Proceedings of the first Independence congress : held in the city of Manila, Philippine islands, February 22-26, 1930 / Published under the direction of Dean maximo M. Kalaw, executive secretary, University of the Philippines.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SECTION 215

as the recognition of the said country by Germany in 1885;
or in a proclamation about the particular proposition made by
another state. On the other hand it is virtual when the recognition is inferred from the establishment of diplomatic and
consular relations between the new state and recognizer, as
those established between the Thirteen Primitive North-American States on one hand and France and Holland on the other,
since 1778, in which the Thirteen States were implicitly treated
by the latter states as independent and sovereign nations. But
whatever be the nature and recognition given, it is indisputable
that the fact which constitutes it, is an act independent and
sovereign of the state recognizer, which cannot be forced under
any circumstance by any state.
Sometimes the recognition of the independence of a new
state by another is given prematurely, which may give rise
to serious international difficulties and to war between the nation doing the recognizing and the old metropolis of the new
state, and consequently all premature recognition is generally
evaded. Undoubtedly the recognition of the independence of
the United States by France in 1778 was premature, resulting
immediately into the necessity of establishing an alliance between the two countries against England, which lasted till
1783 when peace between the said nations was restored, Great
Britain having recognized the independence of its old colonies.
It may equally be said that the recognition of the independence of Cuba by the United States in 1898 was also premature;
as the United States government had to have war with Spain.
The recognition of a new state may be individual or collective. It is individual when it is granted by the different
states separately, as the recognition of the independence of the
United States by France in 1778 and that df the independence
of Cuba and Panama by the United States in 1898 and in
1903, respectively. And it is collective, when the recognition
is done altogether by several powers, as that of the independence
of Greece in 1830; that of Belgium in 1831; that of Turkey
in 1856 and that of Montenegro, Servia, Roumania and Bulgaria in 1878.