The Language of the Modhupur Mandi (Garo), Volume 2

0.41 Adverbial Affixes: General, Inflectional

-a-ri- aa. just, simply, merely: gal-a-ri-no-a (he) will simply throw (it) away.

-a-ring- aa. contraction of -a-ri- just, and -ing- progressive: dak-a-ring-a just doing.

-ang- aa. shows movement away from the speaker, in that direction: i˙-ang-a go; bil-ang-a fly away.

-ba- aa. shows movement toward the speaker, in this direction: re˙-ba-a come; bil-ba-a fly in this direction, fly here.

-bat- aa. more than, exceed, go across: ga˙-bat-a step across, step over; jro-bat-a swim across; cha˙-bat-a eat more; dal˙-bat-a bigger.

-be-, -bi- aa. very, a lot: jang-be-a very noisy; cha˙-be-a eat a lot.

-bru- aa. falsely, pretending: in-bru-a tell wrongly; jom-bru-a pretend to be sick; dak-bru-a pretend; ni-bru-a see, watch, without being noticed.

-cheng- aa. first, before doing something else: cha˙-cheng-a first (before something else); i˙-ang-cheng-a go first, go ahead; a˙-ba-cheng-a begin, (cf. -so-).

-dil- aa. lead, guide, show the way, cause: cha˙-dil-a feed; ken-dil-a frighten; ha-bu-dil-a give someone a bath; dong-dil-a care for a baby or small child.

-et-, -it- aa. causative: nam-et-a make good, improve; chip-et-a close, cause to be closed, (A˙ chik: -at-).

-grik- aa. mutually, each other: a-gan-grik-a converse, talk to each other; sin-grik-a like each other; grong-grik-a meet each other.

-ing- aa. progressive, indicates action in progress or a continuing state: grap-ing-a crying; bu-ing-a telling lies, joking, (A˙ chik: -eng- ).

-it-, -et- aa. causative, (A˙ chik: -at-).

-ja- aa. no, not, negative particle: ding˙-ja not hot; grap-ja does not cry.

-kal- aa. more: nam-kal-a better; chu-kal-a sleep more.

-ku- aa. still, anymore: jom-ku-ing-a still sick; sa-dik-ku-ja-ing-a not hurting yet.

-ku-ja- aa. not yet: nom˙-ku-ja not yet soft; man˙-ku-ja can't yet.

-man˙- aa. able, get, accomplish, finish: ku˙-man-a able to speak, speak well; bil-man-a have the strength for; nik-man-a discover, notice.

-pa˙- aa. with, along with: don-pa-a put together; a-gan-pa˙-a speak along with; i˙-ang-pa˙-a go together, go with.

-pil˙- aa. return, reverse, again: i˙-ba-pil˙-a come back, return; pang-pil-a reversed, upside down; am˙-pil-a turn away, turn around; wal-pil-a come back, return; tang-pil-a come to life again; gi-sik ra˙-pil-a change one's mind.

Page  29 -so- aa. first, before others, ahead, wait: i˙-ang-so-a go first, go ahead; seng-so-a wait for; ni-chak-so-a wait for, look out for; cha˙-so-a eat before someone else; a-gan-so-a announce, tell ahead of time, (cf. -cheng-).

-srang- aa. completely: i˙-ang-srang-a completely gone, gone for good.

-tai- aa. again: grap-tai-a cry again, (A˙ chik).

-tok- aa. all, everything: nik-tok-a see everything; nam-tok-a all are good.

0.42 Adverbial Affixes: Shapes, Size, Location

Sections 0.42 through 0.47 offer a good sample of adverbial affixes. The categories are rough and ready but they will suggest the range and variety of meanings that these affixes can convey. Collectively they are exceedingly common, but no single one of them has a particularly high frequency. Each is used with a somewhat narrower range of verb bases than are the general and inflectional affixes listed in section 0.41, but they can be productively joined to with any semantically appropriate verb stem.

-chok- aa. pointed: ran˙-chok-a thin, scrawny, of people; ku˙-chok-a pointed, of a mouth, pen, animal's nose, crescent moon; ru˙-chok-a long and pointed; ok-chok-a bulging, of a distorted circle; rep-chok-a, den˙-chok-a, rat-chok-a carve a point.

-chon- aa. small, used with classifiers to form verbs meaning small, of things so classified: rong-chon-a small of round things; king-chon-a small of flat things.

-chrit- aa. in stripes, striped; into long pieces: sal-chrit-a striped, as cloth, as a tiger; den˙-chrit-a chop into pieces; mat-chrit-a cut slightly, scratch.

