The works of Francis Bacon, lord chancellor of England.

NOTES TO ESSAYS CIVIL AND MORAL. 63
think it too light, he knoweth not of what metal king herein must be wise, and know what he may
it is made. justly do.
4. He must make religion the rule of govern- 12. That king which is not feared, is not loved;
inent, and not to balance the scale; for he that and he that is well seen in his craft, must as well
casteth in religion only to make the scales even, study to be feared as loved; yet not loved for fear,
his own weight is contained in those charac- but feared for love.
ters, - Mene, mene, tekel, upharsin, —He is 13. Therefore, as he must always resemble Him
found too light, his kingdom shall be taken from whose great name he beareth, and that as in manihim." festing the sweet influence of his mercy on the
5. And that king that holds not religion the best severe stroke of his justice sometimes, so in this
reason of state, is void of all piety and justice, the not to suffer a man of death to live; for besides
supporters of a king. that the land doth mourn, the restraint of justice
6. He must be able to give counsel himself, but towards sin doth more retard the affection of love,
not rely thereupon; for though happy events jus- than the extent of mercy doth inflame it: and
tify their counsels, yet it is better that the evil sure where love is [ill] bestowed, fear is quite lost.
event of good advice be rather imputed to a sub- 14. His greatest enemies are his flatterers; for
ject than a sovereign. though they ever speak on his side, yet their words
7. He is the fountain of honour, which should still make against him.
not run with a waste pipe, lest the courtiers sell 15. The love which a king oweth to a weal
the water, and then, as the papists say of their public; should not be overstrained to any one parholy wells, it loses the virtue. ticular; yet that his more special favour do reflect
8. He is the life of the law, not only as he is upon some worthy ones is somewhat necessary,
"1 lex loquens" himself, but because he animateth because there are few of that capacity.
the dead letter, making it active towards all his 16. He must have a special care of five things,
subjects "- premio et pcena." if he would not have his crown to be but to him
9. A wise king must do less in altering his I infelix felicitas."
laws than he may; for new government is ever First, that " simulata sanctitas" be not in the
dangerous. It being true in the body politic, as church; for that is "- duplex iniquitas."
in the corporal, that " omnis subita immutatio est Secondly, that ",inutilis aequitas " sit not in the
periculosa;" and though it be for the better, yet chancery: for that is c, inepta misericordia."
it is not without a fearful apprehension; for he Thirdly, that "utilis iniquitas" keep not the
that changeth the fundamental laws of a king- exchequer: for that is ", crudele latrocinium."
dom, thinketh there is no good title to a crown, Fourthly, that I"fidelis temeritas" be not his
but by conquest. general: for that will bring but " seram pceniten10. A king that setteth to sale seats of justice, tiam."
oppresseth the people; for he teacheth his judges Fifthly, that ", infidelis prudentia" be not his
to sell justice; and I" pretio parata pretio venditur secretary; for that is "' anguis sub viridi herba."
justitia." To conclude; as he is of the greatest power, so
11. Bounty and magnificence are virtues very he is subject to the greatest cares, made the servant
regal, but a prodigal king is nearer a tyrant than of his people, or else he were without a calling at
a parsimonious: for store at home draweth not his all.
contemplations abroad; but want supplieth itself He then that honoureth him not is next an
of what is next, and many times the next way: a atheist, wanting the fear of God in his heart.
NOTES TO ESSAYS.
NOTE A. and profoundly couple the knowledge of causes and the conquest of all fears together, as'concomitantia.'
Referring to page 11. Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas,
SEE also for similar sentiments by Lord Bacon, an Essay quique metus onanes, et inexorabile falum
upon Death in the Remains, inserted post. See also in the Subjecit pedibus, strepitumque Acherontis avari.'
Advancement of Learning. "For if a man's mind be deeply See also the True philosophy of death in the Novum Orseasoned with the consideration of the mortality and cor- ganum, under the head of Political Motion, where lie says,
ruptible nature of things, he will easily concur with Epic- " The Political JMotion-Is that by which parts of the body
tetus, who went forth one day and saw a woman weep- are restrained from their own immediate appetites or teniug for her pitcher of earth that was broken; and went forth dencies, to unite in such a state as may preserve the existthe next day and saw a woman weeping.for her son that was ence of the whole body.-Thus the spirit which exists in all
dead: and thereupon said,' Heri vidi fragilem frangi, hodie living bodies keeps all the parts in due subjection; when it
vidi mortalenm mori.' And therefore Virgil did excellently escapes, the body decomposes, or the sinrilar parts unite a,