Encyclopædia americana. A popular dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, history, politics and biography, a new ed.; including a copious collection of original articles in American biography; on the basis of the 7th ed. of the German Conversations-lexicon. Ed. by Francis Lieber, assisted by E. Wigglesworth ...

BAVARIA. 7
agnate and presumptive heir, encouraged essentially affected Bavaria. Whilst it
by Frederic II, refused to acknowledge lost all its possessions on the left bank of
that renunciation. This was the origin the Rhine, and also the lands of the paof the war of the Bavarian succession, latinate on the right bank, it obtained, on
which was terminated, without bloodshed the other hand, by an imperial edict, an
(owing chiefly to the Russian declaration indemnification, by which it gained, in
of war against Austria), by the peace of addition to the amount lost, a surplus of
Teschen, May 13, 1779. The possession 2109 square miles, and 216,000 inhabitants.
of Bavaria, from which Austria obtained The political importance of Bavaria, with
only the Innviertel, with Braunau (800 respect to Austria as well as to France, was
square miles), was secured to the elector more fully displayed in the war of 1805.
palatine of Bavaria, according to the fam- When Austria resumed hostilities against
ily compacts. By this union of the Ba- France, she required the elector of Bavavarian dominions, the eighth electorate ria to unite his troops with the Austrian
became extinct, according to the terms army, and refused to allow him to remain
of the peace of Westphalia. In 1784, neutral, "which (as the emperor Franhowever, the possession of Bavaria again cis wrote to the elector, Sept. 3, 1804)
became an object of desire at Vienna, France herself would only suffer as long
and an exchange was proposed, which as she should find it expedient." Bavahad been already a subject of negotiation ria, however, did not find it accordant
in the beginning of the century. The with its own interests to place itself enemperor Joseph II proposed to the elec- tirely in the power of Austria. At the
tor to exchange Bavaria for the Austrian beginning of the war, the elector joined
Netherlands (excluding Luxemburg and the French with about 30,000 troops, and
Namur), and the sum of 3,000,000 for- the peace of Presburg annexed to his
ins for himself and the duke of Deux- dominions 10,595 square miles, and
Ponts, with the title of king of Burgundy. 1,000,000 inhabitants, and conferred on
This project, though favored by Russia, him the dignity of king; in return for
was disappointed by the firmness of the which, he ceded Wuirzburg, which was
duke of Deux-Ponts, who, encouraged erected into an electorate, in the place of
by the protection of Prussia, declared Salzburg. The king of Bavaria, like the
"that he would never consent to barter rulers of Wfirtemberg and Baden, now
away the inheritance of his ancestors." assumed sovereignty over the lands of
The zeal with which Frederic II adopted the nobility of the empire within his borthe cause of Bavaria, induced the cabinet ders. The political connexion recently
of Vienna to relinquish the plan, and to formed with France was confirmed by
declare, at the same time, "that there the marriage of the princess Augusta,
never had been and never would be any daughter of the king, with Eugene Naintention of a forced exchange." (See poleon, viceroy of Italy, son-in-law of the
League of the Princes.) The reign of French emperor. An immediate conseCharles Theodore was remarkable for quence of this alliance was the exchange
the rise of the lltuminati (q. v.) in Bava- of Berg, which Bavaria surrendered to
ria, for the processes against them, and Napoleon, for Anspach, which Prussia
the revival of Jesuitism. During these had given up to France in exchange for
troubles, the liberty of the press was con- Hanover, and finally, what was most imtinually more and more restrained, and a portant, the signing of the confederation
period of intellectual darkness appeared of the Rhine (July 12, 1806), in which
to be about to commence. In the war Bavaria promised to bring into the field
of the French revolution, the elector sent 30,000 troops, and to fortify Augsburg
his contingent to the army of the empire. and Lindau. Thereupon, the king of
The palatinate suffered much, and, in Bavaria was obliged to take part in the
1796, Bavaria itself became the theatre war against.Prussia, in 1806, and in the
of war. At this crisis (Feb. 16, 1799), war against Austria, in 1809, one of the
Charles Theodore died without issue, and consequences of which was the revolution
the Sulzbach branch of the line of the of Tyrol. After its termination, Bavaria
palatinate became extinct with him. The received important additions, partly at the
duke Maximilian Joseph of Deux-Ponts expense of Austria, partly by treaties of
came into possession of all the Bavarian exchange with Wfirtemberg and Wfirzterritories. The peace of Luneville (Feb. burg. —When, in 1812, the war betweel
9, 1801) put an end to the renewed war, France and Russia broke out, Bavaria
and its most important article-the cession sent anew its whole proportion of troops
of the left bank of the Rhine to France- to the French army. Insignificant re