Batman vppon Bartholome his booke De proprietatibus rerum, newly corrected, enlarged and amended: with such additions as are requisite, vnto euery seuerall booke: taken foorth of the most approued authors, the like heretofore not translated in English. Profitable for all estates, as well for the benefite of the mind as the bodie. 1582.

¶INCIPIT LIBER XIIII. DE TERRA ET EIVS PARTIBVS. (Book 14)

AFter that by the help and grace of God, y^e treatise is ful ended of the properties of the ouermost shining body, that is heauen, & of the middle shining, & cléere bodies, of fire, aire, & water: now last it is to speak of the properties of y^e lowest bo∣dy, y^t is sad & dim, both in general and in speciall. The lowest body & vttermost in comparison to heauen, is earth. Of whose cōmon properties somwhat shall we say in this worke: & that touching y^e quality, substance, conteining, or ornamēt therof,

The earth conteineth for ornamēt with∣in, quarry, dare, & al that groweth vnder ground, as stones, & mettal, & other such. Wherfore without he conteineth things y^t we know & sée, as beasts, trées, hearbs, and grasse. Of them all, som what shal be set in this treatise, as it séemeth that holy writ maketh minde therof, for simple mē thinke y^t it is inough to set héere simple things, y^t wel nigh all men know. Ther∣fore héereof we shall somwhat rehearse, & giue greater things to greater men: and in the beginning of this worke, we will make a protestation y^t we set héere of our own, little or right naught. But héere we shall set on a rowe authoritie of holye Saints, & some Philosophers, as we haue done before in other bookes.

Of the Earth. chap. 1.

ANd so the éarth is set in the middle space of the world like farre from all parts of heauen & is called Terra in la∣tine. & betokeneth all y^e roundnesse of the earth in y^e singular number, & all y^e parts therof in the plural number, as Isi. saith. And he saith that earth is called Terra, & hath y^e name of the ouer part Que tera∣tur, y^t is trode. And is called Humus also, & hath y^e name of the sea that is moist & ioyned thereto. And is called Tellus, for we take fruit therof: & is called Ops, for it heapeth with fruit. And is called A∣rida, for it is able to be cared and tilled or for it is distinguished frō water by his owne drines, & is moist, & hath moisture of water, y^t is nigh therto, as Isi. saith. Ba¦silius in Ex. describeth y^e properties of y^e earth, & saith in this manner. The earth is y^e lowest body & middle, & like far from the parts of heauen, & therfore wise men call it y^e middle of heauen, & amōg al bo∣dies the earth is most corpulent, & hath least of subtilty & of simplicitie, & is the other foundation of y^e world: & is colde & drie in kind: & is least in quantitie in cō∣parison to heauen, though it be most in it selfe: In qualitie it is obscure, & of it selfe darke, & is round in shape, & not abiding together but by glew of water. And the whole earth resteth, though parts thereof moue often. And is habitation of bodies that haue life, and is called the stoole of Gods owne foote.

Esa. 66. This saith the Lord, heauen is my seate and earth is my footstole.

Mat. 5. But I say vnto you, sweare not at all neither by heauen, for it is Gods seate, nor yet by the earth, for it is foot∣stoole.

The fairenesse of this element is least in y^e body of y^e world. For y^e the working of y^e might of God is least seene therein: And therfore it is said, y^t God toucheth y^e earth with his lowest foot: for in compa∣rison to the greatnesse & fairenesse of hea∣uen, it séemeth that highnesse of this wis∣dome of God, sheweth least in y^e body of earth. And though the earth be lowest in cōmparison to y^e body of heauen, yet ne∣uerthelesse it taketh most influence of y^e lights of heauen, & is therfore most plen∣teous, as mother of al: and bringeth sorth many, diuers, & most contrary kinds: and for y^t it is in y^e middle of heauen, it taketh on euery side influence & effect of heauen. And so that y^e séemeth to lacke therin of nobility in substāce, is recouerd in effect & in vertue. For in a manner it bringeth forth some more noble kinds, then doth heauē y^t is high with stars, as we sée. And for high••nes the earth conceiueth & brin∣geth forth creatures with life, féeling, & reason as Basi. saith. Also heereto he saith as y^e Philosopher saith, that y^e earth is e∣uen way with his owne weights, & eue∣ry part thereof busieth with his owne weight to come to the middle of y^e earth. By that busieng & inclination of partes, y^e whole earth hangeth in euen weight a∣boue the middle point, & is euenly held vnmouable, as it is written.

Psa. 19 The heauens declare the glorie of God, and the firmament sheweth his glorious worke.

Psa. 24. The earth is the Lords, and all that therin is, the cōpasse of the world, and they that dwell therin.

For he hath sounded it vpon the seas, & established it vpon the flouds.

Thou hast founded y^e earth vpon his sta∣blenesse, &c. And therefore li. 12. Isi. calleth y^e earth Solum, for it is a sad element, & bereth vp all y^e elemēts of euery body be it neuer so heuie: therfore all heuy things y^t be aboue & from the earth, be without rest til it come to the earth that is sted∣fast

and stable, and rest when they come to the earth, and for the worthy proper∣ties and noble effectes of the earth, er∣rour of nations faineth, that earth was God indéede. And therefore in old time, they did all reuerence and worship ther∣to, as Isidore toucheth li. 8. in Tractat•• de Dijs gencium & nominibus. cap. ••••. And saith, that in olde time men called the earth Ceres, the mother of God, and hath that name of fruites that it bring∣eth foorth: for it defendeth and nourish∣eth all that néedeth meate and drink, for y^e earth is mother of plentie, for nothing on liue may grow, but if it be rooted and maured in substaunce of earth. Also it is called Ops, riches, for the earth is better than other riches: and also of the earth euerye creature on liue, hath riches of meate and of liuelode. And also is cal∣led Vesta the Goddesse, either for it stan∣deth stedfast, or for it is clothed w^t trées, hearbs, and grasse. And he saith, y^e Earth taketh colour of séedes, leaues & grasse, which wither and fade in winter: and of wether in springing time, and in sum∣mer: for then it is clothed and hid with grasse, hearbes, & floures, and is spoyled thereof in haruest and in winter. And in signe & token of so great plentie, a great female Image was made, & called Alma mater, y^e high mother. And y^e Image was crowned w^t towers, & she was set in a chaire, & Lions followed & wer subiect to hir, & she hare a key in y^e one hand, & a ta∣ber or timbrell in that other hand: and hir chare-men brandished swordes that they bare on hande: And it was fay∣ned, that Cockes followed the good wife that sate on the chaire. And y^e earth was called Mother, for she bringeth forth ma∣ny things, and bréedeth meate and foode to all things, which should els dye: & is called Mater Alma, the high Mother, for she féedeth all beasts, & is nourisher of e∣lements, as Isid. saith. And it is said, that she beareth on hir head a crowne w^t to∣wers, for y^e earth is adorned with so ma∣ny great Cities and Boroughs that bée builded therevpon: and is borne with a chaire of wheeles, for y^e earth hangeth in the aire that moueth, and is sustained therein: and she sitteth in a moouing chaire, for though other things moue, it is sayd, that onely the earth mooueth not. And in that that Lyons be mylde & subiect to the Image of the earth, it is to vnderstand, that euery kinde, though it be neuer so sie••ce or cruell, in time of ••eath he shall be ouercome and subiect to the earth: and for that she beareth a key in hir hand, she betokeneth, that y^e earth is cloased in winter, & opened in spring∣ing time, that fruit may grow & sp••••••g: & for that it is said, y^e Cocks serue y^e earth, that sheweth, that birdes & fod••les ••éed seedes of the earth. Therefore fowles néede to follow the earth, & lyght downe there to finde therein séedes and me••••••. The sound and noyse of the 〈…〉〈…〉 be∣tokeneth, that in tillyng of fields is noise of instruments, of cultures, of shar••e, & of mattockes, that are of brasse: For in olde time the earth was filled with in∣struments of brasse, ••re yron was found, as Isidore saith. Hir seruaunts be segned girt with swords, and betokeneth that ofte for to defende and winne earth and lande, is warre and battaile, and swordes drawen therein. In this ma∣ner and in many other, the properties of the earth, be described in mystike mea∣ning of fables, as it is sayd and rehear∣sed of Isidore. And though the earth be among Elements most stable, as it is sayd and rehearsed yet by effect and doo∣ing, it is most passible of Elements. Al∣so though it be colde in substance, yet it conteineth in it selfe firie vapours, that come out therof, as it doth in the hil, that is named Aetna and Vulcanus; as he sayth there. Also, though the earth bée blacke and vnséemly without, yet with∣in it containeth many precious things: for by imprinting of influence of heuen, in y^e inner veynes of y^e earth, be gendred precious stones & noble mettall: & so the vertue of y^e earth is hid within, by these likenesses that be without. Also y^e earth is beclipped about with the sea, and is beset and beate with the armes thereof, and is by priuy waies, thirled with moi∣sture of the sea, least the earth and the partes thereof should fall into powder, by masterie of drinesse, as Beda sayeth. Also though the whole Earth be founde

and sad in substaunce thereof, yet euery part thereof moueth kindly towarde the middle point, and because of meddeling of firie and of airie parts, the earth is in some parts thereof hollow and dim, and spoungie, and smokie. And windie vapor commeth into the hollownesse thereof, & shaketh & moueth parts of the earth, and bréedeth earth quaking as Ari. saith lib. Metheor. Colde winde (saith he) mo∣ued in the wombe of the earth, maketh that mouing y^t is called earth quaking. And there it followeth, as noyse & sound commeth of diuers beating and froting in the aire of bodies together therein, so noise and sound commeth of diuers sha∣king and mouing of windes that are hid in the earth, and thereof this is to∣ken, for it resteth not till y^e earth cleaue, and the winde with a voyce issueth out, &c. And there Aristotle saieth also, that in places where strong concourse & running is of y^e sea, & mouing of waues, and in places with much thinnesse in the earth, is strong earth shaking, as it fell in Hercules time in some Ilandes, in whom the earth began to rise, as it had bene an hill. Then the place cloue, & out came a great wind, & it destroied a great Citie, whereof there remaineth remem∣braunce to this day. Also he sayth there, that with eueth shaking commeth a ma∣ner dimnesse, that hideth the sunne with out clowdes, all the while the earth sha∣king dureth, by reason of darke vapors and great. And before the earth quake, commeth a token and sheweth his com∣ming, a long clowde and straight as a line is séene in heauen before the going downe of the Sun. And there it is said, that somtime the earth quake commeth in Eclipse of the Moone: for then y^e heat of the Sunne commeth not to the ayre to make it cléere, nor to wast the vapor, that is cause of the earth shaking.

