The Possibility of Practical Reason, First Edition
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INDEX
acceptance 112, 115, 118, 184, 195-6,
246, 250-1
motivational role of 246-7, 255-77
action:
constitutive aim of 16-24, 26-30,
120-2, 188-99, 231-4, 240-1,
246
Davidson’s theory; see causal theory of
action
Frankfurt’s theory; see hierarchical
theory of action
not a natural kind 129
vs. activity 1-4, 6, 10, 20, 27, 29-30,
123-43, 189-93
agent causation vii, 4-7, 10, 18, 123-43
aim:
constitutive; see constitutive aim
formal vs. substantive 176-9, 181, 190
of practical reason; see practical
reason, aim of
second-order; see second-order aim
sub-agential 19-21, 184-5, 191, 252-4
vs. end 191, 193
vs. intention; see intention, ambiguity of
akrasia; see weakness of will
Al-Sofi, Sonia 170n.
Anderson, Elizabeth 56n., 89n., 96n.,
120n., 134n., 221n., 237n.
Anscombe, G. E. M. 35, 37, 99n., 105n.,
111n., 115n., 119, 191n., 194n.
approval 103, 115, 117-18
Aristotle 6, 30, 73n., 203n., 232
Armstrong, D. M. 255n.
Aronson, Elliot 27n.
assertion:
constitutive aim of 49, 210-11
self-fulfilling; see self-fulfilling
assertion
vs. command 35, 49
assuming:
constitutive aim of 112-15, 183-5,
196, 251-2
direction of fit of 17, 25, 110-12, 183,
250-1
autonomy 4, 6, 12-14
as aim 30, 193-9, 240-1
over future actions 235-41
vs. free will 127n.
axioms of decision theory; see decision theory
‘backtracking’ counterfactuals 45n.
Bach, Kent 200n.
Baier, Annette 200n., 203n.
Baier, Kurt 120n.
Baker, Lynn Rudder 255n.
Balmuth, J. 269n.
behavior:
vs. activity, action 1-4, 124-43, 1981n.
belief:
as subjective probability 147
at will 52n., 113n., 185n., 244, 246
constitutive aim of 15-20, 24-6, 112-15,
118, 168, 180-8, 195, 231, 245-81
constitutive predicate of 106, 110-11,
113-14
direction of fit of 17, 24-6, 105-6,
110-12, 182-3, 248-50
entails believing-true 182n.
instrumental 7-9
motivational force of 5, 7-9, 100-1, 126-7,
197-8, 255-6, 258, 261-2, 270-7
rationality of 168
reasons for; see reasons for belief
self-fulfilling; see self-fulfilling belief
vs. assertion 32n.
vs. desire 105-6, 115, 182
vs. intention 24-6, 295n.
vs. other cognitive states 17, 25, 110-15,
183-5, 250-2, 259-62, 271-2
Bell, James viii
Bigelow, John 60n., 63n., 67n., 68n., 71n.
Bishop, J. 124n., 126n., 131n., 132n.
Bittner, Rüdiger 99n., 100n.
Boghossian, Paul A. 32n., 53n., 55n., 99n.,
123n., 170n., 244n., 254n., 272n.
Bond, E. J. 120n.
book of life 41-7, 49
Braithwaite, R. B. 255n.
Brakel, Linda 244n.
Brandt, Richard 68n., 90n.
Bratman, Michael viii, 11n., 14n., 30n.,
170n., 200n., 201-4, 208n., 224n.,
244n., 250n.
Brink, David O. 171n.
Broad, C. D. 129n.
Broome, John 144n., 147n., 152n., 153n.,
154-5, 221n., 244n.
Buss, Sarah 123
Campbell, C. A. 32n.
Campbell, John 60n., 63n., 67n., 71n.
Campbell, Richmond 235n., 243n.
Canfield, John 51n.
causal theory of action 5-10, 99-122, 123-32
see also deviant causation
causation:
backwards; see retroactive causation
deviant; see deviant causation
Chisholm, Roderick M. 32n., 130-2
character trait 29
choice; see intention
Christman, J. 135n.
Church, Jennifer 99n., 144n., 170n., 183n.,
200n., 208n., 244n., 270n.
Clark, Philip 19n., 30n.
cognition:
direction of fit of 10, 17, 24-5, 111-12,
182-3, 184, 250
motivational force of 259-63, 271-2
vs. conation 111-12, 119-20, 184, 195, 250
Cohen, Daniel 123n.
Cohen, L. Jonathan 250n.
