A survey of the educational system of the Philippine islands by the Board of educational survey, created under acts 3162 and 3196 of the Philippine Legislature.

310 EDUCATIONAL SURVEY OF THE PHILIPPINES

materials of the curriculum and of pupil development in attitudes, habits,
and skill which are socially valuable. For the determination of academic attainment adequate instruments in the form of objective tests are
available. Elsewhere in this report is discussed the use of these newer
forms of investigation of pupil progress in preference to the older forms
of examinations. The larger number of supervisors now in service are
already familiar with many of these devices. No such satisfactory instruments are available for estimating pupil progress in the other results
of school experience. The efficient supervisor will none the less be
interested in these educational results notwithstanding the absence of
definite measuring devices. He will also interest teachers in these
larger results of instruction, and in the means of currently determining
pupil growth.
2. IMPROVING TEACHING SKILL.-The measurement of pupil attainment will show defects in the results of instruction. Teachers will be
made aware of these weaknesses and should work with the supervisor
to discover the causes for the deficiencies. Supervisors and teachers
together should plan remedial measures. The whole staff of the school
may be organized under the leadership of the principal to attack some
problem of instruction, particularly if some defect is found to run through
the work of the whole school.
Not a small part of the supervisor's work will be to stimulate principals
and teachers to an intelligent professional interest in the problems which
confront them. His larger experience and longer training should be
drawn upon to contribute to joint efforts in solving the problems. Only
rarely should he furnish the ready-made solution. If he can recommend
books and other sources from which help on a problem may be obtained,
professional reading by teachers will be made more fruitful than it is
when such reading is done principally to satisfy a reading-circle requirement.
Demonstration teaching by supervisors and principals is one of the
most effective means of helping teachers improve their work. Teachers
will be convinced of the validity of suggestions made by supervisors if
the proposed technique is seen in actual use. For teachers to feel that
the supervisor is also a teacher will help to establish a desirable relation
in which helpful criticism may more easily be given. The supervisor
who talks much about how to teach but never teaches will be listened to
with scant respect compared with the one who illustrates by skillful teaching the principles which he discusses.
3. ASSISTANCE IN SCHOOL MANAGEMENT AND IN SCHOOL AND
COMMUNITY RELATIONS.-Classification and promotion of pupils, adjustments of daily programs to meet local needs, expenditures of local'
funds supplied for school materials and equipment, and other matters of