Michigan, engaging in the furniture business. He died Nov. i8, 1880. In the spring of I88I Mrs. Bunnell came to Northville. She is the mother of 12 children, four of whom are living. She has been a member of the M. E. Church for more than 60 years. JAMES B. CHAPPELL, cigar manufacturer and tobacco dealer, was born Nov. 15, 1853, at Waterford, Mich. When 15 years of age he entered the Milford Cultivator Works, learning all branches of the business and remaining six years. He learned the cigar trade in 1874, and married F. Delia Simpson, of Birmingham, Mich., Nov. 24, 1885. She was born at Southfield,.Mich., May 27, 1859. They have one child, Harry, born March 12, 1887. LEONARD CHARTER, of Plymoutih, was born at Parish, N. Y., Aug. 28, 1826. On Sept. 22, 1853, he married Eliza Bradley, who was born in 1828. They came to Michigan in 1857. In Sept. 1858, Eliza died, and on Aug 28, 1859, he married Olive Austin, who was born at Fenton, Mich., Oct. 22, 1844. By his first wife he had two children and five by his second. On Dec. 14, I86I, he enlisted in Co G. 14th Mich. Inf. In 1863 his regiment was mounted at Nashville, Tenn. He was in all battles the regiment was engaged in and was discharged June, 1865. He then returned to Northville, and purchased his present farm. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church, and of Allen M. Harman Post. No. 318, G. A. R. MRS. URSULA M CLEMFNT, widow of Henry M. Clement, was born at Bradford, N. Y., Aug. I9, I829. She was married Nov. 11, I859. Mr. Clement was born in New Hampshire in 1829. Enlisted Sept. 3. 1864 in Co. F, 161 Vol. Infantry, of New York. He was discharged Sept 2. 1865, being disabled. He died Oct 2 1865. Mrs. Clement, with her family of six children came to Plymouth township in the winter of I865. She is a member of the Baptist Church. JAMES G. COLE, veterinary surgeon of Plymouth, was born in Washington, Macomb Co., Mich., Sept. i, 1836. On Nov 24, 1856, he married Isabella Kitchen, who was born in New Jersey, JuneII, 1839. They had four children. Mr. Cole in politics is a Democrat. He is a member of M. E. Church. ADIN CUMMINS, farmer of Northville, was born at Champlain. Clinton Co., N. Y., March 21, 1805. He married \i ercy Skinner, of Canada. March 15, 1825, who was born June 12, I804. They have eight children, Zilpha, Jephtha, Sarah, Saloma, George, Richard, Benjamin and William. George, enlisted in 4th Mich. Infantry, died while in service. Benjamin enlisted in Ioth Mich. Infantry, and died Aug. 3, 1862. William, enlisted in 5th Mich. Infantry, and died at Arlington Heights, Jan. 2, 1862. Mrs. Cummins died May 9, i888. The family are members of the Baptist Church. MAGGIE DOOLITTLE was born at Cleveland, Tenn., Aug. I, 1843, and married Henry Doolittle, Oct. 3, I865. He was born in Sullivan Co., N. Y., May 15, 1841. He enlisted in Co. H, 2d Mich. Infantry, was discharged July 21, 1864; re-enlisted in Co. A, iith Mich. Infantry, Feb. 10, 1865, and discharged Sept. I6, 1865; was then a corporal. He died on Jan. 19, 1883, from injuries received while in service. He had one child, Nettie, born July 25, 1867. CHARLES D. DURFEE was born at Livonia, Mich., Sept. 23, 1841. Early in the War of the Rebellion he enlisted as a private in Co. C, 24th Michigan Vol. Infantry. He was in the Army of the Potomac, beginning with the second Battle of Bull Run, and was twice wounded, in the battles of the Wilderness and Gettysburgh. He was discharged July 6, 1865; was then Sergeant-Major. He married Josephine Wyckoff, of Canandaigua, N.Y., Nov. 6, 1867. They have two children. Mr. Durfee is owner of the cheese factory at Plymouth. He has been Supervisor for five years, and is identified with many business enterprises of Plymouth. MRS. MARY DURFFE was born in Nankin, Mich., Dec. 16, 1832. Her parents came to Michigan in 1827. She married R. S. Iurfee. of Livonia, Mich., on July 4. I854. He was born in New York State, Oct. 2, 1814, and came to Michigan with his parents in 1826. They had nine children. They moved to Plymouth in 1857. Her husband died June 21, 1888. Their farm consists of 280 acres. REUEL DURFEE, of Plymouth, was born at Pontiac, Mich.. Jan. 15, I827. His parents came to Michigan in 1826, taking up 80 acres of government land. In 1844 Reuel Durfee learned the harness maker's trade at Ann Arbor, remaining three years. He married Mercy Ann Briggs, of Livonia, Nov. 3, I853. She was born Dec. I6, I829. In 1854 they purchased 80 acres of land at Livonia, and now have 150 acres. They have no children of their own. Their adopted daughter is the wife of Frank Miller. JASPER N. ELLIOTT, machinist and patternmaker of Northville, was born Feb. Io, 1842. He enlisted Aug Io, 1861, in Co. C, ISt Michigan Cavalry, as a private, and was in 58 engagements. He was discharged Dec. 21, 1863, and the same day enlisted in the ist Michigan Veteran Cavalry. In the spring of 1864 he was promoted to Corporal of Co. H, and was discharged at Salt Lake City, March io,

I436 PERSONAL SKETCHES-PLYMOUTH. i866. He married Emma Ensley, of Oxford, Mich, on Dec. 22, i866. She was born in Canada, July 12, I848. They have three children. He is a member of Allen M. Harmon Post, No. 318, G. A. R., and is a Republican. NELSON EVERITT was born at Montague, Sussex Co., N. J., Feb. 28, 18 1, and came with his parents to Michigan. He married Emira Northrop, July 4, I839. She was born in Monroe Co., N. Y., May i, 1819. They have had five children, Marshall, Celesta, Pitt, Mary and Orson. He held the office of Commissioner of Highways. C. A. FRISBIE was born in New York State, in 1825. His parents, William S. and Priscilla (Ruff) Frisbie, came to Michigan in 1853, and engaged in teaching. He married Miss S. Brady, of New York State, in 1845. They had one child, Charles W. His wife died in 1867, and he married Clarissa Bryant, of Michigan, in 1869. They had one son, George E. Mr. Frisbie was engaged in the lumber business with Mr. Connor, in 1869, and taught school for 19 years. HANNAH C. GARDNER, widow of Benjamin Gardner, was born in New York State, May I8, I804. She was married July 7, 1836. Mr. Gardner was born in Vermont, May 12, I8oo. In 186i he came to Michigan, locating at Novi. In 1872 they came to Northville. He died Oct. 31, I879. They had four children JOHN GARDNER, retired farmer of Northville, was born in New York State, May 9, 1814. He married Jane Demming, of Williamston, Mass., on June 30, 1836 She was born Sept. 26, I8I5. In 1836 they came to Michigan, and purchased 80 acres of land. Mrs. Gardner died Feb., I879, leaving four children. Mr. Gardner married Maria E. Farley, of Albion, Mich, April 19, 1882. She was born at Manchester, N. Y., Aug. 20, I835. They are members of the M. E. Church, of Northville. CLARK A. GRISWOLD, farmer of Plymouth Township, was born in Wilmington, Windham Co., Vt., Nov. 30, i8o6. He came to Michigan in Nov., 1826, and purchased 80 acres of land from the United States Government, at Plymouth. Sept 22, I829, he married Hannah Yerkes, who was born in Ovid, N. Y., Dec. 15, 1812. They had three children. Mrs. Griswold died Aug. 2, 1839. Mr. Griswold married his second wife, Fannie Dean, of Iivonia, Mich., on April 7, I840. They had three children Mrs. Fannie Griswold died March 8, i886. Mr. Griswold is a prominent member of the Presbyterian Church, of Northville. JOHN GUTHRIE, carpenter and joiner, of Northville, was born in Delaware, Feb. 9, 182I. He married Castarah Wallace, of Huntington, Ind., Oct. 24, I847. She was born at Jefferson, 0., in 1832. They resided at Detroit until i86r, when they moved to Northville. He enlisted Dec. 26, 1863, in Co. D, ISt Michigan Engineers and Mechanics, for three years, and was discharged, by order of the War Department, Aug. I, I865. He is a member of the M. E. Church. HENRY E. HILBORN, of Northville, was born in Massachusetts, Sept. 28, I829. He married Ellen R. Allen, of Portland, Maine, Nov. 25, 1852. She was born at Waterford, Me., April 15, 1829. They had seven children. On July 12, I86I, he enlisted in Co. E, I6th Mass. Vol. Infantry. He was a corporal, and was wounded March 18, 1863, and discharged. In 1865 he went to California for 15 months, then came to Detroit, and in I884 moved to Northville. JOHN HIRSCH, carriage and wagon manufacturer, was born at Buffalo, N. Y., June 29, 1831. He married Mary E. Butler, in I832; she died in 1854. They had one child, who died in I874. In 1859 he married Elizabeth Wells of Detroit, she died in I86I, leaving three children. In 1863 he married Mary Jackson, of Northville, who was born at Livonia, Mich. In 1865 he came to Northville and entered into the manufacture of carriages and wagons, with Samuel Haley. Mr. Hirsch is now sole proprietor, and has a large income. JAMES B. HOAR, dentist of Northville, was born Aug. I3, 1857. In 1884 he entered the office of Edwin Root, of Northville, attended the dental department at Michigan University, graduating in 1887. In August, of the same year he began business for himself. On Feb. i, I887, he married Mary McFarlan, who was born at Northville, May 20, 1857. Mr. Hoar is a member of the Free and Accepted Masons, and of other lodges. GEORGE W. HOISINGTON was born in Clyde, N. Y., Jan. 13, 1825, and came to Michigan in 1840, and married Sarah Hughes, of Pinckney, Mich., on Nov. 3, I849. She was born in New Jersey, Aug. 5, I831. In 1854 he located at Plymouth. On Aug. 5, I862, he enlisted in Co. C, 24th Mich. Infantry, as a private, he was in the Battles of Fredericksbnrgh, Chancellorsville and Gettysburgh.and was discharged being disabled in April, 1865. He returned to Plymouth and engaged in farming. He has a family of six children. HENRY HOUK was born in Delaware Co., N. Y,, Jan. 28, 1798, and married Betsey Hopkins in I819. In 1836 they came to Michigan. They had eight children. In 1853 Mrs. Houk died, and on Nov. 28, 1855, he married Lucinda Colby of Livonia, who was born at Ogden. N. Y., on April 25, i8I2. Her parents came to Michigan, in 1841, purchasing 240 acres of land. FREDERICK E. HOUCHEN, of Northville, was born in Oakland Co., Mich., May 2, I862. His parents came to Michigan in 1833. He learned

PERSONAL SKET( the cigarmaker's trade, at which he worked four years and has been employed in the largest manufactories in Detroit, Chicago and Cleveland. He is a prohibitionist and a member of the Christian Church at Cleveland. ENOCH HUGHES was born in New Jersey, April 26, 1803. In 1823 he married Hannah Bunting, of New Jersey. He came to Michigan in 1841, locating at Pinckney. In 1863 he moved to Waterford. They have had 15 children, seven living. James, George and Napoleon, sons of Enoch were in the late war, George was killed while in service. WILLIAM N. HUGHES was born in Delaware, June 16, 1839. His parents came to Michigan in 1840. He married Viola Packard, of Plymonth, on Oct. 25, 1862, who was born Nov. 29, I849. Her parents came from the east in 1828. Mr. and Mrs. Hughes have two children, Nettie, born'March i, 1865, and Herbert, born July 9. i868. EMMA HUNGERFORD was born at Barrington, Mass., March 22, I808. Her maiden name was Barrett She married Granville Jones of Barrington, on Nov. 19, 1828. One daughter was born to them. Mr. Jones died in 1832, and in 1844 Mrs. Jones came to Michigan. In 1845, she married Col. Sam Hungerford. of Northville. He received his commission as Col. during the Toledo War, he died in 1875. Mrs. Hungerford's danghter married Geo. Wilcox of Northville. They had seven children. She died and her mother adopted two of the children, David and Frederick. The latter enlisted in I885, in Co. K. 3d U. S Cavalry as private. On May I, 1F88, he was promoted to Corporal. l he regiment is stationed at Fort Brown, Texas. WILL G. JOHNSON was born at Plymouth, Mich., 1Q60, and married Ada Simmons of Livonia, Mich., who was born April I, 1859. 1 hey have one child, Mary, born June 3, 1885. He farms 123 acres of land They are members of the Presbyterian Church. JOHN S. KELLOGG was born at Falmyra, N. Y., Oct. 23, 1824. He came with his parents with team and covered wagon from New York to Plymouth. In 1869 he engaged in the drug business and continued in this line 15 years. He married Mary Jane Tindall, Sept 2, I883. Her parents died at Plymouth. LUTHER LAPHAM was born in Wayne Co., N. Y., Dec. 2, i816. He came to Michigan with his parents in 1827, and married Deborah B. Lapham, of Farmington, Mich. She was born March 3, 1819. They had eight children. )Luther received 120 acres of land from his father and purchased 200 more, which he sold in I866. He purchased I20 acres in Farmington, known as the Luther CHES-PLYMOUTH. 1437 Green Farm. His wife died May 26, 1876, and on Feb. 21, 1878, he married Maria B. Peck, of Genesee Co., Mich. She was born at Lyon, Mich., July 6, 1834. MRS. SARAH R. LAPHAM was born in Wayne Co., N. Y., March 15, 1820. Her parents came to Michigan in 1830. Sarah married David Lapham of Farmington, Mich., on June 27, I841. He was born in N. Y. State, March 12, 1817. He married for his first wife Emeline Chilson, in 1838. She died in 1840. They had one child. In 186I he enlisted in the 25th Illinois Vol. Infantry, as private. In 1862 he was promoted to aid-de-camp to Genl. McCook and while discharging his duty was wounded. He served until the close of the war and died Sept. 28, 1877. He had six children by his second wife. A. C. LEACH was born at Livonia, Mich., Nov. 7. I835. He received a common school education, finishing his studies by a two years' course at the Ypsilanti State Normal School. In I886 he came to Plymouth, engaged in the manufacture of cheese and established a factory. In Sept. 1864 he married Kate Ketchum, of Farmington, Mich. They have one child. JAMES K. LOWDEN, carpenter and joiner of Northville, was born in Livingston Co., N. Y., Feb. 26, 183T, and married Catherine Hinman, of Northville. Feb. 26, i856. He was born at Bloomfield, N. Y., Aug. 17, I837. They have six children. He enlisted Aug. 14, 1862, in Co. D. 5th Mich. Cav., as private and was with the regiment in all its engagements; was taken prisoner and sent to Charlotteville, Va., Richmond, Libby and Andersonville. He was paroled Nov. 21, 1864, and sent to Annapolis and being unfit for duty because of wounds, was discharged at Washington on May 24, 1865. He is a member of Allen M Harmon Post. 318, G. A R. of Northville, and member of the Baptist Church. WISLEY McKRAY, of Plymouth, was born in Penna,Sept. 15, 18Io. He married Diana Everett, of Livonia, Mich., on April i, 1836. In 1839 Mr. McKray engaged in the manufacture of boots and shoes at Plymouth. Their family consists of four children. Mrs. McKray died in June, 1855, aged 5 years. Mr. McKray is a Democrat in politics. CHARLES S. McROBERT, was born in New York State, Sept. 16, 1809. Married Elida Slocum, June i8, 1831. She was born June 23, 18Io. Theyhad ten children. In 1837 they came to Lyons Mich., where Mr. McRobert taught school in the winter and worked at the carpenter's and joiner's trade in the summer. In 1840 he came to Plymouth. Has been engaged in raising bees for a number of years, having 300 hives at a time. MRS. HANNAH MACOMBER was born in York

1438 PERSONAL SKETCHES-PLYMOUTH. shire, England, March 24, 1824. Her father died in England. Her mother then married Thomas Eckles and came to America in 1828, locating at Livonia. On April 5, 1840, Hannah married John C. Macomber, of Livonia, who was born May 14, i8i8, at Bristol, N. Y. He built the first frame house at Livonia. They had nine children. In 1842 they came to Northville, where they have since resided. GEORGE W. MERRITT, of Plymouth Township, was born at Salem, Mich., Sept. 27, 1851. He married Ella Beebe, of Plymouth, April 4, 1877. She was born Sept. 24, 1857. They have two children. Mr. Merritt's parents came to Michiganin 1837, and located at Plymouth in 1840. His wife's parents were from New York State. Mr. Merritt is a Democrat. His farm contains 80 acres. AUGUST W. MILLER, of the firm of A. W. Miller & Co., liveryman of Northville, was born in Germany, Sept. 25, 1860. His parents came to America in I88I, and engaged in farming in Oakland Co. On Sept. I, 1888, he, with Louis W. Mitteldor purchased the livery and sale stables of J. U. Fuller, of Northville. They have the government contract for carrying the mail. LoUIS W. MITTELDOR, of the firm of A. W. Miller & Co., liverymen of Northville, was born in Germany, Feb. I, I86I, and came to America in 1882. His parents and family still reside in Germany. On Sept. i, I888, he engaged in the livery business with August W. Miller, purchasing their stables of F. U. Fuller. By strict attention to business he has been very successful. MRS. LYDIA M. MORELAND, widow of David Moreland, of Northville, was born at Whitesborough, N. Y., March 25, 1835. She was twice married. Her first husband, James W. Barnhart, was born in I833. They had two children. Mr. Barnhart died Aug. I4, 1883, and in Oct. 1884, Mrs. Barnhart married David Moreland. He was born in New York State in 1831, and died June II, I885. LEROY NAYLOR was born at Salem, Mich., July 26, 1864. His father married Jerusha Winock, moving to Salem, where they engaged in farming. Leroy Naylor married Rosey Goodell, March 11, 1886. She was born at Plymouth, Oct. 28, 1863. Her father enlisted in Co. I, 22d Mich., Inf.; was discharged by reason of disability and died in 1864. M. S. NORTHRUP, farmer of Plymouth. was born in New York State, May 12, I812. In 1833 he came to Michigan, and purchased 120 acres of land in Plymouth township. In 1836 he returned to New York, and on March 27, 1837, he married Freelove Davis, who was born Feb. 4, 1815. They had seven children. Mr. Northrup has been town collector, officer of school board and at one time paid seven-tenths of all the tax of his district. He is a Democrat and owns I60 acres of land. MRS. SARAH O'DONNELL, of Northville, widow of James W. O'Donnell, was born at Amherstburgh, Canada, June 25, 1809. She married Mr. O'Donnell, March ii, 1844. He was born on Drummond's Island, March I8, 1822, and was a carpenter by trade. They had five children. Mr. O'Donnell died May 15, 1855. Charles U., a son enlisted in Co. D. 5th Mich. Cavalry as a private, was secretary to Col. Copeland, and was in the battles of Gettysburgh and -James River. When discharged on Aug. 5, I865, he was First Lieutenant of Co. D. Mrs. O'Donnell is a member of the Presbyterian Church. GEORGE A. PARDEE was born at Plymouth, Mich., Oct, 23, 1859. His parents came to Michigan in 1835, locating at Dexter. His father was an attorney and first came to Michigan in I830, to settle some claims. In 1854 they settled on the farm now occupied by George and Carlos. The father died Nov. 24, I877, and the mother in I880. Mr. Pardee has a farm of 80 acres. B. A. PARMENTER, of Northville, was born at Novi, Mich., May 7, 1842. His parents came to Michigan in 1836. On March 25, 1863, he enlisted in the U. S. Navy, at Detroit, and was sent to Cairo, ll. He was discharged from service in March, 1865, and on Dec. 3, I866, married Annie Guthrie, of Northville, who was born Sept. I, 1848. In I880 Mr. Parmenter erected a steam mill for grinding apples for the manufacture of cider, apple butter and vinegar, and uses an average of lo,ooo bushels of apples annually. The family consists of five children. He is a member of the M. E. Church and of Allen N. Harmon Post, No. 318, G. A R. MRS. J. D. PECK was born at Livonia, Mich., Aug. 3, 1827. She was the first white female child born in Livonia, and married Mr. Peck, Jan. I, 1846. He was born at Lima, Livingston Co., N. Y., Oct. 7, 1822, and came with his parents to Michigan in 1831. In 1862 he purchased 3Io acres of land, where he resided until his death, which occurred on April 17, 1884. Mrs. Peck is the mother of five children. In 1885 she purchased a residence at Plymouth, and her father resides with her. JOHN C. PETERHAUS was born at Plymouth, Feb. 9, 1840. His parents came to Plymouth in I839. He married Hester A. Smith, of Salem, Mich., on July 2, 1863. She was born April 20, I846. They have five children. He enlisted Sept. I6, 186I, in Co. F, i5th Michigan, and was in the Peninsular Campaign with McClellan. He was discharged Oct., 1862, and draws a' pension. He is a bricklayer and mason by trade, and has 20 acres of land.

PERSONAL SKETCHES-PLYMOUTH. I439 CYRUS PINCKNEY was born at Howell, Mich., March 25, 1852. He was engaged in the drug business at Plymouth for eighteen years. He now manufactures an air rifle under patent granted, under the firm name of Pinckney & Hamilton. They manufacture IOO rifles per day. He married Alma Burrow, Jan. 15, 1877. MARION A. PORTER, of the firm of Sands & Porter, furniture dealers, was born in Preston Co., W. Va., May 14, 185o. At the age of 20 years he entered the Agricultural College at Lansing, Mich. In 1882 he purchased an interest in the business he is now engaged in, and on March 17, 1882, married Bell Sands, who was born at Northville, May 13, 1862. He is a member of the Masonic Lodge, of Northville, and a member of the Presbyterian church. MRS. NANCY RAMSDELL, widow of William A. Ramsdell, was born on Washington Island, Nov. I6, I837. She married Mr. Ramsdell, of Plymouth, Feb. 2, I857. He was born in New York, April 29, 1824, and came to Michigan with his parents in 1829, locating on 320 acres of land, a portion of which Mrs. Ramsdell still owns. Mr. Ramsdell owned and operated the foundry, known as Meads Mill. In 1885 they moved to Florida, and engaged in orange raising, where Mr. Ramsdell died, April 7, 1886. His widow with eight children returned to Plymouth in 1887. ELIZABETH RODGERS, of Northville. was born March 12, 1813, at Moreland, Pa Her father came to Michigan in 1831, and located on land in Novi, Oakland Co. Her mother died in New York State, while preparing to come West. Her father died Aug. 2, I833. His farm contained 320 acres of land when purchased. JOHN SANDS, of the firm Sands & Porter, furniture dealers, was born in New York State, Sept. 28, I818, and came to Michigan in 1827. He married Nancy Ann Beal, May 15, 1839. She was born in Vermont in 1814, and died Dec. 10, I855. In Nov., 1856, he married Marietta Baker, of Northville, who was born in New York State, in I821. She died May io, 1864. They had one child. On June 26, 1867, he married Cornelia R. Fox, who was born in Connecticut, April 29, 1821. Mr. Sands is a Republican. MRS. CORNELIA R. SANDS, of Northville, was born in Connecticut, April 20, 1821. Her parents were David H. and Mary (Gregory) Rowland, who came to Michigan in 1832. Cornelia married Rev. Thomas Fox, of Romeo, Mich., Aug. 28, 1843; he was born in 1817. They had two children. Mr. Fox died on Aug. 30, 1847. She married her second husband, Mr. Sands, who was a member of the State Legislature in 1838. JOHN SCIPO was born in Pennsylvania, Jan. I, 1854. His parents resided in Canada a number of years, and located at Ypsilanti in 1870. He married Indiana Smith, of Ypsilanti, Mich., who was born Jan. 3. 1857. They have three children. He moved to Plymouth, and engaged in farming in 1875. The family are members of the Baptist Church. AUGUST SEITING, of Plymouth, was born July 5, 1834. He came to Plymouth in 1872, and married Caroline Waybar, on Nov. 9, 1874. She was born in Germany, Oct. 9, 1849, and came to the United States in I873. They have two children, Mary and Annie. They own a fine farm, and are members of the Lutheran Church. MRS. EUNICE SHEPARD, of Northville, Mich., was born in Sheldon, N. Y., April 9, I816. She is the widow of George Shepard, who was born in New York State, in 1805. They were married Dec. 12, 1833, and had three children. Mr. Shepard died in May, 1864. GEORGE W. SIMMONS, son of Zabina and Betsey Simmons, was born in Livonia, Wayne Co., Feb. 4, 1829. His parents came to Livonia from Ontario Co., N. Y., in 1827. He married Mary A. Gooding, of Livonia, Feb. 2r, 1850. She was born at Bristol, Ontario Co., N. Y., April 26, 1832. They have had eleven children. HANNAH L. SIMONDS, widow of William G. Simonds, was born at Fayette, N. Y., Jan. 3, I833. She married Mr. Simonds Nov. I, 1858. He was born at Milo, N. Y., May 24, 1830. In 1866 they came to Novi, Mich., remaining four years, and then moved to Virginia. In 1887 they returned to Novi. Mr. Simonds died March 27, 1884. They had three children. Are members of the Presbyterian Church of Northville. MRS. ARVILLA TAYLOR was born at Madrid, N. Y., Aug. 9, 1836. Her maiden name was Maxfield. She has been twice married. She married her first husband, George McFarland, July 26, 1852. He was born in Duchess Co., N. Y., June 14, 1825. They had six children. Mr. McFarland died May 12, I877. His widow married Stephen Taylor, of Plymouth, Nov. 24, 1879. He was born in New York, June Io, 1832, and is a carpenter by trade, Mrs. Taylor owns a farm of 40 acres of land, all under cultivation. DAVID TOLL was born at Pittsburgh, Pa., May 21, 1845. Married Hannah Tongan, *of Canada, Jan. I, 1862. She was born May 1o, 1847. They had three children. His wife died in 1879. In 188o he moved to Plymouth, and on Jan 15, 1885, he married Louisa Haldiner, of Plymouth. She was born in Germany,.March 7, 1858, and came to America in 1878. MRS JULIA A. VAN DYNE, widow of Isaac S. Van Dyne, was born at Ovid, N. Y., Dec. I8, 1812.