Also in li. de vegitabitibus Aristotle saith, that earth shaking is not in graue∣ly place, but in place with many dennes within, and hardnes without, as a place of hills and of mountaines: For if the place be not hard and sad without, the vapour issueth and passeth out by little & little, and so much vapour gathereth not together y^t it is strong inough to mooue the earth: but when the place is hollow, and full of dennes & holes within, & sad and hard without, the parts of vapours be gathered together, and then is strong shaking, so that sometime it cleaneth & ••enteth the earth. Than in place that is all full of holes, falleth not lightly earth shaking, by reason that the vapors passe out continually, neither in places that be full harde and sadde, for there maye not much vapour enter, because of straight∣nesse of place and partes. But it fal∣leth in places that be hollowe within, and harde and sadde without. Huc vs∣que Aristot.

Also for the earth is an Element, the whole earth is lyke in substaunce to all the parts therof: but in qualitie y^e earth is diuersly disposed in diuers parts, and chaungeth complection & kinde by med∣lyng of qualyties of other elements, and is not all of one manner of disposition, but chaungeth now colour and now sa∣uour. This diuersitie commeth of many manner of causes, and in many manner of wise: sometime of highnesse & low∣nesse, for the high place is aboue, and the low beneath, and the ouer place is not so hot as the neather. For as Macrobi∣us saith, the printing of the sun beames is more strong in low places thā in high, for the aire is more thicke in valleyes, than in mountaines: therefore in val∣leyes is more gathering of sun beames, and more hurtling and smiting of great aire and thitke. In mountaines & hills the aire is thin and cléere, therefore the beames be sparpled and not fast helde together: and so the lesse heate is gen∣dred there. Also by diuers taking of the sunne beames, for that that taketh most and strong sunne beames is most plen∣teous and fruitfull. And land that is far from the sunne beames, is lesse able to beare fruite and corne.

Also by diuersitie of kinde of winds, for land on whom Eastern wind blow∣eth continually, is temperate hot, and as it were meane betwéene moyst and dry, as Constant. saith. Therefore such land is full plenteous in bearing of flowers fruite and corne, and most couenable for

habitation of mankinde. And therefore the Westerne winde longeth to colde∣nes and moysture, and maketh the land lesse temperate, and therefore Westerne winde is lesse plenteous. And Northern winde drieth and cooleth land, yet by re∣son of cleane aire, it maketh it subtil and pure, and so in the North, men be high of stature & faire of shape: because of the outward aire, the pores be stopped, and kinde heate is helde within, by vertue whereof, the stature is great, & the shape of body faire and seemelye. And for the Sothern winde is hot and moyst, it ma∣keth the land that it bleweth continu∣ally on, troubly, hot, and thicke, and sad: therfore men of the South land, be con∣trary to men of the North lande in sta∣ture and in shape, and therefore men of such lands be not so bold and hardy, nor so wrathfull and angry, neither so great ••anglers and boasters, as other be, as Constantine sayth. Also the qualities or properties of the earth are diuers, as it is nigh to the sea, or far from thence: for land y^t is nigh to the South sea, is more hot and moyst, than land that is nigh to the North sea, for hot vapour & moyst, commeth out of the South sea, and hea∣teth the land that is nigh thereto. The contrary is of the North sea, therfore the sea that is called Mare Ponticum, is fre∣sher or lesse salt, than other seas: for cold∣nesse hath more masterie therein, and therfore cold vapour that commeth ther∣of, cooleth land y^t is nigh therto. Also land changeth & is diuers by working & tra∣uell of men, for the more land is delued, and eared, & ouerturned, the vertue that is therein, is the more medled with all the parts thereof, and so laud is amend∣ed and made more able to beare manye manner of Corne and fruite. And when land lyeth long idle and resteth it pa••reth, and is the worse to beare corne and fruite. Also if good lande be bedewed or be rained, if fasteth and amendeth: & grauelly land and stony is the worse, for it is the more hard.

¶ Of an hill. Cap. 2.

AN hill is high swellyng and rearing of the earth or of land, onely at foote touching other land: or els hills be cal∣led mountaines, for they passe vpwarde aboue that other deale of the lande, as Aristotle saith. Also in libro de propri∣etatibus Elementorum, Aristotle saith, that some men haue sayd, that the earth was first made round and plaine, and no mountaines, nor vallyes were therin, for all was shaped all round, as y^e euer bo∣dies be: and so cause of mountaines & of valleyes be nought els but mouing of waters that dig and weare the soft parts of the earth, & the hard parts that maye not be digged, be made Mountaines, and places that wer digged deepe, wer made for the sea and for riuers. Also in libro Metheororum Arist. saith, that somtime mountaines be made by strong earth shaking: for somtime the earth is lifted vp and made a Mountaine, as of a great raine of water, commeth hallownes, and is made a valley. Also there he sayeth, that the comming and the going of the sea, weareth and breaketh the lande in some place, and maketh hills, and some∣time the Sea healed all the lande, and bare alway the softe parts thereof, & let the hard abide, and threw the mud toge∣ther, and that wered drye when the sea, was passed, and tourned to hilles. Also mountaines be hard and sad, reared from ward the earth toward the heauen, but they are grounded on the earth, and be some∣time full of hollownesse and of dennes & so because of voydnesse, it draweth and sucketh in water, and when the hollow∣nesse is full, water runneth and spring∣eth out at well heads, and is cause of e∣uerlasting springing and running: and so it is knowen that mountaines with hollownesse & dens, draw & sucke in hu∣mor & moisture, & send therof out alway. Also mountaines containe noble mettal, for noble mettal is mined out of veynes of mountaines. Also mountaines ••eare fruit & swéete smelling things, for clean∣nesse of aire that hath mastry in tops of hills, fruit that groweth on hils is more pure & more sweet, than fruit that grow on valleyes. Also hills receiue sooner the sunne beames, than do vallyes, and hold them longer time. Also hilles gender exhalation, smokes and vapours, and of

gendring therof, in y^e aire come clowdes vpon tops of most high hills, and there∣of commeth rayne but seldome, as in the top of mount Olympius as Arist. saith: and that is for cléernesse of aire, and for scarciue of vapour, for vapour is spen∣ded and wasted ere it maye come to the toppe of the hills. Also the hills be set a∣gainst the windes & stormes, more than valleyes, and so because of cold that hath the mastry on hills, snow lyeth on hils, and is frosen with colde winde, that is therein. And therefore snow lyeth and a∣bideth longer on hills than on valleyes: as it doth in mount Caucasus and in Li∣bano, and in other such high hilles, that be alway white with white snowe, as Isidore saith. Also hills be ofter smitten with lightning, than valleyes, as Isidor. saith, therefore the hills that be called, Montes Pirenei, haue that name of fire and of lightning, for fire is called Pir, in Greek. Also the hills that are called Ce∣raunci, haue that name of oft smiting of lightning: for lightening is called Ce∣raunos in Greeke as Isidore saith. Also hills that be most high, be best places to stand on to looke about, to wait and spie for comming of enemies: men go vp to top of hills, and waite about, and warne of perills that they sée a farre. Also hills be sound, sad, and strong in kinde, there∣fore they be most able places to buylde in Castles and towers, and so dwelling and abiding on hills, is more sure than in valleyes, and namely if they may not be mined for hardnesse and sadnesse of ground, and be so high that it is hard to take the waye vpward. Also for in hills is plentie of hearbs, grasse and lease, they be according to pasture of sheepe, and of other beasts, for hearbs & leese of moun∣taines, are more wholsome and better to defieng of beasts, than grasse and hearbs that grow in valleyes, though they bée generally more ranke and fat, for humor of feeding that norisheth hearbs & grasse, is more subtill and pure, than humours of plaines and valleyes: and therefore heate of heuen defieth that moysture, and turneth sooner, and changeth it into sub∣staunce of hearbes and of grasse, both for subtilnesse of that humour, and for cléer∣nesse also of the aire, that is there. Also in hills be higher trées and thicker bu∣shes, than in valleyes, therefore Moun∣taines accord to wilde beasts and fowles to bréed and to dwell therein: therfore when wilde beasts be hunted with hun∣ters in valleyes, they flye to the Moun∣taines, and be there safe.

¶Of the hill Ararath. cap. 3.

ARarath is the highest hill of Arme∣nia, therein Noes ship rested after the floude, as Isidore saieth, and yet to this day the timber of that shippe is séene in that mountaine. And that hill hath ma∣ny names. Iosephus speaketh of that hil, and sayeth in this manner. The place where Noes ship is, the Armenians call it Egressorium, & yet men of that coun∣trie shew timber that was left of y^e ship. And (as Iosephus saieth there) Berosus Caldeus maketh minde of that shippe in this manner. It is sayd, that the ship that came into Armenia, is yet some part about the hill Cardiens, and thereof fal∣leth glew, that men vse most to cleanse. Also Iosephus Egypcius, and Man••slus Damescenus, in 96. hist. libro. write in this manner. In Armenia is a great hil that is named Baris, and it is sayd, that in time of the great floud, many fled and were saued therein, and that one came in a ship to the top of the hill, and some of the timber was there kept long time. Also the Mountaines of Armenia, are called Ceraunei, for highnesse and ofte beating of riuers: for a riuer is named Cerannus in Greeke as Isidore sayeth. These hills begin betwéene Armenia, & Hiberia as Isidore saith, at the ports of Caspis, and stretcheth to the well, where the Riuer Tigris beginneth, as Isidore sayth.