-dal˙-, -dal- aa. big, used with numeral classifiers to indicate big, of things so classified: king-dal-a big of thin flat things.

-dam-dam- aa. at the same place: cha˙-dam-dam-a eat at the same place; dong-dam-dam-a stay at the same place.

-dep- aa. flat, flatten: chi-dep-a flat, of noses; pil-dep-a flat; su˙-dep-a caught or pinched, pounded into a bamboo tube; ku˙-dep-a flat mouth; rim˙-dep-a push with a finger to test ripeness of fruit.

-ket-chi- aa. to the side, crosswise: chit-ket-chi-a cut bamboo strips crosswise to the inner and outer edges; ni-ket-chi-a look to the side; pit-ket-chi-a cut off with a cut perpendicular to the surface.

-kim-bak- aa. shortened, abbreviated, partly, half way: den˙-kim-bak-a cut a little, partly; cha˙-kim-bak-a eat a bit, not finish; wal-kim-bak-a half the night; rat-kim-bak-a cut part way through.

-kip- aa. upside down, closed up in: sin-kip-a turned upside down; king-kip-a turned over; jak-kip-a hold in a closed hand.

Page  30 -ro˙-, -ru˙- aa. long: mang-ro-a long in the body; chang-ro-a tall, of people, trees; ja˙-ro-a long, of pant legs, shirt tails, for a long time.

-tom- aa. round, make round: jak-tom-a make a fist; ka-tom-a tie in a bundle. tom- cls. for bellies, round things. -tom dns. round, bunched: jak-tom fist; dik-tom large round pot; a-tom stomach.

-tong˙-tang- aa. direct, straight, not roundabout, short cut, abbreviated; bat-tong-tang-a take a short cut; kat-tong-tang-a run straight, directly; tong˙-tang-tong˙-tang, tong˙-tang-ga-tang adv. briefly, abbreviated.

0.43 Adverbial Affixes: Movement, Insertion

-bit- aa. bring along, take along: ke-bit-a take along something that is hanging; rim-bit-a take a person along.

-cha- aa. get up, grow, come to life: ni-cha-a look up, with head up; di˙-cha-a get someone up from sleep; bol-cha-a tall; tang-cha-pil˙-a come back to life. vi. grow, develop; sprout, as from a tree stump.

-chak- aa. fit, have enough place for: ga˙-chak-a fit, of the feet; jak-chak-a fit in the hands, have time for; chu-chak-a place for sleeping; dong-chak-a fit, sufficient place for; cha˙-chak-a enough space for eating, for the food; at-chong-chak-a enough space for sitting (as on a bus).

-do-, -du- aa. up, upward: ga-do-a climb; sal-do-a pull up, as in drawing water; bil-do-a fly up; chrok-do-a jump up; chil-do-a lift up onto the head or shoulders.

-jit- aa. move: ka-jit-a move something that is tied, especially an animal; de˙-jit-a move, put in a different place.

-jot-, -jot-jot-, -jrot- aa. insert, tight, squeezed in the middle: sik-jot-a, sik-jrot-a plant in between other plants; song-jot-a replace a post; jang˙-jot-jot-a be squeezed, narrower in the middle than at the ends; sal-jot-jot-a pull hard, as when tying string; rim˙-pi-jot-a, rim˙-pi-jrot-a grab in the middle, squeeze in the middle.

-ket- aa. filled, squeezed tight, stuck: gap-ket-a filled up tight, no more space, squeezed in; dap-ket-a push wet mud into cracks, bury; jot-ket-a insert, plug up; chang-ket-a stuck, crowded, choke; nap-ket-a enter and stay.

-nap- aa. enter, go into: chu-nap-a enter for sleeping, sleep together, a way of initiating a marriage; sik-nap-a squeeze in forcefully, as into a house or bus; kat-nap-a run in and take shelter, hide; til˙-nap-a fly onto a person, fly into the eye, of dust or an insect.

-on- aa. down, downward: chok-on-a get down, get off, as from a bus; ni-on-a look down; sik-on-a push down; bil-on-a fly down; di-on-a take a pot off the fire; sik-on-a push down.

Page  31 -pak- aa. along the way, while going, along with: bre-pak-a buy along the way; i˙-ba-pak-a go by way of; ring-pak-a drink along the way; dong-pak-a stop along the way; sap-pak-a swoop down and take, like a hawk.