1440 PERSONAL SKETCHES-PLYMOUTH. She married Mr. Van Dyne, April 28, 1828. He was born in New York City, April 6, 1803, and came to Michigan in 1828, taking up I60 acres of government land, the deed being signed by John Q. Adams. He came to Northville in I853. Six children were born to them. Mrs. Van Dyne is a member of the M. E. Church. JOHN WEBBER, farmer and gardener of Plymouth Township, was born in New York State June I6, 1833. Came to Michigan with his parents in 1838. He married Susan Manchester, of Mercy, Essex Co, Canada West, on May 21, I856. She was born at Garfield, Canada West, Nov. 9, 1834. They have had eight chiidren. They came to Plymouth in 1879. BRAYTON G. WEBSTER was born at Salem, Mich., Oct. 27, 1842. Enlisted Aug. 4, 1862, as private in Co. F, 20th Mich., Infantry, and was in the battles of Vicksburg, Fredericksburg, Siege of Knoxville, Cold Harbor, and in others. He lost an arm while in service. Was sent to the hospital where he remained until Nov. 4, 1865, when he returned to Salem. He married Esther E. Heidson, of Lyon, Mich., May 12, 1869. She was born at Ann Arbor, March 4, 1846. Three children were born to them. Mr. Webster is a carpenter and joiner by trade. He is a member of Allen M. Harmon Post, No. 318, G. A. R., of Michigan, also of the Lodge of Chosen Friends of Northville WILLIAM WORTH WENDELL an attorney of Northville, was born at Rose, Oakland Co., Mich., Jan. 7, 1852. When 18 years of age he entered the Michigan State Normal School, graduating in 1876. For nine years he was principal of the Clinton and Hudson schools. Part of his vacations were spent in the law office of Conely, Maybury & Lucking of Detroit, and with J. H. Wendell of Minneapolis, Minn. In 1885 he entered the law department of Michigan University; graduated in 1886, and located at Northville, in Oct., 1887. JOHN A. WHIPPLE was born on the farm originally taken up by his father, Arnold Whipple, who with his brother settled here in 1825. Arnold Whipple was an officer in the Black Hawk War, He married Sophia Barnhart, May IO, 1827; she was born April 9, I808. Edwin A. Whipple married Lucy E. Van Dyne, Aug. 20, 1865. She was born at Novi, Mich, Oct. I, 1847. They have one child, Ada, born July, I866. HENRY M. WHITE was born at Livonia, Mich., July 30, 1837. His parents came to Michigan in 1836. When he was seventeen years of age they moved to Plymouth, where he taught school and worked upon the farm. On Aug. 14, 1862, he enlisted in Co. D, 5th Mich. Cavalry Volunteers, and was in the battles of Gettysburgh, Littletown, Hagerstown, Newby's Cross, Yellow Tavern, Morton's Ford, and others. He was promoted to Sergeant, Dec. I, 1862, Commissary Sergeant. Nov. i, I863, First Sergeant, Feb. 15, 1865. Commissioned as Second Lieutenant, April 14, 1865, First Lieutenant July 3, 1865. He was discharged with his regiment on July 5, I865. He married Jennie Hamblin of Plymouth, in May, 1867. She died March, 1875, leaving one child, Mattie S. In June 1877, he married Jennie Dunlap of Northville. MRS. ALMIRA WILKINS, of Northville, was born at Aurora, Erie Co., N. Y., Nov. 2, 1838, and married Wilmer S. Stewart, April io, I860. He was born May io, 1835. In 186i he enlisted in the Mich. Lancers. The regiment was disbanded, and on Aug. 14, 1862, he enlisted in Co. D, 5th Mich. Cavalry; was taken prisoner June Ii, 1864, and confined at Libby and Andersonville prisons. He was paroled from Savannah, Nov. 21, 1864. and served until the cfose of the war. He died at Northville. Feb. 24, 1880. They had a family of six children. Mrs Stewart married her second husband, Josiah Wilkins, of Northville, on Feb. 24, 1884. He was born March 25, 1824. He was a cooper by trade. He died Feb. 28, 1888. MARY WILKINSON was born at Springwells, Mich., Dec. 13, 1844. She married Isaac B. Wilkinson, June Io, 1863. He enlisted Sept. o1, 1863, in Co. F, 16th Mich. Volunteer Infantry. He was discharged on account of sickness on Feb. 22, 1865. Returned to Michigan and located at Northville, where he died April I, 1882. They had nine children. REDFORD. GEORGE BEVERIDGE was born at Dearborn, May 4, 1862. He attended school until 18 years of age, and in 1886 engaged in the mercantile business; the same year he was appointed postmaster under President Cleveland. He is also agent of the American Express Co. He married Jessie E. Lob dell, of Holly, Mich., Feb. 5, I886. Mr. Beveridge does a business of about $1o,obo per year. SARAH C. COLE, widow of Amos W. Cole, was born in New York State, Sept. I6, I820. She married James Bucklin, of Dearborn, Mich., Dec 22, 1839. He came to Dearborn when 19 years of

PERSONAL SKETCHES-REDFORD. I44I age. He was Justice of the Peace for nine years, and died Feb. 17, 1848. They had four children, Andrew J., Harriet M., Lyman D., and John H. Andrew J. enlisted in the 24th Mich. Infantry, in I86r, and was promoted to Lieutenant. He re-enlisted Jan. 4, 1864, in the 15th Mich. Was wounded at the battle of Gettysburgh, July 3, 1863. Lyman D., enlisted in Co. C., 1st Mich. Cavalry, Oct. 16, I863, was wounded at Lookout Mountain, and brought home, where he died Jan 27, 1865. Mrs. Bucklin married for her second husband, Amos W. Cole. He was born at Detroit, Feb. 16, i808 They had three children. Mr. Cole had two sons by his first wife. Charles enlisted in the 24th Michigan Infantry, and was killed at the battle of Gettysburgh. James, the second son, enlisted and was wounded, and died in the hospital. Mrs. Cole is a member of the M. E. Church. MRS. CARRIE GORDON, widow of George C. Gordon, was born at Redford, May 27, 1840. Her parents came to Michigan in 1836, locating on 160 acres of government land. She married George C. Gordon May 27, 1857. He was born at Napanee Canada, Oct. 15, I832. He came to Michigan in 1844, taught school several years and then entered the law department at Ann Arbor, graduating in I860. He practiced law at Detroit, and enlisted July 15, I862, in 24th Mich., Co. I., as Lieutenant, and was promoted to Captain before leaving the State. He was in the battles at Fredericksburg and Gettysburgh; where he was taken prisoner and sent to Libby, Charleston, Macon and Columbia, but escaped by jumping the train with three others. He was discharged by special order June 13, I865. He served as Superintendent of Schools two years. ELIZABETH G. HAWTHORNE was born in England, March 12, 1833. When she was 24 years of age her parents came to America, locating at Milford, Oakland Co., Mich. She married James F. Hawthorne, Dec. I8, 1858. He was born in Ireland, Nov. T, I849 In I881 they moved to Redford, and on May I6, 1885, her husbaad died. Nine children were born to them, seven of whom are living. NAPOLEON B. HUGHES was born in Livingston Co., N. Y., Sept. IS, I843. He married Charlotte Ann Nichols, of Plymouth, Sept. 15, 1863. She was born in New York in 1846. He enlisted in Co. F, ISt Mich. Engineers and Mechanics. Was discharged Sept. 22, 1865, and returned to Plymouth. He married his second wife Maria Doolittle of Livonia, on Feb. 22, I866. She was born in New York State in I85. They have had four chiidren. He is a member of Eddy Post No. 231, G. A R., of Plymouth. JOHN LACY, farmer and engineer, of Redford, was born at Hamilton, Ontario, April 20, I852. When 17 years of age he began the life of a sailor, and gradually worked his way to engineering, which employment he has followed 14 years. He married Anna Grotenrath, of Rockwood, Mich., March 25. I886. She was born at Cleveland, O., Aug. 26, 1867. John, with his brother, owns a farm of 80 acres JOHN LATHROP, farmer of Redford, was born in Canada, July 15, 1815, and came to Michigan in I840; married Cecilia, Connor of Vermont, in 1846. She was born in Ireland, Dec. 22, 1813. They have three children. He lived upon a farm at Greenfield, IO years, and in Detroit 30 years, working at his trade, that of carpenter and joiner. In 1882 he purchased a farm of 30 acres at Redford, where he now resides. JOHN I1. LEE, was born in Burlington Co., New Jersey, May 18, 1833 Fie married Sarah Ann Norris, of Redford, Aug. 20, 1855, who was born Aug. 20, I834. They have had seven children Mr. Lee came from Livonia to Redford and engaged in mercantile business in the spring of 1886. He has held a number of township offices, was Town Treasurer two years, Supervisor in 1876, and was reelected in i881. He has also been School Director for eight years, and Notary Public for thirteen years. ROBERT A. LYON was born upon the farm he now occupies, which was settled by his father, in 1828. The deed for the land was signed by Thomas Jefferson. His father was born in Yorkshire; Eng, and came to Michigan in 1828. Robert married Ada E. Gordon, Aug. 22, 1883. She was born at Redford. Oct. 29, 1858. They have a farm of I6o acres, and are members of the M. E. Church. MRS. RACHEL McCOY was born in Redford, Aug. ir, 1847. Her parents came to Michigan in 1837. She married James H. McCoy, of Redford, Jan. 16, I864. He was born at New Brunswick. July 12, 1841. He enlisted in i861 in Co. I, 7th Mich. Infantry, as private, enlisting twice in same regiment and company, and was discharged in 1865, at the close of the war. They had seven children. Mr. McCoy died July i, 1884. THOMAS P. MATTHEWS was born in Middlebury, Vermont, in 1791. At the age of 17 years he entered Middlebury College and graduated in 1811. In 1815 he graduated from Fairfield Medical College, and in 1820 was appointed representative of the State of Vermont. He was professor of anatomy, physiology and chemistry, in Vermont Medical College for two years. In 1836 he came to Redford, Michigan, and was the first physician in the township. He was Town Clerk for many years, and in I853 was elected to the State Legislature of Michigan. He died October 16, 1869. JAMES D. PERRY was born in Pennington Co., Vermont, Aug. 7, I815. His parents cametoMich

I442 PERSONAL SKETCHES —ROMULUS. igan in 1835, taken up I6o acres of government land. James D. Perry married Grace Welts of Macomb Co., Dec. 29, 1836. She was born in Huntington Co., N. J., Jan. I6, 1814. They had nine children. His wife died in March, I886. Mr. Perry has been Commissioner of Highways 12 years, and Overseer of Highways 45 years, out of a residence of 52 years. He moved to Redford on an ox sled and located on land taken up by a Mr. Kuhn, receiving his deed of 240 acres from the Michigan State Bank, 14 acres being cleared. CATHERINE PIERCE, widow of Onesimus 0. Pierce, of Redford, was born in Oneida Co., N. Y., Oct. 6, i818. Her parents came to Michigan in 1832, locating at Livonia on 320 acres of government land. She was married Jan. 3, 1839. Mr. Pierce was born in St. Lawrence Co.. N. Y., Aug. 16, I809, and came to Michigan in I833. He was School Inspector, Township Clerk and Supervisor. In 1872 he represented the 3d District of Wayne Co., in the State Legislature, defeating Daniel Tompkins. He died May 6, 1876. They had nine children. JOHN RACE was born at Redford, May 6, 1833. He married Sophia Grace, Sept. 26, 186I, who was born at Farmington, Oakland Co., Mich., Sept. 26, 1836. They began farming soon after their marriage and now own 50 acres of land, occupying a fine residence built in 1885. DIANTHA SACKETT, widow of Benjamin Sackett, was born in Oneida Co., N.Y., June I8, 1823. Her parents came to Michigan in 1833. She was married April 3, 1839. Mr. Sackett was born in Steuben Co., N. Y., and came to Redford in 1832. They have had three children, Caroline, Maria and Clarke. The family are members of Redford Baptist Church, and have a farm of 53 acres. MARTIN SACKEIT, of Redford, was born May o1. 1840 His parents came to Michigan in 1830. Martin enlisted in the 7th Mich Inf, Co. I, Jan., 1862; was wounded and discharged. He re-en listed in the Ioth Mich. Cav., Co. B, in the fall of 1863, and was discharged at the close of the war, returning to Redford and engaging in farming. He married Susan Booth, of Detroit, in 1863, who was born at Plymouth, March 15. 1847, and died in April, 1887. They had seven children. CHARLES C. SMITH, M. D., of Redford, was born in New Hampshire, July 28, 1828. Was educated at Phillips Academy, Exeter, and Kimball Union jcademy, and graduated from Dartmouth College in 1852. In 1854 he came to Michigan, locating at Redford, and married Mary Houk, of Redford, May 4, 1836. She was born in New York, Feb. 28, 1832. Her parents came to Michigan in 1837. Dr. Smith enlisted Aug. 28, 1862, and was appointed Asst. Surgeon, by Gov. Blair, and received his discharge in 1863. He has been School Inspector, Township Clerk, and Health Officer, and was appointed Jury Commissioner, by Gov. Jerome. In 1866 he was elected representative to the State Legislature, serving one term Dr. and Mrs. Smith have had six children. FREDERICK R. WARDLE was born at Staffordshire, Eng., Jan. 25, I851. From the age of eight years he worked in the coal mines until 25 years of age. In 1875 he came to America, remained in New York a short time, and then going to Ohio and engaging in mining, subsequently going to the mines in Tennessee. He was in the grocery business in New Jersey for one year; then returned to England. In 1879 he came to Detroit, and in 1887 moved to Redford and engaged in business, He owns considerable property on Grand River Ave., Detroit, where he was at one time engaged in the meat business. JOHN WARDLE, merchant of Redford. was born at Staffordshire, England, in a railroad car. When 13 years of age he went into the mines to work. In April, 1884, he came to America locating at I)etroit; married Anna Steagar, of Redford, July IO, 1887, and since then has made Redford his home. ROMULUS. JAMES BOTCHAM, a farmer of Romulus, was born in England. April 16, 1816, came to America in 1824. and settled in Wayne Co., in 1837. In 1841 he married-Esther Fray. She was born in Charlotteville, Canada, Nov. 17, I820. Their children living are Charlotte, Albert and Sarah. Mr. Botcham has held several town offices. GEORGE W. BILLS was born in Coldwater, Mich., Dec. 8, I859, and came to Wayne Co. with his parents in I861. In 1884 he married Anna Jaques. She was born June 8, 1864. JOSEPH BUCK, a farmer of Romulus, was born in Germany, March, 1837 and settled in \Wayne Co. Married Sopha Sebert, in 1865. who was born in Germany, I 838. Their children are Sopha, Mary and Freddie Louis J. DEAN was born in I)el ware, Nov 27, 1843, and came to Wayne Co. in 1856. His father, William, was born in 1803. and died inr 1878. His mother, Mary A., was born in I805. ROBERT DEAN, a farmer of Romulus, was born in Delaware, Feb. 27, 1834, and came to Wayne

PERSONAL SKETCI-ES-ROMULUS. t443 Co. in 1856. He married Angeline Dean, Jan., 1856; she was born on Feb. 22, 1837. They are both members of the Free M E. Church. THOMAS DOWNING was born in England, July 6, 1830, and came to America in 1838. The year previous his father, Richard Downing, came here, and in a few months died; his wife died in 1882, aged 76. Thomas married Emma Chown of England, in I 86. They have six children, Annie, who married Hiram Morris, of Romulus, Lillian I., Estella. Frank, Charles and Grace. For many years he was engaged in the milling business. He has lived in Romulus since 1860, and is a member of the Wesleyan Church. ANDREW J EVES, a farmer of Romulus was born in Wayne C6., Jan. 28, 1836. He married Louisa E. Brass, April 5, 1858; she was born Sept. I840. Their children are Samuel E., Morris A., Emma. Alma and Libbie. GEORG. MN. EVES, a farmer of Romulus-was born in Wayne Co, Oct. 29, 1838; married Emeline Forbes, Jan. I, 1867. She was born in 1842. Their children are Edith and Ida. He was engaged in the brick business for ten years. AUGUST FRANK a farmer of Romulus was born in Germany, March, 6, 1843, and came to America in 1873 and settted in Wayne Co. He married Caroline Sebert in 1873, who was born in Germany, Oct., 1853. They have one child, Rachel, born March 6, 1873. FRED GALL was born in Germany, March 21, 1845, came to America in I872 and settled in Wayne Co. He married Minnie Lang, Aug. I I, 1872, who was born in 1853. Their children living are Anna, Theresa, Albert, Bertha, Minnie, Alvina and Emma. ANTHONY GAUSS, a farmer of Romulus, who died May 16, 1885, was born in Germany, in 1853. He married Sopha Wedow, Sept. IO, I866. She was born in Germany, Dec. 30, 1844. Their children are Emma, Martha, Frank and Georgie. WILLIAM HALE was born in New York State, Sept. 20, 1817, and came to Wayne Co. in 1835. In 1837 he married Eliza Shook, who died in I839, leaving one child, Ellen. For his second wife he married Melissa Carleton, in 1844, who was born in 1826. Their children living are Henry, Emily, John, Maria and Lucy. His business is farming. JOHN HELMER was born in Germany in July, 1824, came to America, May 14, I854, and settled in Wayne Co., April 5, I865. He married Rosa Trostel, May, I855. She was born in Germany, Nov. 25, I835, and died Dec. 3, 1887. Their children living are Charles, Carrie, Emma, Annie, Josephine and John. He is a member of the Catholic Church. WILLIAM HOSPITAL was born in Ireland, in 1842, came to America in 1853, and settled in Wayne Co. in 1869. He married Maggie Haitner in 1875. She was born in Detroit, in I854. Their children living are Lottie, John, Georgie, Margaret J, Charles and William. JOHN HUNTLEY, a farmer of Romulus, who died Sept 3, I883, was born in New York State, in I805, and came to Wayne Co. in 1838. In April, I835, he married Charity Boker She was born in Vermont, Sept. I, 1815. Their children living are Elizabeth, Charlotte, Daniel, Delia, Cornelia and Mary. Mrs. Boker is a member of the M. E. Church. MRS. JEANNETTE (COOK) JACOT was born in New York State, July 20, 1811. In 1831 she married David F. Jacot. He was born Jan., ifc8, and died Feb. 8, 1876. They came to Wayne Co. in I837. Their children living are Mary C., David M., Henrietta, Sarah, Elias, Solomon, Ezra and Jessie. He was a shoemaker by trade. GEORGE KILLINGBECK was born in England, May 4, I829, and came to America, 1831, settling in Wayne Co. in 1865 He married Ellen Little, who was born in Canada in 1846. Their children living are John, George H., Samuel, Elizabeth and Martha, SAMUEL R. KINGSLEY was born in New York State, May 2I, I8IO. He came to Wayne Co. in I852, and married Polly Straight, Jan. I, I832. She was born in New York State, Nov. 15, 1807. Their children living are William P., Sarah A., John H., Orrin D., Samuel R, Jr., Mary J., Zacariah S. He was engaged in the mercantile business 5 years, and was Postmaster I9 years. FRED. KUGAHT, a farmer of Romulus Township, was born in Germany, Sept. 13, 1845, came to America in I868, settled in Detroit, and married Minnie Grunwold, in 1872. She was born in I85I. Their children are Charles, Anna, Minnie, John, Augustus and Fred. While in Detroit he was engaged in the brick business. CHRISTOPHER LEVERANCE, a farmer of Romulus, was born in Germany, May 21, 1822, came to America in 1869, and settled in Wayne Co. He married Dora Leverance in 1848. She was born in Germany in May, 1822. Their children are Fred, John, Christopher, Charles and Sophia. Charles married Frances McConlogue, in 1887. She was born in I870. THOMAS MCCOLLOUGH, a farmer of Romulus Township, was born in Ireland in 1832, came to America in 1851, and settled in Wayne Co. in 1853. In 1858 he married Elizabeth Melley. She was born June 31, I826. THOMAS MCNUTT, a farmer of Romulus, was born in Ireland in 1815; came to America, Aug. 27, 1863. He married Elizabeth Wilson in I843, who was born in 1825. Their children are John, James,

1444 PERSONAL SKETCHES —ROMULUS. Charles, Samuel, Thomas, William, Alexander, Catherine and Jane. CHARLES MEYERS, a farmer of Romulus, was born in Germany, Feb. 27, 1834, came to America in 1862, and settled in Wayne Co. He married Anna Kagler in 186o. She was born Dec. 20, 1837. Their children living are Rachael, Charles, Herman, Louis, and Louisa. JOHN MILATZ, a farmer of Romulus, was born in Germany, Dec. 29, 1828, came to America in I855, and settled in Wayne Co. He married Fredericka Brockmann in Feb. I856 She was born in Germany, in 1836. Their children living are Charles, Eliza, John, William, Albert, and Edward. GEORGE W. MOORE, SR., was born in New York City, Sept. 27, i8IO, and came to Wayne Co., Nov. 9, I843. He married Mary Emery, Oct. 12, 1837. She was born in England, in Oct. i815. Their children are Francis M., James E, Eliza, Jasper, George N, and Minnie E. Mr. Moore was Supervisor of Romulus three years, Treasurer three years, Justice of the Peace, 22 years, he was also Town Clerk. LUDWIG MONK, a farmer of Romulus Township, was born in Germany, Nov. 11, 1838; came to America in 1871, and settled in Wayne Co. He married Julia Litsaw, in 1863. She was born in Germany, March IO, 1836. Their children are Albert, Rudolph, Augusta, Anna, and Matilda. JAMES MUNDAY, a farmer of Romulus, was born in Scotland. in Feb 1818, came to America in 1838, and settled in Wayne Co., in 1858. He married Catherine McPherson. Their children living are John, Jennie, Maggie and Katie. DAVID PHIPPS was born in England, in 1836, and married Clarissa (Hosner) Tyler, in 1887. She was born in New York State, Jan. 31, 1817. Her first husband was Jason Tyler, whom she married in 1838. He was born in I819, and died July 8, 1883. Her children are Tanjore T., John, Albert, Wilder, Polly and Annabell. CORNELIUS C. POST was born in the State of New Jersey, Feb. 9, i808, and came to Wayne Co., in 1832. He married Mercy Tyler, Dec. 31, I829. She was born Nov. 7, 1814, and died Dec. 21, 1844. Their children living are Jason T., Polly A., and Lucinda. He married his second wife, Sarah (Lewis) Connor, Nov. I8, 1846. She was born Jan. 15, i8io, in St. Johns, New Brunswick. They have two children, George C. and Sarah J. His father, Cornelius H. Post, was born in 1762, served in the war of I776, and died in 1848. JOHN PRESTON, a farmer of Romulus Township, was born in Ireland in 1828, came to America in 1853 and settled in Wayne Co., in 1858. In I855 he married Johanna Stepleton. She was born in Ireland, in 1823. They have one child, John, born in February, 1859. He is a member of the Catholic Church. ANDREW J. PULLEN, a farmer of Romulus, was born in Wayne Co, N. Y, Jan. 26, 1815, and came to Wayne Co., Mich., in July, 1832. In I838 he married Jane E Bloomer. She was born in 1821, and died in 1856. Their children are Mary J., Julia E., Charles, and Nancy. In I858 he married his second wife, Miss Esther Hall. She was born Oct. 15, I834. Their children living are Nettie, Edwin S. Grant, Henry W, Eugene K., and Myrtle. Mr. Pullen was Town Supervisor fourteen years. Clerk three years, and also Superintendent of Schools. HIRAM RAWSON, a farmer of Romulus, was born in New York State, Nov. f9, I809, and came to Wayne Co., Mich., in 1842. He married Lavina Besley in I834. She was born in New York State, Feb. II, I814. Their children are Glover, James, Hannah A. and William. DANIEL ROSE, a farmer of Romulus, was born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., Dec. 7, I818, came to Wayne Co. in April 1847, and married Iantha Grommond, April 4, 1847. She was born Feb. 7, 1.816. Their children are, David, born April I6, I848, and Emma, born Feb. 7, 1852. FRED SCHWARTZ, a farmer of Romulus, was born in Germany, Jan. 5, I832, came to America in 1872, and settled in Wayne Co. He married Minnie Groff in 1867. She was born in Germany, March 30, 1837. JULIUS SCHULZ was born in Germany, Aug. 7, i86o, came to America in 188I, and settled in Wayne Co., and married Annie Conrad, Jan 10, 1887. She was born Feb. 7, 1860. He is a blacksmith by trade. GEORGE STEWART was born in Ireland, April 15, I826, and came to America in 1844. He married Frances McGuire in 1848. She was born in 1827, and died in 1860. Their children living are Thomas, John, Samuel and James. His second wife was Libbie Weldon whom he married in I870. She was born in 1842. Their children are Francis, George and Bertha He is a shoemaker by trade. WILLIAM STEWART, a farmer of Romulus, was born in Scotland in 1813, and came to America in I854. In I860 he married Anna Keaton. She was born in Ireland, 1823. Their children living are Mary and Sarah. Mr. Stewart served thirteen years in the British Army. He is a member of the Catholic Church. MICHAEL THEAD, a farmer of Romulus township, was born in Germany in March, 1835, came to America in 1863, and settled in Wayne Co. in 1883. In 1863 he married Henrietta Kruer. She was born in Germanyin Oct., 1835. Their children are Augustus, Bertha, Herman and Julius.