¶Of the hills Bethel. cap. 4.

THe hils of Bethel be in Iurye, nigh to Ierusalem, where the house of our Lord was builded in Salomons time. The hils of Bethel haue plentie of wood and of trees, of hearbs and of grasse, and be full of sweete smelling things.

Therefore Hart and Roe young & olde, be therein.

(* 1.1Beth-el signifieth the house of God. Bethel, the name also of a Citie, in the Coasts of the Tribe of Beniamin and E∣phraim. It was distant from Hierusa∣lem thrée miles. It was first called Lu∣za: but after when Iacob being in that place, saw the Lord standing vppon the ladder, he called it Bethel. In this place Bethel, Hieroboam set vp the idolatrous worshipping of one of y^e golden Calues. In this place, the children which moc∣ked Elizeus the Prophet, were torne, & rent, and killed of Beares.

¶Of the hill Caucasus. Chap. 5.

CAucasus is an hill in the East and stretcheth out of India to the hil that is called Taurus, and hath diuers names by diuers nations that dwell nigh those hills, as Isi. saith. In y^e East it ariseth & is a great hill, and for white snowe ly∣eth thereon, it is called Caucasus: For whitenesse is called Candor in y^e East∣erne language. And so the Cities that be nigh to this hill, call it Crocasim: for Acasim in their speach, is vnderstoode whitenesse or snow, as Isidore saith.

(* 1.2Caucasus, an hil, one of the highest in all Asia, scituate aboue Iberia and Al∣bania, on the North part, and is a part of the mountaine Taurus. One of the partes of this hill, deuiding India & Me∣dia, stretcheth towards the Red sea.

Philostratus.

¶Of the hill Heball. Chap. 6.

HEball is a Hill that is beyonde Ior∣dane. Thereon stoode the fire ligna∣ges after the passing of Iordane to curse all those that held not the x. precepts, as it is written Deut. 26. And men say, y^t it is an hill with hollownesse and dens, and is ofte moued with earth shaking: and that accordeth to the meaning of his name: that is to vnderstande, an olde swollowe. Also this was the hill of cursing and of banning: for theron men prayed wickedly for them that trespas∣sed. And this was helde an hill of dis∣praising and despite. For 6. of the most vnworthy lynages that came of seruing women, were set vpon that hill Hebal to curse the people. Deut. 27.

(* 1.3And these shal stand vpon y^e mount Ebal to curse, Ruben, Gad, Aser, Zabu∣lon, Dan, Nepthali, verse. 13. declaring that they shoulde haue cause to feare God for his vengeance, if they woulde not obaye him for his loue. On this mountaine was vttered the 12. curses, a∣gainst abhominable sinnes. Read the Chapter.

¶Of the hill Hermon. chap. 7.

HErmon is a lyttle hill, and standeth vpon Iordane. Thereon is plentye of hearbs and of grasse, of léese, & of good pasture: for the foote thereof is scatered and moysted with the riuer of Iordane, and in the top with plentie of deaw that commeth from heauen. And it is embe∣lished with running & influence of wa∣ter, therefore on that hill were y^e beasts fed that should be offered in sacrifice in the temple, and for the beasts that were fed and fatted with plentie of deawe of hearbes and of grasse of that hill wer of∣fered in mount Syon, that was in the Temple: Therefore as the Hebrewes did, the Prophet sayde that deawe of Hermon commeth downe to the mount in Syon, and might not be as the letter sayth: For Mount Syon is more high than Mount Hermon, and they be also farre a sunder. For this cause it is said, that the deawe of mount Hermon came downe to Mount Sion,* 1.4 for grasse & fat∣nesse of beasts that wer sedde in mount Hermon, were offered in Sacrifice in Ierusalem, to increasing of the fire of the Altar: And therefore Hermon is to vnderstande lyght areared, as the Glose sayeth super Psalmum. For why lyght increased on the Altar, when fire of Sacrifice was fedde with such foode.

¶Of the hill Ebron. Cap. 8.

EBron is a hill in Iurie, as it is sayd, Iosu. 14. Therein is a Citie most fa∣mous, and hath the name of that hill, & is called Ebron, as Rab. saith. The vale thereof is called Vallis Mambre, that belonged in olde time to the friendes of Aner and of Eschol, and was their pos∣session. And it is sayd in Gene. that this hill is a solempne place, because of holy Patriarkes, whose bodies rest therein, as it were from y^e beginning of y^e world, and the greatest Patriarke Adam lyeth there. Also most mightiest men had this hill in possession, as it is sayde Iosua. 15. Ther it is sayd, he put out of that place Calet, the children of Emoth, Sisay, A∣chimaan and Ptolome. Also in this hill, as the most sure place, our Lorde ordey∣ned the beginning of the Kingdome of Dauid, and warned him by inspiration, that he should come thether after Sanles death, where when he had raigned seuen yeres, he was at last king of all y^e whole kingdome of Hierusalem. In olde time first men called this hill, Kariatharbe, that is to vnderstand the Citie of foure: for there rested the bones of foure y^t wer most famous, as Ierome saith, that is to wit, Adam, Abraham, Isaac, and Iacob.

(* 1.5In the land of Canaan, Iosua blessed Caleb the sonne of Iephunie, and gaue him for inheritaunce Hebron, the Kene∣site, because he followed constantlye the Lord God of Israel. And the name of Hebron, was called in olde time, Kiri∣ath-Arba, which Arba was a great man (a huge Giaunt) among the Anakims.)

¶Of the hills of Aethiopia. cap. 9.

THe hills of Aethiopia be seuen, as it is sayd: among them the mount of Atlas is chiefe,* 1.6 as Isid. saith, li. 14. ca. 4. In the West Aethiopia is hilly & gra∣uelly, and wast in the middle Eastward, and stretcheth from the west side of the mount Atlas, to the endes of Aegypt, & is cloased in the west side with the Oc∣cean sea, and in the North side with the riuer Nilus. In the mountaines, and also in the playnes of y^e lande, be much peo∣ple & folke wonderfully shapen in face, and horrible in figure and shape. Also in that lande is great multitude of wylde beasts and cruell, and of Serpentes and Adders: and there is Rinocerota, that is the Unicorne, a beast with one horne. There be Camells and Libbards, there are Cockatrices & most great Dragons: & out of their braines be taken precious stones. Ther is Iacinctus found, & Chri∣soprassus also: there Cinomon is gathe∣red. There be beasts gendred wilde and fierce, as Dragons, Strucions, Ostriges, Elephants and Apes. Huc vs{que} Isidor. Also there it is sayd, that betweene Cy∣rene and Aethiopia is a Well, that coo∣leth in the heate of the day, and heateth in the coldnesse of the night, against kind of waters of other Wells.

¶Of the hill Aetna. Ca. 10.

AEtna is an hill in the lande or Ile of Cecile, and cut of that hill breaketh fire w^t brimstone, as it were in hell, as Isidore sayth lib. 14. cap. 7. It is sayde, that this hill hath dennes full of brim∣stone in the Southeast side, & those dens stretch vnto y^e sea, and receiue waues & waters, and gathereth winde, and that winde bloweth out brimstone, and gen∣dreth fire thereof. Also out of that hill, breketh bright burning smoke, and com∣meth to the land, as Isi. saith there. Also it is sayd, that in this hill, a certaine fi∣gure appeareth, & oft men of that coun∣try heare about this hill Aetna, groning, like a cōplaining voyce of dole, & sorow, and of woe. Therefore many déeme that there is a place of paine, and some soules be pained therin: but I affirme not that, but it seemeth that S. Gregory, in his Dialogue, thereof maketh minde.

(* 1.7Aetna, otherwise called y^e mount Gibello in Cycill, whereof Saint Au∣gustin hath made oft mention, is a mer∣uailous hil, at the foote whereof is a lit∣tle towne of the same name, & woods, & trées of diuers kindes planted. On the toppe thereof is a barraine ground mixt with ashes, in Winter time couered with snowe.

This containeth in circuit twentie fur∣longs, and is inuyroned with a banke of ashes, of the height of a wall. In the middle is also a rounde hill, of the same colour and matter, wherin be two great hoales, fashioned like vnto two cuppes, which be called Crateres. Out of these doe rise sometime sundrye great flames of fire, sometime horrible smoke, some∣time are blowen out burning stones in infinit numbers. Moreouer before that the sayd fire appeareth, there is hearde within the grounde, terrible noyse and roaring: and also (which is more mer∣uaile) when the smoke and fire is most abundaunt and feruent, yet round about the toppe of the sayd hill, are alwayes seene snowe, and hoare frosts. Plyme writeth, that the fire appeareth alwaye at night.

Of the hill Hecla in the Ile of Ise∣land, from the toppe whereof, is cast foorth the blacke and graye Pommice stones, wherout issueth a hideous flame, stinking of sulphure, and within a dred∣full noise. The common people of that Countrey, beléeue the sayde place to bee a part of hell, because there are diuers apparations of ghostes, that shew them∣selues visible, and profer their seruice to men. They appeare for the most part in the forme of those, which by vyolent ad∣uenture haue bene killed or drowned: callyng men by their names, and bid∣ding them goe to the Mount Hecla. In the olde time the marriners termed these Goblines, Polantines: vpon what occasion I finde not written. Onely the soyle distaunt from the hill, is verye fruitfull ground: as writeth George A∣gricola.)

¶Of the hill Esau. Chap. 11.

THe Mount Esau and Mount Seyr, is all one. In this hill is the Citie Idomea,* 1.8 and hath that name of Esau Iacobs sonne, that first builded that Ci∣tie, as it is sayde, as Ierome sayeth su∣per Abdian, for Esau was called Seyr, and Edom. Also heereof the Glose spea∣keth super Deuteronomium 2. and say∣eth, that Seyr is an hill in the lande of Edom, where Esau dwelled in the coun∣trey of Gabalena: where first dwelled Torrens, and him slewe. Chodorlao∣mor Genesis. 14. And this hill is called Seyr, that is to vnderstande, rough and hayrie, and hath that name of Esau, that was rough and hayrie. In this hill in∣habited first the Horreysees, men of Giaunts stature, that were horrible by expressing of the bodye, as the Glose sai∣eth super Deut. 2. These huge men wer put out, & Esaus children dwelled there, as it is sayd Deut 2. Also the hills of the land of Edom, be most high, and so it seemeth in some place that it toucheth the clowdes. And those hills be full of hollownesse and dennes, as the Glose sayth, Super Abdian: wherein men dwell in Summer, for the heate is so great and streng.

