The Philippine Islands, 1493-1803; explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the Catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts, showing the political, economic, commericial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest relations with European nations to the beginning of the nineteenth century; [Vol. 1, no. 48]

1751-I 765] LATER AUGUSTINIAN MISSIONS

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ritory and containing fewer souls - in which last the
enemy [of souls], strongly fortified, has resisted for
long ages - have been the aim to which the zeal and
fervor of the evangelical ministers have been directed. The said tribes dwell among mountain
ranges that are very extensive, lofty, and ruggedwhich, stretching from the province of Pampanga
and bordering that of Pangasinan, run throughout
Ilocos, through a space, with bends and turns, of
about a hundred leguas.27 The first of these tribes is
called Igolot, and, corrupting the letters, they are
wont to call it Igorrot; their territory occupies about
thirty leguas, from the confines of Pampanga to those
of the province of Ilocos. Contiguous to this tribe
is another which is called Tinggian, not less numerous; and it extends for a distance of about forty
leguas along the same mountains, even trenching
upon the province of Ilocos. Then comes another,
called Apayao,28 extending about thirty leguas, which
27 Reference is here made to the great western mountain range
of Luzon, the Caraballos Occidentales; it is nearly 200 miles long,
and, including its subordinate ranges, one-third as broad. It is
really a system of mountains, its central range forming the divide
between the waters flowing to Cagayan River on the east and
those flowing to the China Sea on the west. Its southern portion
is called Cordillera Sur, which, bending eastward, under the
name of Caraballos Sur joins the Sierra Madre or eastern coast
range. This last range stretches along the eastern side of Luz6n,
from the northeastern point of the island to Laguna de Bay, a
distance of 350 miles, and divides the waters of the Cagayan
valley (which is about 50 miles wide, and I60 in length) from
those of the Pacific slope. See Census of Philippines, i, pp. 60, 6i.
28 Barrows classes the Apayaos as an Igorot division, located
in the district of Ayangan; (cf. VOL. XLIII, p. 72, note i). The
Tinguians also are Igorot, and are the pagan people of Abra;
"they have developed toward civilized life, being about on the
same plane of culture as the Ilocano." "This word is derived
from tingues, meaning 'mountain,' a Malayan word, archaic, and
almost unused now in Tagalog, and the suffix an." Adang evi