-pru- aa. through, cut through, pierce: rat-pru-a cut through; ga˙-pru-a step through; dok-pru-a knock a hole through; su˙-pru-a pierce, as a wound to get out a thorn.

-rik- aa. follow, in passing: kin-a-rik-a listen to something passing; ja˙-rik-a follow; hai˙-rik-a recognize; dong-rik-a stay behind; gi-sik ra˙-rik-a remember; nik-rik-a see in passing, see something moving; a-gan-rik-a speak to someone who is passing; man˙-rik-a recover something lost; rim˙-rik-a hold someone back, prevent from going; dong-rik-a pregnant; ki˙-sang rik-ba-a chase behind.

-ring-rang- aa. back and forth: kat-ring-rang-a run back and forth; go-ring-rang-a throw back and forth.

-rok- aa. scrape, scrape off, knock off, remove, rub: dok-rok-a knock one thing against another, as to clear dirt from a basket; rep-rok-a cut off peel; dang-rok-a scrape out, as dirt or weeds; rim˙-rok-a rub, rub with the palm, massage, pet an animal; rep-rok-a carve off bits from the surface; ot-rok-a sweep.

-rong-rong- aa. through a hole, leak: gip-u-rong-rong-a fit through something small, such as a sieve; ki˙-rong-rong-a have diarrhea; ga˙-ak-rong-rong fall through.

-ru-ra˙-, -ru-rat- aa. back and forth: bil-ru-rat-a fly back and forth; i˙-ru-rat-a go back and forth, commute; don-ru-ra˙-a move things back and forth; mal-ru-ra˙-a crawl back and forth.

-ska- aa. in turn, in return: in-ska-a say in turn, reply.

-srap- aa. catch up with: kat-srap-a run and catch up with; rim˙-srap-a catch, as a chicken, a thrown object; in-srap-a catch the points of a conversation, have a dialogue.

-sret- aa. slip away: cha˙-sret-a slip from the mouth; rim˙-sret-a slip from the hand.

-wen-wen- aa. in circles: kat-wen-wen-a run in circles; bil-wen-wen-a fly in circles.

-wil-, -wil-wil- aa. in circles: kat-wil-wil-a run in circles; an˙-seng-wil-wil-a dance in circles; rat-wil-wil-a cut around, as cutting stripes around a handle; ting-wil-wil-a surround, as the walls of a house; dong-wil-wil-a surround, by people.

0.44 Adverbial Affixes: Separate, Together, Cover, Pieces

-chang- aa. close off, block off: dim˙-chang-a make a partition; ting-chang-a enclose, separate.

Page  32 -dap- aa. cover, cover over, pile on, wrap: grip-dap-a pile up, set on top; ru-dap-a pour over; on-dap-a put on top, in basket weaving; ha˙-dap-a bury; at-chong-dap-a sit on, cover something by sitting on it; pin-dap-a cover, as with a blindfold; mit-dap-a close, as a bottle; gan-dap-a tuck in; wil-wil-dap-a wrap around; on-jet-dap-a put something heavy on top of something else.

-drak- aa. break apart, separate, peel off: pek-drak-a spread apart, of legs or toes; o-drak-a peel, remove peel, skin; jot-drak-a poke and tear off, of paper, cloth; dok-drak-a knock out of the way; bit-drak-a spread slightly apart, as thatch, clothing; pit-drak-a split, as firewood.

-gal- aa. take off, get rid of, throw away: sal-gal-a put away, as sleeping mat; king-gal-a uncover; su˙-gal-a wash clothes; wak-gal-a vomit.

-gat- aa. add, cover, put on top: so˙-gat-a push into fire; de˙-gat-a lift, load; ra˙-gat-a adopt a child.

-gep- aa. tied together: ka-gep-a tie together; cho˙-gep-a tie up in a folded banana leaf bundle.

-gok-, -go˙-ok- aa. broken apart, separated: dok-gok-a hit and separate, knock off, as the handle of a tool; rong˙-gok-a break off a round thing, such as a glass bottom; gil-gok-a cracked and peeling, of skin.

-grang- aa. widely spaced: ap-grang-a widely spaced of basket pieces, made with open spaces; wa-grang-a nicked, not continuously, of a knife blade; ka-grang-a tied together with open spaces, of a fence.

-grim- aa. together: pin-grim-a thatch together, in a group of people; nam-grim-a get along, be friendly; in-grim-a talk at the same time.

-grip- aa. cover, shut in: on˙-grip-a cover, of clouds; ku˙-grip-a cover, of a pot.