¶Of the hill Ephraim. Chap. 12.

AN hill or mount Ephraim, is speci∣ally called mount Ephraim: therein Iosua the sonne of Nun, tooke possession, as it is sayd Iosua. 19. and builded there a Citie, and dwelled therein. And as A∣damantius sayeth, among hilles of that lande, this hill was most famous with hearbes and trees, and most full of fruit, and most high in place, and most fayre in sight, and most healthsull in ayre, and most fruitfull: for well streames com∣passe and moyst this hill: Therefore that place was couenable for Ihesus to dwell therein, that is called Iosua also, as Adamantius sayth. In this same hill Iosua lyeth buryed, in the North side thereof, as it is said, Iosua. 24. Also this hill, is nigh Sichem, that was a Citie of succour, with suburbes therof in mount Ephraim, as it is sayd Iosua. 20. There be Iosuas boanes buryed, as it is sayde Iosua vltimo. Also in this hill, Iosua layed the kniues and tyles of stone, with the which he circumcised the children in Desart, as Adamantius sayth super Io∣sua. cap. 20.

Also in Mount Ephraim, dwelled Debora, a woman that was a Prophet,

and sate vnder a Palme, that was be∣twéene Bethel and Rama, as it is sayd, Iudreum 3. Also mount Ephraim had many peritcular hills and dennes: For all the lot of the linage is most in moun∣taines and in woodes, as it is sayd Iosu. 17. Also in these hills were slaine the Princes of Madian, Oreb, and Zeb, and their heades were borne to Ierion o∣uer the riuer of Iordan, as it is said Iu∣die. 7. Also in Ramatha, on the mount of Ephraim, Samuel the Prophet was born as it is said, Regum. 1. Also in the same hill Samuel dyed and was buried. 1. Re∣gum. 25.

Of the hill Phasga. chap. 13.

MOns Phasga is a hill most huge, & containeth in it selfe many perticu∣lar mountaines, for in this hill be Aba∣rim and Nebo, two hills, vpon whome Moses went vp to sée the countreyes of the land of behest or he should dye, and is buryed in the valleyes of the same mountaines, in the fields of Moab, as It is sayd Num. 27. Deuter. vltimo. This hill was in the Countreyes of the Mo∣abites and of the Ammonites, and de∣parted all their land from the lande of the Amorites, the which land after was possession to Ruben and Gad, and halfe the lygnage of Manasse, as it is sayde, Deut. 3. The rootes of these hills, touche the Red sea, that is the saltest sea that is, as it is said Deut. 3. both in text and Glose. And so these hills depart the land in which the Moabites and Ammonites dwelled in, and the lande that the Chil∣dren of Israel tooke in possession, and so Moses came vp to the top of that hill, & behelde out of that place, all the lande of behest, and dyed on that hil, and was bu∣ried in the valley of the same hill, in the fieldes of Moab, and is vnknowen vnto this daye. Balaam the Diuinour went on this hill Phasga, with Balaac king of Moab, to curse y^e folke of Israel, but our Lord turned his curse into blessing, as it said Num. 23. And so it is knowen, that this hill was an hill of departing, for it departeth lands of euil men and of good. Also these be the hils of blessing, for out of this hill, by Balaam our Lorde gáue his blessing to the children of Israel and to the people. Also this is the hill of spi∣eng, of sight, and beholding, for out of this hill Moses espied & beheld, the coun∣tryes of the land of behest. Of this hill Ierome speaketh in li. de nominibus la∣corum, and sayth that Abarym is that hill, in which Moses dyed, in the land of Moab, against Jerico in y^e top of mount Phasga, & the Countreyes all about hath the name of that hill, and is called phas∣ga, & is shewed to them that go from Li∣dia to Mesebon, that is called Nebo also.

Of the hill Gosor. cap. 14.

GOsor is an hil or a downe of Moa∣bites: and this is a part of y^e mount Phasga. Balaac led Balaam on that hil to curse Israel, Num. 23. So saith Hiero∣nimus lib. supradicto.

¶Of the hill Galaad. cap. 15.

AS Ierome saith, Galaad is the mount to the which Iacob came the 7. daye from Carron when he fled Laban: and he saith, that it is in the backe of the landes of Fenix and Arabia, and ioyned to the hilles and dens of Laban, and stretcheth ouer Iordane to the land that was som∣time the lande of Seon, king of Amor∣reis, and fell afterwarde into the handes of Ruben and Gad, and halfe the King∣dome of the lignage of Manasse. In that hil is a citie builded, that hath such a name, and is called Galath, of the sonne of Machir, the son of Manasse. Among o∣ther mountaines this is most noble: for it is a mount of pasture & refection: for it is most fertil of fruits, of léese, & of wels: also this is a moūt of medicine & of helth, for in Galaad is rosen found that healeth wounds sicknesses and sores, as it is said Ier. 9. Galaad also is an hill of couenant, of surety, and of reconciliation: for in the mount Galaad, Iacob made couenant and suretie with Laban, and was wholy re∣conciled to him: as it is sayd Genes. 31. Also it is an hil of witnesse, as it is said there. Therefore there it is said, that the name therof is called Galaad, that is vn∣derstand,

the hill of witnesse. Also it is the hil of buieng and selling: for oft chap∣men came to the mountains of Galaad, to buy swéete spices, as it is said. Gene. 32. He saw chapmen come out of Galaad driuing toward Aegypt.

¶Of the hill Garasim. Cap. 16.

AS Ierome sayth, Garisim is a Hill fast by Iericho, and mount Eball is nigh thereto against Garisim. In these two hills, blessings and cursings were cried and shewed to the people, y^t should come into the land of behest, to comfort them, that loued the lawe, and to drawe them to God by blessing: & to feare them that would breake the ten precepts, by cursings. Also in Garisim, sixe of y^e most noble and worthy men with Priestes, cried and shewed the blessings, and ther∣fore was brought vp an vsage, that that hill shoulde be in great worship among them y^t should come after, & shuld be fre∣quented, because of sacrifice & of praiers, therefore was strife of praiers betweene the Iewes and the Samaritanes. For the Samaritanes set mount Garisim before: & sayd that it was more couenable place to praiers then the Temple in Ierusa∣lem, and the Iewes said the contrarye, as it is sayd Iohn. 3. both in the texte and Glose.

¶Of the hill Gelboe. cap. 17.

AS Ierome saith, Gelboe are hills of Aliens and straunge Nations, sea∣uen mile out of Sitopoli. In which mountaines is a great stréete, that is cal∣led Gelboes. In these hills, Saule with his sonne Ionathas, was perished and o∣uercome with the Philistines, as it is said 1. Re. ca. vlti. Aud•• Dauid had indig∣nation of them, and cursed them for the slaughter of the people, and in cursing he mad: them drye and barren, as the Glose sayth 2. Re. 1. And saith, that these Mountaines of Gelboe were plenteous before the cursing: and it is sayde, they remaine yet vnder cursing: also no raine commeth therein any time, as it is said.

¶Of the hill Colgatha. Cap. 18.

AS Ierome saith, Golgatha is y^e mount of Caluarie, there our Lord was nai∣led to the crosse for saluation of man∣kind: & yet this day it is shewed in Helia in the North side of the mount Sion, & is called the place of Caluarie: for there condemned men should be beheaded, as Isidore saith.

(* 1.9Caluaria a common place of buri∣all: some men suppose, that it was the place where Adam the first man was buried neere to Ierusalem.)

¶Of the hill Gaas. cap. 19.

GAas is a lyttle hill in mount Ephra∣im in the possession of Iosua the sonne of Nun ther Iosua died, and was buried in the North side of the same mountain, as it is said Iosu. vlt. His graue is there shewed to this day, as Ierome saith, li. supra dicto de nominibus.

Of the hill Ebron. Cap. 20.

EBron is a little hill in the lignage of Iuda, against the North, 22. mile out of Helia. There is a great towne that is called Ephrata, as Ierome saith.

(* 1.10All these aforesaid places, in times past called Palestine, or the lande of pro∣mise, they are now inhabited by y^e great Turke, the enemy of Iesus Christ.)

¶Of the hills of Israel. Cap. 21.

GEnerally the Mountaines of all the land of behest, both on this side, and of that side of Iordane, be called moun∣taines of Israel, and be oft taken for the land of the ten lygnages; that was full of mountaynes, namely of Dan and of Ephraim. For the ten lygnages challen∣ged that name of Israel vnder Ierobo∣am the sonne of Naboth, that was of Ephraim, and reigned first in Sama∣ria, ouer tenne lygnages, as Ierome sayeth.

And it is sayde also in Historia. lib. 3. Regum 13. these mountaines were full of good pasture, and plenteous of fruite, and of good corne, of Oliues and of trées with fruite, and medicinable hearbs and sweete spices. Thereof speaketh Isidore lib. 14. ca. 3. and sayth, that Samaria, is a Countrey of Palestine, & tooke that name of a towne, that was sometime royall in Israel, and now is called Sabastia. This Countrey is to Iury word, and like ther to in hinde: for it is rich of diuers ri∣ches, and beareth noble corne and fruite, and is nobly endowed with water & ri∣uers, and is rich of balme. And so by grace of Elements the Iewes meaned, that honny and milke springeth in that land, for because of great plentie of leese & of pasture in the mountaines of this land, for endlesse many shéepe and other beasts in flockes, be in mountaines ther∣of. Also there be plentie of Bees, which gather hony, & be fed with great sweete∣nesse of hearbs and floures. Also in those Mountaines for temperate aire, & plen∣tie of deaw, corne & fruite ripe full soone, and there was mined golde and siluer, & other mettals. Deu. 8. Out of the veynes of the mountaines of Israel come wells, and riuers: and most firme places are builded in those mountaines. Also wilde beasts, as tigers & Lions, dwell in those mountaines and woods.