PERSONAL SKETCHES-SPRINGWELLS. I445 ANDREW THREADGOULD was born in England Oct. 21, 1827, came to America in 1850, and settled in Wayne Co. He married Mrs. Caroline L. Litogot, daughter of Orange Brown, March i, I874. She was born Jan. 18, 1833, and died Feb. 15. 1884. He is a blacksmith by trade. DANIEL WEBBER, a farmer of Romulus township, was born in Maine, April 17, 1812, and came to Michigan in I866, and settled in Romulus, Wayne Co. In I868 he married Mary (Archbald) Johnson. She was born in England, May 27, 1845. Their children are, Chloe M., Daniel, Jr., and Walter L. Mr. Webber is a carpenter by trade. FRANK WEGIENKE was born in Germany, April 18, 1843. He came to America in 1872, and settled in Wayne Co. in 1876. He married Mary Wagner in I869. She was born in I853. Their children are, Witek, Maggie, Jennie, Peter, Katie, Joseph, Mary, Hattie and Rosa. He is a member of the Catholic Church. AMBROSE P. YOUNG was born in New York State, May 23. 1814, came to Wayne Co. in 1836, and married Eliza A. Dykeman, Feb. 22, 1838. She was born in Nov., I816, in New Jersey. Their children living are Nancy S., Adeline A., Thomas B., Augusta J., George H., Frank P., Charles E., Ida M., Mary E., and Anna J. Mr. Young has been Justice of the Peace 40 years; also, Supervisor, Town Clerk, and School Inspector, and was elected to the State Legislature in 1840, and 1881. He was also Deputy Sheriff three years. He is a carriagemaker by trade. DANIEL ZELMER was born in Germany, Jan. 17, 1829, came to America in 1856, and settled in Wayne Co. in 1868. He married Louisa Block in 1863. She was born in Ir44, and died in August, 1874. Their children are, Fred, Millie, Charles and Lena. He married his second wife, Minnie Schamsky. in 1875. She was born in Germany in 1847, and died in 1877, leaving one child, Emma. SPRINGWELLS. HARRY BUTTON was born at Erieville, N. Y., in 1820. His father, Richard Button, was born in Connecticut, and died at Canandaigua, N. Y. His mother, Amenia Sims, was born in Connecticut and died at Erieville, N. Y. Mr. Button married Lucy Strong, of Brownstown, Mich., and settled at Greenfield in 1839. Her father, Amasa Strong. and her mother, Patience, were born in Connecticut, and died in Springwells, Mich Mr. and Mrs. Button had three children. His business is farming and coopering. He has a farm of 22 acres. He has held the offices of Drain and Road Commissioner, and Justice of the Peace. ELIZABETH HAGGERTY was born at Greenfield, Mich., in 1838. Her father, John Strong, wasborn in England, and her mother also. They came to Greenfield in 1826. Her father was Supervisor, School Director and Road Commissioner. She married Lorenzo Haggerty, Dec. 8, i861. He was born at Greenfield, in I836. They have two sons Mrs. Haggerty owns 50 acres of land, and is also engaged in the manufacture of brick, on the Chicago Road. The sons are members of Masonic and Odd Fellow lodges. JOHN HOLMES was born in England. in 1819. His parents were also ratives of England. Both of them died at Greenfield. John Holmes married Emma Allen, of Consul, Staffordshire, Eng., Dec. 25, 1849. He married his present wife, Sarah L. Ward, Aug. I4, 1859. They have six children. He settled in Springwells, in 1842, and has 46 acres of land. WILLIAM HOLMES was born at Yorkshire, Eng., in 1821. He married Eleanor Adams. of Colchester, Canada, Jan. 4, 1846, who was born in 1830. Her father, Andrew Adams, was born in Canada. in 1802, and when 10 years of age served on the war ship Lady Provost, and was captured with the vessel during the War of 1812. Mr. and Mrs. Holmes have six children, and own 135 acres of land, Mr. Holmes served as School Director several terms. ABRAHAM LAPHAM was born at Springwells, Wayne Co, Mich., in 1830; married Ruth T. Smith, in 1856. Her parents were Eastern people. Abraham's parents settled in Detroit in 1828. Mr. and Mrs. Lapham have one son, Charles E. They own 69 acres of land. J. C. McDonald was born at Springwells, Wayne Co., Mich., in 1834, and settled on his present farm of IO8 acres in 1869, and. in addition to general farming, is extensively engaged in the manufacture of brick and tile. He married Margaret A. McFarlane, of Greenfield. Eight children were born to them. He was Township Treasurer two years, County Superintendent of the Poor from 1881-3, and Treasurer of Springwells in 1877. GEORGE A. T. WHEELER was born at Salina, N. Y., in 1810, and settled at Springwells, on his present farm of 75 acres, in 1829. He married Jane Cabacier, of Springwells, in 1832. They had seven children, Harvey, Joseph, Marcus, Jane, Anson, Annie, and Franklin. Joseph was a soldier in the 5th Mich. Infantry, and was killed at the Battle of Seven Pines, Va, in May, 1862. Marcus died

1446 PERSONAL SKETCHES-SUMPTER. of exhaustion after the Battle of Fredericksburg, on Dec. 29, I862. He was a member of Capt. Edward's company of the 24th Mich. Mr. Wheeler has held the offices of Justice of the Peace, School Director, and Deputy Sheriff, and was Orderly Sergeant of Col. Thayer's regiment. ALFRED WOODWORTH was born at China, Genesee Co., N. Y., in 18oo. His parents came to Michigan in 1832, locating at West End, upon the farm now owned by the son. Alfred married Phoebe Jane Smith, of Greenfield, Wayne Co., Mich., Dec. 25, 1843. She was bornat Petersburg, N. Y., July 28, 1825. They have had nine children. Mr. Woodworth's grandfather carried the mail during the Revolutionary War, when 15 years of age; and his great grandfather fought in the Revolutionary and old French Wars. His farm contains 245 acres of land. SUMPTER TOWNSHIP. THOMAS ADAIR was born in Antrim County, Ireland, Oct. 28, 1818, and came to America in 1852. After living a few years in New York City he removed to Michigan, and settled in Sumpter on a farm of 70 acres. He married Miss Mary J. McLean, of his native village. They have had To children, six of whom are living; William, Jane, Mary, Anna, Maggie, and Thomas Jr. CHARLES F. ALLEN was born in Windom County, Vt., June 20, 1822, came to Michigan in 1854, and purchased the farm he lives on in Sumpter. He married Miss Mary Wanzer, of Washtenaw Co., March 28, 1863. They have four children, Mary E., Charles M., Vilette M., and Edwin H. Two of his children are married, and reside in Plymouth, Mich. NICHOLAS ALEXANDER was born in Harrisburg, Pa., March 27, 1856. He has lived in Michigan since 1873. He was five years in the U. S. Regular Army, Ioth regiment, in the Company of Capt. Norvill, of Detroit. He married Elizabeth Louis in 1882. They have one child, Addison. WILLIAM H. ANDERSON is a native of Michigan, and was born in Rawsonville, Oct. 8, 1864, and has always resided in Wayne County. His father, Erastus Anderson, was one of the first settlers of Michigan. William married Miss Anna Mative, of Huron, July 9, I883. They have one child, Clara B. His business is threshing. CHARLES A. BARROWCLIFF was born in Erie Co., N. Y., Jan. 27, 1848. When 10 years old he came to Michigan, with his father, Samuel Barrowcliff, who in 1861 purchased a farm in Sumpter, where he still resides. His wife died in 1882. He has two brothers and two sisters, John and Joseph, Jennie P. and Lizzie. Charles married Miss Eva Sweet, in 1876. They have three children, John, Flora, and Clyde. WALTER E. BEEBE was born in Berkshire Co., Mass., 1May 17, 1858; came to Michigan with his father, Dennis Beebe, in 1869, and settled in Sumpter. Walter and his father have been engaged in merchantile business at West Sumpter for several years. Walter received the appointment of Postmaster of that office in 1886. WILSON M. BEEBE was born in Berkshire Co., Mass., Jan. 4, I861, and came to Michigan with his parents in 1869. He married Miss Mary Darling, of Sumpter, Aug. 29, i886. For some years he was engaged in merchantile pursuits with his father, Darius Beebe, but is now farming. HENRY A. BIDDLE was born in Huron Township, Feb. 4, I835. His father, Cornelius Biddle, was a native of New York State, and came to Michigan at a very early day. He died in I880; his wife died in 1883. Henry married Melissa Heath, of Huron, in 1862. They have four children, Elizabeth, Isabella, Roderick, and George. He has lived in Sumpter since 1872. LEE BROOKINS was born in Kentucky, March 17, I853, came to Michigan in 1870, and married Amanda Louis, of Sumpter, May 28, 1882. They have two children, Rachel A., and James F. He is a member of M. E. Church. ALMANSON R. CHAFFIN was born in Lewis Co., N. Y., Jan. 22, 1827, came to Michigan in 1868, and lived in Van Buren Township until 1873, when he removed to Sumpter and there purchased his farm of 40 acres. In I849 he married Miss Flora M. Wright, of Jefferson Co., N. Y. He has served as Justice of the Peace, and is a member of Wesleyan M. E. Church. LEVI CLARK was born ip Ohio, in 1840, and came to Michigan with his father, George Clark, the same year. His father resides in Leslie, Mich. Levi married Margaret French, of Exeter, Monroe Co. They had one child, Alvira, who died in 1872. He married his second wife, Isabella Humphrey, of Monroe, Mich. He has been Drain Commissioner and Highway Commissioner. In I865 he enlisted in Co. H, 24th Mich. He is a member of Perry Baker Post, No 200, G. A. R. HIRAM J. COYKENDALL was born in Canton, Wayne Co., Mich., Aug. 29, 1856. His father,

PERSONAL SKETCHES-SUMPTER. I447 Jacob Coykendall, came to Michigan from the State of New York, at an early day. He died in 1865; his wife is still living at an advanced age. She resides in Nankin, Wayne Co. Hiram married Miss Lizzie Pullen, of Van Buren Township, Dec. 25, 1878. They have three chidren, James H., Ettie M., and Ralph J. He is a member of Galaxy Lodge No. 384, I. O. O. F., and has resided in Sumpter since 1819. JOHN A. CROFT is a native of New Jersey, being born in Monmouth Co., Aug. 5, I819; came to Michigan in 1834, with his father, Job Croft, and settled in Lenawee County. His father died in I845, aged 55; his mother died in Ohio, aged 80 years. John married Esther M. Gorton, of Otsego Co., N. Y., in I843. She died in I885. They had seven children, six of whom are living, Albert, Hannah A., Clara, Mary, David, Etta, and Ella. Adelaide died several years ago. His children are all married except Clara. He was Postmaster for twelve years at West Sumpter; is engaged in the insurance business and farming, and is a member of the Society of Friends. He married his second wife, Mrs. Rachel Rankin, Aug. 7. 1887. WILLIAM J. CROSS was born in the County of Norfolk, England, April 3, 1809, came-to America in I852, and settled in Detroit, where he lived until I855. The next year he purchased a farm in Sumpter, and has resided there since. In 1833 he married Miss Rebecca Andus, of Cambridgeshire, England. They have had 12 children only three of whom are living, viz.: Rosanna, now Mrs. Hiram Randall, Martha, now Mrs. David B. Babcock, and Thomas a resident of Flint, Mich. Mr. Cross has served his town for many years in different capacities. CHARLES B. CURTIS was born in Scioto Co., Ohio, Nov. 20, 1841, and settled in Sumpter Township on his present farm in Nov. I864. The same year he married Miss Rhoda Samson, of Pike Co., Ohio. They have five children, Laura A., John W., William D., Bertha V., and Lottie A. Mr. Curtis has filled the office of Justice of the Peace in his town. He owns a splendid farm of 320 acres, and is also engaged in burning charcoal. WILLIAM C. CURTIS was born in Scioto Co., Ohio, March 4, I847, came to Michigan and'settled on his father's farm of I20 acres, in Sumpter, in 1869. He married Miss Josephine Searl of his native county, in 1857. They have two children, Charles W., and Edith E. He was a member of the National Guard of Ohio, during the late war, was called to the front in 1864, and served in Co. F, I4oth Ohio Infantry, until the surrender of Gen. Lee. He has served four years as Drain Commissioner for his town, is a member of the M. E. Church, and a leading Republican. CHARLES E. CUTLER was born at Avon, Livingston Co., N. Y., June 27, 1831. When four years old he came to Michigan with his father, Charles Cutler, who settled in Van Buren, where he lived until his death in 1858, aged 52 years, his mother died in I833. He married Ursula Vanderpool, of Yates Co., N. Y., in 1850. They had nine children. six of whom are living, Marshall, Fred, Myron, Charles E. Jr., George and Walle. Mr. Cutler is one of the leading Democrats of his town. CHARLES DANES has resided in Wayne Co., since he was 12 years old. He was born in Livingston Co., N. Y., July 27, 1821. From 1833 to 1857, he lived in Van Buren Township. He then purchased his present homestead, and has occupied it ever since. He married Maconda Sterling, of Van Buren. She died Feb. 1o, 1855. They had two children, Ann and William. In I856 he married Julia Jewett, of Newbury, Ohio. They had three children, viz.: Edwin C., John E., and Mary J. Mr. Danes has filled several offices in his town with fidelity. He is a prominent Democrat. His son William Danes has been clerk of Sumpter Township three terms. WILLIAM S. DICKERSON was born in Yates Co., N. Y., Aug. 13, I850. When 12 years of age he came to Michigan with his father, Abraham Dickerson, who purchased a farm and settled in Sumpter. His father died in 1881, aged 85; his mother died in 1879, aged 68. He married Miss Erminie E. Crysler, of Sumpter,'Feb. II, 1872. They have seven children, Laura J., Augustus H., Razilla C., George A., Urilla M., John M,, and Elva E. ALBERT C. DUBOIS was born near Albany, N. Y., Sept. 2, 1816. When a child, his parents moved to Steuben Co., N. Y., then to Livingston Co., where he lived until I854, when he came to Michigan and purchased the farm of 60 acres in Sumpter, and has resided there since. His first wife was Miss Sarah Palmer, whom he married in I86o. She died July 28, 1887. They had one son, Charles A. He married his second wife, Sarah C. Ackley, of Eaton Co., Mich., Sept. 5, I881. He has served his town many years in the various offices to be filled, and is a member of Myrtle Lodge, No. 89, F. & A. M., of Belleville. GEORGE DUNBAR was born in Washtenaw Co., Mich, Feb. 2, 1840. His father, Shadrack Dunbar, was from New York State, and was an early settler in Michigan. George married Betsy Tollen, in 1862. The same year he enlisted in Co. C, I7th Michigan, and served until he lost his voice, when he was honorably discharged. They have one child. BENJAMIN ELWELL was born in Maine, Feb. 20, 1809. He located his lands and moved his family in 1834, to the farm he now occupies. In 1833 he married Eliza Hosner, of Maine. They have had

1448 PERSONAL SKETCHES-SUMPTER. eight children, all of whom are living, except one, Jeannette, Benjamin Jr., Henriette, Mary R., Betsey. Charles L., and Clarissa. Frank died in 1874, aged 38 years. MILO ELWELL is a native of Sumpter, being born in that town Feb. 3 I855. His father is Benjamin Elwell, one of the pioneers of Michigan. He with his wife still reside in Sumpter. Milo married Miss[Mary A., daughter of John Wortley, May I8, 1884. DAVID FARR was born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., in 1822; came to Michigan in 1848, and lived here until I855, then returned to New York State. At the breaking out of the Rebellion he enlisted and served three years in the Ioth New York Heavy Artillery, and was discharged June 23, I865. He is a member of the Joe E. Davis Post, No. 375, G. A. R., of Belleville. He married his third wife, Sarah H. Foot, Oct. I9, i886. He has three children, Albert, Adelbert, and Hubert. He has lived in Sumpter since 1867, on his farm of 86 acres. EDWARD GARLICK was born in England, Feb. I, I847, and came to America with his parents in 1855. His father, John Garlick, located in Cleveland, 0., and then removed to Wayne Co., Mich., in I86o. He died in 1880, aged 64, his wife died in 1884, aged 64. Edward married Miss Matilda E. Samson, of Sumpter, in 1872. They have seven children. Thomas J., Robert E., Jessie S., Salem C., David E., and Minte V. RIALTO GIFFORD was born in Bergen, Genesee Co., N. Y., Oct. 9th, 1829, moved to Norwalk, O., in 1866, and two years later came to Michigan and and purchased a farm in Sumpter. He married Miss Louisa M. Flinn, of Springport, Cayuga Co,, N. Y., in I854. They have four children, Ella G, Horace E., Carrie L., and George R. Ella G. married John Charlesworth, of Sumpter. Horace E. resides in Antrim Co., Mich., and Carrie L. married Andrew Whipple, of Sumpter. Mr. Gifford has been Highway Commissioner, and is a leading Democrat of his town. LAWRENCE W. HAYDEN was born in Albany, N. Y., Sept. I2, 1822, came to Michigan in I855' and purchased a farm of 40 acres in Sumpter. Previous to coming West he worked at boiler making. He married Miss Julia F. Pratt, of Madison Co., N. Y., in 1847. They had six children, four of whom are living. Frank, Charles, Libby and Henry. Mrs. Hayden died Sept. 26, 1866. HOWARD B. HAYNOR was born in Yates, Orleans Co., N. Y., in 1846, and came to Michigan, with his parents, in I859. His father, Alexander J. Haynor, died in 1883, aged 7I; his mother died in i882, aged 65. He married Frances Bennett, of Sumpter, March 6, I869. They have two children, Ada L. and Dora K. Mr. H. enlisted in the Ist Michigan Cavalry, and served until he was discharged, in March, I866. He was in the battle of the Wilderness, and many others. GEORGE W. HEATH was born in Cayuga Co., N. Y., May 27, 1828, and came to Michigan in 1852. Eight years afterward he settled in Sumpter, and has lived there since. In I85o he married Maria S. Litchfield, of Cattaraugus Co., N. Y. They had eight children, only one of whom is living. Franklin Heath, their son, resides in Sumpter. Mr. H. has filled many township offices. NATHAN HEATH was born in Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., Feb. 6, I849, came to Michigan in I857, and settled in Livonia. In 1867 he removed to Sumpter, and has resided there since. His father, William Heath, was a native of New York State. He died in 1870; his wife died in 1884, advanced in years. Nathan married Mary Disbrow, of Sumpter, in I870. They have five children, Bert, Maud, Arthur, Cora, and Bessie. For several years Mr. Heath was engaged in mercantile business, and is now engaged in farming. His family are members of the M. E. Church. WILLIAM HEATH was born in Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., June Io, 1838, came to Michigan in I858, and finally settled in Sumpter, on his farm of 22 acres, in 1867. He married Melinda A Guest, of Cayuga Co., N. Y., Dec. 29, 186o. They have had five children, three of whom are living, viz., Sarah J, Emma E., and Mary A. Sarah J. married Buell Hawker, of Willis, Mich. Mr. Heath is a staunch Republican. SYLVESTER HENRYS was born in Detroit, Jan. I3, I850. Abner Henrys, his father, was a native of New York State. He came to Michigan at an early day. He died in 1882. His wife resides in Elk Rapids. Sylvester married Clarissa Elwell, daughter of Benjamin Elwell, June 3, I873. They have two children, Benjamin, aged 13, and Delphia, aged two. He has lived in Sumpter since 1865. GEORGE HORN was born in Norfolk, England, Nov. 9, I846, came to America and settled in Michigan in I86I. He enlisted in 1862, and served three years in Co. C, 24th Michigan. He was in the battles of Gettysburgh, Richmond, etc. He married Mary Gotts, of his native town in England, Dec. 3, 1865. They have five children, John H., Susan E., Hattie M., George W., and Thomas J. He has resided in Sumpter Township since 1880, on his farm of 30 acres. He is a member of Joe Davis Post, No. 376, G. A. R., of Belleville. ALBERT J. R. HURD was born in Ontario Co., N. Y., July 1I, I846. When he was eight years old he came to Michigan with his father, Reuben B. Hurd, who settled in Huron, where he lived until I868, when he removed to Sumpter. In 1870 he married Eveline Bridger, daughter of William

PERSONAL SKETCHES-SUMPTER. I449 Bridger, of Sumpter, one of the early settlers of Wayne Co. They have eight children, Myrtle E., Sarah L., Reuben D., Eliza C., Charles W., Eva L., Robert G., and James F. REUBEN B. HURD was born in Gorham, Ontario Co., N. Y., Feb. 12, 1816, came to Michigan in the fall of 1854, and settled in Wayne Co. After living in Huron and Canton, he removed to Sumpter, and purchased the farm on which he lives, in I872. He married Eliza Jane Colburn, of Canandaigua, N. Y., March 6, 1840. They had six children, four of whom are living, Albert J. R., Mary E., Alfred R., Allen D. Lydia A. and Martha J. died after reaching womanhood. Mr. and Mrs. Hurd brought up their grandaughter, Eliza A. Elwell. RICHARD JENNINGS was born in Raisinville, Monroe Co., Mich., Sept. I4, I86o. He married Belle Cole, of Raisinville, Monroe Co., in I880. They have three children, George, Mary and Jennie. Mr. Jennings has held several township offices ROBERT KEMP was born in Scotland, January 29, 1817. He emigrated to the United States in 1852, accompanied by his wife and children. He married Miss Elizabeth Black. They have six children, Mary A., James, Andrew, Robert, Belle and Eda. Mr. Kemp settled on the farm of I60 acres on which he has since lived. SAMUEL KINGON was born in the County Down, Ireland, and came to America in 1851. He remained in New York City until 1864, when he removed to Michigan. In 1855 he married Grace Menuse, of New York. They had two children. She died in 1862. He married his second wife, Elizabeth Gorman, of Detroit, in I876. They had five children, Robert, Sarah, Albert and Alfred (twins), and Samuel. HERMAN KONRE was born in Germany, April 27, 1840, cameto America several years ago, and located in Sumpter on 40 acres of land that he purchased in I884. He married Miss Christiana French, of his native town in Germany. They have two children, William and Herman. His family are members of the Christian Church. TOUSSAINT LADUKE was born in Detroit, June 26, I840. His father settled in Detroit at a very early day. He was a native of Montreal, and died in August, 1882; his wife died in April. 1878. Toussaint Laduke married Miss Diana Lookey, of Germany, in Sept., 1879. They have one child, Theodore. Mr. Laduke has always been engaged in farming, is a member of the Catholic Church, and votes the Democratic ticket. CHARLES LIETZ was born in Prussia, May 5, 1835, came to America in I86I, and settled in Huron township, Wayne Co. In May, I864, he married Miss Elizabeth Niemann. They have seven children, Theodore, Bertha, Caroline, Charles, Edward, Henry and Louis. ROBERT B. LOUIS was born in Litchfield Co., Conn., Oct. 24, I819. After living in New York and Canada, he came to Michigan in 1848. He was in the British Army, and served in the late war. He married Jane R. Key, of New York, in I846. They have ten children, Lorenzo, William, John, Emma, Perry, Orlando, Elizabeth, Julianna, Amanda and Eleanor. AUGUST MANKE was born in Germany, Feb. 14, 1822, and came to America in 1852. After living in Detroit and Port Huron, he enlisted in I86I, and served four years in Co. K, 2d Mich. Cavalry. He was Sergeant of his company, and was honorably discharged at Macon, Ga., in I865. He is a member of G. A. R., Post No. 200, of Carlton. Mr. Manke has eight children, Charles, Louisa. Henry, August, Jr., Christian, Oscar, Adam and Eva, and has lived in Sumpter since I868. JAMES MANZER was born in Calhoun Co., Mich., Feb. 23, 1844, and has continued to reside here except when he was in the War of the Rebellion. He enlisted in 1864 in Co. I, I2th Mich. Infantry, and served until the close of the war. He is a member of Wallace Post, No, 95, G. A. R. July 14, 1873, he married Miss Eva Lawrence, of Augusta, Mich. JOHN V. H. MANZER was born in Calhoun Co., Mich., Jan. I8, I85r. In I858 he removed to Wayne County, and located in Sumpter, and has resided there since then. He married Miss Nettie Going, of Livingston Co., Mich., Aug. 8, I884. They have two children, Sammy and Ruth. He is a farmer, and votes the Democratic ticket. THOMAS J. MANZER was born in Monroe Co., New York, in 1836, and came to Michigan with his parents. Henry Manzer, his father, settled in this State in 1841, and died in Sumpter in I883, aged 86. Thomas married Lydia Head, of Rhode Island, in 1852. His second wife was Sarah M. Quackenbush of New York, he has one son. He served in Co.B, I4th Mich. Infantry. ALEXANDER H. MARVIN was born in Brockport, N. Y., April 15, 1842, came to Michigan in 1862, and settled in Sumpter. He married Miss Theresa Briyer, of Lyons, N. Y., in 1863. They have ten children, viz.; Mary J., Maria E., Daniel W., Henrietta A., Lillian A., John H., Ernest R., Edward A., Cora L. and Floyd, another son. George R. died some years since. Mr. Marvin is engaged in farming. RUSSELL MERRELL was born in Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., Nov. 27, 1833, and came to Michigan, with his parents, in 1837. His father, Alfred Merrell, was one of the first to settle in the town of Huron. He was well known throughout the State, and died

i450 PERSONAL SKETCHES-SUMPTER. in 1859, aged 53. His wife died in 1841. Russell married Hannah Jewel, of Monroe Co., Mich., in I859. They have eight children, George A., Clark, Ezra, Mary, William L., Ida V., Hannah and Walter G. His brother, John Merrell, died in I880. He has one sister, Mrs. Mary Pate, who resides at Corunna, and another, Mrs. J. D. Emmons, who lives at St. Johns. WILLIAM MERRITT was born in Litchfield Co., Conn., Dec. I, 1813, a county noted as being the birthplace of the late Henry Ward Beecher, Horace Greeley, and other noted men of the past generation. When quite young he moved to Geneva, N. Y., then to Wayne Co., in the same state; and in 1858 he came to Michigan and settled in Sumpter. He married Miss Lavina Bump, of Litchfield, Conn. They have had nine children, eight of whom are living: William, Philander, Isabella, Mary A., Charles, Edson, Alice, Ellsworth and James. Lydia died some years ago. Mr. Merritt is a member of the Free Methodist Church. JOHN MILLER was born in Chester Co., Pa., in 1842, came to Michigan in I858, and has lived here since. In I883 he purchased his farm of I20 acres, in Sumpter. He married Mrs. Ruth Chester, of Pennsylvania, in I863. They have seven children, Joseph, Martin, William, Alta, John, Mary and Blanche. JOHN A. MILLER was born in the town of Orange, Schuyler Co., N. Y., Dec. 20, 1839. He removed to Michigan, with his parents, in the fall of 1861. His father, John D. Miller, died Jan. 4, 1887, aged 84. His mother resides in Rawsonville, Wayne Co. He married Mandance Lampkins, of Augusta, Mich., May 24, 1869. They have three children, Alta A., Leroy A., and Cora A. He has lived in Sumpter since 1861, and is a member of Myrtle Lodge, F. & A. M., of Belleville. ROBERT MILLER was born in Delaware, Sept. 27, 1822, came to Michigan in 1864, and settled in Sumpter. He married Mary Jones, of New Jersey. They had 12 children, nine of whom survive, viz., Maria, Elizabeth, Sarah, Josiah, Mary, Virginia, Philander, Rebecca and Oliver. His wife died Aug. 16, I88o. RICHARD R. MOORE was born near Toronto, Canada, in 1832. When four years old he came with his parents to Michigan, and settled in Wayne Co. Edward Moore, his father, died in 1848. His mother died in 1863. He married Anna Bidell, of Sumpter, Jan. I, 1864. They have two children, Isabelle and John. He located in Sumpter, in I866, on his farm of 55 acres, and has lived there since. HENRY NIEMANN was born in Springwells, Wayne Co., Feb. 5, I856. His father, Henry Niemann, a native of Germany, was born in 18 I9, came to America in 1852, and settled in Wayne Co. His father and mother reside in Huron. Henry married Caroline Horll, of Monroe Co., Mich. They have two children, Minnie and Charles. He is engaged in farming in Huron township. THEODORE NIEMANN was born in Springwells, Wayne Co., Jan. I, 1858. His father. Henry Niemann, a native of Germany, was born.in I819, came to America in 1852, and settled in Wayne Co. Theodore married Julia Horll, of Monroe Co., Mich. They have three children, Theodore. Jr., Eda, and George. He is engaged in burning charcoal and farming. PETER OTTER was born in Germany, Sept. II, 1843, came to America and settled in Sandusky, Ohio, in I862. In 1864 he enlisted, and served to the close of the war in Co. D, i9th Ohio, and received his discharge June 8, I865, at Columbus, Ohio. He is a member of Joe Davis Post, No. 376, G. A. R., of Belleville. In 1870 he married Isabella Osumes, of Sandusky, Ohio. They have had six children, four of whom are living, Katie, Lena, Martha, and John H. He has lived in Sumpter Township since I882, on his farm of 113 acres. HENRY OTTO was born in Germany, Aug. 24, 1828, came to America in 1853, and settled in Michigan in i868. He purchased a farm of 60 acres, in Sumpter, and still resides there. lie married Rosa Lombard, in 1856. They have ten children, nine of whom are living, viz., Emma, William, Mary, Albert, Henry, Rosa, Carrie, Edward, and Augusta. He is a prominent member of the Free Methodist Church, and a leading Prohibitionist of his town. LEVI J. PARR, a native of Pennsylvania, was born in I819. When young he went to New Jersey with his parents. In I869 he came to Michigan, and settled in Sumpter Township. His first wife was Margaret Dats, of New Jersey. She died in 1853. He married his second wife, Levina Hoffman, of New Jersey. in I855. JOHN PERKINS was born in Kent Co., Delaware, March 23, 1839, and came to Michigan with his parents and settled in the town of Canton, Wayne Co. His father still resides there. George removed to Sumpter in I873, and purchased the farm of 40 acres he now lives on. Oct. 9, 1862, he married Miss Anna M. Miller, daughter of Robert Miller, of Sumpter. They had eight children, seven of whom are living, viz, Clara, Ida, Sarah J., Agnes, Sally, Annie M., and Etta M. Clara married Augustus Schultz, of New Boston. WILLIAM PICKREM was born in Delaware, in I835, came to Michigan in 1857, and has lived in Sumpter since I863. He married Mary A. Miller, of Delaware, in I853. They have had I children, only four of whom are living, Mary A., John, Albert and Frank. His family are members of