Cohon, Rachel 170n., 171n., 172n., 200n.
color 33, 52-5
Combs, Arthur W. 27n.
commitment 134-7, 201, 208-9, 214-15, 219,
223-6, 234-43
compatibilism 53-5
conation:
direction of fit of 10, 111-12
motivational force of 258-9, 260-3
see also cognition
conscious control 191-9
constitutive aim:
as sub-agential 19-20
vs. direction of fit 17, 24-6, 110-22, 183
see also action, assuming, belief, desire,
imagining, intention, knowledge
constitutive predicate 106-7, 109-10,
113-14, 116
and direction of fit 106-7, 109-11, 116
constrained maximization 223-8, 237
continuity; see axioms of decision theory
conversational implicature 213, 217
Cooper, John M. 192n.
co-operation 215-16, 223-5, 228, 236-7,
242-3
Coulton, G. 276n.
Cox, J. W. Roxbee 51n.
Cullity, Garrett 221n.
Danielson, Peter 215n., 243n.
Danto, Arthur C. 161n., 194n.
Darwall, Stephen L. viii, 85n., 170n., 171n.,
193n., 221n., 225n.
Davidson, Donald 5n., 99n., 100n., 103-5,
107n., 108n., 109n., 114n., 116, 123,
126n., 131n., 177n., 190n., 197n.,
216-17n., 232, 254n., 274-7
death 67, 73-4, 84
decision; see intention
decision theory 144-69
axioms 145-6, 149-59
continuity 145-6, 165-8
independence 145-6
interpretation of 146-8
representation theorem 144-6, 149, 156-8
transitivity 145-6, 150-2, 156, 158, 163
delusions 281; see also imagining
Dennett, Daniel C. 255n.
Dent, N.J. H. 123n.
depression 13
‘desirable’ 110, 116, 121
desire:
entails desiring true 182n.
constitutive aim of 89, 91n., 115-22
constitutive predicate of 105-10, 116
direction of fit of 9-10, 12, 105-10, 116
fulfillment and well-being 66-8, 82n.,
90-2
motivational force of 2-5, 7-9, 100-1,
126-7, 197-8, 258-62, 265
nonpropositional 248
second-order; see second-order desire
vs. belief 105-6, 115, 118
vs. other conative attitudes 115-17, 120,
260-1
vs. value judgement 103-22
DeSousa, Ronald B. 99n., 115n.
determinism 23, 32-55
deviant causation 7-8, 126-7
Devlin, John 144n.
direction of fit vii, 111-12, 119-20, 182-3
and constitutive predicate; see constitutive
predicate
and behaving-as-if 106n., 109, 255-6, 258,
263
and regarding-as-good 9-10, 105-6
and regarding-as-true 105-6, 110-12,
182-3, 248-50
vs. constitutive aim; see constitutive aim
vs. direction of guidance 25, 194-6
vs. other relations to truth 110-11, 246-50
see also acceptance, assuming, belief,
desire, imagining, intention
knowledge, wish
‘direction of guidance’ 25, 194-6; see also
‘practical knowledge’
‘direction cognition’ ‘directive knowledge’; see ‘practical knowledge’
discretion 22, 24-5, 203-7, 218-19
Dray, W. H. 160n.
Dretske, Fred 170n.
Elster, Jon 52n., 91n.
emotion 29, 269-71
empirical adequacy 278-9
end 191
vs. means 65
see also aim
ennui 13
Epicurus 84
Epstein, Seymour 27n.
event causation 5-7, 129-32, 136-40
Everson, Stephen 244n.
evidence 37-44, 113, 252-5
see also reason for belief
explanation 26-9, 130-2, 158-62, 264
externalism:
about reasons for acting 173-6, 178-9,
190, 197-9
about reasons for belief 181-2, 186-8
Falk, W. D. 85n., 102n.
fantasy 17, 110-15, 183, 185, 196, 273-4,
279-81
vs. phantasy 266n.
see also imagining, phantasy
Farrell, Dan 238n.
fatalism 41-2
Feinberg, Joel 67n., 68n.
Feldman, Fred 56n., 74n., 84n.
fictional truth:
as aim of imagining 251 n.
fact-fiction distinction 256-8, 262-3,
279-81
Fischer, John Martin 123n.
fit, direction of; see direction of fit
Fodor, Jerry 254n.
Frank, Robert 271n.
Frankena, William K. 85n., 94n., 95-6, 171n.