¶ Of the hills Hiperborei Chap. 22.

THe mountaines of Scythia, be called Mo••tes Hiperborei: for the Nor∣therne winde bloweth thereon, as Isid. sayth. li. 14. ca. 1. Also Ca. 3. Isidore saith, that many hills of Scythia be full rich, neuerthelesse in many places of them is no dwellyng for mankinde. For in ma∣ny places of the mountaines of Scithia, is right great plentie of gold and of pre∣cious stones, but for hugenesse of Gri∣phons, men come thether but seldome. In those hils are the best Smaragdis, and most pure Christall, and be sent out of the mountaines of Scythia, into other landes. And there are sharpe woods full of wilde beasts, of Leopards, Tigers, and of Panthers. Also therin be Hounds so great and huge, and so fierce, that they beare downe Bulls, and slaye Lyons, & namely in Albania and Hircania, that be countreyes of Scithia, with many hilles and mountaines.

(* 1.11Hyperborei. People dwelling in the farthest part of the North, and as some suppose, vnder the North Pole cal∣led Pelus Arcticus.)

Of the hill Carmelo. ca. 23.

CArmelus is a mount of Iury, therein is a Citie that is called Carmela, & ther is two maner Carmelus, & of either mountaines, either is called Carmelus. One is on y^e ouer side against y^e South, therin Nabal liept flocks. 1. Reg. 21. The other mount Carmelus is in the other side of the land toward the sea: in either is good pasture, fruite, hearbs and grasse.

Of the hill Libano. cap. 24.

MOns Lihani, is the highest mount of the Prouince that is called Pro∣uincia Phenicis. Of this mountaine pro∣phets make mention: & hath that name Libanus, of Thus that is gathered ther, as Isidore saith. His farther parte to∣ward the East is called Aurilibanus, as Isid. saith. Also Libanus is called white∣nesse, for it is white with snowe, both winter and summer alway, and the snow ther, is neuer clene molten, but alway in summer in diuers places therof is snow found. And Libanus is head and Well spring of riuers and of wels: for as Ie∣rome sayth, at the foote thereof springeth two wels, Ior & Dan, & come togethers and make the riuer Iordane. Then Li∣banus is a mount of much swéete smel∣ling, for ther growen hearbs of sweet o∣dor and smell, and also trées that beare frankencense, whose chosen gum, y^e Phi∣sitions call Olibarum, as Hieronimus saith. Also it is the mount of suffisance & of plentie: for through plentie of deaw & of raine, that commeth ther full oft, ther commeth plentie of beasts, léese and pa∣sture, of best fruite and ripe: and there∣fore in mount Labars & pastures therof,

were beasts fed and norished, that should be offered in the Temple. Also it was a Mount of most passing highnesse: for as Raba••us sayth super Reg. Mons Liba∣nus passed all other mountaines of the land, and therefore shipmen that came to Tirus, ful farre sayling in the sea, might see this hill, & know by the highnes ther of, to what hauen they should drawe, as he saith. Also it was the mount of influ∣ence, that fayleth not of continual sprin∣ging, and euerlasting moysture. For though•• he be drye without, yet he hath within most noble veynes of water, as it doth in pits of springing water, and runne alway with strength out of that mount that is called Libanus, as Salo∣mon meaneth Cant. 4. Quasi Puteus A∣quarum. Also this is the mount of trust and of suretie: for he that resteth in mount Libanus, is strong and safe from all maner of venimous beasts & serpents, for hearbs, grasse, and trees that growe there, driue them thence with odour and smell: for Cedars that grow ther, driue away all manner of venemous beasts & creeping wormes, & suffer them not to liue there, as Ierome sayth. Also it is an hil of fairnesse and of nurth, for wonder∣full highnes of Cedars & of other gréene trees, and continuall gréennes of hearbs and of grasse, and swéetnesse of song of birds, and plentie of riuers and of wels, make this mount Libanus merrye and lyking. Also it is a mount of medicine and of health, for there growe swéete smelling spices, that helpe and be reme∣die and medicine against manye endlesse sicknesses and euills. There be Cedars and Palmes: and Cipres and Oliues, & the licour and resins of them, be chiefe medicines against euils & harmes of di∣uers sicknesses. Also it is the mount of gladnesse & of mirth, for on the hilles of Liban growe plentie of the best vines: which make men glad and merry. Also it is the Mount of worship & of dignitie, for among all the mountaines of Syria, mount Liban hath principate in high∣nesse in plentie, in mirth, and in whole∣some aire, as Ierome saith.

(* 1.12Libanus a mountaine betwéen A∣••••bia & Phae••••cia, whereon grow verye high trees, especially the Cedar trees.)

Of the hill Moria. Cap. 25.

MOria is a mount in Ierusalē, where in S••l••mon temple was builded, as it is said 2. 〈◊〉〈◊〉. 3. And D••u•• bought this mountaine of Ornan Iebusei, for two hundred sycles of gold most pure, to builde theron an Altar to our Lord, whē for the numbring that Dauid made, the people were smitten. In this mountaine he offered to our Lord and prayed, and our Lord heard him out of heuen in the fire vpon the Altar of sacrifices. In this mount A••••rah, in offered sacrifice for I∣saac, and our Lord had bad, y^e Isaac shuld be offered in that same place. Genes. 2••. where Ieromes Glose sayth vppon this word. Go into the land of sight, & offer thy sonne vpon one of the hills, &c. The Hebrues meane, that this is the hill, in which afterward the Temple was buil∣ded in the floure of Ornan of Iebuici, in the moūt Moria, that is vnderstood, ligh∣tening and beshining, for there is Dabir, that is the Oratory of God, & the lawe, and the spirit, that inspired Prophets, & teacheth men soothnesse, as Ierome saith. Men deemed, Iacob slept in y^e same place, and saw Angells comming downward and vpward vpon a ladder, as it is said, Gen. 28. where the Glose saith vpon this word: héere is not els but Gods house. This is said, for he saw that the temple and worshipping of God shuld be in that place. And this place was a little hil be∣side mount Sion, where Dauids tower was after made. And heereof it foloweth, that mount Moriah, was a mount of re∣uelation & of sight, & a mount of sacrifice and of praiers, a mount of prophecie, & of teaching, a mount of light and of shi∣ning, a mount of oft cōming of Angels, a mount of appearing of God, a mount of forgiuenesse and mercie.

¶Of the hill Nebo. Cap. 26.

NEbo is an hill in the land of Mo••b, in the top of mount Phalga, against Iericho. Out of that hill, Moses saw the lande of behest, and dyed there, when he

had seene the lande, as Ierome saith, and the storie. Num. 27.

¶Of the hill Hor. Cap. 27.

MOunt Hor, is a hill in the vtter∣most Countries in the lande of E∣dom. In that mountaine Aaron dyed by wrech of God,* 1.13 the fourtéenth yere af∣ter that he came out of Aegypt, when he was Cxviii yeres olde, as it is sayde, Num. 28. And there was the thirtéenth mansion and abiding, in the which the Children of Israel, dwelled and abode, af∣ter that they came out of Aegypt, as it it is sayd. Num. 20. When they mooued their tents and panillions from Cades, they came into mount Hor, that is the vttermost countries of y^e lande of Edom. In this foresayd hill Aarons sonne Ele∣azar tooke vpon him first the principate of Priesthood.

¶Of the hill Oliuet. Cap. 28.

MOunt Oliuet is a Mount in Iurye nigh Ierusalem, and had that name for most plentie of Oliues, that growe therein. Therefore Austen super Iohn, calleth it the mount of lyght, the mount of fatnesse and of feeding, the mount of medicine, of curation and of helpe. And he sayth so, because of great plentie of Olyues that growe therein. And y^e fruit of them is vnctueus, shining and liking, for as Isidore sayth, the oyle of Oliues riseth out of bitternesse of the roote, into the féeding of lyght, into medicine of wounds, and into refreshing and feeding of the hungry. At the foote of this mount Oliuet runneth a brooke that is called, Torrentem Cedron, betwéene the drink thereof, and the mount was an Orth∣ard, in which our Lord oft times ente∣red because of prayer and rest, and there was he first taken in a garden, that is called Gethseman, as it is sayd Ioh. 19. For in the foote of that hill, fast by the brooke Torrentem Cedron, was some∣time a lyttle towne, that is called Geth∣semany, and yet that time there wer or∣chards of that towne, as Austen sayth, and ofte our Lord vsed that place of or∣chards. And that mount was in y^e East side of the Temple, and therefore it was beshined of the sun rising in the morew side, and of light shining of the Temple in the euen tide by night. And therefore it was worthelye called the mount of light, for it receiued light both of heauen and of the Temple: and also it gaue to other plenty of oyle and matter of lyght, as Aust. sayth. In this mount was a li∣tle stréet, that was called Bethphage, that longed to the Priests In the side of this Hill was a Citie that was called Bethania, that was the Citie of Martha, of Lazarus, and of Mary, as the Glose sayth super Math. 21. And out of this Mount our Lord ascended vp into Hea∣uen, and shal appeare at the day of dome about the same mount, as it is sayde, Actes. 1. Both in the ferte, and in the Glose. In this mount Salomon build∣ed Temples & high places, as it is sayd. 3. Regum. 9. cap. And therefore it is cal∣led mount Oliuet, that was the mount of forgiuenes and of mercie. And it was called the mount of offence and of tres∣passe, for as it to said 4. Reg. 23. in those mounts Salomon offended and trespassed against his owne God.

¶Of the hill Olympo. Cap. 29.

OLympus is a Mount of Macedonia, and is full high, so that it is sayde, that the clowdes be ther vnder, as Vir∣gil saith, Olympus passeth the clowdes, and is called Olympus, as it were Ola∣lampus, that is to vnderstand, as it wer heuen. This mount departeth Macedo∣nia & Thracia, & is so high, that is passeth all stormes & other passions of y^e aire: & therfore Philosophers went vp to sée the course & places of starres, & they might not line there, except they had spounges with water, to make the aire more thick by throwing and sprinkling of water, as the master saith in Histori••s.