-jep- aa. cover: rim-jep-a cover with the hand; ga˙-jep-a cover with the feet.

-kring-krang- aa. uncontrolled, incompletely, scattering around: cha-kring-krang-a get up quickly throwing covers around; go-kring-krang-a throw around in an uncontrolled way; ru-kring-krang-a take down and scatter around, of old thatch; kam-kring-krang-a incompletely burned; pin-kring-krang-a incompletely thatched.

-ku-rak- aa. into pieces, separate: be˙-ku-rak-a broken into pieces; pit-ku-rak-a split into pieces.

-mit-chi- aa. into small pieces: den˙-mit-chi-a chop into small pieces; chit-mit-chi-a tear into small pieces; ak-mit-chi-a tear off into small pieces.

-ok- aa. come apart, take apart, separate: sal-ok-a pull out; go˙-ok-a come apart, come loose; po˙-ok-a take off, take out, of hats, corks; sol˙-ok-a carve, as a memorial post.

-ot- aa. let go of, separate from: rong-ot-a take out something round, as a banana from its skin; sil˙-ot-a push out, as the hand out of a sleeve; Page  33 rim˙-sik-ok-a let something escape from one's hand, as a bird one is trying to catch.

-pin-ek- aa. crush: cha˙-pin-ek-a chew into pieces; ga˙-pin-ek-a knock down (plants) by walking on them; rim˙-pin-ek-a crush in the hand; jom-pin-ek-a sick all the time, crushed by disease.

-pri-, -pri-pri- aa. into pieces: ak-pri-a tear into pieces; go-pri-a scatter; den˙-pri-a, den˙-pri-pri-a cut into many small pieces; git-chit-pri-pri-a full of tears; cham-pri-a worn out and in pieces.

-si-ri- aa. gentle, into small pieces: pit-si-ri-a split into small pieces; bi˙-si-ri-a cracked finely, of glass, cup, pot, etc.; ja˙-si-ri-a on tip-toes; gil-si-ri-a shed skin, peel off bark.

-tet- aa. break off: ak-tet-a pluck off, of flowers, leaves, etc.; sal-tet-a pull apart; chik-tet-a bite off.

-tip- aa. cover: ka-tip-a cover by tying something over; rim˙-tip-a cover with the hands; mit-tip-a cover over, plug up.

-tong˙- aa. cut or separate, esp. of long and cylindrical pieces: den˙-tong-a cut crosswise, cut in two, of a log, etc.; tet-tong-a break apart, of string, linear things; chik-tong-a bite off. -tong dns. long and cylindrical: gan-tong a cut stalk of a plant such as manioc; ging-tong snout of a pig; jak-tong forearm; wa˙-tong length of bamboo.

0.45 Adverbial Affixes: Time, Speed

-dang- aa. with sufficient time, often used with a negative: dang-ja with insufficient time; rim˙-dang-a finish working, without interruption; cha˙-dang-a time to eat; a-lap-dang-ja can't manage to talk, because of interruptions, etc.; chok-dang-ja no time to finish writing.

-gal-gal-, -ga-gal- aa. quickly, carelessly, throw away: a-gan-gal-gal-a speak quickly; don-gal-gal-a put down quickly, carelessly; ak-tet-ga-gal-a pick quickly, carelessly, incompletely; pe˙-gal-gal-a break and throw away.

-git-ik- aa. suddenly, unexpectedly: si-git-ik-a die suddenly; sok-git-ik-a-ri-jok just arrived unexpectedly; wal-o-ni dip-at jom-git-ik-a, i-ba-na man˙-ja-jok since nighttime he has been unexpectedly sick and couldn't come. git-ik-git-ak adv. suddenly, unexpectedly.

-jem-jem- aa. repeatedly constantly: kat-jem-jem-a run a lot; dok-jem˙-jem-a hit constantly; i˙-ang-jem˙-jem-a go repeatedly.

-jring- aa. often, repeatedly, always, constantly, regularly: cha˙-jring-a always eat; i˙-ang-jring-a go all the time.

-rik-rik- aa. repeatedly, piece by piece, constantly, progressively: gu-ri-rik-rik-a turn again and again; am˙-rik-rik-a want continuously; bu˙-rik-rik-a lie constantly; bang-rik-rik-a more and more, increase, of prices; dil-rik-rik-a grow poorer and poorer; do-rik-rik-a go up and up.

Page  34 -ring- aa. at the correct time: sok-ring-a arrive at the right time; most often used in the negative: sok-ba-ring-ja not arrive on time; re˙-ang-ring-ja not go on time.

