A survey of the educational system of the Philippine islands by the Board of educational survey, created under acts 3162 and 3196 of the Philippine Legislature.

478 EDUCATIONAL SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINES

it is, nevertheless, extremely important for the teacher as a background
and rational basis for instruction.
(5) Instruction in health must include not only the personal element
but also the social. This does not mean civics in the usual sense. It
means development of the sense of social responsibility; the opportunities and duties of social service must be made clear. "To live most and
to serve best" may be a very desirable outcome of health instruction.
(6) The positive must be emphasized as against the negative. The
important thing is "What to do," not "What not to do."
(7) Instruction in health should not use fear as a motive. Conduct
controlled by fear is the conduct of a slave. Fear of disease is not
the goal but a desire to have vigorous health and strength in order to
live most effectively and to serve society in the best possible way.
(8) In the primary grades children do not understand the meaning
of health, are not interested in it as adults are, and should be led rather
to practice certain health habits through concrete goals such as, "to
grow tall," "to run fast," and similar objectives of the child.
SUGGESTED HEALTH TOPICS FOR THE GRADES.-In the primary
grades health topics should be used as content for some of the language
periods. In Grades I and II, two fifteen-minute periods a week and
in Grades III and IV, two twenty-minute periods a week should be
given to health discussions. Frequently the most vital health lessons can
be taught in relation to other subjects or events happening in the school.
The substance of the lessons taught should be realized by morning inspection for cleanliness, by class excursions to the market, the dispensary,
or the hospital. The purpose of the topics is to supply information, to
form habits and skills, and to develop attitudes favoring healthful
practices.
SUGGESTED METHODS FOR TEACHING HEALTH IN THE GRADES.The chief object in the early grades is to form habits and to develop
attitudes favoring health. The following methods should be used extensively in all the health instruction:
(1) Individual competition.-Secure effort and habit by daily record
on charts of essential health habits, such as cleaning the teeth, general
cleanliness, etc. Place a star or appropriate mark after the child's
name for each daily performance. Individual and class graphs should
be used also. This may be made a competition in the entire school.
(2) Team competition.-Use team competition as soon as the children are able to grasp the team idea, usually by the third grade.
Choosing names for the teams, electing captains, and similar procedures
help to enter the interest in the game. The Rules of the Health Game
afford valuable topics for discussion in the language lesson. Awarding
ribbon prizes adds to the interest.