(* 1.14Olympus, a mountaine or hill in Greece, betwéene The••lalia & Macedo∣nia, aboue y^t which appereth no clowde, and therefore among the Poets it is v∣surped for Heauen. Plutarchus in vi∣ti A••milij, sayeth: That it is tenne furlonges in heyght, and a furlonge is taken for the ••yght parte of a mile

and a mile is a thousand paces, so that the hill after that measure, was a mile & a quarter high, vpright is a great height: but I take it to be after the paces of Hercules, which is sayd to be doubled, so that the hill vpright might be two Eng∣lish miles and an halfe: but after y^e fur∣long of the Persians, which they cal Pa∣rasaugam, which conteineth the space of sixe miles and a quarter, each surlong a∣mounteth to 60. miles.

Of the hills Oreb. chap. 30.

Oreb is a moūt of Madian, as Ierome saith, nigh to Arabia in the desart, to whom in ioyned the desart of Sarasines, which is called Pharao: & mount Oreb & Sion is all one, as Ierome saith. In this mount Moses sawe many sights, as it is Exo. 3. Therein he sawe the bush burne, that was not wasted with burning. There he heard our Lord speake to him, and commaunded to him many things, as it shall be rehersed after in the mount Sinay.

Of the hill Pernassus. cap. 31.

MOunt Pernassus is in Thess. lia., as Isidore sayth, nigh to Boetia. And y^e mount hath two tops arcared high. as it were vnto heauen. In which tops Apol∣lo and Liber Bacchus were worshipped sometime, because of the mirth of place, & for great plantie of wine and vines.

Of the hill Riphei. chap. 32.

HIgh mountaines that bée in the head of Germanie, be called Montes Ri∣phei, as Isidorus saith: And they haue that name of continuall blasts and strong réesing of winde and of tempestes. For Ripheus is Gréeke, and is vnderstoode a strong blast: and they be called Alpes, that is vnderstood mountaines. To the toppes of them is no way, but high féete of downes, and of other lower moun∣taines. And in these high mountaines is Snowe alway, manye clowdes, heades, springs of welles, and of greate riuers, and beastes fierce and wilde, and manye manner of Birdes and Fowles with winges, that shine by night, as Isidore sayth.

Of high Cragges. cap. 33.

HIgh cragges be highest mountaines, most sadde and strong passing the high tops of other mountaines, and re∣ceiue always rooses of tempestes, and showres of raine, and therefore the earth is full washed aboue, & the harder partes of the mountaines be made more harde and turned to stones, and made endlesse many cragges. And though cragges bée neuer so hard and rough, and sharp with∣out, yet within they ••e somewhat spun∣geous and hollowe. Therefore eft hu∣mours that bee drawne & •••• hered ther∣in, breake and spring out at 〈…〉〈…〉: and windes and watere come into hol∣lownesse and denues of cragges, and hee sometime cause of earth soo••ing. And sometime by violence and strength of the shaking, the cragges all to breake & faile: birds and fowles, as Egles and Uul••ars come to the toppes of those cragges. Also cliffes on the Sea bee soone wasted with cragges, and with leaping of them, and with strong réeses of stormes and waues, that smite against harde cragges, and co∣uenable places for defence and strength bee found on cragges. Dens and neasts of Fowles and beasts bee made in crags: loppes of cragges bée wrapped and be∣clipped with mistes and with clowdes. In the Sunne rising toppes of cragges bée shined with beames of the Sunne: and cragges bée called Rupes, for they bée hard to break. For without strength of yron cragges bee not mooued. And al∣so out of deepe veines of cragges preci∣ous stones and diuerse kindes of mettall be oft digged and drawne. Also the most high strouting partes of cragges be called Scopuli, and haue that name of Scopin, that is to spie and maite, for out of such cragges, right farre places be perceiued and espied.

Of the hill Sephara. cap 34.

SEphara is a mount of y^e East in Iu∣rye, as Ierome sayth, nigh thereto

dwelled the children of lethan, the sonne of Hember, Iosephus sayth, they came after in Sephora: to the which place Sa∣lomons shippe came with merchaundise, and chaffer commonly in thrée yere. This place is the land Tharsis, and an hauen of the sea. Thence Salomons seruauntes brought golde and siluer, Apes and Pe∣cockes and Elephants téeth, as it is saide 3. Reg. 10.

Of the hill Segor. cap. 35.

SEgor is a lyttle mount, & is called Balo also, and is nigh Sodoma, as Hie∣rome sayth. In that mount was a Citie builded, that was saued at y^e prayers of Loth. There grow vines and balme, and apples of palmes, a token of the old plentie, and is vpon the dead Sea. And therein afterward was set succour of de∣fence of Romanes: thereof speaketh Esa. 15. Whereon the Glose sayth, that it was called an Heighfer: For is held fast liking of lechery, for it was twice smitten, and fell downe at the third time with earth shaking, and shuld haue stood strong, and abid, if they had not sinned after the deli∣uerance.

Of the hill Sinay. cap. 36.

SInay is a mount, and Oreb is a parte thereof, and is in Arabia in the pro∣uince of Madian. Of this mount speak∣eth Iesephus li. secundo Ant quitatum, and saith, that Sinay is a high mount and a noble, and worthy to pasture, and bea∣reth best hearbes and grasse. And it was supposed y^e God dwelled there: and ther∣fore durst no man keepe shéepe there, for the Shepheardes durst not presume to walke there. Moses came towarde this mount, and sawe a wonderfull sight. For hée sawe that fire burnt a bush, and wa∣sted it not: neyther appaired the gréene∣nesse, neyther flowres thereof, neyther spraies that bare fruite, though the flame was swift, and full strong & mighty. And out of that fire our Lord spake to Mo∣ses. Also in libro. 3. he sayth, that Moses went vp to Sinay, that is the most high hill in that country, and because of his highnesse and greatnesse, and high strou∣ting crags, it is not onely harde for men to come thereto, but also it maye not bee seene without trauaile. Therefore it was saide that our Lorde dwelled about it. This mount was dreadful to all men, so that no man durst come thereto. About the foote of this mount the Hebrewes pight their tents, and were worthy to see God in fire, and in a clowd, and to heare him speake personallye. This mount is called Mons Sinay, the moūt of dwelling of our Lord, and oft conuning of Angels, mount of light, & of burning flame, moūt of clowdes and of darknesse, and inourd of raine and of dew, mount of Pasture, and of séeding, mount of wisdome and of lore. For out of that mount our Lorde taught Moses and the people, and gaue them lawe, mount of forgiuenesse and of mercy: For out of that foresayde mount gifts that were not before hearde, were graunted to the people: Mount of righte∣ousnesse, menassing and threatening. For he was dreadfull to them that saw him. Mount of lightening and of séeming and blasing, mount of trumpes and of trum∣ping: Mount of friendship and of truice. For by the lawe there our Lord ioyned and knit the people there to him in euer∣lasting truice: Mount of purenesse and of cleannes: Mount of gladnes, of solace, & of nursh, for none might come to this moūt but those that were cleane in body and in soule. Also they that were cleane before our Lorde, eate and dranke with ioy and mirth. Then mount of forgiuenesse, of mildnesse, and of pitie: mount of sacrifice and of prayers, for they did sacrifice to our Lorde, and heard that our Lord was pleased and had mercie on them by pray∣ers of Moses.

(* 1.15Sina, or Sinai, a mountaine in the de∣sart of Arabia, called also Oreb. It is of Solinus called Casies: Iustinus calleth it Synaeus. On that hill God appeared to Moses, and deliuered to him the Tables of the lawe. Meade heereof more at large in the olde testament. Exod. 20. It is al∣so a citie of Mesopotamia.

Of the hill syon. cap. 37.

MOunt Sion was a mount in Ieru∣salem, therevppon was Dauids Towre set for fairenesse & defence of the Citie. In the one side of mount Sion was the temple, as it were in the mid∣dle betweene the towre and the lower ci∣tie, for strength of the towre shuld defend the citie. And therfore oft holy writ cal∣leth Ierusalem the daughter of Sion, as the mother defendeth the daughter,* 1.16 and the daughter is subted to the mother, so the lower citie was subiect to the temple and also to the towre. And among other mountains, mount Sion was of so great authoritie & worthinesse, that not onely the citie of Ierusalem, nor onelye Iurye had the name of Syon, but also all holye Churches, that is gathered both of Iews and of Nations, had the name of mount Sion, and is oft in Prophesies called si∣on, as in this place: Mount syon is founded in ioye of all the earth, the sides of the North,* 1.17 the Citie of the greate King. For mount sion was full high and full excellent, great, strong, and sted∣fast, full plenteous and fayre, and most merrye and trustye, and most sure, most rich and ioyfull, perfect, rightfull and ho∣lye: Mount of lore and of teaching, as it is written Esay. 2. Out of Sion shall come lawe: mount of prophesie and of re∣uelation.

Of the hill Selmon. chap. 38.

SElmon is a mount in the lignage of Ephraim, nigh to the coastes of the linage of Manasse, Abimelech went by into this hill, when hee fought against the Sichimites, as Ierome saith. And it is read Iud. 9. that this mount is thicke of trées: and hath much shadow. Therfore Selmon is vnderstoode shadowe, and is a moist mount with water and Snowe, and is fat and full of pasture, as it is sayd in Psalmo, anon they shall be made white in selmon: it is the mount of God, the fat mount.

Of the hill Sophin. chap. 39.

SOphin is a mount in the lignage of Ephraim, in y^e place of Charmachen, where Samuel was borne, as Ier. sayth, it was a place set full high and plenteous of hearbs & of grasse, & moist with water, & full of hearbes & of trees, and of liking.

Of the hill saron. chap. 40.

OF saron it is sayde Esaye. 35. That saron is a mount betwéene mount Thabor and the ponde Tiberiades. And of that mount all that land and country hath the name, and is called Sarona yet to this day, as Ierome saith.