PERSONAL SKETCHES-SUMPTER. I45I the Wesleyan Church. His wife died Oct. 24, 1885. His farm consists of 40 acres. MARTIN PLUMB is a son 'of Havillah Plumb, who settled in Wayne Co., at a very early day. He was born Jan. I, 1798, and died Dec. Io, I873. He secured his lands when Michigan was a territory; his patent is dated March 16, 1837, and is signed by Martin Van Buren, as President of the United States. Martin still retains the original patent. His mother died Sept 3, 1876, aged 65.. Martin married Miss Louisa Cross, Oct. 8, 1870, She died in Jan. 1872. His second wife was Mrs. A. E. Elwell, of Sumpter. They were married Nov. I8, I874. They have one son, Havillah M. GEORGE W. PRINCE was born in Oswego Co., N. Y., Sept. 22, 1848, and came to Michigan with his parents in 1852. His father, Thomas Prince, still resides in Van Buren, Wayne Co. George purchased his farm of 40 acres in Sumpter, in I874. He married Miss Harriet A. Marshall, of Sumpter, in I868. They have two children, Lewis and Alfred J. He is a member of the M. E. Church. STEPHEN RANDALL was born in Vermont, Dec. 30, 1827. When 14 years old, he went to Niagara Co., N. Y., with his father, David Randall. In I854 Stephen came to Michigan. and located on his farm of 200 acres in Sumpter. His father died in 1884, aged 70; his mother died in 1887, aged 80. Stephen married Miss Helen Martin, of Sumpter, in I853. They have three children, Ella, Jeannette and Edith. Mr. R. for many years was a merchant, and Postmaster of Martinsville, up to I886. JOHN RENTON was born in Innerwick, Scotland, Sept. 20, 1842, and came to America with his parents in 1851. His father, Andrew Renton, died in I878, aged 8I, his mother died in I855, aged 52. He married Mrs. Margaret M. J. Kemp, of New York City, in I865, They have five children, Mary, Charles, James F., Margaret and Joanna. Mr. R. has served as Deputy Sheriff, under Sheriffs Coots, Clippert, and Littlefield, and has filled several township offices. In Aug., 1862, he enlisted in Co. D, 24th Mich. Infantry; was wounded at Gettysburg, and then was sent to David's Island, St. Mary Hospital, New York City, and acted as orderly in General Hayes' office until he was discharged at David's Island in I865. He is a member of Joe E. Davis Post, No. 376, G. A. R., of Belleville; has been Junior Commander of the Post, and Officer of the Day. MORRIS V. RICHARDS was born in Monroe Co., Mich., Oct. 25, 1863. His father, W. V. Richards, was a native of Vermont, came to Michigan in 1826, and settled in Wayne Co. For many years he resided in Huron. He died Oct. 2, I882. His wife, Lucretia Richards, still lives on the farm in Huron. Morris has one brother and one sister, Wesley C., and Julia E., who married George R. Gifford, of Sumpter. Morris is a member of the M. E. Church. In politics he is a Prohibitionist. ASA ROUNSIFER was born in Warren Co., New Jersey, June I9, 1817, came to Michigan in 1867, and settled in Livingston Co., where he resided until 1878, when he removed to Sumpter, purchased his farm, and erected a large saw mill. He married Miss Hulda Dats, of New Jersey, in I841. They have five children, Mary, James, Aaron, Sarah, and George. He has held many offices in his town, and has been Drain Commissioner and Justice of the Peace, and is a Democrat of the old school. GEORGE M. ROUNSIFER was born in New Jersey, Sept. 15, 1861, came to Michigan with his father, Asa Rounsifer, who for many years has been one of the leading citizens of Sumpter, and has been Justice of the Peace for several years. George married Miss Ella Whitcomb, of Sumpter. She died Feb, 13. i886. He is engaged in manufacturing charcoal, has two large kilns and is also engaged in farming. ROBERT SHAFER was born in Canada, Oct. 8, I85 I,came to Michigan in 1875 and settled in Sumpter in I88o. August 20, 1884, he married Mrs. J. S. Day, widow of the late George Day, who died in March, I882. They have six children, Levi, Samuel, Albert, Emma, Lizzie, and Oliver. He is a member of the Free Methodist Church. FRANCIS SMITH was born in Ontario Co., N, Y., March 3, 1848, came to Michigan with his parents in 1853, and settled in Sumpter. His father, John R. Smith, died in 1883, aged 77; his mother still lives in Sumpter. Francis married Miss Elizabeth Miller, of Sumpter, in I869. They have six children, Marlow, Cora, Lee, Mary, James and Florence M. Calvin and Morris Smith, his brothers, served in the late war. They reside in Ohio. MANZER C. SQUIRE was born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., May 12, 1831, came to Michigan in i868, and has lived in Sumpter since. His father, Lodwick Squire, was a native of Vermont, and settled in Michigan in 1853. He was a Wesleyan minister, and preached for 35 years. He died in Feb., I88I, aged 76; his wife died in Feb., 1883, aged 72. Manzer married Clarissa Jenkins, of Vermont, March 3 r, 1855. They have two sons, Walter F., and Edgar L. Mr. S has been Town Clerk. In politics he is a Republican. JOHN T. THOMPSON was born at Ypsilanti, Sept. 10, I856. His father, William Thompson, is a native of England, came to America in 1848, and settled in Washtenaw Co., where he still resides; his mother died in 1873. He married Miss Eva

1452 PERSONAL SKETCHES-SUMPTER. Freeman, of Sumpter, Feb. 14, I88o. They have four children, Ora, Lee, Elva and Lottie. He is a farmer. JOSIAH THURSTON was born in Oneida Co., N. Y., Dec. 9, I818, came to Michigan with his father, John Thurston, and located in Sumpter in 1845. His father died in Feb. 1874, aged 70; his mother died in I868. Josiah married Miss Cordelia Parker, of Oswego Co., N. Y., in March, 1845. Not having any children of their own, they adopted one, who married Howard Haynor, of Sumpter. Mr. Thurston has filled many offices in his township, and is a member of the M. E. Church. ROMEYN VAN WORMER was born in Montgomery Co., N. Y., January 31, 1828, came to Michigan in I855, and settled in Canton, Wayne Co. In 1862 he removed to Sumpter, and purchased his farm of IOO acres. He married Miss Susan Dickerson, of Gates Co.. N. Y., January 15, I853. They have six children, Antoniette, Albert, Augustus, Frank, Wallace and Ettie. Mr. Van Wormer has been Township Clerk, Treasurer, Drain and Highway Commissioner. His sons have farms of 20 and 40 acres each. He is a member of Myrtle Lodge, No. 89, F. & A. M., of Belleville. DANIEL C. VOORHEIS was born in Van Buren, Wayne Co., Mich., Aug. I8, 1839. His father, Joseph Voorheis, was one of the very early settlers of Michigan; his death occurred Sept. 16, I88i, aged 71 years; his mother died May 2, 1838, aged 23 years. Daniel married Mrs. Louisa Hauer, of New York State, March 24, I866. They have four children, John D., Elmer W., Lura L., and Wilbur J. Mr. Voorheis enlisted in August, 1862, and served three years in the 5th Michigan Cavalry. He received an honorable discharge July 3, I865. His regiment was in 63 battles, and he was in 59 of them. He was with his regiment at the battle of the Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Gettysburgh and Petersburgh. He is a member of Davis Post, G. A. R., of Belleville. In politics is a Republican, and has filled many township offices. JOHN WALLACE is a native of New York City, where he was born May IO, 1852. When three years old he came to Michigan with his parents. His father, Thomas Wallace, settled in Sumpter in 1857, on the farm on which he still resides. He married Jessie F. Clay, of Dearborn, Wayne Co., March I, I886. They have one child, Florence. He is a member of the M. E. Church. In politics he is a staunch Republican. JOHN H. WALTZ was born in the Mohawk Valley, N. Y., Dec. 12, 1831, came to Michigan in I842, and settled in Sumpter, 1878. Dec. 31, i866, he married Zylpha Z. Squire, daughter of the late Rev. Lodwick Squire. In 1862 he enlisted in Co. B, 3d Mich. Cavalry, and served until the close of the Rebellion. He is a member of Wallace Post, No. 95, G. A. R. THEODORE WARREN was born in Cortland, Westchester Co., N. Y., in I833, came to Wayne Co., Mich., in I868, and settled on the farm he now owns in Sumpter Township. He married Rachel A. Gilman, of Rockland Co., N.Y. For many years he carried on the blacksmith business in the East before coming to Michigan. His farm consists of 133 acres, all of which is under a high state of cultivation. GEORGE WILCOX, was born in Huron Township, Wayne Co., Mich., in I841. At the breaking out of the Rebellion he was one of the first to enlist and sustain the Union. He served four years and eight months in the ist Michigan Cavalry, and was in many battles that his regiment participated in, among the prominent ones being Second Bull Run, Cedar Creek, Winchester, and the Wilderness. He was at Appottomax when Gen. Lee surrendered, and was discharged at Salt Lake City, March Io, I865. In March, 1887, he married Mary Martin. They have two children, Anna E. and Persis A. JOHN W. WORTLEY, of Sumpter Township. was born in Matthold, Norfolk, Eng., Aug. I I, 1838. He came to America with his parents, Richard and Ann (Gordon) Wortley, in 1852. Theylocated in Caledonia, N. Y. They moved to Rawsonville, Mich., in 1853. Since he was 13 years of age John W. has cared for himself, and what ever he may possess is the result of his own industry. Aug. 21, I86I, he married Fidelia D. Torrey, of Augusta, Washtenaw Co., Mich. Fidelia (Torrey) Wortley was born in Augusta, July 21, 1842. Her parents, Samuel and Paulina (Geer) Torrey, were Eastern people, and came to Michigan in 1838. John W. Wortley and family came to Wayne Co. in I865. They have two children, Frances P., born April 29, 1863, and Mary A., born May 21, I865. They attend the Free Church of Sumpter. Their farm contains 40 acres. RICHARD WORTLEY. one of the oldest residents of Wayne Co, was born in the County of Norfolk, tEngland, Oct. II, I8II, came to America in 1852, and lived at Caledonia, Livingston Co., N. Y., for one year; he then moved to Wayne Co, Mich., and purchased his present homestead in I860. He has three sons, viz.: John, Thomas, and William G. He is a member of the M. E. Church; has filled many township offices, and in politics he always votes for the best man, irrespective of party. His farm consists of 83 acres, his dwelling is a very substantial one.

PERSONAL SKETCHES-TAYLOR. I453 TAYLOR. CHAUNCY AKAUS was born in Wayne Co., N. Y., in 1836, came to Michigan with his father, Hiram Akaus, in 1844, who settled in Dearborn, and soon afterwards purchased a farm in Taylor. His father died in 1878, aged 6o; his mother died in 1883, aged 60. HIRAM W. AKAUS was born in Taylor, Feb. 24, 1852, and has always resided there. His father, Hiram Akaus, came to Michigan from Wayne Co., N. Y., in I844. Hiram W., married Miss Delia Butler, of Nankin, Jan I, 1882. They have one child, Alta. He has been Drain Commissioner, and is a School Director, and one of the leading Democrats of his town. FREDERICK BAADE was born in Prussia, May I, 1831, came to America in 1872, and settled in Wayne County. In I880 he purchased his farm in Taylor. In I859 he married Miss Minnie Lawrence. They have nine children, Minnie, Mary, Annie, Augusta, Bertie, Rachel, Matilda, John, and Emma, living. He is a member of the German Lutheran Church. GOTTFRED BAKER was born in Germany, March I9, 1843, came to America in May, I869. He married Minnie Belter of his native village in I869. They have nine children, Lena, Charles, Martha, Fred, Minnie, Hulda, Emma, Mamie, and William. Lena married Fred Koths of Taylor Mr. Baker is a member of the German Lutheran Church. REV. GUSTAV BASTIARE was born in Prussia, May 19, 1851, came to America in 1875, and settled in Canada, where he was ordained as a minister of the German Lutheran Church, Oct. I9, 1875. He married Miss Mary Hallem, Sept. 0o, I879. They have three children, Clara M. V., Adolph W., and Gustav F. M. In Dec. I887, he was appointed pastor of the German Lutheran Church, of Taylor. GEORGE W. BEADELSTON was born in Monroe Co., N. Y., Feb. 9, 1825, came to Michigan in I853, and settled in Wayne Co. After living in Jackson and Macomb Counties, he returned to Wayne and purchased a farm in Taylor, in 1872. He married Miss Rhoda Loppens, of Monroe Co., N. Y. They had one child that died in infancy. JOHN BOLTZ was born in Germany, Oct. 15, I8IO, and came to America in I840. After living in Detroit four years he purchased a farm in Taylor and has since resided there. His wife died in 1882. He has seven children. Peter, John, Joseph, George, Margaret, Mary and Dena. CHARLES BULL was born in Germany, Dec. 25, 1841, and came to America with his parents in 1855. His father, William Bull is a resident of Dearborn. Charles married Nov. 5, 1866, and has eight children, Kizia, Liddie, Albert, Louisa, Amelia, Charles, Annie and Emma. He is a member of the Evangelical Church. SELDEN P. CARY was born in Williamstown, Mass., Oct. 2, 1819, came to Michigan in 1853. and settled in Wayne Co. He married Lucretia Jessup, of New York, in 1837. They have three children. Truman H., is a Baptist minister; Frances married William Smith, of Otisville, and Reuben is a resident of Ypsilanti. JOHN CROWLEY was born in Taylor Township, May 12, 1856. His father, Cornelius Crowley, came from Ireland to the United States in 1844. For a time he lived in Massachusetts, then removed to Wayne Co.. and purchased a farm in Taylor, where he died December 4, 1882, aged 58. His widow resides on the homestead. They have seven children, Ellen, Julia, Mary, Cornelius, John, Michael and Jeremiah. Daniel died Dec. to, 1884, aged I7. John has served as Town Clerk three terms. He married Miss Ellen Galloway, of Taylor, Sept. 23. i886. They have one child, Edward C. John is a leading Democrat of his town, and is a member of the Catholic Church. WILLIAM CULVER, a native of Germany, was born April 25, 1844, and came to America in 1872. He married Augusta Fischer, of his native town, in I872. They have six children, Augusta, August, Fred, Annie, Minnie and Ida. He has lived in Taylor since 1879, and is a member of the German Lutheran Church. WILLIAM DODDS was born in Ecorce, Wayne Co., Jan. 12, 1864; has lived in Taylor since I885, and is engaged in wagonmaking and blacksmithing. He married Tillie Zeller, of Wyandotte. They have one child, Robert. Mr. Dodds is a member of the Catholic Church. ALBERT FLAISHAUS was born in Bohemia, in 1830, came to America in 1865, and has lived in Taylor since 1869. He married Elizabeth Strunc, of his native village, in I86o. They have six children, Albert, Joseph, Frank, Edward and Peter (twins), and Anthony. He is a member of the Catholic Church. HENRY FRITZ was born in Germany, Nov. Io, 1025, came to America in 1851, and settled in the State of New York until I862, when he enlisted in Co. A, I69th Regiment, and served until the close of the war. He was with his regiment in all the

I454 PERSONAL SKETCHES-TAYLOR. prominent battles it took part in, and was twice wounded. He is a member of Cory Post, No. 261, G. A. R. In 1851 he married Annie Schultz. They have nine children, Annie, Frank, Mary, Rachel, Lizzie, Lydia, Emma, John and Charles. Mr. Fritz has been Town Treasurer three terms, Highway Commissioner for seven years, and is a merchant and farmer. WILLIAM GALLOWAY was born in Lanarkshire, Scotland, in 1825, came to America in 1862, and settled in Detroit, where he lived until 1878, when he removed to Taylor. He married Margaret Dempser. They have four children, William, Ellen, Elizabeth and John. GEORGE GORDENIER is a son of the late Peter Gordenier, of Taylor, who came to Michigan from New York in I840, and located in that town. He died in 1877. Mary Gordenier, his wife, still resides on the farm with her children, Jennie, Irene, William and Eugene. George was born Dec. 28, 1863. He carries on the farm. CHARLES HEUZEL was born in Germany. July 27,'1827, came to America in 1857, and settled in Springwells. In I860 he removed to Taylor. He married Lena Hepner. She died Feb 2, 1885. They had four children, Charles, Annie, Mary and Augusta. Augusta married John Fox, of Detroit; Mary married Eli Abler; Annie married William Stridford. Mr. Heuzel married for his second wife Mrs. Sophia Ellsner, of Springwells. FRED JOEKOVSKE was born in Germany, in 1846, came to America in I880; is married, and has three children, Fred, Minnie and William. He is a member of the German Lutheran Church. AUGUST KOTHS was born in Germany, Aug. 23, 1853, and came to America, with his parents, in I865. They settled in Taylor. He married Annie Wilkie, of Taylor, in 1883. They have one child, Freddie. He is a builder, and has constructed many buildings in Taylor and adjacent towns; he also built the German Lutheran Church at Taylor Centre. CHARLES KREGER was born in Prussia, Nov. 25, 1833, came to America in 1866, and settled in Detroit. In I868 he purchased a farm in Taylor. He married Anna Prsouka, in I865. They have three children, Charles, Lizzie and Minnie. He is a member of the German Lutheran Church. WILLIAM KUEART was born in Germany, Oct. 22, 1832, came to America in 1836, and settled in Wayne Co. He married Minnie Trieb, in I856. She was born in Germany, in Sept., 1833, and died in I866. Their children are August and Millie. He married his second wife, Henrietta Trader, in I866. She was born in Germany in 1837. Their children are Herman, John, Caroline and Ludwig. JOHN KUEHL, JR., is a son of John Kuehl, Sr., who is a native of Germany, where he was born Nov. 4, 1826. He came to America in 1854, and settled in Wyandotte, where he lived until 1857, when he removed to Taylor. In 1864 he enlisted in Battery K, 1st Mich. Light Artillery, and was discharged at the close of the war. He is a member of the Cory Post, No. 261, G. A. R. He married a lady in Germany, in 1854. They have one child, John, Jr. John, Jr., married Lena Wimer, of Romulus, in 1884. They have two children, Mary and Peter. He is a member of the German Lutheran Church. WILLIAM KUEHL was born in Germany, April 29, 1837; came to America in 1869, and settled in Wayne Co. He married Annie Tabbert, in 1864. She was born in Germany, Jan. 25, 1840. Their children are Frank and Minnie. Business farming. JOHN KUOPE was born in Germany, Oct. 2, 1852, came to America in I865, and settled in Taylor. His father, Frederick Kuope, also resides in Taylor. John married Miss Mary Brost, in 1878. He is a member of the German Lutheran Church. J. C. LANGE was born in Germany, Dec. 15, 1828, came to America in July, I863, settled in Springwells, and removed from there to Taylor, in 1870. He married Miss Elizabeth Mathune, of his native town, in 1858. They have eight children Mary, John, Henry, Charles, Louisa, Emma, Minnie and Ida. He is a member of the German Lutheran Church. JAMES MCMULLEN was born in Taylor, April I, 1863. His father, Henry McMullen, is a native of County Antrim, Ireland. He came to America in I85o, and located in Detroit, where he lived until 1858, when he purchased a farm in Taylor, and removed there. James has four brothers, viz.; William, David, Henry and John and one sister, Mary J. JOHN MCPHERSON was born in Union Co., Pa., Nov. 7, 1824, came to Michigan in 1845, and settled in Wayne Co. He married Miss Sylvia Steward, of Taylor, in I855. They have six children, Chester, Stanley, Edgar, Viola, Elton and Archie. He has been Justice of the Peace and Town Treasurer. AUGUSTUS MARQUET was born in Germany, Jan. 4, I866, and came to America in 1882 with his father, Jacob Marquet, who settled in Brownstown where he died on June 23d, the same year; his widow resides in Detroit. Augustus married a lady from Germany, in 1887. They have one child, Albert. FERDINAND MICHAELIS was born in Germany, Feb. 12, 1847, came to America in 1870, and settled in Detroit; removed to Taylor in 1882, and married Augusta Klinger, in 1883. They have six children, William, Charles, Mary, Herman, Bertha,

PERSONAL SKETCHES-TAYLOR. I455 and Gustavus. He is a member 'of the German Lutheran Church. HENRY MICHELS was born in Germany. Dec. 4, 1849, came to America in 1869, and for many years resided in Detroit. He removed to Taylor in 1882, and purchased a farm of 40 acres. He married Minnie Sokolfskie, of Romulus, in 1878. They have four children, Henry, Herman, Edward and William. Previous to coming to Taylor he was engaged in the brewing business. He is a member of the German Lutheran Church. JOSEPH MILLER was born in Prussia, Sept. 29, 1826, came to America in 1860, settled in Detroit, and removed to Taylor in 1880. He married Helen Helmet, Sept. 19, 1855. They have had six children, Caroline, Annie, Joseph, Charles, Clara and Louis. He has been Town Treasurer, Highway Commissioner, School Treasurer, and besides farming is in the insurance business. He is one of the leading Democrats of Taylor, and a member of the Catholic Church. WILLIAM MOOT is one of the oldest residents of Wayne Co., having come to Detroit in 1829, from England, where he was born Jan. 15, 1818. His father, John Moot, was a brick manufacturer. In 1831 he purchased a farm in Taylor, and lived there until his death, in 1882, aged 83; his wife died in I868, aged 55. William married Arvllla Girard. They had five children, three of "whom are living, John, Lillie and Eliza. He is a member of the Episcopal Church. JOHN NATZEL, son of August Natzel, was born in Germany, June 28, 1862. His father brought his family to America in 187I, and for six years resided in Detroit. He then removed to Taylor, on a farm he had bought. John attended school while the family lived in the city. He is a member of the German Lutheran Church. FRANK X. NICHOLAS was born in Switzerland, Dec. 22, 1841, came to America in 1843, with his father, who settled in Wayne County. He died in 1848, and his mother died in 1879, aged 57. Frank married Elizabeth Tucker, in July, I863. They have nine children, Helen, Amber, Alice, Frank, John J., Burnadetta, Genevieve, Leo, and Eva 0. His brother, Frank X., died while serving in Co. G, 27th Michigan Infantry, in the late war. He is a member of the Catholic Church. RUDOLPH PASKIE was born in Prussia, Feb. 6, I858, came to America in 1864, and settled in Chicago. In I866 he removed to Detroit and in 1869 purchased a farm in Taylor. His parents reside in the same town. He married Minnie Twork, of Dearborn, May 2, I888. He is a member of the German Lutheran Church. GEORGE P. PENNEY was born in Van Buren, Wayne Co, Jan. i8, 1847. E. G. Penney, his father, a native of Orange Co., N. Y., came to Michigan in 1838, and settled in Dearborn, where he resides. George married Caroline R. Schippy, of Taylor, in November, 1874. They have six children, viz.: George W., James H., Eleazer G., Louis F., Alma L., and Hazel M. He has lived in Taylor since I875 on his farm of 50 acres. WILLIAM N. PERRY was born in Virginia, Aug. 18, 1835, came to Michigan in 1853, and settled in Wayne Co. For many years he was engaged in the lumber business at Wyandotte. He is a builder and farmer. In 1857 he married Roxana Coan, of Taylor. They have two children, Edith H., married to Alpine Miller, and George W. HERMAN PERSONKA was born in Germany, Jan. 24, 1842, came to America in I866, and settled in Detroit. In I868 he purchased a farm in Taylor. He married Fredericka Stevens in 1872. They have five children, Anna, Charles, August, Bertie and Lizzie. He is a member of the German Lutheran Church. HENRY H. PROUTY was born in Delaware, Ohio, Oct. o1, I841, came to Michigan with his father, Abel Prouty, who settled in Taylor in 1868; where he died in 1884, aged 84; his mother died in, I882, aged 75. Henry married Eliza Cooper, of Romulus, in I877. They have three children, Emma M., May, and Henry G. HENRY PUTZIG was born in Prussia, May 7, 1833, came to America in 1872, and settled in Detroit and lived there until 1877, when he removed to Taylor. His first wife was Amelia Vishinger. She died May 26, I876. They had six children, Theodore, Mary, Emil, Otto, Martha and Henry. His second wife was Augusta Savotaksy. CHARLES RIEDEL was born in Prussia, May 12, 1838, came to America in 1856, and lived in Detroit until 1860, when he removed to Taylor. He married Elizabeth Hugbecker in I86o. They have six children, Charles, Fred, Lizzie, George Edward and Helen. He has served one term as Town Treasurer. JOHN RITTER was born in Germany, Aug. I, 1853, came to America in I880, and settled in Wayne Co. He married Amelia Serbert in 1878. She was born March 25, 1855. Their children are: August, Emma, Fred, William, Minnie and Henry. FREDRICK ROTTKOSOKY was born in Prussia, Dec. 4, I844, came to America in 1870, and settled in Wayne Co. He married K. Cravetsky in I872. They have nine -children, Mary, Anna, Charles, Minnie, Augusta, William, Otto, Edward and Louis. He has been Highway Commissioner, and is a member of the Evangelical Church. REV. HUGO SCIlAARSCdMIDT was born in Germany, Sept. 20, 1860, and came to America in 1884.