-ru-ru- aa. for a long time, forcefully: kim-ru-ru-a thunder that seems to move across the sky; dong-ru-ru-a be in the same place for a long time; ak-ru-ru-a pluck for a long time.

-tip-tip- aa. thoroughly, repeatedly: dok-tip-tip-a pat, hit several times, as to soothe a child; ka-tip-tip-a tie thoroughly; ba-ji-tip-tip-a thoroughly tangled; wen-tip-tip-a very tangled; chot-tip-tip-a tear to pieces, of string, etc.

0.46 Adverbial Affixes: Strength, Quantity

-bek-, -bek-bek- aa. freely, forcefully: ron˙-bek-a give freely, even against the receiver's will; wa-bek-bek-a rain a lot, keep raining.

-brap- aa. strong, excessive, uncontrolled: mik-brap-a be dazzled by; ka˙-brap-a taste badly, especially from too much salt; ching˙-brap-a shine brightly, of a hurricane lamp, fire, etc.; go-brap-a throw, broadcast (seeds) in an excessive or uncontrolled way.

-chet-, -chet-chet- aa. tightly: rim˙-chet-chet-a grab hard; gip-ak-chet-a embrace tightly; wen-chet-a wind around tightly.

-chi-rot- aa. a little, a bit: git-tam-chi-rot-a pee just a little; ke-em-chi-rot-a defecate just a little.

-chip- aa. sufficiently, completely, very: ding˙-chip-a very hot; so˙-chip-a burn completely.

-chrak- aa. forcefully, uncontrolled: bi˙-chrak-a break off, as branches in the wind; ki˙-chrak-a defecate vigorously; ken˙-chrak-a comb vigorously, as to get out lice; pik-chrak-a pull out strongly, as a tree by its roots, with stones, etc.

-drak- aa. strongly: ring-drak-a drink a lot; wa-drak-a rain heavily; mik-u-drak-a make a loud noise; ring˙-drak-a sing loudly.

-jep-jep-, -je-jep- aa. hard, forcefully, into pieces: ga˙-je-jep-a step with pressure, stamp on; dok-jep-jep-a keep hitting, break into small pieces; chik-jep-jep-a chew hard, chew into pieces.

-jet-, -jet-jet- aa. hard, forcefully: ga˙-jet-a, ga˙-jet-jet-a grab, hold tight, with feet or legs; on-jet-a, on-jet-dap-a put something heavy on top of something else; sik-jet-a, sik-jet-jet-a push hard, press hard.

-jol-jol-, -jo-jol- aa. via, completely, systematically, continuously: a-gan-jol-jol-a speak continuously, speak at the same time; dok-jol-jol-a hit repeatedly, hit many things; chi-jol-jol along the water, via the water; kat-jol-jol-a run constantly, all the time.

-jret- aa. tightly: ka-jret-a tie tightly; sal-jret-a pull tightly; ga˙-jret-a step on hard; sep-jret-a wring out water; pa˙-jret-a press medicinal herbs onto the body.

Page  35 -kam- aa. completely, thoroughly: rim˙-kam-a keep working, not rest; wa-kam-a rain continuously; ron˙-kam-a give everything; bam-kam-a bent thoroughly over; dong-kam-a live, dwell, stay for a long time.

-ku-ak-a- aa. in a strong degree, very: min-ku-ak-a very ripe; ka˙-ku-ak-a very bitter; sin-ku-ak-a want very much.

-mi-si- aa. very, a lot, much: ro˙-mi-si-a very long; ak-mi-si-a plucked a lot; dal˙-mi-si-a very big; ring˙-mi-si-a sing a lot.

-min-ek- aa. soft, squash, crush: jot-min-ek-a poke and make soft, crush; ga˙-min-ek-a step on and squash; rim˙-min-ek-a squash in the hand.

-pak-pak- aa. a lot, fast: wa-pak-pak-a rain heavily; ki˙-pak-pak-a defecate a lot.

-prak- aa. a lot, strongly, completely: ru-prak-a pour lots of water; bi˙-prak-a break completely; gil-prak-a peeling, of skin; a-gan-prak-a explain, say fully; kam-prak-a burn strongly.

-rak- aa. strong, fast: gong-rak-a fast; mik-rak-a wake up, strong in the eyes; mang-rak-a healthy, strong of body; ding-rak-a strong, of long slender things like string; jak-rak-a quick, fast, esp. in working with one's hands, quick at eating.

