Encyclopædia americana. A popular dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, history, politics and biography, a new ed.; including a copious collection of original articles in American biography; on the basis of the 7th ed. of the German Conversations-lexicon. Ed. by Francis Lieber, assisted by E. Wigglesworth ...

CASE-HARDENING —CASHMERE GOAT. 553
coals in powder, to undergo cementation. ation of the valley, and the mountains of
Inmersion of the heated pieces into wa- snow which surround it, render the cli
ter hardens the surface, which is after- mate rather cold; but it is, on the whole,
wards polished. Coarse files and gun- moderate and mild. This region, so rich in
barrels are among the articles most coin- romantic scenery, is watered by numerous
monly case-hardened. streams, and is blessed with an abundance
CASEMATES (fiom the Spanish casa, a of the finest productions. The Asiatics,
niouse, and ma tare, to kill), in fortification; therefore, call it the paradise of India, the
-alults which are proof against bombs, flower-garden, and the garden of eternal
vo.ider the main wall, particularly in bas- spring. The hills are covered with fortions, for. the purpose of defending the ests and Alpine pastures; at the foot of
rmroat of a fortification, also for making these are fields of corn; along the sides
countermines. They serve, at the same of the rivers, rice is planted; rich orchards
tiie, as a place for keeping the heavy extend over the foremost range of hills;
omrdnance, and, in case of necessity, as mulberry trees are cultivated in abunlal:tations for the garrison. dance, for the support of silk-worms, and
CASE-SIHOT, in artillery, is formed by are entwined with vines, from whose
putting a quantity of small iron balls into grapes wine, very similar to Madeira, is
v clindrical tin box, called a canister, that prepared. The fruits of warm climates;ust fits the bore of the gun. In case of do not ripen here. The valley is famous
necessity, the canister is filled with brok- for its flowers, with which all the gardens
en pieces of iron, nails, stones, &c. The and meadows abound. Violets, roses,
case is closed at both ends by wood. narcissuses, and innumerable European
Shot of this sort are thrown from cannons flowers, besides many that are not known
and howitzers. In sieges, sometimes, in- in Europe, grow wild. The inhabitants
stead of cases, bags are used. This kind are Hindoos, of the religion of Brama,
of shot is very injurious to the enemy, although they are under the dominion of
because the balls contained in the canis- the Afghans, who profess the Mohammeter spread, diverging in proportion to the dan religion. Their language is a dialect
distance. The amount of divergence is, to of the Sanscrit. They manufacture their
the distance which the shot reaches, gene- celebrated shawls in great perfection.
rally in the proportion of 1 to 10; thus, at The wool which they use for this purpose
the distance of' 600 paces, they make a comes fromi Thibet and Tartary, in which
circle of 60 paces diameter. The canis- countries, only, the goat, fioml which it is
ters used in the Prussian arimy contain taken, is said to thrive. About 80,000
balls of 1, I1, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 12 ounces shawls are made yearly, in 16,000 looms,
and ofl pound. The distance which the each of which employs 3 worknmen. The
shot will reach varies according to the capital, Cashmere (likewise Serinagur),
weight aid number of' the balls. A six- the largest town in the whole empire of
pounder shoots canister balls of 1 ounce Afghanistan, is situated on the Behat,
firom 200 to ~500 paces; twelve and and contains200,000 inhabitants.
twenty-four-pounders shoot balls of 1 Cashmere Goat, a nobler species of the
pounld 800 to 1000 paces. The number common goats, is descended friom the
of the balls varies according to their goat of Thibet, which pastures on the
weight. Hirnalaya. The climate in Thibet is subCASES, Emanuel, count of. (See Las ject to sudden changes. There is little
Cases.) rain, but much snow, as the cold in winter
CASHAERE (17,291 sq. miles, 2,000,000 is below the freezing point. Thibet is
inhabitants) in Hindostan, now a province situated at the northern descent of the
of the Afghan state of Cabul, in Asia, is a Himalaya mountains, and Cashmere at
very celebrated valley, surrounded by the the southern; hence the latter is a little
gigantic mountains of Asia, the Himalaya warmer than Thibet. In Thibet, this
and Hindoo Koh, and traversed by the goat is a domestic animal. It is not
river Behat or Chelum (formerly I-Hydas- allowed a very luxuriant pasture. The
pces). From threesides, seven passes only favorite food of these animals is buds,
lead to this region; to the east, the Hima- aromatic plants, rue and heath. The.aya presents an insurmountable barrier of people of Thibet give their goats, at least
snow. The splendor and sublimity of the once a week, some salt, which has always
diadelm of snow-capped mountains, the proved a useful accompaniment to the
oeauty and richness of the hills, which customary food of these animals. If they
form the ascent to tile higher peaks, it is are transferred fiom their cold, mountain-.mnpossibletodescribe. Theelevatedsitu- ous abode into a warmer country, the
vOL. II. 47