I456 PERSONAL SKETCHES-TAYLOR. He graduated from Eden College, St. Louis, Mo., in 1887, and was then appointed Pastor of St. Paul's Lutheran Church, of Taylor Center. Louis SCHEUER was born in Germany, July 14, I830, came to America in 1852, settled in Detroit, and in 1876 removed to Taylor. He has four children, Lizzie, Anna, Minnie and Augusta. He is a member of F. & A. M. Lodge, No. I, of Detroit. AUGUST SCHMIDEKNECHT was born in Germany, June 6, 1853, and came to America with his parents in 1867. They settled in Taylor, where they now reside. August married Annie Steeger, of Germany, in Nov., 1876. They have four children, Annie, Ida, Louis and Nellie. He is a member of the German Lutheran Church. FREDERICK A. SCHUMANN was born in Saxony, Aug. 28, I835, came to America in I851, and settled in Detroit. In I855 he removed to Taylor. He enlisted March 7, I859, in the U. S. Regular Army, and served in the 5th U. S. Infantry until August 2, I865. He is a member of Cory Post, No. 261, G. A. R; has been Deputy Sheriff, under Sheriff Clippert; Supervisor three terms; Health Officer, and Township Treasurer; and several years was agent for the Farmers' Mutual F ire Insurance Co., of Wayne and Macomb Counties; is School Director and Treasurer of Oak Grove Cemetery; is a leading Republican of his town, and a member of the German Methodist Church. SEBASTIAN SENDELBACH was born in Ohio. July 29, 1857, came to Michigan in I866, and settled in Taylor, with his parents. His father died Nov. 16, 1887, aged 67; his mother lives with her son. He married Mary Meinke, in I883. They have two children, Emma and Mary. He is a Democrat and a member of the Catholic Church. JOHN SETGEST was born in Germany, in Jan., 1830, came to America in 1854, and settled in New York State. In 1868 he removed to Michigan, and purchased a farm in Taylor. He married Mary Smith, of his native village, in 1854. They have three children, John, Sophia, and Minnie. He is a member of the Lutheran Church. EZRA SHELDON was born in New York State, July 14, 1830. When eight years of age, he accompanied his father, Asa Sheldon, to Michigan, where he settled in Nankin, Wayne Co. His father died in April, 1862, aged 64; his mother died May 27, 1863, aged 73. Ezra married Lucinda Vandervort, of Ash, Monroe Co., in Aug., 1854. They have four children, Lorenzo, Daniel E., Ida L., and Isaac. He is a member of the Free Methodist Church, and has lived in Taylor since,1848, and is a leading Democrat. CARL SIELAFF was born in Germany, Nov. 25, I817. Before leaving home he married a lady of his native village. He came to America in 1872, and having purchased a farm in Taylor, he settled there. They have five children, Charles, Richard, Augusta, Emil, and Robert. Charles is married and lives in Brownstown; Richard resides in " Jerusalem;" Augusta is married and resides in Wyandotte. He is a member of the German Lutheran Church. WILLIAM SMITH was born in Switzerland, Sept. I, 1824, and came to America with his parents in I833. John Smith, his father, settled in Detroit. At that time, he says, there was only one brick house in the city. He died in I880, aged 78; his wife died in 1883, aged 81. William married Rosanna Miller, of Detroit, in I853. They have five children, William, John, George, Alexander, and Elizabeth. He has lived in Taylor since 1874, and is a member of the Catholic Church. LEWIS STAUCH was born in Germany, Oct. 13, 1822, and came to America in I836. After a short stay in Pittsburg, Pa., he located in Detroit, where he lived until 1877, when he purchased a farm of 40 acres in Taylor, and resides there now. For four years he was employed on the Detroit Free Press. In 1850 he married Mary Trager, of Beach Rock, N. Y. They have three children, George P., William, and Louis L. He is a member of the United Church. WILLIAM STEINHAUER was born in Germany, Jan. 30, I830, came to America in 1856 and has owned his farm in Taylor since 1857. For many years he was engaged in shoemaking. He has six children, Herman, Hattie, Amos, Ellsbetta, Sarah, and William. He was Highway Commissioner for three years. CHRISTIAN STEVENSON was born in Germany, Nov. 14, I827, came to America in 1863, and settled in Detroit. In i868 he removed to Taylor, and purchased a farm. He married Sophia Stutt, in 1851I They have six children, Henry, Rachel, Lizzie, William, Mary, and Charles. Mary married John Thies, of Taylor. They have one child, Bertha. They are members of the German Lutheran Church. NEWTON B. STEWARD was born in Alleghany Co., N. Y., Dec. 3, 1826. When seven years of age he came to Michigan with his parents. W.G. Steward, his father, has been a resident of Taylor many years, and is one of the few early settlers of Michigan living. His mother died in April, 1883, well advanced in years. Newton married Lurana Gilbert, of Washtenaw Co., June,6, 1858. At that time he was in California, having gone there in 185o. He has five children, William G., Leland B., Alma R., Olin E., and Valmose L. He has always been an earnest worker in the cause of temperance, and is the foremost Prohibitionist of his town; has been Highway Commissioner, School Director and Census Enumerator, and is a member of the M. E. Church. ANDREW STORCH was born in Germany, May

PERSONAL SKETCI io, i8i5, came to America in 1854, and settled in Wayne Co., first locating in Dearborn, and finally purchasing a farm in Taylor, where he has lived since I858. He married Eliza Winterbower, of his native village, in 1839. They have had ten children, seven of whom survive, viz., Andrew, Jr., Erhardt, Caspar, Henry, Elizabeth, Barbara, and Annie. George, John and Elizabeth died in infancy. He has always been engaged in farming, and is a member of the German Lutheran Church. Andrew, Jr., served four years in the late war, in the 24th Mich. WARREN L. SUTLIFF was born in Taylor, Dec. 9, I856. His father, William Sutliff. came to Michigan from New York State, in 1816, and has resided there since. He was born in 1814; his wife was born the same year. Warren married Lizzie L., daughter of Henry Fritz, of Taylor, in May, 1879. They have three children, William H., Susan M.. and Charles R. He is a prominent Democrat of his town. WILLIAM SUTLIFF was born in Penfield, Ontario Co., N. Y., Sept. 5, I8IO, and came to Michigan with his parents in 1817. They settled in Monroe. His father, James Sutliff, removed to Iowa many years ago, where he died in 1866, aged 84, his wife having died in 1825. William married Minerva Hosmer, of New York, in 1836. They have had thirteen children, only six of whom survive, viz., William James, Richard, Frances, Louis S., Warren L., and Mary M., wife of Dr. Seth Felt, Martha, who married Charles Felt, died June 13, 1888. He is the oldest Democrat in Taylor, and still takes an active part in politics; he has resided in Taylor since 1834; he was Highway Commissioner for thirty years; has been Town Treasurer, and was Assessor before Michigan became a state. WILLIAM JAMES SUTLIFF was born in Wayne County, Mich., Jan 7, 1836. His father, William Sutliff, was a native of Cayuga Co., N. Y., and came to Michigan, and settled in Taylor in I832, HES-VAN BUREN. 1457 where he still resides, well advanced in years. W. J. married Eleanor Lake, of Ill., in I86o. She died Oct. 13, I875. They had seven children, of whom only two are living, Myron and Thomas. March 12. 1878, he married Minnie Ingraham, of Genesee Co., Mich. He has served 16 years as Highway Commissioner, and four years as Justice of the Peace, and is a member of the Baptist Church. AUGUST VALUET was born in France, May 27, J188, came to America in 1852, and settled in Taylor in 1863. He married Miss Lucy Buossun in I85I. They have five children, Charles, Hattie, Edward, Paul and Mattie. He is one of the staunch Democrats of his town, and a member of the Catholic Church. CLARK WELLS was born in Taylor. Wayne Co., Mich, on the farm he now owns, May 14, I84I. His father, Charles Wells, came to Michigan from Buffalo N. Y., at an early day, and died in 1871, advanced in years; his wife died in 1853. Clark married Emeline Riggs, of Van Buren, in May, 1872. They have two children, Frank C., and Ada E. He has been engaged in the saw mill business and farming. JOHN WILDE was born in Germany, Dec. i, 1823, came to America in I854, and for three years resided in Detroit. In 1857 he purchased a farm in Taylor, and has lived there since. In 1855 he married Christina Wick, of Germany. They have eight children, Christian, Lizzie, Mary, Henry, Minnie, Annie, William and Edward. He has always been engaged in farming, and is a member of the Evangelical Church. JOSEPH WINTERHALTER was born in Germany, June 27, 1828, and came to America in 1854. He married Miss Theresa Dick, of his native town, in 1854. They have three children, Edward, Frank, and Carrie. He is a member of the Catholic Church. VAN BUREN. MRS. LOUISA J. ANDERSON, post mistress of Denton, Wayne Co., was born in Nelson, Ontario, Sept. 22, 1832. Her maiden name was Babcock. On Sept. 26, 1852, she married Hiram T. Eberle, of Oxford, Ontario. Hiram and family came to Denton, Wayne Co., Mich., in I854. Hiram Eberle died Sept. 25, 1873, at Denton. He was postmaster at the time of his death, having held the office for o1 years. Soon after his death, Louisa, his wife, was appointed postmaster of Denton, and still holds the office. The children by the name of Eberle are Ada, born in 1859, and died March I6, 1863; and W. J. born Sept. 25. I86I. In Oct. 31, 1875, Louisa J. Eberle married Francis C. Anderson, of Plymouth, Mich. Francis C. Anderson was born in N. Y., March 29, 1839. They are engaged in general merchandise business. FRANK M. ARTLEY, of Van Buren, was born in Canton, Wayne Co, Mich., May 22, 1857. His parents, John and Arozina (Hicks) Artley, came

I458 PERSONAL SKETCHES-VAN BUREN. from England to America, in 1828, and to Canton, Wayne Co., Mich., in I830, locating on United States Government land. Arozina (Hicks) Artley died in 1878; John Artley died in I880. Frank was married Nov. 29, 1876, to Addie Cotton, of Canton, Mich. Addie (Cotton) Artley was born in Canton, Mich., May 31, I858. Her parents, William and Martha Cotton, came to America in 1829, locating in Canton, Mich., taking land from the United States Government. Martha died Feb. 14, 1885, aged 64, In I88I Frank M. came upon the farm he now owns, and since the death of Martha Cotton, William has made his home with Frank M. They are both Democrats. Frank M. Artley's family consists of four children, Floyd, born Aug. 22, 1878; Ray, born Dec. I9, 188o; Willie, born Dec. 20, 1882; Mattie, born Dec. 7, 1884. His farm contains 84 acres, all under a high state of cultivation. CHARLES H. ASH, of Van Buren was born in Huron, Wayne Co., Mich., March 23, 1858. His parents, James and Ellers Ash, were born in Wayne Co., Mich. Arby Ash, grandfather of Charles, was a member of the first Legislature that met in Michigan. Arby came to Michigan in I829. The Township of Ash, Monroe Co., was named in his honor. Charles H. was married March 19, 1877, to Sarah Johnson, of Exeter. Sarah was born Sept. 26, I856. Her parents, Benjamin and Mary Johnson, were among the first settlers of Exeter, Monroe Co. They have five children, Chas. H. Jr., born May 7, 1879; Willie, born April 13, 1881; Inas, born Jan. 13, 1882; Clarence and Clara, twins, born Dec, 1885. AMASA M. AUSTIN, of Van Buren, was born in Palmyra, Monroe Co, N. Y., Dec. 27, 1818, and came to Michigan in 1834 with his parents, Abel and Sally Austin. Jan. 24, 1841, Amasa married Mat4 Corkins, of Van Buren. Mary was born in Ellisburg, N. Y., Feb. 22, 1822. Her parents came to Wayne Co., June 4, 1824. Her father, Lucius, died in 1837, aged 36; her mother, Lydia, died in I885, aged 86. They had five children: Harriet, born Aug. 27, 1843, died Dec. 31, I886; Lydia M., born March 28, 1847, died July 8, 1887; Abel A., born Sept. 27, I85o; Almeda M., born April 14, I855, died in 1862; Mary A., born April 28, 1859. GEORGE AVERY, of Van Buren, was born in Newark, Wayne Co, Mich., Aug. 25, 1838. He with his parents John and Clarissa, came to Michigan in 1843, locating in Nankin, Wayne Co. John died in 1860, aged 60 years; Clarissa is still living. George married Elizabeth Cooper, of Huron, Wayne Co., Mich., July 31, I857. Elizabeth was born in Van Buren, Feb. Io, 1840. Her father, Thomas Cooper, died in 1876, aged 80 years; her mother, Rebecca Cooper, died I88i, aged 76. They had four children, Maryette, born May 28, I860; Edward, born March 15, 1863; Charles, born March 15, 1865; Albert, born March 28, i868. JOHN AWORTH, of Van Buren, was born in England, Feb. I9, I833. He was married Nov. 8, 1863. On Jan. J, 1870, they landed in Detroit, Mich., John working by day's work in and around Dearborn, Mich. In the spring of 1870 they came to Denton, Wayne Co., and he engaged with S. Y. Denton for some time. He then rented a farm for three years, then purchased the farm they now own. He is engaged extensively in the raising of small fruits. HENRY M. BABCOCK, carriage and wagonmaker, of Denton, Mich., was born in Palmyra, C. W., Oct. 28, 1844, came to Michigan in I856, locating at Perrinsville. He enlisted August, 1862, as private in Co. D, 24th Mich. Vol. Infantry, and remained with the Regiment in all its marches and battles until the spring of I865, when the Regiment was sent to Springfield, 111., to do garrison duty at Camp Butler. He was discharged June 30, 1865, by special order from the War Department. After his discharge he returned to Wayne Co., where he has since resided. Feb. 17, 1867, he married Frankie L. Gould, of Denton. Frankie (Gould) Babcock was born in Michigan in 1849. They have one child, George W., born Nov. 24, 1867. Henry M. is a member of Carpenter Post, No. I80, G. A. R., of Ypsilanti. CALEB J. BARLOW, merchant and postmaster, of Rawsonville, Van Buren Township, Mich., was born in Avon, N. Y., June 8, 1821, came to Van Buren Township, Mich., in 1836, and married Margaret Spaun, of Van Buren, May 29, 1849 Margaret was born in Bethlehem, N. Y., Oct. 22, 1828. In April, 1855, he engaged in the general merchandise business in Rawsonville. He has held the office of Constable for several years. In 1863 he was elected a Justice of the Peace, of Van Buren Township, and has held the office consecutively since that time. He also held the office of Supervisor for seven years In Jan., I886, he was appointed Postmaster of Rawsonville, which office he still holds. They have three children, Edwin, born Oct 22, I850; Almena, born Aug. 2, 1852, died March, 1853; Walter, born Sept. 20, 1854 They have an adopted daughter, Anna (Dickinson) Barlow, born Oct. 26, 186I. He farms 245 acres and owns a flouring mill at Belleville, Mich. CHARLES F. BARRY, of Van Buren, was born in Yates, Orleans Co., N. Y., May 29, 1822. His parents, Benjamin and Catherine Barry, came with their family of six children to Michigan in 1836, locating in Romulus, Wayne Co. Benjamin died in I856, aged 56; Catherine died in 1871, aged 70. Charles F. married Emily Sundburg, of Van Buren,

PERSONAL SKETCHES-VAN BUREN. I459 Jan. 5, 1842 Emily was born in New York City Nov. 6, 1824. Her parents, Nicholas and Polly Sundburg came to Van Buren Township, Mica., in 1835. Nicholas died in I876, aged 70; Polly died in I88i, aged 84. Six children have been born to Charles and Emily. JOHN BARTON, of Van Buren, was born in Lincolnshire, Eng., June 30, I814. His father, John Barton, died in 1846, aged 66; Massie (Wade) Barton, his mother, died in 1845, aged 66 years. Dec. I8, I834, John married Jane Thompson, of Lincolnshire, Eng. Jane was born May I, 1814. Feb. 28, I855, John and his wife landed at Denton, Wayne Co., Mich. In 868 he purchased seven acres of S. Y. Denton, in Denton Village. Their children are Harriet, Mary, Elizabeth, William and Joseph. Harriet is dead; Elizabeth is the wife of W. H. Smith, a prosperous farmer of Van Buren. THOMAS BARTON, of Van Buren, was born in Lincolnshire, Eng., July 14, I821. His parents were John and Massie (Wade) Barton. John died in I846, aged 66 years, Massie died in 1845, aged 66 years. April 17, 1844, Thomas married Elizabeth Alban, of Lincolnshire, Eng.; Elizabeth was born Feb. 22, 182I. May [4, I854 they arrived at Denton, Wayne Co., Mich., direct from England. Thomas began working for S. Y. Denton by the day. By economy they saved enough to purchase the farm they now own receiving the deed March 31, x868. They have no children. They are members of M. E Church, of Denton MRS. D. C. BURRELL, widow of Daniel C. Burrell, was born in Lincolnshire, Eng,, Nov. I8, 184I. Her maiden name was Mary Ann Atchinson. Her parents, William and Sarah Atchinson, were English people. William and Sarah came to America in I86I, with Mary Ann, their only child, and settled in Ypsilanti. Sarah died Dec. 31, 1885, aged 66 years; William died Nov. 8, 1887, aged 76. Mary Ann Atchinson married Daniel C. Burrell, of Van Buren, April I6, 1867. Daniel was born Dec. 28, I841. His parents, George and Sarah (Smith) Burrell, came to Van Buren in I842, locating on the farm Mrs. D. C. Burrell now owns. Daniel C. Burrell died Oct. 28, 1887, aged 47 years. They have had four children, Burton A., born Aug. I, 1868; Emma L., born July 28, 1870; Mattie E., born Nov. 13, 1872, and died Sept. 21, 1874; Fred C., born Nov. 13, I880, and died Feb. I9, 1882. EDWARD BURRELL, of Van Buren, was born in Canton, Wayne Co., Mich., June 17, 1859 His parents, John and Sarah F. Burrell, came to Michigan from New York in I843. Edward remained at home until his marriage, Nov. 27, I884. He married Hattie M. Rowe, of Van Buren, Wayne Co., Mich. Hattie was born in Detroit, Mich., May 25, 1866. Her parents Wm. C. Rowe and Ruth (Bullock) Rowe, were English people, coming to the United States, and to Detroit in I850. Wm. C. is living in Van Buren, Mich. In 1885 Edward came upon the farm he now owns, on Section 9 of Van Buren Township. Their only child, Harry J., was born Dec. 23, i886. They are members of the M. E. Church. MR. WILLIAM BURRELL, of Van Buren, was born in Lincolnshire, England, Feb. i8, 1835. His parents, George and Sarah L. (Smith) Burrell with three children, landed in America, arriving at Ypsilanti, Mich., June 9, 1838. George died Feb. 13, 1867, aged 70 years; Sarah died Jan. 29, i888, aged 83 years. William married Angelina Alban, of Ypsilanti, on Dec. 25, I856. Angelina was born in Lincolnshire, Eng., April 19, 1837. Her parents, William and Lucy (Smith) Alban, came to America in 1855, locating in Ypsilanti. Wm. Alban died Aug. 12, I869, aged 73 years. His mother is living, and in Oct., I888, was go years old. Mr. Burrell purchased the farm he now owns in i865. They have had eight children, Lucy Ann, George W., Emma, George W., Charles, Clarence, Winnie and Alban. Those that have died are Lucy Ann, George W., the Ist, Emma, Charles, Minnie and Alban. CHARLES CAMPBELL, of Van Buren Township, was born in New Prospect, N. J., Oct 3, I814. He married Mary Ann Bush of New Prospect, N. J., June 20, I839. Mary (Bush) Campbell was born in Ramapo, N. J., July 20, I814. He with his family, came to Michigan in 1846, locating upon the farm he now owns. Mary (Bush) Campbell died June 20, I86i. He married Susan Tabor, Oct. 7, I86i. Susan was born in New York, March 20, 1814. She died Dec. 14, I879. He married Mary Jane Closser, of Taylor, Wayne Co., Mich., Jan. 20, I88I. Mary (Closser) Campbell was born June 26, I844. Children born to Charles Campbell: David H. was born in 184I, he enlisted in Co. F., 24th Mich. Infantry, in Aug. I862, as a private, and was discharged in 1865 as Sergeant; Charles Campbell, Jr. was born in 1848, John W. born in 1849, Mary Louisa, born 185, Catherine Ann, born I852. Charles died Aug. 29, 1848, Catherine Ann died Dec. 15, 1874. Catherine (Warner) Campbell, granddaughter of Charles Campbell, was born Dec. 4, 1874, and has since resided with her grandfather. MRS. CHLOE CARPENTER, of Van Buren Township, was born in Pompey, near Delphi, N. Y., Nov. 19, i815. Her maiden name was Chloe Phippeney. She married John C. Carpenter, of Springwater Valley, N. Y., on May 20, 1832. John C. was born in Onondaga Co., N. Y., Aug. 20, I8Io. John C. and his family came to Michigan in 1838, locating near the state line of Ohio. In 1840 they came to Van Buren Township, to the farm where

1460 PERSONAL SKETCHES —VAN BUREN. she has since resided, John C. died June r4, i886. Mrs. Carpenter is the mother of seven children. William P., Almira, Minnetta L. Chauncey, Deforest, Electa S., and Mary. Deforest enlisted in Co. G, I2th Mich. Infantry, in I864, and died at Little Rock, Ark. JAMES R. CLARK, of Van Buren Township, was born on the farm he now owns, Dec. 23, 1845. His parents, Timothy and Sophia Clark, came to London, Monroe Co., I838. They moved to Belleville in 1839, locating on the farm James R. now owns. Timothy Clark was born June 6, 1794, and died Nov. I6, I851. Sophia Clark was born March I7, I803, and died April IO, I88I. James R. married Ada E. Maddison, of Belleville, Oct. i6, 1867. Ada (Maddison) Clark was born in White Water, Wis., June 29, 1847. Her parents were Custus and Abigail Maddison. James R. and Ada E. have had four children; Katie, born July 3, I869; Jennie M, born Dec. I8, I871; Frank R., born Sept. 24, i877, and William J, born Dec. 24, 1882. Katie died Sept. 23, 1870. ROBERT P. CLARK, of Van Buren Township, was born in New Boston, Hillsboro Co., N. H., Jan. o1, I8Io. When he was 21 years old he left home, going to Buffalo, N. Y., learning the trade of millwright. He worked in Buffalo at his trade until 1835, when he came to Michigan, locating in Monroe City. He built a mill at Monroe City, and one at Petersburgh, Monroe Co. He also built mills at Rawsonville, Wayne Co., the Eagle Mills, of Ypsilanti, and one each at Dexter, Plymouth and Adrian. He was engaged with Daniel L. Quirk, in the milling, lumber and general merchandise business at Belleville for a number of years. He married Violet S. Clark, of Van Buren Township, Sept. 14, 1848. Violet (Clark) Clark was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., Aug. I6, J828. In I85I he came upon the farm and has since resided here. They have had six children; George T., born Nov. 23, 1851; Clara S., born March I, 1855; Walter H., born Dec. 27, 1856; Cora M., born June 16, I859; John W., born Aug. 12, 186i; Lida M., born March 6, I866. The family are all living, In 1862 he was elected a member of the Michigan State Legislature for one term. He has held office of Supervisor for two years, and of Highway Commissioner for 18 years, and was County Superintendent of the Poor of Wayne Co., for three years. MRS. MARY JANE CLARK, widow of Woodbury Clark, was born in Augusta, Mich., Dec. 26, 1835. Her parents, John and Lucy Carpenter, came to Michigan at an early day. Her father died in 1874 aged 7I years. Her mother is still living. Mary Jane Carpenter was married to Woodbury Clark, of Van Buren, Mich., Dec. 29, I859 Woodbury Clark was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., Nov. 28, I83I, he died Sept. 30, I887. Three children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Clark. Emma A., born Nov. 20, I860; Ada Belle, born March 7, I869; Ralph Wood, born Feb. 25. I876. Emma A. died Nov. 13, 1867, and Ada Belle died April i6, 1884. LESTER COBB, merchant of Denton, Van Buren Township, was born in Canton, Wayne Co. Mich., June 28, I856. Up to the age of I4 years he remained at home. He was then sent to the Michigan Normal School at Ypsilanti for three years. He married Nettie Huston, of Canton, Mich., Sept. 16, I877. Nettie (Huston) Cobb was born in Canton, Mich., July 3, 186i. After their marriage they moved to Cheboygan, Mich., where he was engaged in teaching for two years. He then engaged in the brokerage business of cedar posts and ties for nearly three years. While living here he was elected Township Clerk of Burt Township, for two years, and Commissioner of Highways for one year. In 1877 he came to Denton, Mich., and engaged in mercantile business, in which business he still continues. They have four children. Mabel Grace, born May i6, I878; Ida May, born Aug 27, 1870; Mina Bell, born June 5, I182; Erlin Roy, born Nov. 19, 1885. SCOTT COLBY, of Van Buren, was born in Niagara, Niagara Co., N. Y., Aug. 27, I83r. His parents, William L. and Ann (Upper) Colby, were American born, coming from New York State to Michigan by team in I833, locating in Monroe Co.; then going to Lowell, Mich., and purchasing a mill and some village property, then moving to Ypsilanti Township upon the Chicago Road, and keeping a tavern for four or five years. In the spring of 1852, Mr. Scott Colby began clearing up 86 acres of land he had purchased in Van Buren Township. In Nov. 1852, he married Betsy Dalrymple, of Van Buren, Mich. Betsy Dalrymple was born in Dec. 1830. Wm. L. Colby died Aug. 27, 1844, aged 52 years. Ann Colby died in 1875, aged 78 years. Mr. and Mrs. Colby have had three children, Howard, West. and Wright. In the spring of 1883 Mr. Colby began the erection of a large and commodious brick farm house, which was completed in the fall of that year, and the day before Christmas Mr. Colby and family moved from the old into the new home, taking it for their Christmas present. The farm contains 103 acres, under a high state of cultivation. JOSEPH G. COOPER, of Van Buren, was born in New iJersey in 1832. His parents, James and Anna Cooper, came to Van Buren, Mich., in I835. James died in 1882, aged 77; Anna died in I856, aged 50 years. Joseph was married to Rona Savage of Belleville, Mich., in 1857. He has six children, Vernor, Benjamin, Roy, Caroline, Emma and Gracie.