-sek- aa. by force, forcefully: sal-sek-a pull away, take someone by force; jik-sek-a steal a wife, take someone else's woman; ra˙-sek-a take by force.

-srok- aa. lightly, loosely, gently, partially, incompletely: dok-srok-a hit lightly; ha-bu-srok-a bathe quickly or partially; a-gan-srok-a tell partially, not everything; ka-srik-a tie loosely; ken˙-srok-a comb slowly and carefully.

-tat- aa. forcefully: dok-tat-a hit forcefully; sik-tat-a grab by force, as sons-in-law in the old days; ni-tat-a stare.

0.47 Adverbial Affixes: Personal, Human

-bing-bang- aa. carelessly: a-gan-bing-bang-a talk carelessly, without thinking; ja˙-bing-bang-a stumble; cha˙-bing-bang-a eat carelessly or in ignorance.

-git-chi- aa. in an insulting way: ka˙-ding-git-chi-a laugh insultingly; in-git-chi-a insult by saying something.

-gok- aa. bent over: deng-gok-a bow deeply; geng-gok-a sleep with knees drawn up; bam-gok-a bow head or body, bent over, of people.

-gop- aa. bent over: chu-gop-a sleep with legs bent up; bi˙-gop-a fallen over, of a tree; bam-gop-a bow deeply, bend over, of people.

-kin-ap- aa. comfortable, pleasant: rim˙-kin-ap-a pleasant to touch, soft; dong-kin-ap-a in a good state, comfortable; chu-kin-ap-a sleep well, comfortably; pin-kin-ap-a spread comfortably, as a blanket; chu-kin-ap-a comfortable for sleeping.

Page  36 -trip-trip- aa. by many, collectively: dok-trip-trip-a hit by many; cha˙-trip-trip-a eat by many, as insects eat wood; chik-trip-trip-a bit by many, as bees sting people.

0.48 Adverbial Affixes: Derivational

These are the least productive of the adverbial affixes, and they are the most tightly bound to their verb bases. A verb base together with a derivational adverbial affix forms a verb stem. Verb stems act, in most respects, much like verb bases, and they have well defined and conventional meanings. Many derivational affixes are transparently derived from independent verb bases. Some are spelled here with glottal stops. This reflects their derivation from independent verbs, but when used as affixes they most often become the second syllable of a word, and in this position the glottal stop is always dropped. The glottal stop does appear when following a two syllable verb base, however. The derivational affixes vary more in their meaning from one verb to another than do the adverbial affixes listed in earlier sections, but no rigid line sets the derivational affixes apart from the others.

-brek- aa. soft, excessively soft: ki˙-brek-a have diarrhea; rim˙-brek-a grab with the hands and crush, when eating; nom˙-chi-brek-a cooked too softly; ging-brek-brek having a runny nose.

-brot- aa. rub, rub against: rim˙-brot-a kneed sore muscles, rub off, so as to clean; ga˙-brot-a scrape with the foot; not-brot-a rub against something in order to scratch, as an animal does.

-bu- aa. excrete inappropriately: git-tam-bu-a wet one's pants; ke˙-em-bu-a defecate in clothes, on a mat like a baby, etc.; el˙-bu-a spit up, of a baby.

-cha- aa. having to do with emotions, probably derived from cha˙-a eat: mik-cha-a love, eat with eyes; kat cha˙-a ashamed; ka˙-cha-a speak angrily, bawl out.

-chak- aa. accept, receive: ra˙-chak-a accept, receive: ku˙-ra-chak-a agree, promise; an˙-chak-a take into the body, be sick; wang-chak-a open mouth to receive food from another; ni-chak-a midwife, one who sees and receives; nok-chak-a accept into one's home; rim˙-chak-a catch a thrown object.

-chak- aa. on behalf of, for another person, support: hai˙-chak-a be understanding, perceptive; ron˙-chak-a give help; a-gan-chak-a answer, reply; dok-chak-a hit back; ka˙-sa-chak-a sympathize; ku˙-chak-a agree, promise, answer; bi˙-chak-a pray for someone; dak-chak-a help; ken-chak-a afraid for someone else; peng˙-chak-a defend.

-chip- aa. without seeing, hidden, shut off: su˙-chip-a pierce into blindly, without seeing; git-tam-chip-a went one's pants, wet one's bed; Page  37 rim˙-chip-a grab something not seen; sin˙-chip-a cool off when the clouds cover the sun.

-chot- aa. finish: cha˙-chot-a eat up; bon˙-chot-a finish (a job, etc.); mat-chot-a finish.

