Man-Midwife, Male Feminist: The Life and Times of George Macaulay, M.D., Ph.D. (1716-1766)

James Wyatt Cook; Barbara Collier Cook

doi:10.3998/spobooks.4725605.0001.001

B

babies: breast-feeding, 152–53; clothes, 157–58; dangers of delivery, 112–20, plate11; umbilical cord, 173
Baker, George, 177, 214
Banbury, 36–44, plate7
banks, 169
baptisms, 156–57
Bathhurst, Peter (father-in-law), 35, 39n
Bathhurst family (in-laws), 2, 69
Battle of the Wigs, 1767, 92–96, plate9
The Battle of the Wigs (Thornton), 93–96
beauty (Catharine), 211
bed bugs, 162
beer and alcohol, 148
birth. See childbirth and delivery

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birth control, 101
Bisoni, Homobuono, 30, 32
blacklisting patients, 153
Blairvadden, 182–83
bleeding, 98
bleis-silver, 20
"Blue Stockings" social group, 215
Boerhaave, Hermann, 29
book reviews, 197, 200–201, 202
books and literature: Edinburgh library, 17; Italian library, 201–2; Macaulay's appreciation for, 3; Macaulay's personal library, 194–96, 201; museum catalogs, 33; religious reading for patients, 148–49; University of Edinburgh, 24–26. See also writing and editing
Boswell, James, 214
botanical gardens, 32, plate2, plate3
Bottoni, Albertino, 31
bread, 148
breast-feeding: hospital rules, 152–53; treatment of breasts, 99
Brissot de Warville, Jacques, 209
British Coffee House, London, 178
British colonies in North America, 225–30
British Lying-In Hospital for Married Women in Brownlow Street, plate8; Board of Governors, 203, 221, 230; cranial reduction technique, 112; delivery statistics, 117–18; formation and administration, 1, 55–72; Middlesex Hospital connection, 52; teaching and day-to-day operation, 145–65; treasurer Macaulay, 169–70
Browne, William, 82
Brownlow Street, 59
burial. See death and burial
Burney, Charles, 48

C

Caesarian sections, 119
Cambridge and Oxford, 81–82, 91
Campbell, Caroline, 204
Candlemas holiday, 20
Carlyle, Alexander, 17, 25

Page 275

case histories. See patient anecdotes
Castle House, Banbury, 43
caudle (food), 148
Cellier, Elizabeth, 102
certification. See licensing and certification
Chamberlain, Hugh, 103
Chancellor of the Exchequer (Townshend), 204
charitable giving: British Lying-In Hospital finances, 54; Candlemas holiday, 20; Middlesex Hospital finances, 54; towards hospital linens, 157–58. See also subscriptions
charitable work: British Lying-In Hospital, 1, 67–68; praise for Macaulay, 233–34; public debate over, 64–66
Cheapstow, 222
child support, 62–63, 141
childbirth and delivery: British Lying-In Hospital statistics, 117–18; difficult births, 104, 119, 137–38, 140; inducing labor, 120; practice and folklore, 97–99; predicting delivery dates, 60–61, 160; safety of babies during, 113–14; use of instruments, 111
children, blessings of God, 100
Christian faith. See faith and church attendance
Christ's Church, Newgate, 231
churching, 156–57
city government, Edinburgh, 11–12
City of London Lying-in Hospital, 72
Clan Macaulay. SeeMacaulay clan
clitoris, 100
clothing: babies, 157–58; badges for the poor, 38; Leonora, 40, 41–42; Williams in prison, 237–38
coat of arms, Macaulay clan, plate1
coffee houses: British Coffee House, 178; White's Coffee House, 212
colonial America, 225–30
commerce and trade, 12, 13–14, 14
community health care: Edinburgh infirmary, 26, 27; Scalding Lane workhouse, Banbury, 37
community standards of medicine, 82
competence: historian Catharine, 218, 224; women midwives, 99, 104, 108–12, 121, 139, 142

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Complete Practice of Midwifery (Stone), 104
contagious diseases, 151, 163
Convention of Royal Burghs of Scotland, 12–13
convulsions, 174–76
Couts and Cooper bank, 169
Cox, Daniel: British Lying-In Hospital formation, 55; Middlesex Hospital and, 50–51, 52; pamphlet publication, 80–81, 83, 84, 85, 89
cranial reduction technique, 112–20
The Critical Review, 142–43, 189–90, 195–96, 197–202
Cruikshank, Isaac, 103, plate10
Culpeper, Nicholas, 100–102