PERSONAL SKETCHES-VAN BUREN. I46I MRS. MARY (WALKER) CORKINS of Van Buren Township, was born in New York, May 26, 1825, and came to Michigan in i83r. May 31, 1848, Mary Walker married Veranus Corkins, of Orion, Oakland Co., Mich. Veranus Corkins was born in New York, Feb. IO. I824, and came to Van Buren Township, Mich., with his parents, in June, 1824, where he lived until his death, which occurred Sept. 26, I876. They have had five children, Sophronia, born Aug. 4, 1850; Aurelia, born Aug. 7, 1854, and died May I2, 1879; Emma, born May 2, I86o; Alice, born Dec 15, 1862, and died June ii, 188I; and Edward S., born Oct. I6, I868. DR. ALBERT E. COY, of Belleville, Wayne Co., Mich, was born in Van Buren Township, Mich., Nov. 30, 1858, His first instruction in schooling was received at the district school. He then attended the Belleville High School for four years, and one year at the State Normal School at Ypsilanti: Upon the completion of his course at the Normal, he engaged in teaching for two years. June 23, 188o, he married Lefa Miller, of Belleville. Lefa (Miller) Coy was born in Van Buren Township, September 4, 1859. After his marriage the doctor and his wife engaged in teaching at Eaton's Mills, Washtenaw Co., Mich., for one vear. In the fall of I88I he entered the Medical Department of the Michigan University, and graduated with the class of 1884. After his graduation he engaged in the practice of medicine at Meredith, Mich., only remaining at Meredith for three months. He then returned to Belleville, Mich.. and engaged in the practice of his profession. and has since resided there. He has an extensive practice, and the confidence of the people. Their only child, Frank, was born Aug. 9 1882. MRS. CATHERINE (MCKENZIE) CRAWFORD, widow of William Crawford, of Van Buren, was born in York, Livingston Co., N. Y., Oct. 9, I809. May 3, 1832, Catherine McKenzie married William Crawford, of York, N. Y. William was born in Schenectady, N. Y., Dec. I6, I806. William first came to Michigan in 1831, and purchased from the Government I60 acres of land, his deed being No. 5,899, and signed by Andrew Jackson, then President of the United States. William died Feb. 20, I888. Mr. and Mrs. Crawford had five children, viz., Donald, born Sept. 26, I834, and died Oct. 29, 1836; Catherine, born May 29, 1836; John, born Aug. 16, 1838, and died Sept. 17, 1863; Mary Ann, born June 16, 1842, and died Jan. 28, 1843; Mary Ellen, born April 28, I845. Mary Ellen married George Dickerson, Feb. 20, 1877. They work the farm for Mrs. Crawford, she making her home with them. The farm contains 240 acres. JEREMIAH CROUCH, of Van Buren, was born in Cornwell, England, June 6, 1832. In Nov., I850, he married Salina Crouch, of Cornwall, England. Salina was born in Cornwall, England, in 1833. After his marriage he engaged in mining. In 1874, he and his wife, with a family of four children, started for America, arriving at Detroit, Mich., Sept. I, 1874. They came direct to Denton, Van Buren Township. When they arrived at Denton, an inventory showed three bundles of clothing and two dollars in money. He now has two farms, one of 47 acres and one of 80 acres. The children are Mary Ann, Jane, Ellen and William. William occupies and works one of the farms. WILLIAM J. CROUCH, of Van Buren Township, was born in Cornwall, England, March 5, I863. His parents, Jeremiah and Salina Crouch, with four children, came to the United States in 1871, and located at Denton, Wayne Co., Mich., where they are still living. William J. remained at home until 1882, when he began for himself on the farm he now owns, in Van Buren. April 8, 1884, he married Eva H. Burrell, of Van Buren. She was born Nov. 30, 1863. Her parents were John and Sarah Burrell. Sarah died May I, 1882. Eva H. Crouch diedJune 13, I885. They had one child, Rodger, born June 6, 1885, and died June 17, I885. February I, I886, William Crouch married Josephine D. Seamans, of Sumpter, Mich. She was born in Jackson Co., Mich., Nov. 16, 1863 Her parents were Benjamin and Caroline Seamans. Benjamin enlisted in the army in I86I, and died in I864, of yellow fever. HENRY W. M. M. DAUGHARTY, of Van Buren, was born in Wardsville, Canada, July I8, 1828. He learned the baker's trade, working at it for several years. Feb. 3, 1863, he married Mary Jemieson, of London, Canada. Mary was born in Ireland, in March, I833. They have three children, John F., born March 8, 1864; Charlotte Elizabeth, born May 3, i866; Mary Ellen, born April 13, I869; all born in Canada. In March, I874, Henry, with his family, moved to Belleville, Wayne Co., Mich., and in the spring of 1884 he purchased the farm he now owns, containing 40 acres. CAPT. HENRY DAVIS, of Van Buren Township, was born in Tipperary. Ireland, July I, 1827. In July, 1848, he married Mary Woods. Mary (Woods) Davis was born in Ireland in 1823. They came to America and to Van Buren Township in I854. They were without means, and began working by the day at any work they could get to do. Oct. 23, 1861, Henry enlisted as a private in Co. B, I4th Mich. Infantry. He was mustered into service as Sergeant of the Company, holding the office for two years. He was then transferred to Co. H, and promoted to 2d Lieutenant. On Aug. 8, 1864, was promoted to ISt Lieutenant of Co.'H,; on Feb. 5, I865, for bravery shown upon the battlefield, he was promoted to Captain of Co. A, I4th

1462 PERSONAL SKETCHES-VAN BUREN. Michigan Infanty. At the battle of Bentonville, N. C., he was wounded, and taken to the field hospital. and then sent home. He rejoined the regiment at Louisville, Ky. and was mustered from service, July i8, 1865. From date of muster out he was granted a small pension, which has been slightly increased since. After his discharge he returned to Van Buren Township, and engaged in farming upon shares. In the spring of 1871 he purchased 43 acres of the farm he now owns, and afterwards purchased 40 more. They have had five children, Ellen, Jennie, William, Milo and George L., all are living. He is a member of Joe Davis Post, No. 376, G. A. R. He has held the office of Supervisor of Van Buren Township for five years, and of Town Treasurer for two years. ALMERON DELANEY, of Van Buren, was born in Parma, Monroe Co., N. Y., Feb. 24, 1825. His parents, John W. and Matilda (Parker) Delany, came to Michigan, with five children, Oct. 28, 1829, settling in Van Buren. MatildaJdied in April, 1884, aged 79; John W. died July, I889, aged 85. Dec. 17, I848, Almeron married Betsey Corkins, of Van Buren. Betsey was born Feb. 5, 1827. Her parents, Warriner and Roxana Corkins, came from New York State in a boat of their own construction, landing at Detroit in 1822. They lived in Detroit io years, then settled in Van Buren. Roxana died in 1878 aged 75; Warriner died in 1873, aged 80 years. Betsey (Corkins) Delany died May I, I888. Seven children were born to them. Roxana, born Aug. 25, i85o; Alzina, born Jan. 7, 1852; John H., born Sept. 15, 1854; Almeron F., born Nov. I, 1856, died Sept. 15, I860; Lafayette, born Oct. 12, 1858, died Feb. 5, 1862; Betsey A., born Nov. Io, I860; Flora J., born Jan. I, 1868. They are members of the Tyler Street Baptist Society of Van Buren. MRS. MARIA (GOULD) DENTON, of Denton, Wayne Co., Mich., was born in Stafford, N. Y., July 13, 1819. Her parents came to Michigan, when she was 16 years old, locating in Monroe Co., Mich. Jan. 28, 1841,she was married to Samuel Y. Denton, of Milan, Monroe Co., Mich. Samuel was born in North East, Penn,, Sept. 23, 1817. They remained in Milan one year, then went to Ypsilanti, where they lived for five years. In 1847 they came to Van Buren Township and purchased the mill and IO acres of ground, near the M. C. R. R. track. He was appointed agent for the M. C. R. R. Co., at Denton, which position he held for over 30 years. Through his influence the railroad company located side tracks and he secured the changing of the post-office from South Plymouth to the place where Denton now is, the place being named in his honor. Samuel Y. died March 28, I88o. They have had five chidren, Mary L, born March 20, 1842, died Oct. 6, 1863; Harriet L., born in 1846, and died April 3, J88i; Ella M., born 1849; Katie J., born in I851; Chas. S., born in 1853, and died in I855. MR. H. L. DOLBEE, of Van Buren, was born in Augusta, Mich.. March 20, I854. His parents, John and Elizabeth Dolbee, came to Michigan from New York State, in 1830, locating in Augusta, and are still living in that township. August 27, 1882, Mr. Dolbee married Alice Reddin, of Augusta, Mich. Alice was born in Canada, Sept. 9, I866, After his marriage he lived in Augusta for two years, then moved to Exeter, Monroe Co., Mich. remaining there until the spring of 1888, when he came to Van Buren Township and purchased 80 acres of land. By trade he is a basket-maker. They have two children, Myrtle, born Jan 25, I886, and Bertha, born March IO, I888. MRS. ANN DRAYTON, widow of William Drayton, of Van Buren Township, was born in England, Feb. 4, 1815. Her maiden name was Wilcox. She married Wm. Drayton in England, Nov. 6, I839. In I851 they left England for the United States, settling in New York City. In I857 they came to Wayne Co., Mich. William Drayton died Sept. 22, 1859, aged 50 years. Seven children were born to them, Mary Ellen, William, Thomas, John, Joseph, Veronica, and George. Thomas and George are dead. JOSEPH C. DRAYTON, of Van Buren, was born in Geneva, Ontario Co., N. Y., Feb 26, I855. His parents, William and Martha Ann (Wilcox) Drayton, were English people, coming to the United States in I848. Joseph's parents came to Van Buren Township in 1859. William Drayton died in the fall of I859, aged 55 years. Joseph C. remained at home until he was 17 years old, then began for himself. Dec. 21, 1879, he married Ella C. Leonard, of Van Buren. Ella was born in Van Buren, Wayne Co., Mich, Oct. 12, 1862. Her parents, Thomas and Julia Leonard, were New York people, coming to Van Buren in 1844. Mr. and Mrs. Drayton have had two children, Charlie V., born July 22, I882, died Sept. 5, 1884; George 0., born July 14, i886. WILLIAM H. DUNHAM, of Van Buren, was born in New York City, May I, 1849. He followed gardening for a few years, then was employed in the Herring Safe Manufactory. When the war broke out he engaged in manufacturing cartridges for the United States Government..In the spring of 1871 he came to Van Buren, Wayne Co., Mich. February 22, I872, he married Annie L. Post, of Van Buren. Annie (Post) Dunham was born in Van Buren, Mich., June 2, I854. Her parents were Jacob and Leah Post, and were from New York, coming to Michigan at an early day. Her

PERSONAL SKETCHES-VAN BUREN. I463 father is living; her mother died Nov., 1879, aged 54. Mr. and Mrs. Dunham have two children, Harry W., born July 31, 1876, and Serena L., born Aug. 7, 1884. AMZI C. DUNLAP, of Van Buren, was born in Allegany Co. N. Y., Jan 28, 1832. He, with his parents, William and Elizabeth Dunlap, came to Michigan, locating in Oakland Co., in I839. William died in 1858, aged 56 years; Elizabeth died in 1869, aged 70 years Jan. 19, 1854, Amzi married Elizabeth Giggie, of Van Buren, Mich. Elizabeth was born in Ypsilanti, June 26, I835. She died March 7, 1875 The children were, Walter, born Sept. 9, 1855; Eva, born Jan. 4, 1858; Thomas L., born April 9. I86I, and died Dec. 28, 1864, and William born June 27, 1868. February I, 1877, Amzi married Aurilla E. Cook, of Canton. Aurilla was born in Augusta, Mich., April 6,. I849. They have two children, Clyde C., born Jan. 22, 1879; Claude L., born Aug. 7, 1883 They are members of the M. E. Church, of Denton. GEORGE DURHAM, of Van Buren, was born in New Castle Co., Delaware, Jan. 14, 1829. He came to Michigan in 1834, to Van Buren Township. Feb. 14, I85o, he married Ann Harman. She was born in Philadelpha, Penn, in 1830. They have ten children, Nathaniel, Josephine, Mary, Lizzie, Maggie, Ann, George H., Elias, Sarah Jane, and Charles A. Nathaniel died in 1867. They are members of the M. E. Church, of Denton. He has 40 acres of fine land under a high state of cultivation. CLARISSA (MIILER) EDMONDS, of Van Buren, was born in Walworth, N. Y., Nov. 15, 1827. Her parents, Horace and Clarissa (Rawson) Miller, came to Michigan in 1835, locating in Van Buren, Mich. Clarissa Miller married Isaac Bush, of Van Buren, Dec. 29, 1852. Isaac Bush came to Michigan in 183I, and died in 1856, aged 49. July 4, 186o, Clarissa Bush married Palmer Tdmonds, of Gloversville, N. Y. Palmer was born in Gloversville, N. Y., Jan. r, 1810. In the fall of 186r, Palmer and wife located in Van Buren, Wayne Co., Mich., on the farm, a part of which Clarissa now owns. Palmer Edmonds died April 23, 1885. GEORGE ELWELL, of Van Buren, was born on Squams Island near the mouth of the Kennebeck River, Maine, Dec. 19, 18io. He came to Sumpter Township in the spring of 1834, locating land on Section 5 of that town. He then returned to New York State, and on Nov. 24, 1834, married Lucy Curtiss, of Clarkson, Monroe Co., N. Y. Lucy (Curtiss) Elwell was born in June, I818. In the spring of 1835 they returned to Wayne Co., Mich. By this marriage there were four children, Joseph, George, Rhoda, Delia. Lucy (Curtiss) Elwell died in Feb., 1849, and in Jan., 1850, George Elwell married Abbie Sumner of Ypsilanti. Abbie (Sumner) Elwell was born in Rochester, N. Y., June 27, 1821. Abbie's grandfather was a soldier in the Revolutionry War, and her father fought in the War of 1812. Joseph, son of George Elwell, enlisted in the 9th Mich. Infantry in Dec., 1862, and served throughout the Rebellion. They are members of the Baptist Church. There are Io8 acres in the home farm. HARRY E. FORD, of Van Buren Township proprietor of Butternut Creek Flouring and Lumber Mills, was born in Belleville. Wayne Co., Mich., Oct. 17, 1863. His parents, Charles M. and Alvira (Cutler) Ford, are Michigan people, his father being born in Wayne Co. Harry learned his trade, that of flour milling, of his father. After finishing his trade Harry went to Rochester, N. Y., and engaged at his trade there. In I884 his father purchased the Butternut Creek Mills and in the fall of i886 came to take charge and assume proprietorship. Dec. 25, i886, Harry E married Eda A. Randall, of Martinsville, Sumpter Township, Wayne Co., Mich. Eda (Randall) Ford was born in Sumpter, Mich., Dec 3. 1865. Her parents, Stephen and Helen (Martin) Randall, are farmers, and are still living in Sumpter. They manufacture 5.0oo barrels of flour per year, besides doing extensive custom flouring and feed grinding. The lumber department turns out 200,000 feet of lumber. They have turning lathes and lumber planers, and manufacture window-casings and do all kinds of turning. Charles M., Jr., brother of Harry E., is an assistant, and is interested with Harry E. in the milling business. CHARLES L. FREEMAN, of Van Buren Township, was born in LeRoy, Ingham Co., Mich., March 24, I851. His parents, Daniel and Maria (Hall) Freeman, were New York people, and came to Michigan in 1848. They settled in Wayne Co. in 1860. Maria (Hall) Freeman died May lo, I884, aged 57 years; Daniel is still living and in California. Charles L. married Mary M. Hosmer, of Sumpter, Wayne Co., March I, 1871. Mary (Hosmer) Freeman was born in Sumpter, Aug 5, 1851. Charles L. was engaged in general merchandise in West Sumpter three and a half years, and was one year in the same business at Belleville. He held the office of Constable of Sumpter Township for five years, Deputy Sheriff under Sheriff Sexton four years, and has been Constable of Van Buren one year. They have one child, Milo E., born Aug. 26, 1873. He is a member of F. & A. M., No. 89, of Belleville. NEWELL J. FREEMAN, of Van Buren, was born in Van Buren Township, Dec. 10, 1848. His parents, Asher and Louisa Freeman came to Van Buren Township from New York in 1831, locating and

1464 PERSONAL SKETCHES-VAN BUREN. living on the farm he owned until his death in Dec., 1886, aged 6i. Louisa is living in Northville, Mich., with her daughter, Mrs. Hartwick. Newell was married to Jennie Gorham, of Denton, Wayne Co., Mich., July 4, 1871. Jennie was born in Romulus, Mich., Dec. 5, 1852. Her parents, Anson and Laura Gorham, came from New York, and are living in Wayne County. In 1878 Newell went to Detroit and engaged in cabinet work, being employed at 35 Woodbridge Street East. He remained fourteen months when he returned to his farm. They have one child, Charles Anson, born March 30, 1874. GEORGE R. FULLER, of Van Buren Township, was born in Norfolk, Eng., Oct. 12, 1844, and came to America in 1865. In 1876 he purchased the farm he now owns. December 9, 1877, he married Kate Pappiate, of Ypsilanti. Kate was born in Eng., Nov. I, 1842, and came to America in I869. Remble Fuller, father of George R., came to America in 1867, and has since made his home with his son. Remble was born in England, March 25, 1817. They are members of the M. E. Church, of Belleville. The farm contains 40 acres, all under highest state of cultivation possible. WILLIAM A. HAAK, of Belleville, Mich., was born in Hamburg, Germany, Jan. 12, 1845, and came to America with his parents in January, 1854, they locating in New Haven, Conn. Nov. 28, 1864, he married Barbara Hegel, of New Haven, Conn. Barbara (Hegel) Haak was born in Wurtenburg, Germany, Sept. 26, 1847, and came to America in 1854 with her parents, they settling in New Haven, Conn. Mr. Haak and his familycame to Michigan in 1868, locating in Belleville, Wayne Co., Mich. In 1871, he was elected Township Clerk, of Van Buren Township, and held the office as such for 15 consecutive years. He was elected Justice of the Peace of the township in I859, to fill vacancy, serving the unexpired time of the term. He is engaged in real estate and insurance business, and is also a Notary Public. There are five children in the family, Charlotte M., born April 17, I866; Emily W., born Sept. 18, 1867; Cora B., born Jan. 7, 1869; F. William, born April 14, 1871; Katie M., born March 3, 1874. CHRISTOPHER HASSELBACH, JR., of Van Buren, was born in Germany, July 7, I844. He, with his parents, came to America in 1852. July 3, 1852, they came to Canton Township, Wayne Co. His father, Christopher Hasselbach, died in March, 1879, aged 80 years. Julia A., his mother, is still living in Detroit, with her daughter, Mrs. Andrew Lauppe. Oct. 21, 1867, Christopher married Flora M. Conviss, of Van Buren. Flora M. was born in Van Buren, Nov. 13, I851. Her parents, Garel and Mahaley Conviss, were Eastern people, settling in Wayne Co. in 1835. Her father died March 5, I884. aged 63 years. Eight children were born to them, Christopher B., born Sept. I, I868; Lura H., born May 25, 1870; George R., born Feb. 21, 1872; Frank W., born March 2, 1875; Jacob A., born March 4, 1876; Ralph A., born Sept. 25, 1878; Julia M., born Feb. 7, I88I, and died Oct. 8, 1881; Flora M., born Jan. 6, 1883. Christopher is a Mason, and has been Road Commissioner for a number of years. He has a still for distilling mint oil. He was chairman of the building committee of the Tyler Street Church, of Van Buren, and is the only one of the first Board of Control who is living. He farms 150 acres. ALVAH S. HILL, of Van Buren, was born in Essex Co., N. Y., Feb. 29, 1827. While living in New York he engaged in jobbing and manufacturing lumber. Jan. 5, i852, he married Martha A. Veilie, of Steuben Co., N. Y. Martha was born in 1829. They have had two children, Sarah, born in 1853, and died in 1883, and Frank, born in 1855. Alvah and family came to Michigan in 1856, locating in Canton. Aug. 5, 1862, he enlisted in Co. C, 24th Michigan Volunteer Infantry, as a private. He was wounded at the battle of Gettysburgh; was with General Grant until Sept., 1864. Again, at the battle of Petersburg, he was wounded, and on Dec. 6, I864, was promoted to Regimental Color Sergeant, and held that position until discharged in July, 1865. He returned to Canton, Mich., and engaged in lumbering. In the spring of I88I he engaged in the grocery business at Inkster's, living there until 1885, when he sold out and engaged in farming in Van Buren. Three children were born after the war, Charlie, Jennie, and Mary. Charlie died in 1881, and Jennie died in February, 1884. Martha (Veilie) Hill died in September, 1884. In September, 1885, Alvah married Mrs. Frances Milspaugh, of Van Buren. She was born in 1838. They are members of the M. E. Church of Canton. Alvah is a member of Corey Post, G. A. R., of Wayne. MRS. HANNAH L. HORNER, widow of Clark Horner, was born in Barry, Orleans Co., N. Y., February 24, 1813. Her parents were Gideon and Welthy Freeman. April 26, I832, Hannah L. Freeman married Clark Horner, of Orleans Co., N. Y, Clark Horner was born in Dryden, N. Y., Dec. 5, I808. In May, 1832, he and his wife came to Huron Township (afterwards Van Buren), Mich. where he had purchased 80 acres of land from the United States Government, in 1831. In 1835 a Methodist class was formed at his house, being the first organization towards a church in the township. The first to meet were I. C. Moon and wife, A. Parks and wife, C. Horner and wife, and Ann Freeman, Mr. Horner served as steward of the M. E. Church of Canton for over 40 years. Two children

PERSONAL SKETCHES-VAN BUREN. 1465 were born to them. William K., born April 17, 1833, and Harriet, born Sept. 22, I835. Harriet married Reuben Corey, March 4, I862, and died Jan. 12, 1863. Anson R. was Harriet's only child, born Dec. 26, 1862, and died Feb. 12, I863. Reuben Corey enlisted in Co. H, 24th Mich. Infantry, in Aug. 1862, and was killed in the battle of the Wilderness, in 1864. Clark Horner died Nov. I8, 1886, aged 77. Mrs. Horner has a farm of 40 acres in Van Buren, also two and a half acres in Denton. She has been a member of the M. E. Church of Denton since its organization. MRS. RHODA C. HORNER, of Van Buren, widow of John B. Horner, was born in Collins, Erie Co., N. Y., Aug. 22, 1822. Her maiden name was Reed. She was married to John B. Horner, Nov. 5, 1843. John B. was born in New York State, Feb. 4, i8i8. He came to Michigan in 1832, and located 46 acres of land in Van Buren, and kept adding to it until, at his death, he had 314 acres in one body. He died Sept. o0, 1885. Two children were born to them, Sarah Ellen, born Aug. 5, 1848, and married to John B. Goundry, of Van Buren, and Emma May, born Sept. 14, 1862, and married to Thomas M. Lucking, of Ypsilanti. Thomas and wife reside with Mrs. Horner upon the old homestead, which, since the division made to Sarah Ellen, contains 140 acres. WILLIAM K. HORNER, of Van Buren, was born in Van Buren, on the farm he now owns, April 17. I833. His parents, Clark and Hannah L. Horner, came from New York State in 1832, locating in Van Buren Township, upon 80 acres of land Clark Horner had purchased in 1831. Clark Horner died Nov. 18, i886, aged 77 years. May 5, 1856, William K. married Esther Lamkin, of Exeter, Monroe Co., Mich. Esther was born Aug. 14, 1838. They have had five children. Della, born Feb. 4, 1857, and died Feb. 12, 1858; Mary, born Aug. 14, 1859; Esther M., born November i, I861: Hattie L. and Clara B. HARVEY R. HUBBARD, of Van Buren Township, was born in Canandaigua, N. Y., Oct. I6, I807, and came to Michigan in 1817, locating in Detroit, then to Section I6 of Huron Township. He married Rosinah Wright, of Romulus, Mich., July 4, 1839. Rosinah was born Nov. 29, i819. They have had 11 children, John, James N. C, George F., Letitia, Lavina, Gilbert, Hartwell and Harvey, twins, Theodore, Eliza E., and Sarah. Those that have died are George F., John and Harvey. ALFRED JACKSON, proprietor of the Arlington Hotel of Belleville, Wayne Co., Mich., was born in England, Oct. 26, 1854. His parents, Thomas and Sarah (Towler) Jackson, came to America in 1855, locating in Rawsonville, Mich. Alfred remained at home, working with his father upon the farm which he purchased in Van Buren, in 1861, until the spring of I874. Sarah (Towler) Jackson died in 1884, aged 72 years. Thomas is still living with Alfred. Nov. 26, 1874, Alfred married Hattie Thompson, of Ypsilanti, Mich. Hattie was born in Van Buren, Mich., July 6, 1854. Her parents, William and Charlotte Thompson, were English people, coming to America in 1851. Charlotte died in 1873, aged 56. William is still living. After his marriage Alfred purchased the farm of his father, remaining there until 1886, when he moved to Belleville. In March, 1888, he purchased the Arlington Hotel, and began life as a landlord. Their only child, Charlie, was born Sept. 8, 1884. ISAAC JEWEL, of Van Buren, was born in Wayne Co., N. Y., Oct. 24, 1842. He, with his parents, came to Michigan in I844. In 1851 they moved to the farm Isaac is now on. May 5, I86I, Isaac married Elizabeth Daugherty, of Canada. Elizabeth was born Sept. 14, 1841. Isaac enlisted in the 7th Mich. Cavalry, in Feb., 1862. During the threshing season he operates two threshers of his own. They have five children, John C., born Jan. 9, 1862; Isaac L., born June I, I863; Betsey E., born Aug. 6, 1865; Clarence D., born Oct. 23, i868; and AsaW., born Aug. 14, I874. His father, Daniel Jewel, died July 21, 1868, aged 52 years. HENRY B. JOHNSON, of Van Buren, was born in Raisinville, Monroe Co., Mich., July 29, 1841. His parents, Jacob K. and Deidama (Frasier) Johnson, came to Michigan in I830. Jacob K. died in 1851, aged 60 years; Deidama died in 1872, aged 55 years. Aug. 5, i86I, Henry B. enlisted in Co. K, ist Michigan Infantry. He was made a prisoner at the battle of Gaines's Mill, in June, 1862, and held for 67 days, being confined at Libby and Belle Island, and again, on July 2, I863, at the battle of Gettysburgh, being held until he made his escape. He was discharged Aug. 7, 1864, by reason of expiration of enlistment. He returned to Wayne Co. and engaged in farming. July 4, 1865, he married Elizabeth L. Hurd, of Huron, Wayne Co., Mich. Elizabeth was born in Van Buren, Nov. 13, 1848. They have io children, Mary L., Oliver E.. Sarah E., Norman B., William, Caroline, Charles, Emma May, Mabel, and a baby. JOHN JOSLIN, of Van Buren, was born in Noble, Noble Co., Ind., Feb. 14, I844. His parents, John M. and Fannie (Arnold) Joslin, located in Detroit in I847. When John was 13 years old he began for himself, selling papers in Detroit. When 18, he went into the country to work at farming. Feb. 22, I867, he married Mary Spear, of Van Buren. Mary was born July 15, 1844. Her parents, Joseph and Rachel (Post) Spear, are yet living. Mr. and Mrs. Joslin have three children, Francis,-born Oct. 22, 1869; Jennie, born Sept. 15, 1872; Bertha, born Dec. 21, 1873. The family are members of the