-chot-, -chot-chot- aa. slurp, smack: ku˙-chot-a kiss, smack; ring-chot-a, ring-chot-chot-a slurp, suck on a straw; cha˙-chot-chot-a suckle, suck the breast.

-dam-bu- aa. plentifully, lots: mil-dam-bu-a fat, of people, cattle; ring-dam-bu-a drink a lot; ki˙-dam-bu-a defecate plentifully.

-dat- aa. touch, bump, strike, hit forcefully: pa˙-dat-a touch with palm of hand; mik-dat-a be dazzled with glare; ni-dat-a stare.

-dip- aa. pause: dong-dip-a stop, pause; cha-deng-dip-a stand for a bit, pause while walking; na-dip-a stop hearing for a bit.

-gak- aa. fall: gong˙-gak-a fall off, fall apart, of tools, posts: gak-gak-a flop, droop, like the head of a small baby, (cf. ga˙-ak- vi fall).

-gek-, -gek-gek- aa. forcefully, in quantity: ru-gek-a pour in a large quantity, filter ashes to get soda; ding˙-gek-a very hot; mal-gek-a very tame, of an animal; ka˙-ding-gek-gek-a laugh loudly, constantly; jom-gek-gek-a whimper, groan when sick; du˙-gek-gek-a feed by force.

-gil-gil- aa. on the surface: kam-gil-gil-a burn on the surface; wi-gil-gil-a plow shallowly.

-gro- aa. lengthwise, on the long dimension: rat-gro-a cut lengthwise; git-chit-gro- tear lengthwise; -gro dns. long: bol-gro ridgepole; bi-gro length.

-grop- aa. fall over, collapse: wil-grop-a fall over, as crops in the wind; bi˙-grop-a collapse, of walls, houses, trees.

-grot- aa. scrape, rub: not-grot-a rub up against something in order to scratch oneself; mat-grot-a scrape body against something; ge˙-grot-a plant between other plants so as to fill in gaps.

-jip- aa. with fanning, flapping: grang-jip-a flap wings slowly; jak-jip-a beckon, wave.

-kan-di- aa. in part, partially: cha˙-kan-di-a eat some, leave some; si-kan-di-a die before time, partway through (normal) life; tong˙-kan-di partway.

-kep- aa. hold, grab, squeeze: jak-kep-a hold in a closed fist; pak-sik-kep-a carry under the arm; ja˙-kep-a hold between one's feet; dang-kep tongs.

-kil-ak- aa. open: sal-kil-ak-a pull open; o-kil-ak-a open a box, covered pot, etc.; king-kil-ak-a pull up pant leg, skirt, open a book.

-krang- aa. open, with space between: ting-krang-a open, of umbrellas; kang˙-krang-a off the ground, as a tree that has fallen only partway; de˙-krang-a resting with one end off the ground, hold a foot in the air.

Page  38 -krep- aa. crush: rim˙-krep-a grab and crush; dok-krep-a crush by hitting; so˙-krep-a cremate, burn a dead body.

-mik-brang- aa. without seeing, fail to notice: i˙-mik-brang-a go the wrong way, make a wrong turn; su˙-mik-brang-a stab without seeing what is stabbed; ni-mik-brang-a look past, not notice, miss seeing.

-min-tal- aa. asleep, of body parts, (pins and needles): ja˙-min-tal-a leg is asleep; jak-min-tal-a arm is asleep.

-mong-song- aa. most important, main, primary: cha˙-mong-song-a eat enough; nok-mong-song main building, house of the senior couple of a household.

-neng˙- aa. tired: bil-neng-a tired; mik-neng-a don't want to see, tired of seeing; ja˙-neng-a have tired legs; ku˙-neng-a tired voice.

-nik- aa. look upon, consider, regard: chon-nik-a feel small, feel inferior, have an inferiority complex; dal˙-nik-a look up to, respect, see as large; nom˙-nik-a appear to be easy; nam-nik-a like, love, see as good; seng˙-nik-a show off, act smart.

-ot- aa. call attention to, pay attention: jak-si-ot-a point to, show; sim-il-ot-a smell, test by smelling; dong-ot-a touch with a finger to call attention; ni-ot-a watch, look at.

-pak- aa. shove, bump, push aside: jit-pak-a shove something to make it move; sik-pak-a push a short distance, knock over; ga˙-ping-pak-a push with the foot, kick away; net-pak-a flick off, brush off, with hand or broom; dok-pak-a knock off, as fruit from a tree; han˙-pak-a abort (spontaneously), miscarry.

