The works of Francis Bacon, lord chancellor of England.

96 NATURAL HISTORY. CENT. VIII.
Standing upright of the hail is caused, for that 716. Anger causeth paleness in some, and the
by the shutting of the pores of the skin, the hair going and coming of the colour in others: also
that lieth aslope must needs rise. Starting is trembling in some: swelling, foaming at the
both an apprehension of the thing feared, and in mouth, stamping, bending of the fist. Paleness,
that kind it is a motion of shrinking, and like- and going and coming of the colour, are caused
wise an inquisition in the beginning, what the by the burning of the spirits about the heart;
matter should be, and in that kind it is a motion which to refresh themselves, call in more spirits
of erection, and therefore when a man would from the outward parts. And if the paleness be
listen suddenly to any thing, he starteth; for the alone, without sending forth the colour again, it
starting is an erection of the spirits to attend. is commonly joined with some fear; but in many
Screeching is an appetite of expelling that which there is no paleness at all, but contrariwise redsuddenly strikethl the spirits: for it must be noted, ness about the cheeks and gills; which is by the
that many motions, though they be unprofitable sending forth of the spirits in an appetite to
to expel that which hurteth, yet they are offers revenge. Trembling in anger is likewise by
of nature, and cause motions by consent, as in a calling in of the spirits; and is commonly
groaning, or crying upon pain. when anger is joined with fear. Swelling is
714. Grief and pain cause sighing, sobbing, caused, both by a dilatation of the spirits by overgroaning, screaming, and roaring; tears, distort- heating, and by a liquefaction or boiling of the
ing of the face, grinding of the teeth, sweating. humours thereupon. Foaming at the mouth is
Sighing is caused by the drawing in of a greater from the same cause, being an ebullition. Stampquantity of breath to refresh the heart that labour- ing, and bending of the fist, are caused by an
eth: like a great draught when one is thirsty. imagination of the act of revenge.
Sobbing is the same thing stronger. Groaning, 717. Light displeasure or dislike causeth shakand screaming, and roaring are caused by an ing of the head, frowning and knitting of the
appetite of expulsion, as hath been said: for when brows. These effects arise from the same causes
the spirits cannot expel the thing that hurteth, in that trembling and horror do: namely, from the
their strife to do it, by motion of consent, they retiring of the spirits, but in a less degree. For
expel the voice. And this is when the spirits the shaking of the head is but a slow and defiyield, and give over to resist: for if one do con- nite trembling; and is a gesture of slight refustantly resist pain, he will not groan. Tears are sal; and we see also, that a dislike causeth, often,
caused by a contraction of the spirits of the brain: that gesture of the hand, which we use when we
which contraction by consequence astringeth the refuse a thing, or warn it away. The frowning
moisture of the brain, and thereby sendeth tears and knitting of the brows is a gathering, or serinto the eyes. And this contraction or compres- ring of the spirits, to resist in some measure.
sion causeth also wringing of the hands; for And we see also this knitting of the brows will
wringing is a gesture of expression of moisture. follow upon earnest studying, or cogitation of
The distorting of the face is caused by a conten- any thing, though it be without dislike.
tion, first to bear and resist, and then to expel; 718. Shame causeth blushing, and casting
which maketh the parts knit first, and afterwards down of the eyes. Blushing is the resort of
open. Grinding of the teeth is caused likewise, blood to the face; which in the passion of shame
by a gathering and serring of the spirits together is the part that laboureth most. And although
to resist, which maketh the teeth also to sit hard the blushing will be seen in the whole breast if
one against another. Sweating is also a com- it be naked, yet that is but in passage to the
pound motion, by the labour of the spirits, first face. As for the casting down of the eyes, it proto resist, and then to expel. ceedeth of the reverence a man beareth to other
715. Joy causeth a cheerfulness and vigour in men; whereby, when he is ashamed, he cannot
the eyes, singing, leaping, dancing, and some- endure to look firmly upon others: and we see,
times tears. All these are the effects of the dila- that blushing, and the casting down of the eyes
tion and coming forth of the spirits into the out- both, are more when we come before many; " ore
ward parts; which maketh them more lively and Pompeii quid mollius. nunquam non coram plunstirring. We know it hath been seen, that ex- ribus erubuit:" and likewise when we come becessive sudden joy hath caused present death, fore great or reverend persons.
while the spirits did spread so much as they could 719. Pity causeth sometimes tears; and a flexnot retire again. As for tears, they are the effects ion or cast of the eye aside., Tears come from
of compression of the moisture of the brain, upon the same cause that they do in grief: for pity is
dilatation of the spirits. For compression of the but grief in another's behalf. The cast of the
spirits worketh an expression of the moisture of the eye is a gesture of aversion, or loathness to behold
brain by consent, as hath been said in grief. But the object of pity.
then in joy, it worketh it diversely, viz. by pro- 720. Wonder causeth astonishment, or an im
I)uision of the moisture, when the spirits dilate, moveable posture of the body; casting up of the
and occupy more room. eyes to heaven, and lifting up of the hands. Fox