Frankfurt, Harry 1-2, 12n., 123n., 125,
132-40, 253
free will 23, 32-55, 207
vs. autonomy 127n.
Freud, Sigmund 2-4, 8-9, 28-9, 266-8,
274-7
Freudian slip 2-4, 8-9, 11-13, 20-3, 28-9
Friedman, Michael 159-60, 165
Gallie, W. B. 160-2
Gampel, Eric 200n.
Gardner, Sebastian 2n., 248n., 268-9n.
Gaut, Berys 221n.
Gauthier, David 41n., 176n., 179n., 180n.,
221-41, 247n.
Gendler, Tamar 244n., 275n.
Gibbard, Allan viii, 170n.
Gibbons, John 244n., 277n.
Gilbert, Margaret 200n., 201-2, 204n.,
206-7, 209, 218
Ginet, Carl 37n., 51-2, 99n., 123n., 128-9
Ginsborg, Hannah 114n.
goal 202-4, 206, 231-2
see also aim
Goldman, Alvin I. 41n., 99n., 126n.
good
as constitutive predicate of desire 105-10,
116
future 68-9, 90-3
marginal 75-8
not constitutive aim of action 99-122, 177,
190-1, 232
not constitutive aim of desire 115-22
not constitutive aim of practical reason
120-2
‘relational’ 56, 79-84, 85-98, 167n.
second-order 69-73
see also well-being
Greenwald, Anthony G. 22n.
Grice, Paul 11n.
Griffin, James 57n., 74n., 75n., 83n., 89n.,
91n.
Griffiths, A. Phillips 277n.
habit 29
Hampshire, Stuart 37, 51n., 270-1n.
Hampton, Jean 144n.
Hansson, Bengt 148n.
Hare, R. M. 89n.
Harman, Gilbert 126n., 202n.
Harris, P. L. 276n.
Hart, H. L. A. 37n.
Haslanger, Sally 170n.
Hays, Patrick 170n.
hedonism 86
Herodotus 73n.
hierarchical theory of action 12-14, 19,
132-40
Hills, David 170n., 244n., 260n., 270n.
Hinchman, Ted viii
Hobbes, Thomas 102n., 123n.
Hollis, Martin 172n.
Hooker, Brad 172n.
Horwich, Paul 244n.
Howard, J. V. 215n., 243n.
Humberstone, Lloyd 99n., 111n., 113n.,
183n., 250n.
Hume, David 33, 170n., 171, 262n., 269-70
Hursthouse, Rosalind 263-4n., 269n., 271n.
hypothesizing; see assuming
identification 133-8, 253
imagining:
as ‘mock-belief’ 258-61
constitutive aim of 112-15, 183-5
direction of fit of 17, 25, 110-12, 183, 25
how motivated 265, 268-9n.
motivational force of 256-77
nonpropositional 248
see also delusions, dreams, fantasy,
phantasy
independence; see axioms of decision theory
intention 124-7, 131
act vs. state 211-13, 219
ambiguity of 202-4, 220
as self-fulfilling assertion 36, 49-52,
208-20
as self-fulfilling belief 21-6, 52, 194-6
as self-referring 195n., 207, 211-20
conditional 204n., 215-20, 234-5
constitutive aim of 24-6, 210-11
direction of fit of 24-6, 111-12, 194-6
‘direction of guidance’ of 25, 207, 209-20
rational constraints on 202-4
resolute vii, 234-41
shared 30n., 200-20, 234-41
intentional action 189, 195-6
internalism:
about reasons for acting 170-80, 190,
197-9
about reasons for belief 181-2, 186-8
about values 81-4, 85-98
James, William 52n.
Joyce, James 144n., 221n., 244n., 251n.
judgment 212n., 252, 254n.
justice 70
justification 9-11, 15-16, 37-48, 100-10,
114-17, 120-2, 173-6, 178-9, 246
Kamm, Frances 170n.
Kant, Immanuel 114n., 175n., 179n., 193,
198n., 229n.
Kaptian, Tomis 170n.
Kavka, Gregory 237n.
Kim, Jaegwon viii, 32n.
Kneale, William 160n.
knowledge 24-6, 44-6
constitutive aim of 194-5
direction of fit of 194
direction of guidance of; see ‘practical
knowledge’
without observation 194
Korman, Abraham K. 27n.
Korsgaard, Christine 171n., 172-5, 180n.,
181n., 193n., 221n., 229n., 241n.
Kripke, Saul A. 245n.
Laymon, Ron 200n.
Lear, Jonathan 2n., 56n., 99n., 270n.
