Encyclopædia americana. A popular dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, history, politics and biography, a new ed.; including a copious collection of original articles in American biography; on the basis of the 7th ed. of the German Conversations-lexicon. Ed. by Francis Lieber, assisted by E. Wigglesworth ...

c66 BERG-BERGEN.
lhazn been under the government of rich masqued comedy, are Bergamese, or affect
Lrinces; and the smallness of its territory the dialect of the country people in the
has often enabled it to remain a long neighborhood of this city.
time neutral, when all the other German BERGAMOTS are a valiety of citron.
states were desolated by war. The duchy It is said to have been produced at first by
of B. continued in the possession of the grafting a citron on the stock of a bergaelectors of Bavaria until 1806, when it mot pear-tree. The fruit has a fine taste
was ceded to France, and bestowed by and smell, and its essential oil is in high
Napoleon on his brother-in-law Murat, esteem as a perfume.
under the title of the grantd-duchy of Berg. BERGASSE, Nicholas; a statesman and
There was at the same time added to it author, born at Lyons, in 1750, where he
part of Cleves, the counties of Homnburg, was an advocate. I-e afterwards became
Bentheim-Steinfurt, Hortsmar, Nassau- advocate to the parliament of Paris. Here
]Dietz, Dillenburg, Hadamlar, and a num- he showed his talents in the famous lawber of lordships and scattered bailiwicks suit of Beaumarchais (q. v.) with the
and towns. On Murat's receiving the banker Kornmann. Upon the breaking
kingdom of Naples, Napoleon named his out of the revolution, he was chosen a
nephew Napoleon Louis, eldest son of member of the states-general by the city
the king of Holland, hereditary grand- of Lyons, but abandoned his seat. even
duke of Berg, with the condition that earlier than Mounier and Lally-Tollendal,
the country should be under the imlmedi- a step which, both in his case and theirs,
ate management of the French govern- was universally condemned. iDuring the
ment until the young prince should be reign of terror, his life was saved only
of age. At the same time, the Prussian by the events of the 9th of Thermidor.
part of Munster and the county of Mark Since that time, B. has devoted himself to
were annexed to it, and the whole was mnetaphysical speculations. He is distindivided into the departments of the Rhine, guished among the modern French ideolthe Ems, the Roer and the Sieg, having ogists by a splendid style and richness of
a population of 878,000 on 6908 square ideas. He is the author of Morale religimiles. At the congress of Vienna, in euse, De l'iflueence de la Volonte et seur'lJ1815, the whole was given to the king of' telligence, and De la Propriete (1807). B.
Prussia. was also one of the most zealous adherBERs, BooK OF. (See Symbolic Books.) ents to the doctrine of Mesmner respecting
BERGA1IO, capital of the district of Ber- animal magnetism. During the abode of
gamo (1150 square miles and 306,600 in- the REussian emperor in Paris, 1815, this
habitants), in the Lombardo-Venetian monarch paid him a visit.
kingdom, is situated on hills between the BERGEN; a bishopric in the kingdom
rivers Brembo and Serio, has a castle of Norway, that borders on Aggerhuus to
within the city, and another, called la ca- the east, Drontheimrn to the north, Chrispella, without it, besides two suburbs en- tiansand to the south, and the German
circled by walls, and four others that are ocean to the west; lon. 40 45/-6~ 551 E.;
open, containing together 30,680 inhabit- lat. 590 34/ —62 39' N. It contains about
ants. Anmongst many distinguished men 13,900 square miles, 57 parishes, 180
born here, is the famous Tiraboschi, the churches and chapels, 137,700 inhabithistorian of Italian literature. B. export- ants, or nearly 10 to a square mile.-Bered, formerly, more than 1200 bales of silk, gen, the fortified capital, with a citadel
which produced, on an average, ~E150,000 (Becrgenhuus), the largest city in Norway,
sterling yearly. In 1428, the Bergamese is situated in lon. 50 21/ E., lat. 600 10' N.,
put themselves under the republic of 180 miles N. of Stavanger, 270 S. W. of
Venice. In 1796, Bonaparte took B., and Drontheim, at the bottom of the bay of
it was subsequently made the capital of WXaag, that stretches far into the country,
the department of the Serio, in the king- forming a safe harbor, surrounded by
dom of Italy. Lon. 90 381 E.; lat. 450 high and steep rocks. The entrance,
42' N. The city is the seat of a bishop however, is dangerous. The wall of rocks
and of the authorities of the district. It also makes the access to the city on the
has an academy of painting and sculpture, land side difficult. The climate is coma museum, an atheneumn, a public libra- paratively mild, on account of the shelry, several academies, many manufacto- tered situation of the town. It is reries, especially of silk. There is, also, a markable for frequent rains. B. is well
small Protestant congregation in this city. built, yet several streets are crooked
— The comic characters, Arlechino, or and uneven, on account of the rocks.
Truffaldino, and Brighella, in the Italian The city contains 2200 houses, 18,000