D

Dalkeith, Lady, 215
Davies, Thomas, 194
day-to-day hospital operation, 60, 147–65
Dean of Guild for Edinburgh, 11
death and burial: Archibald, 219–20; George, 230–31; George and Leonora's children, 44, 77, 89, 203; Leonora, 72, 73; Macaulay brothers and sisters, 220; Macaulay Monument, Edinburgh, plate17; of patients, 156
delivery. See childbirth and delivery
diapers, 157–58
dinners: Board of Governors, 178; fundraising, 168
A Directory for Midwives: Or, A Guide for WOMEN, In Their Conception, Bearing, and Suckling their Children (Culpeper), 100–102
domestic life with Catharine, 209–10, 239–40
Donally, Mary, 119
Douglas, John, 103
Drummond, John, 23
Dugulthon, Reverend Mr., 156–57
Dumbartonshire, 5

E

Edinburgh: history and Macaulays, 9–22; infirmary, 26–27; Macaulay Monument, plate17; midwifery licensing, 33–34, 102; move from Inveresk, 7; University of Edinburgh, 23–30
editing. See writing and editing

Page 277

education: Catharine's opinion of, 205–7; Macaulay's early life, 17–20; Macaulay's university life, 23–24. See also medical education
Edwards, George, 80, 85
emergencies, 158
emigration to North America, 228–29
"English operation" (inducing labor), 120
entertaining, social. See social life
epitaphs, 233–35
Europe: description of Venice library, 201–2; English gentlemen's education, 206–7; Macaulay's travels, 33
examinations: Macaulay's case reports, 171–72; Royal College of Physicians licentiates, 81, 82, 84; University of Padua, 30; of women by female midwives, 110; of women by matrons, 150–51; of women by men-midwives, 104, 106–8

F

faith and church attendance: attitudes in Meditations, 77–78; Christian stoicism, 241–42; churching, 156–57; fundraising with sermons, 170; Greyfriars, 22; Howe, Charles, 41; religious reading for patients, 148–49; St. James Parish Church, 213
favoritism. See preferential treatment
fees: baptisms, 156–57; midwifery course at British Lying-In Hospital, 146, 147; Royal College of Physicians licentiates, 81, 82, 84–85, 88, 90
female midwives. See midwives, women
finances: Archibald Macaulay, 219; Banbury parish and the poor, 37–38; Bathurst family, 40–41; British Lying-In Hospital, 55–72, 167–70, 230; Catharine's marriage, 207–8; Macaulay clan, 181–84; Middlesex Hospital, 50–55; Royal College of Physicians, 82–83, 89; Smollett, Tobias, 184–89, 190–94, 196–97, 198
fist fights, 92–94
Florida, land ownership, 3, 227–29, 239
food and drink: Bathurst family, 40; in Edinburgh, 17; patient diet at British Lying-In Hospital, 147–48
Frazer, Anne (sister), 186, 211
Fraser-Tytler, J.F., 212
fundraising efforts, 167–68. See also subscriptions

Page 278

G

Gage, Thomas, 236
Galey, Dr., rector, 156–57
Garrick, David, 3, 168
Gavinlock's Land, 15
Gay, John, 212
The General Advertiser, 118–19
Gentleman's Magazine, 173–76, 177
George II, King of England, 12
Gibb, James, 19
Gibson, Joseph, 33–34, 102
Golden Charter (Edinburgh), 10
Graham, William, 208, 223, 239
Grant, Alexander, 24, 25
Gratiano, Giovanni, 30, 31–32
Greatworth, 39–40, plate5, plate6
Greek education, 19, 24
Gregory, Catharine Macaulay (daughter), 222–23
Gregory, Charles (son-in-law), 222–23
grief, 78
Gulliver's Travels (Swift), 100

