A survey of the educational system of the Philippine islands by the Board of educational survey, created under acts 3162 and 3196 of the Philippine Legislature.

ELEMENTARY EDUCATION

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mechanical aspects of the system are beginning to cause irritation and
discontent because ways have not yet been found to make the adjustments and provide the flexibility needed to meet present conditions.
Clearly the time has arrived to consider new conditions and needs, and
to make such adjustments and revisions of the plan as the situation requires. That adaptation must be made is imperative. With
the work that has been done and the opportunity that lies ahead, there
is reason to believe that the development of the work in the Philippine
Islands may become as fine an example of industrial education as may
be found anywhere in the world.
In order to establish a basis for evaluating the work, it will be well
to state the purposes to be served by it. Then an estimate of the present
plan in terms of these purposes will be made, and finally, suggestions
will be offered regarding modifications which seem advisable in view of
the changed conditions.
THE PURPOSES OR AIMS OF INDUSTRIAL WORK
There are two kinds of purposes in the industrial work. One relates to the development of general manual dexterity, and of intelligence
and understanding about the sources and kinds of materials, methods
of production, and the efficient selection, use, and care of industrial products. The other is the development of skill and intelligence in the
making and marketing of industrial products and of entering efficiently
an industrial occupation as a producer. The first kind of purpose may
be called general, the second, vocational.
THE GENERAL AIMS.-That study of foods, clothing, furnishings,
homes, and surroundings which enables us to select, use, and manage
these in ways to maintain sound health gives what we may call the
health values resulting from industrial work. The selection, preparation, and use of foods so that they may best promote our health is an
important problem to all, regardless of occupation. Another general
aim is that of learning the values of different kinds of materials and
products for particular purposes and their relative costs in labor and
money. A third general aim has to do with training in appreciation
of good design in the form and color of industrial products and supplies.
This enables us to select those that are pleasing and satisfying as objects
of beauty as well as of utility. This is cultivating taste, an art value.
Still another aim is that of developing an understanding of the sources
of materials, the processes of production, the conditions and problems
of production and distribution of articles, the relationships of producers
and consumers, and the general facts and meanings of occupational interdependence. We should know the responsibilities and services of
farmers, fishers, miners, manufacturers, and sales-people so that we may