A survey of the educational system of the Philippine islands by the Board of educational survey, created under acts 3162 and 3196 of the Philippine Legislature.

508 EDUCATIONAL SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINES

"cram" schools and hence no attention is paid to any subject whic
does not count upon examination. Physical training seemed to be un
known, and, as there was seldom any playgrounds about these schools
sports and games were nonexistent. The equipment in most instance
was ridiculous. Not one of the many schools visited had a library o
a thousand volumes. Although biology and physics are part of the
secondary curriculum of the public schools which these private school:
are supposed to follow, the equipment for doing so was hopelessly in.
adequate in almost every instance. In one large private school wit}
hundreds of students, there was but one microscope, though the rep
resentative of the Commission was proudly shown shelves filled with
bottle containing insects, fishes, and other specimens all liberally covered
with dust. The teachers of these secondary private schools are of a
great variety of preparation and many exhibit complete ignorance of
any pedagogic principles of teaching. Few appeared to be professionally interested in their work. This is explained by the fact that
they were twice as often employed on part time as on full time, the
department reporting 628 of the former to 300 of the latter. In one
instance, the representative of the Commission requested permission of
the person in charge of one of the large provincial private schools to
see the budget in order to find out how much had been set aside for
apparatus and equipment, but no such thing existed. Nor was he
able to discover any other details concerning the school. They seemed
to be carried entirely in the owner's head, and the owner was not there
at the time of the visit.
COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES.-No statute or Government regulation in the Philippines defines what a college or university is. The
result is that a great many schools of secondary grade call themselves
colleges and even universities. Even in Manila, where the best of the
private institutions of higher education are situated, all have preparatory
departments of secondary grade and some even of intermediate grade.
These institutions in Manila report that they are "organized and incorporated under the insular laws." Apparently, however, the insular
laws do not require any report of income, expenditures, or other aspects
of university administration to be reported to any Government official.
The income of these institutions is obtained entirely from fees, no one
of them having any endowment, and, apparently, only the incorporators
know how the income is disbursed.
Only one of these institutions in Manila is at present conducting work
in a building of its own. Manila University has one such building and
the National University is now erecting one. All are carrying on
their work in rented buildings which were never intended for educational
purposes, and hence all the unfavorable physical conditions mentioned