1466 PERSONAL SKETCHES-VAN BUREN. Tyler Street M. E. Church of Van Buren. Mr. Joslin is a member of the A. O. U. W. of Sheldens. ISAAC LEONARD, of Van Buren, was born in Washington Co., N. Y., Sept. 21, 18i8. In 1841, he married Susan Anderson, of New York State. Susan was born in 1820, and died in 1843. In 1844 he married Mary B. Anderson. Mary was born in 1824. In I855 he came to Michigan and purchased 40 acres of wild land. He made the first clearing, and has erected substantial buildings. The farm is under a high state of cultivation, and Mr. Leonard and wife are in circumstances of comfort and ease. They have no children. CHARLES L. LERAY, wagon and carriage manufacturer and photographer of Belleville, Mich., was born June 27, 1867. His parents, Joseph and Roxana LeRay, were Eastern people, coming to Van Buren, Wayne Co., Mich., in I873. In I875 his parents moved to Belleville, his father opening a wagon shop. In 1878, his father formed a copartnership with Charles Whipple and they established a general wagon and blacksmithing works. Charles L. began his trade in 1884. In I886 he purchased Mr. Whipple's interest in the works, and in 1887 learned the Photographer's trade, fitting up rooms and putting in the latest improvements. He has a good business established. JAMES McGOUGH, of Van Buren, was born in Scotland, Jan. 13, 1844, and came to the United States in I845. In I866 James moved to Detroit, Mich. In March, 1882, he married Mrs. Mary (Livernois) Busha, of Greenfield, Wayne Co., Mich. Mary was born in Springwells, in March, 1845. Mrs. Busha is the mother of six children, named Busha, Daniel, George, Emily, and Frances. Emily and George died when infants and George W., died when I i months old. Joseph was born Oct. 16, 1878, and is with his stepfather. Mr. and Mrs. McGough have had three children, Peter,who died when an infant; Mary Ann, born Dec. 29, 1884; Lottie, who died when an infant. Mr. McGough farms ioo acres. ROBERT H. MCKINSTRY, of Van Buren, a carpenter and joiner and farmer, was born in Van Buren, Wayne Co., Mich., Aug. 28, 1836. His parents, Archie and Mary (Adams) McKinstry, came to Michigan in I834, taking up 80 acres of land in Van Buren, Wayne Co., and living there until their deaths. Archie died Oct. 23, 1884, aged 73; Mary died May 12, 1885, aged 75. Robert lived at home until he was 21. He then learned his trade. Oct. i6, I863, he married Mary E. Sitlington, of Canton, Mich. Mary was born in Canton, Dec. I, 1843. Her parents were Henry and Fanny Sitlington. Her mother is dead. Mr. and Mrs. McKinstry have nine children, Henry R., born July I, 1864; George, born Dec. 18, 1865; Fred, born Dec. 23, I867; Mary Ellen, born Sept. 25, I869; Frank, born Sept. 23, 1871; Ira, born May 22, 1875; Ervin, born May 14, 1878; Elsie, born April 9, 1880; Steve, born Aug. 5, I884. Ira died July 22, 1876. The rest are living. Mr. McKinstry is a member of Myrtle Lodge, No. 89, F. & A. M., of Belleville. WILLIAM H. MCKINSTRY, of Van Buren, was born in Van Buren, April I, I841. His parents, Hugh and Betsey McKinstry, came to Van Buren in 1834, and took up 80 acres of land from the government. Hugh died in I854, aged 54 years. Betsey died in 1885, aged 86. William H. owns the farm his father took from the government. His parents lived with him until their death. The farm is under a high state of cultivation. He has five barns and outbuildings, the house being recently built. Mr. McKinstry is a member of the M. E. Church, of Sheldon's Corners. JONATHAN MILLER, of Van Buren, was born in Walworth, Wayne Co., N. Y., Dec. i, I82r. His parents, Horace and Clarissa (Rawson) Miller, with a family, came to Wayne Co., Mich., in I835. October 15, 1848, he married Eliza Wylie, of Van Buren, Eliza was born in Augusta, Mich., Oct. 5, I833. He has always been engaged in farming. They have seven children, Dora, Nora, I eafy. Willa J., Elmer and Bertha. Nora died Nov. Ii, I886. Eliza (Wylie) Miller died March 11, I888. MRS. ISABELLA MOTT, of Van Buren, widow of Adam R. Mott, was born in Delaware Co.. N. Y., Oct. io, 1826. Her parents, Henry and Jeannette (Crawford) Robson, came to America from England, in 1818. Henry and wife and four children came to Van Buren Township, Michigan, in 1831. Jeannette died in 1877, aged 74; Henry died in I88o aged 76. Isabella Robson married Ezra Francisco, of Van Buren, Mich., Feb 13, I855. Ezra was born in New York, July 14, I829. Two children were born, Robert H., born Oct. 19, 1855; Belle, born July 22, 1857; both are living. Ezra died Oct. I, 1859 October ii. 1863, Mrs. Isabella Francisco married Adam R. Mott, of Canton, Mich. Adam was born in Massachusetts, Sept. 25, 1807. He came to Van Buren Township, Michigan, in 1834. By this marriage one child, Blanche, was born, Oct. 30, i868. Adam R. Mott died March I, I886. Robert H. Robson. son of Isabella Mott, married Ann Fuller, of Canton, Mich., Oct. 24, 1877. Ann was born Feb. 21, 1854. They have four children, Maud, born Sept. 5, 1879; David Ezra, born Jan. 3 I881; Aristeen, born May 9, 1885; Guy, born April IO, i888. JOHN L. NOWLIN, of Van Buren Township, was born in Dearborn, Wayne Co., Mich., April 29, i858, and is a son of Michael Nowlin. He attended school at Ypsilanti, seven years. October

PERSONAL SKETCHES-VAN BUREN. I467 17, I883, he married Hattie L. Horner, of Van Buren. Hattie (Horner) Nowlin was born in Van Buren Township, Oct. 14, I866. John's farm contains 48 acres. MICHAEL NOWLIN, of Van Buren was born in Kent, Dutchess Co., N. Y., July I8, I816. His parents were James and Catherine Nowlin. Cathejine died in 1846, aged 58 years. James died in 1864, aged 89 years. January 6, I849, Michael married Sarah Nowlin, of Dearborn, Mich. Sarah was born in Kent, Duchess Co., N. Y., Oct. 27, 1825. Her parents were John and Lorinda Nowlin. John died in 1869, aged 76 years. Lorinda died in I873, aged 71 years. Michael came to Michigan in I835, locating in Macomb Co. In 1859 he came to Dearborn, Wayne Co.. and remained there until I868, then going to Ypsilanti for the purpose of educating his children, In 1875 he moved to Van Buren, where he has since resided. They have four children, Laura Ann, born March 20, 1851; Mary, born Nov. 23, 1852; Laura A., born Feb. 17, 1855; John L., born April 29, I858. OWEN OWENS, of Van Buren, was born in Floyd, N. Y., Sept. 22, I830, and came to Michigan in 1845, working his way from the East. He located in Van Buren Township, and remained here until the breaking out of the rebellion. August 24, I861, he enlisted in Co. I, IIth Mich. Volunteer Infantry, as a private. He was afterward detailed as teamster. He went with the regiment and remained with it until his discharge in the fall of 1864. February I8, 1865, Owen married Charity Jewell, of Sumpter, Mich. Charity was born in Rose, Wayne Co., N. Y., Dec. 27, 1844. Her people came to Michigan in 1846. Mr. Owen came to Van Buren in 1867, and has since resided here. They have two children, Idella, born Feb. 14, I874, and Milo, born April 6, 1877. REV. DAVID J. PARKER, of Van Buren, Wayne Co., Mich., was born in Parma, Monroe Co., N. Y., Feb. 20, 1822. His father's name was John Parker. He died Jan. 20, 1858, aged 80 years. His mother's maiden name was Mercy Tyler. She died May 2, 1842, aged 56 years. Mr. Parker came to Detroit on the old steamer, Chesapeake, May 6, 1839 and located on his present farm in Oct. 1839. He married Jerusha P. Savage on March 23. 1842. She was born in Charlotte Township, Chautauqua Co., N. Y., on May 15, 1824. Her father, Minor Savage, died in Jan., i86I, aged 71 years. Her mother's maiden name was Clarissa Dunham; she died in August, I869, aged 76 years. Mr. Parker commenced his ministry, in December, 1853. His wife died July 23, I855, aged 31 years, and he married Amanda Savage, his wife's sister, on Dec. I2, 1855. She was born in Charlotte, Chautauqua Co.. N. Y.. April 28, 1826. Mr. Parker was ordained to the work of the ministry by an ecclesiastical council composed of delegates from Baptist Churches. Rev. M. Allen, of Detroit, was Moderator, and Rev. S. Cornelius, of Detroit, clerk of said council, which convened at the house of Henry Peters. in Ash, Monroe Co., Mich. May 19, 1857. Mr. Parker was pastor of the Baptist church of Ash for 12 years. The church is reorganized and is now the Baptist church, of Flat Rock, Mich. In I847-8 he preached at Monroe City, and has been a pioneer preacher or self-appointed missionary, preaching in school-houses in the following townships: Huron, Romulus, Brownstown. Taylor, Sumpter, and Van Buren, and in Berlin, Monroe County. He was pastor of the Baptist Church of New Boston, Mich., from Sept. 16, 1871. His second wife died Jan. 7, 1887, aged 60 years. He married his third wife, Mrs. Emma J. Savage, widow of Cornelius D. Savage, who was a brother of his first and second wife, on June i, 1887. Her maiden name was Emma Jane Blanchard. She was born in Penn Yan, N. Y., on April II, 1840 -Her father's name was Gabriel Blanchard; her mother's maiden name was Hannah M. Henry; both deceased. Mr. Parker has had five children, David A., died Aug. 23, 1843, aged two years. Frank F., is at Caldwell, Bois Co., Idaho. Dr A. J. Parker is a physician in Caro. Two daughters live near Wahjamega, Tuscola Co., Mich. MRS. LUCY A. READ, of VanBuren, was born in New York State, Aug. 12, I830. She married Henry Punches, of Van Buren, Nov. 15, 1847. He came to Michigan in 1832, taking up 80 acres of land from the government. They had eight children. Mr. Punches died April IO, 1871, and on Aug. 2, 1872, Mrs. Punches married Richard Read, who died in Oct., I873. Her farm contains 20 acres, WILLIAM RENTON is a native of Scotland, being born in Innerwick, June, 1824. He came to America in 185o, and lived in Geneva. N. Y., until 1853, when he settled in Van Buren Township, on a splendid farm of 200 acres. He married Agnes Greig in Detroit, March 4, 186I. She is also a native of Scotland. They have had nine children, seven of whom are now living, viz.: Andrew T., Elizabeth, David G., Jessie R., William 0., Belle and Theodore W. Mr. R. cast his first vote for Abraham Lincoln, and has continued with the Republican party since then. FRANK E. RIGGS, son of Loren and Frances A. Riggs, was born in Van Buren Township, Wayne Co., Mich., June 25, I859. He was married to Ella T. Rappleye, of Van Buren, Mich., Aug. 16, 1878. Ella T., was born July 23. i86o. Her parents, Jonas L. and Mary (Freeman) Rappleye, came to Wayne Co., Mich, in 1853. In 1885 Frank E. was engaged in the meat business in Milan, Monroe

I468 PERSONAL SKETCHES-VAN BUREN. Co., Mich. In the spring of 1887 he returned to the farm he now owns, and has been engaged in farming. They have 3 children, Clarence born May 29, i880; Roy, born March 20, I883; May, born May IO, i886. GILBERT RIGGS, of Van Buren Township, was born in Lyons, Wayne Co., N.Y., Jan. 2, 1822. He came with his parents, Peter and Harriet (Dunham) Riggs, to Wayne Co., Mich., in 1836. Gilbert Riggs married Marion H. Ely, of Van Buren Township, Sept. 6. I852. Marion (Ely) Riggs was born in Otsego Co., N. Y., Aug. 21, 1828. Their children are, Charles F., born Aug. I, 1855; Lizzie M., born Dec. 13, 1857; George W., born Dec. 6, 1860; John A., born April 7; 1863; and Willard N., born Sept. 30, 1865. George W., died June 14, J86I, and Willard G., died Sept. 18, 1868. Marion (Ely) Riggs died Sept, I, 1868. On March I, 1869, Gilbert Riggs married Frances (Averill) Babcock, of Canandaigua, N.Y. Frances was born in Palmyra, N. Y,, Feb. 27, I829. Charles F., son of Gilbert Riggs, is married to Adele Rappleye, and lives in Superior, Washtenaw Co. Gilbert's farm contains 193 acres. They are members of the M. E. Church, of Belleville. His mother, Harriet, died April 14, 1862, aged 69 years; his father, Peter, died May 5, 1863, aged 86 years. HIRAM RIGGS, of Van Buren Township, was born in Ellery, Chautauqua Co,, N. Y., Nov. I4, 1827. He came to Wayne Co., with his parents, Peter and Harriet (Dunham) Riggs in I832. Aug. IO, I870, he married Mary A. House, of Ann Arbor. Mary (House) Riggs was born in Gayland, Wayne Co., N. Y., June 30, I844. Her parents, Samuel and Ophelia (Mitchell) House, came to Washtenaw Co., Mich., in the fall of 1844. They are still living in Ann Arbor, Samuel aged 69 years in 1888, and Ophelia aged 70 years in January, 1888. Hiram and Mary Riggs have had three children, Ernest A., born Jan. 29, 1874; Etta Ophelia, born Dec. 18, 1876, and Burt Newell, born Dec. 30, 1878. Etta Ophelia died Aug. 7, I877. Mr. Riggs' farm contains 175 acres. MRS. JULIA (CHROUCH) RIGGS, widow of Dunham Riggs, was born in Collins, Erie Co., N. Y., June 7, 1839. Her parents, Raill and Anna (Clark) Chrouch, came to Michigan in 1846, locating in Wayne Co., near Dearborn. Anna (Clark) Chrouch died in i851, aged 43 years; Raill Chrouch died in 1869, aged 67 years. Julia Chrouch married Dunham Riggs, June 15, 1867. Dunham Riggs is a son of Peter and Harriet (Dunham) Riggs, and was born May 29, 1820, and died Dec. 29, 1885. They had four children, Ryal P. D., born July I9, i868; Mary Grace, born May 27, 1870; James F. Joy, born Oct. 5, 1873, and Hiram G., born Sept. 22, 1879. Since his father's death, Ryal has superintended the farm, which contains 213 acres. LOREN RIGGS, of Van Buren Township, was born in Ellery, N. Y., April 14, 1824. He came to Michigan with his parents, Peter and Harriet (Dunham) Riggs, in 1836. Oct. 28, 1855, he married Frances A. Ely, of Van Buren Township. Frances (Ely) Riggs was born in Richfield, N. Y., July 2, I834. They have had 5 children, Albert B., born July 23, I855; Frank E., born June 25, I859; Effie S., born Aug. 6, I861, Violet M., born Dec. 15, 1864, and Irving H., born March I, I868. Effie S., died Aug. 29, 1864. The farm contains Ioo acres. WILLIAM R. RIGGS, of Van Buren Township, was born in Erie Co., Penn., May 24, 1836, and came to Michigan in 1836 with his parents, Peter and Harriet (Dunham) Riggs. March 4, I869, he married Ellen Burt, of Van Buren. Ellen (Burt) Riggs was born in Rochester, N. Y., April I I, 1834, and died Feb. 27, 1870. Jan. 7, 1873, William R. married Harriet Bull, of Toronto, Ontario. Harriet (Bull) Riggs was born in Toronto, Jan. 24, I853. They have 5 children, Annie, born July 23, 1874; Lina, born Aug. 4, I876, Wilbert, born Sept. 15, 1878; Elmer, born June IO, I88I, and Amy, born Nov. 19, 1883. The farm contains I6o acres. SAMUEL ROBBE, of Van Buren, was born in Petersboro, New Hampshire, Aug. ii, I806, and came to Michigan in the fall of 1830, living first at Detroit. In I831 he located on the farm he now owns in Van Buren, and April4, 1832 was granted a deed of the land, the deed being No. 4755, and signed by Andrew Jackson, President of the United States, Oct. 28, 1835, he married Hannah Hall, of Detroit. Hannah was born in England, Aug. 14, I815. She came to America when I6 years old, and located in Detroit. They have had seven children, Alexander, born July 9, 1836; Annie; Cicero, born Sept. 23, 1841; Franklin; Mary Agnes, who died when 3 years old; Benjamin, born in 1843, and died Aug. 19, I887; and Nellie. Hannah (Hall) Robbe died April 26 I886. Cicero married Maria Frain of Van Buren, Nov, 17, I867. Maria (Frain) Robbe was born in Van Buren June 7, 847. Cicero and Maria have two children, Katie Evelyn, born March 9, 1870, and Samuel Henry, born Feb. 24, 1873. Samuel Robbe makes his home with Cicero. EUROTAS M. ROBSON, of Van Buren, was born in Van Buren on the farm (a part of which he now owns), Dec. i5, 1847. His parents, Henry and Jeannette Robson, were English people, coming to America in I818, and to Van Buren, Mich., in I835. Henry was born in I804 and died in I880; Jeannette was born in I803, and died in i877. Eurotas married Electa M. Young, of Van Buren, Mich.,

PERSONAL SKETCHES-VAN BUREN. I469 Feb. 27, 1877. Electa was born in Van Buren, Dec. 22, 1853. Her parents, Oliver and Corinthia Convis, were Eastern people, and are living in Waterman, Conn. They have had two children, George 0.. born March 8, I873, and a baby, born Nov. I8, 1884, living but nine days. His farm contains 203 acres. He has been Treasurer of School District No. 2 for four years. JAMES K. P. ROBSON, of Van Buren, was born in Van Buren on the farm (a part of which he now owns(, Jan. 8, 1845. His parents, Henry and Jeannette Robson, were English people, coming to America in I818, and to Van Buren Township in I835. Henry was born in I804, and died in I880. Jeannette was born in 1803, and died in 1877. On Feb. 5, 1874, James married Mary A. Voorheis, of Van Buren. Mary was born in Van Buren, Mich., July 7, 1843. Her parents were Joseph and Lydia (Lewis) Voorheis. Lydia died in 1847, aged 25; Joseph died in I881, aged 71. Mr. and Mrs. Robson have two children, Carl L., born July 25, 1877, and Ralph G., born July 25, I879. His farm contains 200 acres, and he has been Director of School District No. 2, for three years. PETER M. ROGERS, of Rawsonville, was born in Elbridge, Onondaga Co., N. Y., March 30, 1812, and came to Michigan in I834, locating in Ypsilanti Township. He married Charlotte German, of Ypsilanti, Sept. 27, 834. She was born in Greene, N. Y., June 21, 1817. She came to Michigan in 1832. They have had six children, Admiral Nelson, born July 27, 1836, died Oct. 26, 1836; Phebe Carissa, born Dec. 12, I836, died Nov. 6, 1838; Square Abram, born Nov. 21, I840, died June 12, 1852; Nelson Demetrius, born Sept. 20, 1843, died Nov. 7, 1865; Square Abram, born Nov. 12, 1852. Mr. Rogers farms 132 acres. DANIEL ROUND, of Van Buren, was born in Vermont, Sept. 30, I829. He came to Michigan in the fall of 1850, and purchased land in Sumpter, Wayne County. In the spring of I851 he sold out and returned to Vermont. July 5, 1852, he married Percilla Phillips, of Vermont, daughter of Josiah and Sally Phillips. Percilla was born in 1834. In 1853, he, with his wife, returned to Van Buren and purchased the farm he now owns. By this marriage he had one child, Ida L., born Nov. 20, I859. Percilla (Phillips) Round died Oct. 31, I867. Dec. 9, I868, Daniel married Helena M. Brown, of Van Buren, Mich. Helena was born in Butternuts, Otsego Co., N. Y., April 29, 1832. Her parents, Nathan and Lydia Brown, came to Michigan in 1835, and settled in Van Buren Township. Nathan Brown died Nov. I6, 1860, aged 59 years; Lydia Brown died Jan. 19, I872. WILLIAM C. ROWE, of Van Buren, was born in Cornwall, Eng., Sept. 5, 1842. He came to America in 1852 with his parents, Charles and Susan Rowe, they locating in Detroit, where they still reside. William served three years at carpenter and joiner work, and in I860 entered the employ of the M. C. R. R. Co. as a day laborer and worked his way up to general superintendent of shops. March 4, 1863, he married Ruth Bullock, of Detroit. She was born in Plymouth, Michigan, Dec. 13, I839. She died Nov. IO, 1874. There were four children, Hattie Maria, born May 22, I866; Edward W., born March 13. I868; Annie R., born April 9, 1870; Fred Charles, born June I6, 1872. Sept. 30, 1875, William married Lena Spaulding, she being the widow of Benjamin R. Spaulding, who served in the War with the South. She had four children, Josephine, Charles H. and Cynthia. Charles H., died Dec. I9, I877, aged nine years. The children by this last marriage are Frank W., born May I6, 1878; Charles S., born Sept. 30, 1884, died Feb. IO, 1885; Susie A., born Nov. 3, I885, died Feb. 28, I888. Mr. Rowe lost a leg by accident upon railroad, but he attends to his farm and looks after his property in Detroit, where he owns several houses and lots. ROBERT RUFFELL, of Van Buren, was born in Suffolk, England, July 17, I827. Aug. 10, 1852, he married Ann Pudney, of Great Clacton, Eng. Ann Pudney was born in England, Aug. 31, I826. July 9, 1870, they landed in Detroit. Sept. I, 1870, they moved to Superior, where they lived for two years, then living in Canton for five years. In 1879 they purchased the farm they now own in Van Buren Township, and have since resided here. They have no children. DANIEL SAVAGE, of Van Buren, was born in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., May 13, 827. He, with his parents, came to Michigan in I834. Daniel remained at home until I85I, when he returned to New York State. In 1852 he crossed the plains for California and engaged in mining, remaining there until I866, when he returned to Michigan, coming by water. He purchased the farm he now owns, and on Nov. 23, 1867, he married Mrs. Marion (Lindsay) Lefler, of Brownstown, Wayne Co., Mich. Marion (Lefler) Savage was born in Plymouth, Mich., July 17, 1830. Mrs. Savage had two children named Lefler, Bertha A., born Sept. 13, I860, and Allen G., born Aug. 30, I864. Mr. and Mrs. Savage have had two children. John Miner Savage, born Sept. 25, i868, manages the farm. One died in infancy. WILLIAM OBED SAVAGE, farmer of Van Buren, was born in Van Buren, Wayne Co., Mich., May 27, 1837. His parents, Miner and Clarissa Savage, came to Wayne Co., Mich., in 1835. Oct. 24, i86o,