H

Hamilton, Archibald, 189–90, 196
Hankey, Joseph, 146
happiness, 77–78, 209, 210
Harvey, Gabriel, 116
health problems, Macaulay, 201, 221–22, 230–31
hemp, 229
high school education, 18–20
History of England (C. Macaulay), 79, 195, 205, 209, 216–19
Homer, 24
hospital administration: British Lying-In Hospital, 55–72, 117–18, 147, 169–70, 203, 221, 230; Middlesex Hospital, 50–55; norms of Macaulay's time, 3–4; Royal College of Physicians, 84–91, 92; social activities, 178
hospitals and infirmaries: Edinburgh, 26–27; Lying-In Hospital, Dublin, 58; Middlesex Hospital, 49–55; Padua, 31, 32. See also British Lying-In Hospital for Married Women in Brownlow Street
houses and housing: Gavinlock's Land residence, 15; Jermyn Street residence, 214; Poland Street residence, 48; second British Lying-In Hospital building, 161. See also residences
Howe, Charles (Leonora's grandfather), 35, 36, 39–41, 73–79
Hume, David, 6, 216–18
Hunter, John, 178
Hunter, William, 55, 111–12, 234

I

The Iliad 24
immigration to North America, 228–29
inducing labor, 120
infection, 163–65
infertility, 100–101
inheritance. See wills and inheritances
instruments, medical: used by British Lying-In Hospital, 118; used by men-midwives, 111, 139, 140; used by qualified physicians, 103–4, 111–12
Inveresk, Scotland, 4, 7
investing hospital funds, 169–70
Islay, Earl of, 12
Italian (language), 33

J

James III, king of Scotland, 10
Jermyn Street (St. James), 212–13, plate16
Johnson, Samuel, 209, 212, 214

K

Kelly, Christopher, 111, 163–65
Kennedy, Andrew, 13
Koch, Anthony, 54

L

La Motte, Guillaume Marquese de, 106
Lacey, James, 168
Lagarrie, 182–83, 235
land grants, 227–29
land ownership: Archibald Macaulay's estate, 219; Ardincaple Castle, 5, 182, 183, plate12; Blairvadden, 182–83; Brownlow Street, 59; Florida, 3, 227–29, 239; Jermyn Street (St. James), 212–13; Lagarrie, 182–83, 235; Macaulay's estate, 182–83; Pye-Corner, Banbury, 42–43
Latin education, 19–20
Layard, Daniel, 68, 115, 149–50
left-wing politics. See political views
legal actions: against British Lying-In Hospital, 222; against Royal College of Physicians, 3, 79–96
legal history: Edinburgh, 10, 11
A Letter from a Physician in Town... (Cox and Macaulay), 80–81, 83, 84, 85, 89
letters: Archibald Macaulay and Smollett, 186; Archibald's work as Lord Conservator, 12, 14; Duke of Portland and Trotter, 71; Edward Young preface in Meidtations76; Hume to Macaulay, 217; Hume writes of Catharine, 217–18; A Letter from a Physician in Town... (Cox and Macaulay), 80–81, 83, 84, 85, 89; Macaulay and Smollett, 184–89, 190–94, 196–97, 234; Macaulay and Williams, 225–27, 229; Macaulay describes writing process, 218; Macaulay introduces Smollett to Townshend, 198–99; Macaulay to Archibald in Mediatations, 75–76; Macaulay to Hume, 216–17; Macaulay to Smellie, 171–72; Macaulay to Townshend, 208–9, 210; Macaulay's acceptance at University of Padua, 28–29; Mrs. Delaney writes of difficult birth, 140; praising Catharine and Macaulay, 210; Smellie discusses physicians socializing, 179; St. Giles pastor to hospital chaplain, 157; Walpole writes of Townshend, 236; Williams in prison, 237–38; Williams to Gage, 236–37
libraries. See books and literature
licensing and certification: authority of Royal College of Physicians, 82–83; female midwives, 97; midwives in Edinburgh, 33, 102
licentiates, Royal College of Physicians: legal action for equal treatment, 79–96; Macaulay's application to, 48–49
linens, hospital, 60, 157–58
literati, 25–26
lodgings, out-patient, 160
London: British Coffee House, 178; City of London Lying-In Hospital, 72; hospital work, 47–72; midwives' training, 103; proposed Midwives' College, 102, 105; Society of London Physicians, 177; White's Coffee House, 212. See also British Lying-In Hospital for Married Women in Brownlow Street
The London Chronicle, 65–66
The London Practice of Physic, 98
Lord Conservator of trading privileges (Archibald), 12, 13
Lord Provost of Edinburgh (Archibald), 12
lust and seduction: A Directory for Midwives: Or, A Guide for WOMEN, In Their Conception, Bearing, and Suckling their Children (Culpeper), 100; Man-Midwifery Analysed: and the Tendency of the Practice Detected and Exposed, 106–8
Lying-In Hospital, Dublin, 58