-pang-pil- aa. reversed, backward: jak-pang-pil-a with hand held behind the back; ni-pang-pil˙-a look backward, over one's shoulder; di-pang-pil-ek-a upside down.

-pret- aa. explode, burst, make noise, break apart: dok-pret-a hit and break something, as a coconut; gam˙-pret-a make a lot of noise, like a gun, airplane; ga˙-pret-a burst or squash something with the foot; kim-pret-a thunder; chrik˙-pret-a scream loudly, squeal, of pigs.

-prong- aa. swirling about in the air: cho-prong-a winnow; dok-prong-a brush off, as dirt from one's arm; man˙-prong-a blow around, of dust, fluff, etc.; sip-prong-a blow off dust, dirt.

-sal- aa. stretch, pull: han˙-sal-a stretch the body, as after sleeping; sur-sal-a a slow, stretched out singing style.

-sok- aa. arrive, reach: rang˙-sok-a get one's breath; am-sok-a confident, able to manage; chu˙-sok-a enough, enough to reach; mik-sok-a hope, suspect.

-sot- aa. kill: ra-sot-a kill by cutting; ak-sot-a kill by twisting neck; rim˙-sot-a kill by grabbing, choking; kim-sot-a end an a˙-kim relationship between two lineages, (cf. so˙-ot-a vt. kill).

Page  39 -srip-, -sip- aa. slurp, swirl in the mouth: ku˙-srip-a swirl water in mouth to rinse it; sal-srip-a suck, as on a straw, have a stuffy nose; ring-srip-a slurp, as tea.

-srot- aa. slip: rim˙-srot-a let slip with hand; ga˙-srot-a slip with the feet.

-sru- aa. overflow: git-u-sru-a boil over; chi-sru-sru overflow, of water from a pot; ki˙-sru-a have diarrhea; ki˙-si-sru-a fart a lot.

-su-su- aa. in part, incomplete: rim˙-su-su-a do in part, not all; wat-su-su-a weave only part (of a basket).

-su˙- aa. wash: jak-su-a wash hands; mik-su-a wash face; su˙-gal-a wash clothes, dishes, etc.

-tap- aa. stick to, apply, attach: ma˙-tap-a apply to the skin, as medicine; sik-tap-a sew on a patch; ga˙-ak-tap-a fall onto; pa˙-tap-a glue to, stick to, attach.

-tep- aa. wrap in folded leaves: cho˙-tep-a wrap in folded banana leaves; so˙-tep-a cook in folded banana leaves.

-tim- aa. stealthily, attentively, continuously: dong-tim-a wait, stay and guard, watch over; ni-tim-a watch attentively, continuously; si-kal-tim-a hunt stealthily; kat-tim-a run off and hide; kin-a-tim-a listen secretively; chok-tim-a write regularly, constantly; i˙-ang-tim-a go all the time.

-ting- aa. strike, bump into: nang-ting-grik-a bump into each other; ga˙-ting-a kick, push with the foot; dok-ting-a strike, knock.

-ting-dat- aa. bump, strike: su˙-ting-dat-a strike, poke; ga˙-ting-dat-a kick something, as a football, push with the feet; nang-ting-dat-a bump into, as into a tree when walking; cha-ting-dat-a bump into, collide.

-to- aa. good, tasty, beautiful, comfortable: gan-to-a comfortable to wear; ni-to-a beautiful to see; kin-a-to-a beautiful to hear; jak-kal-to-a good to use, comfortable to use; ring-to-a good to drink.

-tring-trang- aa. thoroughly torn or taken apart, completely: ru-tring-trang-a take completely apart, of a roof, fence, etc.; git-chit-tring-trang-a torn in many places, tattered.

-wak- aa. scoop: bak-wak-a scoop out dirt with a hoe; chok-wak-a scoop water (with hand, plate, spoon, etc.); su-wak-a scrape up dirt.

-wak- aa. soft, spoiled: ka˙-wak-a too strong in taste, too much salt, etc.; re-wak-a soiled, dirty, from ink, dust, etc.; chi-wak-a cooked too soft, of tubers, etc.

-wang- aa. open wide: pa-wang-a open, of an umbrella; jak ba-wang-a hold the arms wide.

-wek- aa. soft: go-wek-a throw mud; a-wek-a soft, sticking together. dil˙-wek-dil˙-wek adv. good and ripe, soft, of fruit; da-wek-da-wek cooked mushily.