1470 PERSONAL SKETCHES-VAN BUREN. William married Jeannette Renton, of Van Buren, Wayne Co, Mich. Jeannette (Renton) Savage was born in Scotland, Feb 17, 1830. She came to Michigan with her parents, Andrew and Agnes Renton, in 1853, Agnes Renton died 1854, aged 52; Andrew Renton died 1877, aged 8I. Mr. and Mrs. Savage have three children, William 0., born July 16, I86r; James J., born Oct. Ir, 1862, and Frank W., born Jan I, I865. Mr. Savage farms I 13 acres. ALBERT SMITH, of Canton. was born in Canton, Wayne Co., Mich., Dec. 14, 1854. His parents, William H. and Betsey (Smith) Smith, came to Michigan, when children William purchased land in Canton, Wayne Co., living here at the time of his death, Dec. 12, I861, aged thirty-one years. Albert inherited the farm he now has, and began for himself when 21 years of age. April 29, I882, he married Ada M. Parkhurst, of Canton. Ada was born in Appleton. Wis., July 24, 1864. Her parents were James A. and Lorena Parkhurst. Mr. and Mrs. Smith have one child. Lottie M., born Jan. 28, 1887. Mr. S. is a member of the Grangers and Good Templars has held the offices of Constable, Township Treasurer, Director of Fractional School District No. 2, of Canton and Van Buren In I878-9 he was engaged in general merchandise business at Sheldon, Wayne Co., Mich. CHARLES W. SMITH, of Van Buren, was born in Ypsilanti, Mich., Feb. 4 1842. His parents, William and Sarah (Watts) Smith, came to America, from England in 1837, settling in Ypsilanti, Mich, and engaging in farming. William died Oct. 1882, aged 74 years. His mother is still living. Feb. 21, i86i, Charles W. married Elizabeth Eberle, of Canada Elizabeth was born in Canada, July 6, 1842. They have had six children, Joseph, born July 27, I862; Ella, born Dec. I4 I863; Clarence, born Dec. 12, 1865; Margaret, born July 2, I868; George, born May 24, 1872; Lawrence, born Jan. 7, 1879. Joseph died Feb. 9, I863. Mr. Smith has been School Assessor for six years, School Director for nine years, and Constable for two years. In April, 1886, he was elected Justice of the Peace to fill vacancy. His term expired in July, 1889. ISHMAEL SMITH, of Denton, Van Buren Township, was born in England, Jan. Io, 1828, came to America in June, 1837, going to Ypsilanti, and moved with his parents to Van Buren in 1842. He remained with his father until 1851, giving his earnings toward supporting the family. July 4, i85o, he married Honour Reynolds, of Augusta, Mich, Honour was born in New York, Dec. 27, 1831. In 1856 Ishmael engaged in milling at Denton, and continued until 1887, when he sold the mill to Myron G. Cotton. They have had 12 chil dren, William. Diana, Milford, Ishmael, Charles E., Walter E. Sarah, Mary, Katie, Caroline, Nellie and Bertha. Diana, Mary and Katie are dead. WILLIAM H. SMITH, of Van Buren was born in Ypsilanti, Mich., Jan. 31, I831. His parents, William and Sarah (Watts) Smith, were from England, coming to America in I837, William died in Oct., 1882, aged 74 years. His mother is still living. July i, 1858, William H. married Elizabeth Barton, of Van Buren, Mich. Elizabeth was born in England, Nov. 5, 1838. Her parents, John and Jane Barton, came to Van Buren direct from England, in Feb, i855, and are still living in Van Buren. William H. purchased 50 acres of the farm he now owns in I856, and after his marriage they purchased 40 acres additional. They have had o1 children, Charles H.. Walter, Harriet, John, Clayton, Burton, William, Marcus, Jesse and Jason. Those that are dead are Walter, Marcus and Jason. In the spring of I888, Mr. Smith began the erection of a large and commodious farm house, which was completed during that year. The farm is under a high state of cultivation. DAVID SOOP, of Van Buren Township, was born in Seneca, New York, in April, 1826. He with his parents, Abram and Maria (Spaun) Soop, came toVan Buren in 1 832, his father locating Section 17, of Van Buren Township. Abram died June 25, 1841, aged 47 years, from injuries received from a runaway team. Maria died April 22, I872, aged 77 years. May 15, 1848, David married Sarah L. Root, of Ash, Monroe Co, Mich. Sarah was born in Eaton, Madison Co., N. Y., Feb. 26, 1831. Her mother, Hannah Root, died in 1872. Her father, John Root, died in June, 1883, aged 89 years. Abram Soop and David Dalrymple located the first burial ground, of Van Buren, upon Abram Soop's farm in 1832, and David Dalrymple was the first buried in the grounds in Sept., I883. They have had 10 children, Franklin, Ann, Ella, William H., Herman, Maria, Alice, Malcomb, Ellen, and a baby unnamed. Maria, Ellen and the baby are dead. David has held the responsible offices of Town Treasurer, Road Commissioner and Drain Superintendent. CHARLES S. STANLEY, of Van Buren was born in Ogden, Monroe, N. Y., Sept. 15, 1815. Came to Michigan with his parents in Oct., 1833, they locating upon the farm Charles S. now owns. He married Sarah Bennett, of Unadilla, Mich,, June 4, 1846. Sarah (Bennett) Stanley was born in Sodus, Wayne Co., N. Y., Aug Io, 1822, and died Jan. I3, I88I. They have had four children, Clarence Bennett, born March 26, 1847; John P., born June 20, I853. Myron Hawley and Marion

PERSONAL SKETCHES-VAN BUREN. I471 Walker, born July 25, 1858. Mr. Stanley owns 160 acres of land. MR. JOHN STRONG, of Van Buren was born in Van Buren, Sept. 10, I835. His parents, Edward and Margaret (Punches) Strong, came to Michigan in 1832. His mother took up 80 acres of land in 1832, and is still living upon the old homestead. His father died Nov. 9. I883. John was married Dec. 25, 1864, to Alice Rowley, of Canton, Mich. Alice (Rowley) Strong, was born June 20, 1841. Her father, James Rowley. came from New York to Michigan in 1834. He died Aug. ii, 1887. aged 73 years Her mother. Louisa (Knapp) Strong came to Michigan in 1837, and is still living upon the old homestead in Canton, Wayne Co, Mich. Mr. and Mrs. John Strong have one child, William, born Feb. 2, 1856. MRS. MARGARET (PUNCHES) STRONG; widow of Edward Strong, was born in Vora, Ontario Co., N. Y., July 5, i8io. Margaret Punches married Edward Strong, Oct. 12, 1833. Edward Strong was born in Massachusetts, March 26, 1815. He came to Michigan in 1832. Edward Strong died Nov. 9, 1883. To Mr. and Mrs. Strong five children were born, William, John, Catherine, Lydia and Sarah Jane. Lydia still lives at home and takes care of the farm, managing it in all the details of work. Mrs. Strong located 80 acres of the present farm in her own right from the government in 1832. They have a fine farm of 120 acres. MARVIN R. STRONG, of Van Buren, was born in Genesee Co., N. Y., Dec. 25, 1822. His parents Roswell and Catherine (Curtis) Strong, with a family of seven children, came to Michigan, and direct to Van Buren Township, Nov 25, 1833. Marvin remained at home, giving his earnings to the support of the family until he was 25 years of age. In Oct, 1847, Marvin married Mary Ann Milspaugh, of Wayne, Mich Mary Ann was born in Chemung Co., N. Y., in 1820. Her father, Nicolas Milspaugh, died Jan. 6, 1827; her mother, Elizabeth, some 20 years after. They never came to Michigan. Mary Ann came when but a child, with her grandparents. The children born to Marvin and Mary Ann Strong are, Catherine Ann, born March I6, 1849; Mercy Strong, born Oct 15, 1852, and died in 1854. Roswell Strong died in I886, aged 8I; Catherine Strong died in I868, aged 83. PETER P. TERHUNE, of Van Buren, was born ip Berden, N. J., Nov. I, 181 3. His parents, Peter A. and Hester (Campbell) Terhune, were American born, but of Holland descent. Peter A. died Sept. I8, I83r, aged 68 years; Hester C. died in 186o, aged 86 years. March 8, 1838. he married Jane Post, of New Jersey. Jane (Post) Terhune was born in New Jersey, July 25, 1817. Her parents, John C. and Catherine (Harris) Post, came to Michigan in 1838, and located in Van Buren, Wayne Co. In 1848, Peter P. and his wife came to Michigan, locating on the farm he now owns. John C. Post was born in I789, and died Nov. 23, 1874. Catherine H. Post was born May 13, 1792, and died Feb. 28, 1864. Peter P. and Jane P. Terhune have one child, John, born Dec. 30, 1838. In 1867 they adopted a girl named Emma Wiles. Emma was born Sept. 24, 1862. May 24, 1883, she married Charles Leonard, of Van Buren, Wayne Co., Mich. Emma (Wiles) Leonard died Aug 23 1883. GEORGE THIRKETTLE, of Van Buren, was born in England, Dec. 3, 1847. His parents, George and Mary (Billings) Thirkettle, came to America in I851, and in 1852 came to Van Buren, where George and his mother still reside His father died July 28, 187I, aged 47 years In his father's family there were nine children, William, John, Ann, Manuel, Hannah, Sarah, George, Julia and Henry. William died Dec. 19, 1885, aged 52 years; Sarah died in 1851, aged six years. George was married Feb. 10, 1886, to Mary Jane Stohaub, of Romulus. Mary J. Stohaub was born in Romulus, Wayne Co., Mich., Sept. 26, I858. They have one child. EUROTAS THROOP, of Van Buren, was born in Van Buren on the farm he now owns. His father. Luther was born Jan. 3 I801; his mother was born Jan. 13 1802. They came to Van Buren Township, Mich. in 1835. locating land and receiving their deed from the Government. March 29, 1865, Eurotas married Caroline Tedder, of Augusta, Mich. Caroline (Tedder) Throop was born in England, May 14. 1846. Her parents, Thomas and Ann (Youngs) Tedder first located in Vermont, then moved to Augusta, Mich. They are both living. and are about 65 years old. The children born to Mr. and Mrs. Throop are, Luther E. born Nov. i6, 1865; Ella, born Dec 7, 1876; Eurotas Jr., born March 28, 1879. Luther E. died May 20, I873. Mr. Throop's farm contains 355 acres. DANIEL A. TRUESDELL of Van Buren Township, was born in Geneva. Van Buren Co., Mich., June 15, 1862 his parents being Lewis B. and Emeline (Steward) Truesdell. Lewis B. enlisted Nov. 25, I863 in Co. K, ist Michigan Cavalry, as a private, and died at Winchester, Va., Sept. 27, 1864, from wounds received in action. Daniel lived with..his grandparents until 1 years old, then worked out. Sept. 23, 188o, he married Hattie M. Newkirk. Hattie was born in Almond, Wis., Aug. 27, 186I. After his marriage, Daniel worked for his uncle two years, then rented farms until the spring of 1887, when he took what is known as the Winslow farm, of 80 acres, where he now is. They have had three children, one of whom is living, Charles A., born

1472 PERSONAL SKETCHES-VAN BUREN. June 20, I855. Daniel is a member of Duffield Camp, No. 138, Sons of Veterans, of Wayne, Mich. FRANK VAN TASSEL, of Van Buren, was born in Van Buren, Wayne Co., Mich., Oct. 3, I865. His parents, A. M. and Mary (Jerdon) Van Tassel, came to Michigan from New York State, at an early day, locating in Wayne Co. A. M. enlisted in Co. H, ISt Michigan Mounted Rifles, Aug. 30, I862. He was wounded while standing guard, losing the use of his right arm. He served three years. Frank was married Dec. 24, 1887, to Annie (Dickerson) Barlow, of-Rawsonville, Wayne Co.. Mich. Annie was born Oct. 26. i86r. Annie's mother, a daughter of C. J. Barlow, died while Annie was a babe, and C. J. Barlow adopted her. MRS. POLLY (WRIGHT) VOORHEIS, of Van Buren Township, was born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., March 8, 1821, and came to Michigan with her parents, Jeremiah and Lucy Wright. Polly Wright was married to Philip A. Monroe, of Van Buren Township, Oct. 20, I839. By this marriage there were four children, Zurial W., born Sept. 4, 1840, Syvelia, Jeremiah W., and Lucy. Syvelia died in 1845, aged three years; Jeremiah died in I847. Philip A. Monroe died in 185I, aged 33. Polly Monroe married Joseph Voorheis, of Van Buren, Dec. I, 1853. Joseph Voorheis was born in New York State, April 29, I8IO. The children named Voorheis are, Charles F., Adelbert A., John M. John M. died at the age of four months. Joseph Voorheis died Sept. 14, I881. Lucy Wright, mother of Polly Wright Voorheis, lives with her daughter. She was born Oct. I6, i8oo. ARTEMUS WARD, farmer of Van Buren Township, was born in Sumpter, Wayne Co., Mich., Jan. 17, I845. His parents, Stephen and Lucinda (Anson) Ward were from Rochester, N. Y., coming to Wayne Co., Mich., in 1838. Lucinda A. Ward died in 1858, aged 45. Stephen Ward died in 1878, aged 65. In March, I862, Artemus enlisted in Co. A, I5th Mich. Infantry, as a private. In Nov. 1864, at the battle of Little River, near Rome, Ga., Artemus was captured as a prisoner of war and held at Cohaba, Alabama, for six months. He was paroled on Big Black River, between Vicksburg and Jackson, Miss., and was on the Sultana at the time of the explosion, and was one of the 2000 saved. He was discharged June, i865, at Detroit. He returned to Belleville, Wayne Co., Mich., Aug. 1867, and married Anna Danes, of Sumpter. Anna (Danes) Ward, was born in Van Buren, Nov. 8, I852. They have had five children, Charles S., born Sept. 28, 1869; Ida May, born Jan. 8, I871; Henry, born Nov. I8, I877, and Bertie, born Aug. IO, I88I. Henry died Aug. 25, 1889. Bertie died Sept. 7, 1887. GEORGE WARD of Van Buren, was born in Dutchess Co., N. Y., Jan. I5, I837. His parents, Stephen and Lucinda Ward, came to Michigan in 1838. He married Eliza Ann Gardner, July 20, 1858. Eliza Ann was born in Nankin, Wayne Co., Mich., Aug. 9, I837. George enlisted Sept. 23, 1862 in Co. E., 25th Mich. Volunteer Infantry as a private. He was with the regiment in all its marches and battles, until his final discharge July 5, i865. He returned to Van Buren and reengaged in farming. They have three children, William, born March 27, I860; George A., born Sept. 25, 1862, and Lucy L., born Aug. 2, i866. MRS. JUDITH M. WARNER, of Van Buren Township, was born in Orangeville, N. Y., Aug. 24, 1834. She married George L. Warren Aug. 24, 1865. They came to Mich. Sept. 9, I865, locating in Van Buren Township. George L. Warner was killed by the accidental discharge of a gun at his own home Oct. 24, I874. His age was 37 years and five months. They had three children, Mary L., born July 15, 1867; Mina, born Dec. 20, I868; Annie Laurie, Nov. I4, I873. Mina died, aged Ii weeks and five days, and Annie L. died Dec. 4, I883. RUTH LOUISA WARNER, of Van Buren Township, was born in Genesee Co., N. Y., Sept. 22, 1826, and came to Michigan with her parents in 1835. they locating in Van Buren Township. Her father, Joseph Warner, died April 13, I881, aged 80 years. Her mother, Irena, died in Nov. 1878, aged 78 years. George A. Warner, son of George L. and Catherine Warner, is an heir with Ruth to the old homestead of Joseph and Irena Warner. George A. was born July 31, I863. Catherine Warner died Dec. 25, I863. George L. Warner died Oct. 24, 1874. Their farm consists of 50 acres. CHARLES E. WEBSTER, of Van Buren, was born in Exeter, Monroe Co., Mich., Sept. 5, I854. His father Porter N., came to Michigan from New York State in I837. Martha L., his mother came in I845. both are living. January I, 1874, he married Emma A. Matteson, of French Town, Monroe Co., Mich. Emma was born July 3I, i856. Her parents, James and Harriet Matteson, are still living in French Town and are prosperous farming people. They have two children, Mattie, born Oct. 29, 1875; Susie, born Oct. I8, 1883. Mr. Webster came upon the farm where he now is in the spring of 1888. MRS. ALICE G. WOOLGER, of Van Buren, widow of Josiah Woolger, was born in Nankin, Wayne Co., Mich., Oct. 19, I85I. Her maiden name being Alice C. Reed. Her parents, Palmer and Ann Reed came to Michigan in an early day

PERSONAL SKETCHES-VAN BUREN. I473 and are yet living in Nankin, Mich. November I9, I868, Alice G. Reed married James Woolger, of Van Buren. James was born Sept. 8, I844. James died Oct 6, I88I. Two children were born to James and Alice G. Woolger, Edith Mary, born Sept. 17, I87I; Charles R., born June 29, 1873, both are living. December 4, I884, Alice G. Woolger married Josiah Woolger, of Van Buren. Josiah was born Nov. 8, I851. Josiah died Sept. 25,1887. One child was born to Josiah and Alice G. Woolger, Josie, born Nov. 3. 1887, and died Nov. 14 1887. Mrs. Woolger has a fine farm in Van Buren of 55 acres, also a small farm in Denton.:: pi: A; f:? A. 0 S: *:\: f::t: 0 A:::::: i: a:::::0 0 tV

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INDEX OF NAMES. Adams, Francis 1208. Alger, Russell A., 105 r. Armitage, William Smead 1 175. Armstrong, James A., 1208. Atkinson, John, I Io. Backus, Absalom, 1175. Bagley, John Judson, 1053. Baldwin, Henry P., 1055. Baldwin, Stephen, 1209. Barker, Kirkland C, I044. Bates, Asher B., 1035. Beardsley, Carleton Abbey, 1176. Bennett, Ebenezer 0, 1340. Berry, Thomas, 1176. Biddle, John, 1032. Bishop, Jerome Holland, 1284. Bishop, Levi, 1112. Book, James Burgess, 1078. Brady, Hugh, 1078. Brandon, Calvin Knox, 1177. Brearley, William Henry, 1079 Brennan, John, 1237. Brush, Edmund A., 1210. Brush, Elijah, 1031. Buckley, Henry James, I 35. Buhl, Christian H., 1043. Buhl, Frederick, 1038. Burns, James, I 1136. Burt, John, 1182. Burt, Wells, 181. Burt, William Austin, 178. Campbell, James Valentine, I 1 13. Carpenter, William N., 1210. Carstens, J. Henry, Io8r. Carver, Elizur R., I268. Cass, Lewis, 1057. Chamberlain, Marvin H., 1049. Chandler, Zachariah, 1039. Chapin, Marshall, 1033. Clark, George, 1285. Clark, James Woodruff, 1327. Clark, John Person, 1211. Clee, John, 1328. Cleland, Henry Alexander, 1082. Clippert; Conrad, 1237. Clixby, Joseph H., 1370. Cole, Darius, 1212. Colliau, Victor, 1238. Cook, Levi, 1033. Cottrell, E. W., 1213. Coyl, William Kieft, 1136. Daly. William. I268. Damitio, Christopher, 1307. Davis, George S., I185. Davis, Solomon, 1186. Dawson, George, 1083. DeLano, Alexander, 1187. DePeyster, Arent Schuyler, 1084. Dickinson, Don M., 1114. Dickinson, Julian G., 11 5. Dixon, Sidney B., 1239. Douglass, Samuel T., I r I. Dudley, Thomas Robert, 1137. Duffield, Divie Bethune, 11 6. Duffield, Henry M., I 18. Duncan, William C., 1044 Dwight. Alfred A., 1213 Dwyer, Jeremiah, 187. Edson, James Lafayette, 1139. Edwards, John E., 1307. Elliott, William H, 1138. Elwood, S. Dow, 1058. Evans. Thomas D., 1286. Farmer, John, 1o85. Farrand, Jacob S., I139. Farrar, John, 1141. Farrington, Benjamin F., 1143. Ferguson, Eralsy, 1214. Ferry, Dexter Mason, 1143. Field, Moses Wheelock, 1215. Fisher, Aaron Coddington, 1145. Fox, Jacob Beale, 1189. Frost, George Smith, 1217. Fyfe, Richard Henry, 1146. Gage, Dewitt C., I240. Gale, George H, 1189. Gardner, James, I268. Gauthier, Felix, 136). Gillett, Rufus W., 1148. Glover, Henry, 149. Godfrey, Jeremiah, 150. Goodfellow, Bruce, I 1150. Gordon, George C., 1361. Gould. Walter John, 1239. Gray, John Allen, 1240. Gray, John S., 1190, Gray, William A., 1241. Griffin, Thomas F., I 90. Grosfield, Anthony F., 1241. Grummond, Stephen Benedict, 1048. Hall, Edmund, 1120. Hall, Theodore Parsons, 151. Hammond, George H, 1153. Harmon, John H, 1040. Hart, Gilbert, 1192. Hastings, Charles, 1086. Heavenrich, Samuel. 1154. Heineman, Emil Solomon, 1155. Hodge, Samuel F., 1192 Holbrook, DeWitt C., 1121. Hopkins, George H., 1121. Houghton, Douglass, 1036. Howard, Charles, 1039. Howard, Henry, 1035. Howard, Jacob M., 1059. Hubel, Frederick A., 1193. Hunt, Henry Jackson, 1032. Hurlbut, Chauncey, 1156. Hurst James T., 1288. Huston, John, 1259. Hyde, Oliver Moulton, o140. Ingalls, Joshua S., II 56.

I476 INDEX OF NAMES. Isham, Charles Storrs, 1157. Jenks, Edward W., 1087. Jones, DeGarmo, I036. Jones, J. Huff, 1218. Joy, James F., 1059. Kearsley, Jonathan, 1033. Kiefer, Herman, 1089. Kirby, F. A.. 1289. Ladue, John, 1039. Lambert, Walter C., 1290. Langdon, George C., 1048. Langlois, Theophilus J., 1290. Lapham, Jared S., 1353. Lawrence, George E., 1361. Ledyard, Henry, 1041. Ledyard, Henry Brockholst, 1062. Leech, Edward W., 1242. Lewis, Alexander, I047. Lillibridge, William Merrick, I 123. Lothrop, George Van Ness, 1124. Lyon, Edward, 1218. McFarlane, James, 1297. McGraw, Thomas, i 159. McGregor, James, 1194. McMillan, Hugh, io65. McMillan, James, I063. Macauley, Richard, I 158. Mack, Andrew, 1035. Macomb, Alexander, Iog9. Merrill, Charles, 1219. Mills, Merrill I., 1044. Mitchell, Nicol, 1160. Moffat, Hugh, 1046. Moore, Franklin, 1220. Moore, George F., 1161. Moore, Joseph Berthelet, II94. Moore, Stephen, 1221. Moore, William Austin, 1125. Moran, John Vallee, 1162. Morley, Frederick, 1092. Mulliken, John Burritt, 1221. Murphy, Michael Joseph, I1195. Newberry, John Stoughton, I066. Newcomb, Cyrenius A., 1163. Newland, Henry A., I I64. Nicholson, Joseph, 1222. Noble, Charles, 1I224. Noble, Charles Wing, 1224. Olin, Rollin C., 1093. Ortmann, Charles I., 1225. Owen, John, 1067. Paige, David Osgood, 196. Palmer, Thomas, 1164. Palmer, Thomas Witherell, 1069, Palms, Francis, 1070. Parke, Hervey Coke, 1197. Patton, John, 1043. Peck, George, 1166. Pettengell, Orlando R., 1260. Phelps, Ralph, Jr., 1127. Pingree, Hazen S., 1199. Pitcher, Zina, 1036. Pittman, James E., 1166. Pitts, Samuel, 1226. Porter, Augustus S., 1035. Porter, George F., 1126. Potts, John Edwin, 1227. Preston, Charles H., 1242. Preston, David, o068. Pridgeon, John, I050. Pulford, John, 1094. Pulling, Henry Perry, 1227. Quinby, William Emory, 1096. Randall, James A., 1127. Reid, William, 1167. Richardson, David M., 1200. Riopelle, Hyacinthe F., 1291. Robinson, William D., II68. Rogers, Fordyce Huntington, 1202. Ruehle, John V., 1243. Safford, Robert Crawford, 1260. Salliotte, Alexis M., 1292. Saunders, Isaac C., 1328. Saunders, Phineas E., 1329. Scripps, James E., 1096. Shaw, David Ripley, 1228. Shaw, William M., 1320. Sheldon, John P., 1097. Sheley, Alanson, 1169, Sherwood, Theodore C., 1354. Shipman, Osias W., 1170. Sibley, Solomon, 1031. Slocum, Elliott Truax, 1229. Slocum, Giles Bryan, 1229. Smith, Martin S., 1072. Snow, Edward Sparrow, 1269. Spitzley, Henry, 1243. Spranger, Francis Xavier, og99. Standish, John Dana, 1231. Stearns, Frederick, 1204. Stevens, William H., 1073 Stewart, Morse, T097. Swain, Isaac Newton 1232. Swift, John Marcus, 1355. Thompson, William G., 1048. Throop, William A., I oo. Toynton, Joseph, 1205. Trowbridge, Charles Christopher, 1034. Trumbull, John, I 00 Vandendriessche, Amandus, 1302. Van Dyke, James A., 1037. Walker, Charles I., 1127. Walker, Edward Carey, 1129. Walker, Henry 0., Ioi. Wallace, John B., 1270. Ward, Eber B., 1234. Ward, Emily, 1235. Waring, Anson, 1133. Warner, Jared C., 1233. Watkins, Aaron Lane, 1171. Wayne, Anthony, 1102. Wells, William Palmer, 1130. Wesson, William Brigham, 1074. Wetherbee, George Collidge, 1172. Wetmore, Frederick, 1172. Wheaton, William W., 1045. White, Henry Kirke, 1174. Whiting, John Hill, 1206. Whitwood, Deodatus C., 1233. Wilcox, Orlando B., 1105. Wilkinson, Albert Hamilton, I 131. Williams, John R., 1031. Willis, Richard Storrs, 1 104. Witherell, Benjamin F. Hawkins, 1133. Witherell, James, 1132. Woodbridge, William, I076. Wyman, Hal C., I o6. Yemans, Charles Chester, 1107.

FARMER - HISTORY OF DETROIT AND MICHIGAN - Vol. 2 RECEIVED: Three-quarter leather binding with cloth sides and recessed cords. Leather was deteriorated in joints, corners, head and tail of back of book. Book was torn in top quarter of front joint. Cloth was in good condition. Decorated flyleaves had been cut from book front and back —scotch taped in in the front, free in the back. Machine sewed, sewing sound. Folded cloth head and tailbands were in good condition. TREATMENT: Paste washed spine. Overcase new endpapers. Lined spine with reinforcing paper. Bound in three-quarter leather case-style binding. Appliqued original front cover medallion onto new cover. MATERIALS: PROMATC reinforcing paper, endsheet paper, lining paper. Machine woven headbands, Hays linen thread, Pyroxylin impregnated cotton text cloth, Davey Red Label binders board, Oasis Morocco leather, 23K gold, Ta-asf wheat paste, Gane Brothers 5055 paste, Swift4 Fg295 glue. JA4Pt, EJSW AVEN Augut 3l, 1977

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