M

Macaulay, Archibald (father): birth of children, 4; clan finances, 181; death, 219–20; involvement in The Critical Review, 186; letter from George in Mediatations, 75–76; letter from Smollett, 186; portrait, 211, plate15; successful politician, 7, 9–22
Macaulay, Archibald (son), 44
Macaulay, Aulay, 181–84, 235
Macaulay, Carola (mother): birth of children, 4; kin, 6; Smollett, Tobias and, 186; support of Archibald's career, 21–22
Macaulay, Caroline (daughter), 44, 203
Macaulay, Catharine Sawbridge (wife): decision about Macaulay's burial, 231; epitaph for Macaulay, 234–35; fame as historian, 253; History of England, 79, 215–19; Macaulay's respect for, 2; marriage and domestic life, 203–315, 223–24; portrait, plate14; travel to America, 239; writing for The Critical Review, 201
Macaulay, Catharine Sophia (daughter), 222–23
Macaulay, Catherine (daughter), 47, 77
Macaulay, Charles Bathurst (son), 44
Macaulay, George (milestones): birth, 4; marriage to Leonora, 41; children, 44, 47; death of Leonora, 72, 73; marriage to Catharine, 205, 207, 208; surviving daughter, 222; death, 230–31. See also residences
Macaulay, Leonora Maria, Jr. (daughter), 44, 77, 89
Macaulay, Leonora Maria Bathurst (wife): background, 35–36, 39–41; death, 72, 73; Macaulay's respect for, 2, 209
Macaulay, Zachary (cousin), 226, 228
Macaulay brothers and sisters, 4, 220
Macaulay clan, 5–7, 181–84, plate1
Macaulay Monument, Edinburgh, plate17
MacGregor clan, 6
maids, hospital, 154
malpractice: danger to babies during delivery, 104, 111, 113, 137–38; nurses, 154–55
A Man Midwife (Cruikshank), 103, plate10
Man-Midwifery Analysed: and the Tendency of the Practice Detected and Exposed, 105–8
Manningham, Richard, 103, 140, 177, 214
manuscript, Meditations, 75, 76
Marchese, Giovanni Baptista, 30, 32
marital status of patients. See unmarried women patients
matrons of British Lying-In Hospital, 61, 68, 150–51
Mauriceau, Francois, 106
medical education: anatomy, knowledge of, 120–21, 137; Edinburgh midwives, 33–34; ill-trained men-midwives, 97; London midwives, 103; pro bono work with Edinburgh infirmary, 26; pro bono work with Padua infirmary, 31, 32; Royal College of Physicians prejudices, 81–82, 83–84; simulacra, 109–10; teaching at British Lying-In Hospital, 143, 145–47; University of Edinburgh, 27–28; University of Padua, 29–32; women midwives, 97
medical treatment, not birth related, 154–55
medicine, state of the art: community standards, 82; importance of charitable hospitals, 67; Macaulay's contributions, 240–41; publishing case histories, 176
medicines: "A Practical Discourse on Barrenness in Women, and Impotency, Infertility, and Seminal Weakness in Men," 99; blisters, 155; The London Practice of Physic, 98; medicinal botany, 32
Meditations (Howe), 73–79
menstruation, 101
Middlesex Hospital, 49–55, 58
midwifery, profession: Edinburgh licensing procedures, 33; male vs. female controversy, 97–143; university education, 30
midwives, men, 103–12, 136, 140–42
midwives, practicing: Cellier, Elizabeth, 102; Donally, Mary, 119; Manningham, Richard, 103, 140, 177, 214; Nihell, Elizabeth, 108
midwives, women: competence over physicians, 104, 121; Edinburgh training program, 34; efforts of men against, 105; support of Nihell, 108–12, 139; training at British Lying-In Hospital, 143, 145–47; training programs, 2
Midwives' College of London, 102, 105
military: during American Revolution, 236–37; Campvere outpost and French armies, 14; physicians, 199
modesty of patients, 104, 107
Montagu, Elizabeth, 215
Morgagni, Giovanni Battista, 32
multiple pregnancies, 101–2
Munro, Alexander, 27, 30, 195