Lecky, Prescott 27n.
Lehrer, Keith 250n.
Leiter, Brain 56n., 59n., 123n.
Leon, Mark 183n., 185n.
Lewis, C. I. 60n., 68n., 81n.
Lewis, David K. 45n., 104n.
life-story; see narrative
Lillard, Angeline 276n.
Loeb, Louis viii, 32n.
Lucretius 84
lying 46-7, 214, 258, 280
MacIntyre, Alasdair 58n., 162n.
MacKay, D. M. 41n.
McNulty, Shawn E. 27n.
make-believe 256-63, 265-6, 268
see also pretending
making sense 26-7, 121-2, 141, 144, 157-69
Martin, Michael 244n.
maximization 149-50, 222-8, 234-41
see also constrained maximization
McCann, Hugh 204n.
McClennan, Edward F. 239n.
McDowell, John 101n., 171n., 172n.
McMahan, Jeff 170n.
meaning of life 63n.
means; see end
Meggle, Georg 85n.
Mele, Alfred 170n., 171n., 200n.
mental state 201-2, 207-8, 219
Millgram, Elijah 170n., 172n.
Miller, Kaarlo 204n.
Miller, Richard 99n.
Millikan, Ruth 244n., 245-6n., 253n.,
255-6n., 271n.
mind-body problem 131
Mink, Louis 160-2, 165
money pump 151-4
Page 301Moore, G. E. 69n.
morality 85, 96, 98, 173-4
Moran, Richard 244n., 269n.
motive:
vs. ‘mattering’, 89, 93
vs. reason 7-14, 100-10, 120, 122, 125-7,
138-43, 197-9
Nagel, Thomas 79n., 84n., 101n., 130,
171n.
narrative 28-9, 57n., 58, 59n., 62-9, 71-4,
81, 160-2
Nehamas, Alexander 59n.
Nemeroff, C. 276n.
needs 167-8
Neu, Jerome 244n., 268n., 269n.
Nietzsche, F. 59n.
normativity 96, 244-5
see also reason for action
object; see aim
O’Brien, Lucy 244n., 258n.
O’Connor, John 41n.
O’Shaughnessy, Brian 2n., 52n., 194n.
Oldenquist, Andrew 51n.
openness of the future 33-5, 48-55, 68-9
options 95-6, 144
organic unity 58-84
‘ought implies can’ 93-8
Papineau, David 244n.
Parfit, Derek 62n., 68n., 91n., 170n., 176n.,
225n., 227n., 230n., 235n.
Pargetter, Robert 60n., 63n., 67n., 71n.
Peacocke, Christopher 126n.
Pears, David 51n., 99n., 115n., 194n.,
203-4n.
Perry, David L. 51n.
Perry, John 250n.
perspective 78-84, 92-3, 167n.
perversity 43n., 99, 117-22, 190
phantasy 3, 248n., 254-5, 266-71, 274-7,
281n
attribution of 266n.
see also fantasy, imagining
Phillips, David 170n., 184n.
physicalism 46-7, 131
plan 202-4
see also intention
Plato 192n.
Platts, Mark 105n., 111n.
Powers Larry 32
‘practical knowledge’ 26, 194-6, 198
practical reason:
aim of 176-9, 225, 227-8, 230
form of 197-9, 221-41, 246
motive of 11-15, 17-20, 139-43, 195-9
see also reason for action
preference 146-8, 151-2, 154-5
pretending:
vs. simulation 256-7
see also make believe
‘prima facie’ 95-6
prisoner’s dilemma 215n., 222-3, 234-5,
239n.
probability 77, 144-6
projectivism 33, 52-5
promising 211, 213-15
propositional attitudes:
and truth 111, 231n., 247-8
prudence 73
psychoanalytic explanation 2-4, 248n.,
266-8, 274-7
purpose 273
pursuit 273-4
Quine, W. V. 255n.
Railton, Peter 56n., 66n., 83n., 85-9, 97n.,
170n., 180n., 185n., 221n., 230n.,
252n., 279n.
rationale 28-30, 141, 158, 162
rationality:
as a virtue 172-5
formal vs. substantive 164-9
Rawling, Piers 221n.
Rawls, John 173n.