Also all the Countries and lands from Cesaria Palestina, vnto the Towne that is called Ioppe, is called Sarona. Neere to this mount be plenteous fields in fruit grasse, and corne, as the Glose rehearseth and saith super Esay. 28.

Of the hill seon. chap. 41.

DEutronomij. 4. it is sayde, That mount seon is a parte of mount Ga∣laad, that stretcheth by desart ouer Ior∣dane to the place, in the which Seon diuelled, king of Amo••reis, and fell to the lot of Ruben and Gad, and of halfe the lignage of Manasse, as Ierome saith vpon Iere. 46. vppon that word Assen∣dente Galaud, &c. Look before in y^e mount Galaad.

Of the hill semeron. cap. 42.

SEmeron is a mount, of whome it is written. 2. Par. 13. Now in that mount is the Citie of Sabalte, there resteth the Reliques of Saint Iohn Baptyll, as Ie∣rome saith. And Samaria was built some∣time in the same mount. And thereafter all the land had the name of that Citye, and was called samaria, because of the mount this Citie was most strong and most hard to winne. Therefore the king of Assyries with a great host, and most great araye of warriours besieged the Citie thrée yeare continually, and might neuer winne it by strength, but vnneth with strong hunger. But as Ierome saith & Io. also. He shuld neuer haue than y^e ci∣tie, if men y^t dwelled therin had not offen∣ded the God of Israel, and had trusted

stedfastly in him, & had forsaken his law. Looke the properties of this mount before, De montibus Israel, there it is fully shewed.

Of the hill Seyr. cap. 43.

OF mount Seyr is the most mention made in holy writ, and that mount is called also mount Edom. Also thereof it is treated at full before: looke de monte Edom, that is called Monte Esau, for E∣sau had thée names.

Of the hill Thabor. cap. 44.

THabor is an hill in the middle fielde of Gables, as Hierome sayth super lere. cap. 36. And is a mount with won∣derfull nurth & highnesse, & distanteth ten miles from Diocesaria toward the East: And was in the marches of Zabulon, I∣sacar, and Neptalym. Among the moun∣taines of the lande of behest, this mount was most famous because of place, of plentie of mirth, of strength, and of sted∣fastnesse. For the soile of that mount bea∣reth vines, oliues, and other trées verye apt to beare fruit. Ther the aire is whol∣some, and ost deaw and swéete raine, as well in the morning as in the euening, there be high trées that léese not their leaues nor gréene coulour in winter nei∣ther in Summer. There is songs of ma∣ny diuers birds and soules: & their voice is liking to the hearers, and diuersitie of coulour of their fethers is pleasant: to the sight; and sweetnesse is liking to the tast, many birds and soules haunt that place, therefore there be manye Fowlers that lie and lay nets, springs and grinnes, as Hierome sayth vpon this place, Osee. 3. As a net is spread vpon mount Thabor, &c. Passing all other the presence of our Lord maketh commendable this mount and most worthy to be praysed: for with his comming therto our Lord made this mount worshipfull. For in this mount our Lords taught, in this mount because of praiers our Lord abode by night som∣time, in this mount our Lorde fedde the people both with bodily meate & Ghost∣ly: In the top of this mount our Lorde shewed himselfe bassefull, and chaunged his figure passingly before his Disciples, and gaue them reuelation in his owne body, of blisse and cleerenesse, that euer shall last.

(* 1.18Tabor a mountaine in the Coun∣trie of Galile, where Christ was trans∣figured.

Of the hill Ziph. cap. 45.

ZIph is a mount with much shadowe, therein Dauid hidde himselfe when hée absented him from Saule: & is beside Charmela in mount Carmell. In the which mount Nabal Cormolites dwel∣led sometime, that came of the kinde of Calef, as Ier. sayth. And that mount hath many woodes, vushes, and trées without fruite, and manye laundes, and wilde beasts, as Roes and wilde Coates be in this mount. And this mount is full of deunes and of dry ditches and holes, and therefore it is a couenable place for bani∣shed men and théeues to hide them ther∣in. And is perillous to straungers that know not the waies therin: for they may lightly leese themselues.

Of a downe. chap. 46.

A Downe is a little swelling or area∣ring of earth, passing the plaine ground, and not reaching to highnesse of an hill. For a downe is lower then an hill, and higher then the plaine: And is called Tumulus, as it were swelling lande, as Isidore sayeth: and so ofte a down is the foot of an hill. For by downs oft we goe vp to high hills. And downes are called Colles, and haue that name of Colendo, tilling. For they be tilled with lesse trauaile then hills. And men dwell in them sooner then in hills: and they re∣ceiue sooner the good aire and heate of the Sun, then the lower lands: and therefore fruit ripeth sooner in downes.

Also downes be more bedewed and be∣rained then valletes: therefore fruit that groweth in downes is more swéete and sauourie, then fruit that groweth in val∣leies. Downes be meane betwéene the lowest plaines of the lande, & the highest

toppes of hills: therefore aire is more thicker and greater in downes, and more hot then in hills, and more small & cléere then in valleyes. For downes receiue of the ouer bodies, more cleane and noble impressions and influence, then in val∣leyes. And therefore fruit, hearbes, and grasse that grow in downes, be better & more wholsome then those that grow in valleies, and in other places, as Constan∣tine saith. Also downes take sooner y^e shi∣ning of the Sunne beames, and swifter moisting of the clowdes, then valleyes. Also from mountaines vpon the downs, come downe brookes and streames, and after from downes they runne to val∣leies and fields.

Of a Valley. chap. 47.

A Ualley is lowe landes set betwéene mountaines, as Isidore sayth. And a valley receiueth and beareth the water that commeth of streames, & of wells: and so valleies be moisted with streames that come out of mountaines. And by shed∣ding therof they bée endowed with flow∣ers, hearbs, and fruits, and with greene twigges and branches, and be shadowed by rearing and highnesse of hills, and of downes. Also in vallies is most méeting & gathering, and rebounding of Sunne beames: And therefore more hotter im∣pressions be gendered in valleies then in mountaines. And also snow melteth soo∣ner in valleies then in mountaines, & by shedding thereof, the places that be nigh be wette and moyst, as Macrobius saith. And therefore valleyes bée déemed by as∣saye, hotte, trowblye, thicke, and vapo∣rous. Men that dwell in valleyes bée oft times gréeued with hot euills: and moyst, as Constantine sayth. Houses that stande in valleyes, bée lesse gréeued with weathers then houses that stand in mountaines. For mountaines stande be∣twéene & defend the valleies from strong reefes of weather and stormes. Also men that dwell in valleyes be seldome gréeued with earth shaking. And the cause is, for in valleyes the partes of the grounde be set and thrust and cleaue stronglye toge∣ther. Therefore the winde maye not ea∣silye thirle those partes, and come into such grounde. For those partes bée not hollowe neyther full of hoales. There∣fore they mooue not nor wagge with strength of winde, that commeth there∣in, as Aristotle sayth.

Also filth and vncleannesse commeth into valleyes, and abideth there long time: for the aire that is in valleies is soo∣ner rising of great smoakie vapours and of mist then in mountaines. And so the parts of the valleies are more déeper to∣ward the centre, then of mountaines, and are more farther from the circumference of heauen. Also in valleies for great com∣ming of water, s••me and sen be heaped together, and make so great marreis and mires that they be hard for to passe, and by reason thereof passages ouer are found with greate difficultie. Also for plenty of humour, grasse and hearbes growe most in valleies, willowes, & other trées, with∣out fruite growen in valleyes, more then in mountaines.

Of Campus. chap. 48.

ONe other maner field is called Cam∣pus, & that manner of fielde is plaine grounde and lowe, as a valleye, and not reared on high as mountaines, as Isi∣dore saith: and is called Campus for e∣uen and plaine footing therein. And hath that name of Camis, Gréeke: And Camis is vnderstoode, shorte, euen, or playne. And Campus is a plain place and not til∣led nor eared with plough, nor dounged with durt, but is namelye ordeined for walking and playeng, and vse of déedes of knighthoode. And is nigh to a Citye, that is common place ordeined to sight of all men, and to vse of the communaltye: and it is appropried to no man, but assig∣ned to the profit of all men.

Of Ager, a field. cap. 49.

THere is another fielde that is called Ager, and hath that name, for some what is wrought therein, as Isid. sayth. lib. 15. And Varro saith, euery such fielde eyther lyeth, and is a standing place, or beareth trées, or is able to pasture, or lieth

to leese for beasts, or beareth flowers, & is necessarie for Bees. Therefore as men of olde time meaned, that lande that is tilled is called Ager, and that land that is vntilled is called Rus, as woode and layes, wherein is both milke and beasts. And of this name Rus the vplandish mē haue their name and be called Rustici. For that was the first and idle felicitye of vplandish men. And also such a fielde is called Pascuus: for men that diuide and departe fieldes leaue such a field to their neighbours to pasture and to leeses. And Aluuius is a fielde, that is made a field little and little by drawing & ouer∣turning of riuers. And so Artihmus is a field that is not conteined in certaine measures of lines, but the endes thereof stretcheth to mountains, and Towres, & riuers. And so a field that is first eared is called Noualis, or a fielde that lyeth voyde euerye other yeare to renewe his vertue. For a field that is called Noualis beareth fruit once and resteth once with∣out fruit. Also sometime a field is called Squalidus, as it were Excolidus, & hath that name, for he passeth out of tilth, as Exconsul is he that leaueth the office of consull. Sometime the fielde is called V∣liginosus, y^t is vnderstood alway moist: for that is sayd to be moist, that is some∣time drie. But Vligo is kinde humoure of land, that neuer passeth nor neuer fai∣leth. Huc vsque Isid. lib. 15. cap. 14. Then the field is a place of businesse, of trauell, and of sweate. For the fielde is ••ylled with trauaile, beaten and digged with ••••••tockes, dolue and turned with spades, opened & cared with cultures and shares, and sowen with seeds, raked and couered with rakes and harrowes, and moysted and watered with dew and with raine, closed about with hedges of thornes, strained in Winter with frost and with cold, and withered in summer with bur∣ning and with heate, and is filled in Springing time, and in Haruest time fruite is gathered, and the fieldes be ea∣red againe. And so the fielde is always trauailed with one trauaile or with o∣ther.