N

Netherlands, port of Veere, 13
Nihell, Elizabeth, 108–12, 119, 136–43
nurses: behavior standards, 154–55; staffing issues, 155, 169; visiting hours at British Lying-In Hospital, 152

O

obituaries, 233–35
Oddo, Marco, 31
opera. See theater and opera
opium, 137–38
Orange, House of, 7
orphans, 62–63, 141
out-patient services, 150, 160
overcrowding at British Lying-In Hospital, 155, 159–62
Oxford and Cambridge, 81–82, 91

P

Padua: botanical gardens, plate2, plate3; old anatomical theater, plate4; University of, 28–34
Page, Mrs., matron, 60
parishes and churches, 62, 141
patient anecdotes: blacklisting, 153–54; delivery before reaching hospital, 150; delivery by Richard Manningham, 140; exceptions to in-patient rules, 158, 159, 160, 162; false testimony of unmarried patient, 149–50; incompetent men-midwives, 137–38; instruments cause death of child, 111; Macaulay's case reports, 171–72, 173–76, 177; puerperal fever, 163–65
patients: British Lying-In Hospital recommendations, 56–57, 149, 160–62; day-to-day hospital operation, 147–65; debate over unmarried patients, 61–65; favoritism at Middlesex Hospital, 50; first at British Lying-In Hospital, 60; focus on lying-in women, 50; visiting hours, 152
patronage, by Macaulay, 242; towards Archibald Macaulay, 219; towards Aulay Macaulay, 183–84; towards Tobias Smollett, 184–89, 190–94; towards William Williams, 224–29
patronage, enjoyed by Clan Macaulay, 7
patronage, enjoyed by Macaulay, 241; connections developed by Archibald, 22; election to British Lying-In Hospital, 68–72; royalty, 2
patronage, to British Lying-In Hospital, 168
The Petition of the Unborn Babes to the Censors of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 112–17, plate11
philosophy education, 28, 32
physicians, practicing: Arbuthnot, George, 18–19, 212; Arthur, William, 53–54, 55; Baker, George, 177, 214; Bottoni, Albertino, 31; Cox, Daniel, 50–51, 52, 55, 80–81; Douglas, John, 103; Hunter, John, 178; Hunter, William, 55, 111–12, 234; Kelly, Christopher, 111, 163–65; Layard, Daniel, 68, 115, 149–50; Munro, Alexander, 27, 30, 195; Oddo, Marco, 31; Sandys, Francis, 53, 154, 155; Schomberg, Issac, 82–83; Smellie, William, 98, 109, 119, 137–38, 141, 142, 171, 177, 179; Trotter, William, 68–72
physicians and surgeons: anatomy knowledge, 121, 137, 143; called in difficult cases, 61, 111–12; military, 199; misconceptions about, 240–41; public opinion of the profession, 91–96; role in midwives controversy, 103–4; socializing, 178–79
Plummer, Andrew, 29
poetry: The Battle of the Wigs, 93–96; Catharine's epitaph for Macaulay, 234–35
Poland Street, 47
political office, Archibald Macaulay, 7, 9–22
political views: Catharine's, 237; conservative The Critical Review, 189; left and Whig opinions, 2; Macaulay's, 240; republicans and monarchists, 217; Tory and Whig opinions, 197–98, 214–15
Polygraphy or Shorthand Made Easy... (A. Macaulay), 181–82
Pontedera, Giulio, 32
Portland, Duke of, 3, 55, 60, 71–72
portraits: Archibald, 211–12, plate15; Catharine, plate14; Catharine Sophia, 223
poverty and the poor: Banbury, 37–38; debate over public help for, 64–67; Edinburgh, 10; St. James neighborhood, 213–14; testifying to patient's poverty, 149–50
"A Practical Discourse on Barrenness in Women, and Impotency, Infertility, and Seminal Weakness in Men," 98–100
practical experience: female midwives, 109; men-midwives, 104
preferential treatment: patients, 50; Royal College of Physicians licentiates, 81–92
pregnancies, multiple, 101–2
prison, 237–38
private practice, 171–80
Privy Council, 227–28
property. See land ownership
public assistance: Banbury, 37–38; role in society, 64–67; St. James neighborhood, 213–14
public opinion and publicity: British Lying-In Hospital baptisms, 157; British Lying-In Hospital delivery statistics, 118–19; cranial reduction technique, 112; Macaulay's work on The Critical Review, 189; Middlesex Hospital finances, 51–52, 54–55, 58–59; role of public hospitals, 65–66; Royal College licentiates feud, 91–96
publications: "A Practical Discourse on Barrenness in Women, and Impotency, Infertility, and Seminal Weakness in Men," 98–100; The Battle of the Wigs (Thornton), 93–96; Complete Practice of Midwifery (Stone), 104; The Critical Review, 142–43, 189–90, 195–96, 197–202; A Directory for Midwives: Or, A Guide for WOMEN, In Their Conception, Bearing, and Suckling their Children (Culpeper), 100–102; The General Advertiser, 118–19; Gentleman's Magazine, 173–76, 177; Gulliver's Travels (Swift), 100; History of England (C. Macaulay), 79, 195, 205, 209, 216–19; The Iliad, 24; A Letter from a Physician in Town... (Cox and Macaulay), 80–81, 83, 84, 85, 89; The London Chronicle, 65–66; The London Practice of Physic, 98; Man-Midwifery Analysed: and the Tendency of the Practice Detected and Exposed, 105–8; Meditations (Howe), 73–79; The Petition of the Unborn Babes to the Censors of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 112–17; Polygraphy or Shorthand Made Easy... (A. Macaulay), 181–82; Scots Magazine, 233–34; A Treatise on the Art of Midwifery... (Nihell), 108–12, 119, 136, 138–39, 140
puerperal fever, 163–64
Pye-Corner, Banbury, 42–43, plate7

