Encyclopædia americana. A popular dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, history, politics and biography, a new ed.; including a copious collection of original articles in American biography; on the basis of the 7th ed. of the German Conversations-lexicon. Ed. by Francis Lieber, assisted by E. Wigglesworth ...

BERTHIER-BERTHOLLET. 81
of Canpo-Formio. In January, 1798, he was heard at the gates of the city, he put
received the chief command of the army an end to his life by throwing himself
of Italy, and was ordered by the directory from a window of the third story of his
to march against the dominions of the palace. (See JXekmoires d'Alexandre Berpope. In the beginning of February, he thier, Pr. de JNeufchatel et de Wagram.
made his entrance into Rome, abolished Paris, 1826.) Ile left a son, Alexander
the papal government, and established a (born in 1810), and two daughters.
consular one. Being much attached to BERTHOLLET, Claude Louis, count;
general Bonaparte, he followed him to member of the scientific academies at
Egypt as chief of the general staff. After Paris, London, Turin, Haerlem, &c.; one
the 18th of Brumaire, Bonaparte appoint- of the most eminent theoretical chemists
ed him minister of war. He afterwards of our times; born at Talloire, in Savoy,
became general-in-chief of the army of Dec. 9, 1748; studied medicine at Turin;
reserve, accompanied Bonaparte to Italy, went, in 1772, to Paris, where he became
in 1800, and contributed to the passage connected with Lavoisier; was admitted,
of St. Bernard and the victory at Maren- in.1780, a member of the academy of
go. He signed the armistice of Alessan- sciences in that city; was made, in 1794,
dria, formed the provisional government professor in the normal school there, and
of Piedmont, and went on an extraordi- was sent to Italy, in 1796, in order to senary mission to Spain. He then received lect the monuments that were to be caragain the department of war, which, in the tied to Paris. HIe followed Bonaparte to
mean time,'had been in the hands of Egypt, and returned with him in 1799.
Carnot. He accompanied Napoleon to After the 18th of Brumaire, he was made
Milan, June, 1805, to be present at his a member of the senat-conservateur; aftercoronation, and, in October, was appoint- wards, count and grand officer of the leed chief of the general staff of the grand gion of honor. In 1804, Napoleon aparmy in Germany. Oct. 19, he signed pointed him senator for the district of
the capitulation of Ulm, with Alack, and, Montpellier. In 1813, he received the
Dec. 6, the armistice of Austerlitz. Hav- grand cross of the order of the Reunion.
ing, in 1806, accompanied the emperor in April 1, 1814, however, he voted for the
his campaign against Prussia, he signed establishment of a provisional governthe armistice of Tilsit, June, 1807. He ment and the dethronement of Napoleon.
afterwards resigned his post as minister Louis XVIII made him a peer; but Na —
of war, and, having been appointed vice- poleon passed him by in 1815. After
constable of France, married, in 1808, the restoration of Louis, he took his seat
Maria Elizabeth Amalia, daughter of duke again in the chamber of peers. Among
William of Bavaria-Birkenfeld, and con- the inventions and new processes with
tinued to be the companion of Napoleon which the sciences and the arts were enin all his expeditions. In the campaign riched by him, the most important are
against Austria, in 1809, he distinguished those for the charring of vessels to prehimself at Wagram, and received the title serve water in ships, for the stiffening and
of prince of Wagram. In 1810, as proxy glazing of linen, &c., but principally that
of Napoleon, he received the hand of for the bleaching of vegetable substances
Maria Louisa, daughter of the emperor by means of oxymuriatic acid, which,
Francis I, and accompanied her to France. since 1786, has been in general use in
Somewhat later, Napoleon made him France.'Besides different essays in the
colonel-general of the Swiss troops. In collections of the academy and the insti11812, he was with the army in Russia, as tute, he has written several larger works,
chief of the general staff, which post he among which his Essai de Statique Chialso held in 1813. After Napoleon's ab- mique (1803, 2 vols.; translated into Engdication, he lost his principality of Neuf- lish, German and Italian) must be considchatel, but retained his other honors, and ered as the most important, and as one of
possessed the favor and confidence of the finest productions of our times. The
Louis XVIII, whom, after Napoleon's complicated phenomena of chemistry are
return, he accompanied to the Nether- reduced, in this work, to the strict and
lands, whence he repaired to his family simple laws of mechanics. He had also
at Barnberg, where he arrived May 30..a large share in the reformation of the
After his arrival at this place, he was chemical nomenclature, as well as in the
observed to be sunk in a profound mel- publication of the work that appeared on
ancholy; and when, on the afternoon of this subject in Paris, 1787-JMthode de
June 1, the music of the Russian troops, JVomenclature Chimique. He died n
on their march to the French borders, Paris, Nov. 7, 1822.