Of Predium. cap. 50.

PRedium is a field or demaine, that an husbande ordeineth for himselfe, and chooseth before all other, as Isidore saith. And properly it is a place, in which an husband buildeth his house and dwel∣ling place in the middle of his owne fieldes. Or it is called Predium, for that in olde time men held fieldes, that they tooke in battaile and in war, in the name of a pray, as Isidore sayth: and is called Predium, as it were Preuidium, puruei∣aunce.

Of a Meede. cap. 51.

A Méede hath plentie of heye to féede beastes with, and is called Pratum in Latine, and the olde Romanes gaue thereto that name: for it is a place alway ready and prest, and néedeth not trauel of tilling, as Isidore sayth. And such pla∣ces be called Prata, for they be alwaye readie to beare grasse and hey, and Prata, méedes, be watred and moysted with riuers, streames, and wells. And for plen∣tie of humours it giueth alway feeding and nourishing to moares and rootes of hearbes. And meedes be springed with hearbes and grasse, and flowres of diuers kind: and therefore for fairenesse & gréene springing that is therein, it is saide, that méedes laugh. Also méedes for they bée greene, they bée lyking to the sight, and for swéete odour, they bée liking to the smell, and feeding the tast with sauour of theyr hearbes and of theyr grasse.

Hearbes and flowres of méedes giue ho∣nie to Bées, and bréed plentie of milke in beasts & in flocks, & heale woundes, and remedie against diuerse sicknesses and euills.

Of Desart. chap. 52.

DEsart is a space of land, and is called Desart: for it is forsaken of manye men to dwell therein, and to come therto: therefore men labour it not nor dwell therein, as Isidore saith: and that happe∣neth sometime, for the lande is barren, or for the ayre is not temporate, or for default of wells and water, or for de∣struction

made with enimies. And so de∣sart is not laboured, & is full of thornes and pricking bushes, and is place of cree∣ping wormes and venimous beasts, and of wilde beasts, and it is the lodges of va∣nished men and of théeues, land of thirst and drinesse, land of burning and disease, lande of wasting and of horrour, land of misgoing and of erring. For in desarte wayes bée vnknowen, for the downes and pathes be not worne nor troden, but they be growen and full of Broome, of furres, and of shrubbes, and of other bu∣shes without fruite, and the plaines bée full of grauell and of stones, of fenne and of cloddes, and of other lets that greeue trauailing men. And bée called Desarts, for they be not sowen, as Isidore sayth. And so places of woodes and moun∣taines, that bee not sowen be called De∣sertes: and also places that men dwelled in sometime, and be destroyed by some happe, bee oft called Desarts, as Isidore saith.

Of Heremo. chap. 52.

HEremus is a wayles wildernesse, and there dwell but fewe, excepte wilde beasts and fierce. Therfore men that de∣sire to dwell in wildernesse and out of mens sight and company, be called Her∣mites. And Heremus is declined He∣remus, Heremi, and hath that name of contrary meaning: For Hereo, heres, is for to say, to tarry and abide: For fewe men tarry & abide therein. Or Heremus is said, as it were cleaning land: for com∣monly land that is called Heremus, and Solitudo, is hard, fast, and sadde. In her∣mites place and solitarye, wilde beastes walke more freely, and abide more surely then in other places: for thicknesse of bushes and many woods, wild foules and Birdes sing there most sweetly, and also make their neasts. And for manye wilde beasts & foules haunt such places, though they bee solitarye: yet sometime hunters come thereto: and also there fowlers hide otten their grinnes and their nettes. Also men that inhabite in that place liue in much trauaile. For now they bée gree∣ued with Frost, and now with burning of heate, now falleth vppon them dewe, now raine, now hoare frost, and nowe Snowe. And they bee selde ouerset but haply by theeues or by hunters. Therfore these places of Hermits haue much gree∣uaunce & trauaile, neuerthelesse it hath a vauntage of commoditie and rest.

Of a darke Caue. chap. 53.

A Darke caue is called Antrum, & hath that name of Atro, blacke: for there∣in is blacke and feareful darknesse, as I∣sidore saith. And is properly a lurking and hiding place of beasts that dwell in tennes and hoales: therfore in such pla∣ces beastes lye and espie and waite their pray. Antrū is called Specus, a place to abide in, to waite, and to spie. And hath that name of Speculando, waiting and espieng. For ther they wait & espie beast∣ly, & spie their pray, as Isi. saith. And this place y^t is called Antrum is colde in Sū∣mer & hot in winter, and necessarily for wild beasts to feed & to hide therin their broods & their whelps, & stinketh of sweat and vapours of beasts.

Of a Ditch. chap. 55.

DItch is called Fossa, and hath that name of Fodiendo, deluing: for it is a place made déep by strength and craft, and with wit of deluers mooued: And the more the lande is arreared aboue the brinke, the déeper the Ditch is within: And the more high and déepe the Ditch is, the more harde and perillous it is to passe ouer: for a man may soone fall ther∣in, and after the falling it is harde to a∣rise and come out of the Ditch, as Gre∣gory saith. Therefore also Ierome saith. super Ez. 19. y^t a lion is taken in a ditch: for in the bottome of a ditch is a sheep or a Goat put, and by the smell thereof the Lyon commeth into the ditch because of pray: But when he is therein, he is there helde, that he may not go thence. Also by the ditch in the one side is a place digged, as it were a den: and therin is set a trap, as it were a coffer, y^e closeth soone, and is hard to open. And when the lion seeth y^t he may not passe out of y^e first ditch, he drea∣deth

the comming of the hunter, and go∣eth into the second ditch, and is closed in the trap that is ordeined there: and so he is taken and held prisoner, as Hierome saith. Also ditches be néedfull, for with ditches cities and castles be strengthned against enimies. Also place of lands and bounds of mansiōs be departed with dit∣ches. And some ditches be full of water: and therein is fish nourished & créeping wormes of diuers kind. Therfore a ditch is called Fouea, as it were féeding and nourishing of liuing water. For in dit∣ches is water nourished and kept, both running and standing Water. Nowe come brookes therein, and now raine, and now well heads and streames of spring∣ing water spring and rise therein. And oft a ditch is the chiefe strength and suc∣cour of all fortresses, walled townes and castles, when the Ditch is arayed in good order in bredth, in length, in highnesse, & in deepnesse: to a place that is so streng∣thened is no comming, but if men passe y^e ditch with filling and stopping, or by boate, or by bridge, as Hierome sayth.

Of Spelunca. chap. 56.

SPelunca is a Ditch or hollownesse vnder the earth: and hath that name Spelunca, of speculando, waiting & espi∣eng. For because of widenesse thereof it is an able place to abide in, & to behold & look about. And hath a wide mouth at en∣tring, and open toward the light, and a straightend within. And so spelunca is a place vnder the earth: first shewing light at the entring, and then darke & troubly in passing inwarde. And in the farther end hard & straight, and rough & ragged in the outgoing at the farther end: if so be that the out going may be found, as Da∣mascene saith. And namely in other pla∣ces there stones & mettals be digged and mined, be such hollowe ditches and dens vnder the earth, & left so hollow & void, when stones and mettalls be voided and taken thence. And the ouer part is vnder∣set with poasts & pillars, that it may not fal. But oft by great heauines of y^e earth, those pillars be ouercharged, & fal for soft∣nesse of their owne matter: or the ground beneath is moist, and falleth, & the pillars fall, and so all those that be therin be de∣stroied and vtterly spilt. Therefore it is harde and perillous to abide in mines vnder the earth. For they are colde and moist, darke, vnstable, and vnhelthy. And they be rough, hard, and heauie aboue: & hollowe and déepe beneath. Also such places bée couenable to hiding and lur∣king of wilde beasts, and to put therein filth and vncleanenesse, and to dwelling and abiding of Serpentes and of other beasts.

Of Cauerna. chap. 57.

CAuerna is earth or lande digged and made hollowe, and hath that name of Cauando, digging and making hol∣lowe. For some parts of the earth be dig∣ged and made hollowe and departed a∣sunder with créeping wormes & beasts or with thrusting of parts, or with voy∣daunce and out casting. And in cauerns Mice and créeping wormes take theyr dennes and neasts, and flye therto, when they sée and dread perill or harme with∣out. Also to hollownesse of trées and of stones, sometime birds and foules flie, as Culuours and Turtles, when they dread the Egle and the hawke, comming in the aire. Also hedghoges, connies, and hares to hollowe stones, when they heare houndes, and knowe that hunters come. Also in holow holes and dens of the earth and of trées, Bées make honny, and some manner of foules make ther their neasts and lurke therein. Also in hollow dens lie Adders and Serpents that hurt and sting with venimous biting, man and beast, that come nigh to such dens. And more∣ouer when the earth is hollowe and full of dennes, it shaketh oft and mooueth by winds that come therein, that filleth the dens, and gendereth earth shaking there∣in, as Aristotle saith.

FINIS LIBRI XIIII.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Additiō.
• * 1.2

  Additiō.
• * 1.3

  Additiō.
• * 1.4

  Psa. 133.
• * 1.5

  Additiō.
• * 1.6

  Atlas, is y^e name of an hill in Barbarie, high and small, which per¦ceth the clovvdes.
• * 1.7

  Additiō.
• * 1.8

  Idumea, a region in Siria ioin∣•••••• to Ae¦gypt, and ••ordering upon Pa∣〈…〉〈…〉e.
• * 1.9

  Additiō.
• * 1.10

  Additiō.
• * 1.11

  Additiō.
• * 1.12

  Additiō.
• * 1.13

  Wrath or displesure because hee had displeased God.
• * 1.14

  Additiō.
• * 1.15

  Additiō.
• * 1.16

  〈…〉〈…〉
• * 1.17

  Psa. 43.2
• * 1.18

  Additiō.