R

recommendations: British Lying-In Hospital patients, 56, 149, 160–62; British Lying-In Hospital students, 146–47; Duke of Portland and William Trotter, 71–72; Macaulay introduces Smollett to Townshend, 198–99; Macaulay introduces Williams to Townshend, 225; Macaulay's acceptance at University of Padua, 29
religion. See faith and church attendance
residence requirement for patients, 61
residences: Banbury, 36; Edinburgh, 7; Gavinlock's Land, 15; Greatworth (Leonora), 39–40, plate5, plate6; Inveresk, Scotland, 4, 7; Jermyn Street (St. James), 212–13, plate16; Poland Street, 47–48; Pye-Corner, Banbury, 42–43, plate7; World's End Close, 16
respectability and decorum: cleanliness of patients, 151–52; unmarried patients, 63–64; worthiness for charity, 161
returning thanks, 156
Robertson, William, 25
rope, 229
royal charters, 26–27
Royal College of Physicians: Battle of the Wigs, 1767, 92–96; legal action against, 3, 79–96; Macaulay's application, 48–49; Macaulay's enrollment, 45
royalty: George II, King of England, 12; James III, king of Scotland, 10; patronage to Clan Macaulay, 7; patronage to Macaulay, 2
Rutherford, John, 29

S

Sabbath days, 157
salary and wages: Catharine, 207–8; Edinburgh teachers, 20; Lord Conservator, 13
Sandys, Francis, 53, 154, 155
sanitary conditions and cleanliness: British Lying-In Hospital, 151–52, 162–65; Edinburgh, 16
satire: The Battle of the Wigs (Thornton), 93–96; A Man Midwife (Cruikshank), 103, plate10; Man-Midwifery Analysed: and the Tendency of the Practice Detected and Exposed, 105–8; The Petition of the Unborn Babes to the Censors of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 112–17
Sawbridge, John (brother-in-law), 215
scandals and controversies: Battle of the Wigs, 1767, 92–96; male vs. female midwives, 97–143; Middlesex Hospital finances, 51–52; role of public hospitals, 65–66; Royal College of Physicians and licentiates, 79
Schomberg, Issac, 82–83
Scotland and Scots: clans, 6; Macaulay and Townshend connections, 204; physicians socializing, 178; reputation of physicians, 83–84; Scottish Renaissance, 3, 23. See also Edinburgh
Scots Magazine, 233–34
Semmelweis, Ignaz Philipp, 165
sermons, 170
settlement requirement, 61
sex of child, 100, 101
sexual intercourse, 101
shorthand, 181–82
simulacra, 109–10
Sinclair, Andrew, 29
Smellie, William: attempted Caesarian sections, 119; case histories, 137–38, 171, 177; The London Practice of Physic, 98; socializing physicians, 179; students of, 109, 141; working with midwives, 142
Smith, Joseph, 201–2
Smollett, Tobias (cousin), 5, 184–94, 196–99, 200–202, 234
social life: Edinburgh, 16–17, 21; Macaulay and Catharine, 209–10, 212–13, 214–15; physicians, 178–80
Society of London Physicians, 177
Spain, American land holdings, 228
Special Court, Middlesex Hospital, 52–53
sponsors. See recommendations
St. Francis, Hospital of, 31, 32
St. Giles Parish, 62–63, 156–57