Raz, Joseph 221n., 239n.
reason for action:
agent’s reasons 5-7, 9-14, 29-30, 100-10,
120-2, 123-5, 131n., 137-43, 197-9,
237-41
and value 99
internal vs. external vii, 171-81, 188,
197-9
normativity of 15-20, 26-30, 229-30
see also motive, rationale
reason for belief 15, 18, 114-15, 180-2,
185-8, 197
reflex 189-92, 195-7
Regan, Donald 99n.
regarding-as-good; see conation, direction of
fit
regarding-as-true; see acceptance, cognition,
direction of fit
representation theorem; see decision theory
responsibility 5, 53-5, 127n.
retroactive causation 46, 67
Rey, Georges 244n.
risk 148, 167-8
Page 302Rosati, Connie 56n., 60n., 62n., 64n., 85n.,
99n., 123n.
Rosen, Gideon 244n.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques 236n.
Rozin, P. 276n.
Salmon, Wesley C. 159n.
satisficing 97, 166-8
Savage, Leonard 150-2
Sayre-McCord, Geoffrey 99n., 116n., 234n.
Schick, Frederic 151n.
Schiffer, Stephenn 244n., 247n.
Schueler; G. F. 183n.
Searle, John 105n., 111n., 201-2, 204n.,
207-8, 211-12, 214, 218
second-order attitudes:
aims 19-20, 22-4, 113, 185-6, 188, 233,
278-9
desires 12-15, 17-20, 133-4, 139-40
second-order goods; see good
self 30-1, 139-43, 258n.
self-fulfilling assertion 35-52, 209-11
self-fulfilling belief 22-6, 52, 194-6
self-interest 56n., 71-4, 78-84, 91-4, 96-7,
173, 222, 238-40
self-knowledge 20-2, 26-9, 141
as aim 20-2, 26-9
Sen, Amartya 57n., 59n., 68n., 76n.
Shah, Nishiten 244n., 273n.
Shapiro, David 281n.
Sherman, S. J. 22n.
Shoemaker, Sydney 99n.
Sidgwick, Henry 61, 86, 90-3
Silverstein, Harry 200n.
Simon, Herbert 166n.
Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter 94n.
Slote, Michael 56n., 59n., 60-4, 68, 71-3,
97, 99n., 113n., 166n.
Smith, Holly 235n., 237n., 243n.
Smith, Michael 99n., 100n., 171n., 172n.,
189n., 221n., 239n.
Snyder, Mark 22n.
Snygg, Donald 27n.
Sorensen, Roy A. 51n.
Spangenberg, Eric R. 22n.
Squires, Roger 200n.
Stalnaker, Robert 250n., 255n.
Stampe, Dennis 99n., 105n., 107n., 111n.
Stocker, Michael 69n., 94n., 95n., 117,
121n., 190n.
Stone, Tony 281n.
sub-agential aims; see aim, sub-agential
Svavarsdottir, Sigrun 170n.
Swann, William B. 27n.
Szabo, Zoltan 244n., 247n.
Taylor, Charles 58n., 65n.
Taylor, Richard 32n., 126n.
theoretical reason; see reason for belief
Thibodeau, Ruth 27n.
toxin puzzle 237-8n.
Trzebinski, Jerzy 28n.
Tuomela, Raimo 204n.
Ullian, J. S. 255n.
unconscious attitudes 12, 104-5, 108, 126-7,
133, 135, 248n., 268, 274-6, 281n.
ungroundedness 215n., 242-3
Urmson, J. O. 113n.
Vallacher, Robin R. 27n.
value; see good, well-being
values 134-7, 146-8, 150
van Fraassen, Bas 250n.
Velleman, Dan 32n.
Vonnegut, Kurt 80
Vranas, Peter 244n.
Wallace, R. Jay 189n.
Walton, Kendall 244n., 250n., 251n., 258n.,
259n., 260n., 265n., 270n.
Watson, Gary 133-6
weakness of will 28n., 147-8
Wegner, Daniel M. 27n., 276n.
Wenzlaff, R. 276n.
well-being 56-84, 89-93
Wellman, Henry M. 276n.
White, Morton 160n.
White, Nicholas 32n., 56n., 60n., 170n.
Williams, Bernard 16n., 52n., 80n., 84n.,
113n., 141n., 170n., 171-4, 176n.,
181n., 182, 184n., 185n., 193n., 199n.,
244
wish 2-3, 112, 115, 120, 266-71, 274-7
as mock-desire 258-61
attribution of 265n., 266-7n., 268n.
motivational force of 260-77
Wittgenstein, Ludwig 1, 194n.
Wollheim, Richard 2n., 268-9n.
Woolley, Jacqueline D. 276n.
Yablo, Stephen 170n.
Young, Andrew W. 281n.