St. James (Jermyn Street), 212
St. James Parish Church, 213
St. James's Workhouse, 213–14
St. Luke's Day, 1767, 92–96
staple contracts, 13
Stevenson, John, 23
stewards of British Lying-In Hospital, 158–59
stillborn babies, 117–18
Stone, Sarah, 104
subscriptions: British Lying-In Hospital, 56–57, 68–70, 167; Middlesex Hospital, 53. See also finances
Sundays, 157
superstitions, 101
Swift, Jonathan, 100

T

tea, 148
theater and opera: Edinburgh, 17; fundraising, 168–69; Macaulay's social life, 3, 215
Thicknesse, P., 105–8
Thornton, Bonnell, 93–96
Tilleman, Peter, plate6
Townshend, Charles: British Lying-In Hospital subscription, 69; calling on Macaulay and Catharine, 215; contacted by William Williams, 225; death, 235–36; friendship with Macaulay, 3; introduces Catharine and Macaulay, 203–5, 208–9, 210; land grant to Macaulay, 227–28; Macaulay introduces Smollett to Townshend, 198–99
A Treatise on the Art of Midwifery... (Nihell), 108–12, 119, 136, 138–39, 140
Trotter, William, 68–72

U

umbilical cord, 173
university education, 23–34, 206
University of Edinburgh, 23–30
University of Padua, 28–34
unmarried women patients, 61, 62–63, 64, 149–50

V

Veere, Netherlands, 13
venereal disease, 151–52
Vesalius, plate4
Villineau, John, 50–51
visiting hours, 152

W

Walpole, Horace, 236
Washington, George, 209
wealth and wealthy class: Bathurst family, 40; education, 206; Leonora's wedding, 41–42; Macaulay's history, 241; Macaulay's private practice, 177; midwifery as fashion, 138–39
weddings: Catharine, 207, 208; Leonora, 41–42
Weekly Committee, British Lying-In Hospital, 162
Welles, Edward Randolph, 183
wet nurses, 153
Whig politics. See political views
White's Coffee House, London, 212
William of Orange, 7
Williams, John, 222
Williams, William, 224–29, 236–38
wills and inheritances: Archibald's will, 219; Bathurst family, 39; bequests to British Lying-In Hospital, 170, 222; Macaulay's will, 207n, 221, 231
Wilson, Thomas, 223
Wollstonecraft, Mary, 223–24
women, attitudes of: Catharine's independence, 205; hesitation in seeking medical treatment, 98–99; Leonora's independence, 39
women, attitudes toward: British Lying-In Hospital subscribers, 56–57, 69–70; City of London Lying-in Hospital exclusion of, 72; female midwives, 97; learned from Carola, 22; Macaulay's respect and sympathy, 2, 207, 208, 239
women midwives. See midwives, women
workhouses: Scalding Lane, Banbury, 37–38; St. James's Workhouse, 213–14
World's End Close, 16
writing and editing: The Critical Review, 197, 200–202; History of England (C. Macaulay), 215–19; A Letter from a Physician in Town... (Cox and Macaulay), 80–81; Macaulay's work, 3, 218, 240; Meditations, 73–79

Y

Yewd, Thomas, 59–60
Young, Edward, 6, 76

Man-Midwife, Male Feminist: The Life and Times of George Macaulay, M.D., Ph.D. (1716-1766)

Index

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

O

P

R

S

T

U

V

W

Y