Encyclopædia americana. A popular dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, history, politics and biography, a new ed.; including a copious collection of original articles in American biography; on the basis of the 7th ed. of the German Conversations-lexicon. Ed. by Francis Lieber, assisted by E. Wigglesworth ...

CARTHAIGE-CARTHUSIANS. 545
of the Phcenician worship, the bishop of has a safe anchorage, though the many
Zealand, doctor Frederic Milnter, has shallows at the entrance make a careful
published the result of his interesting in- steerage necessary. There are among
quiries, in his Religion of the Carthagin- the inhabitants of Carthagena very many
ians (Copenhagen, 1821, 2d edition, 4to.). of Indian descent. The city, like the
CARTHAGENA; an ancient town on the whole province, is subjected to the inconcoast of the kingdom of Murcia, with venience of periodical rains.
considerable trade, one of the three great CARTHUSIANS; a religious order, instinaval harbors of Spain, and the best port tuted by St. Bruno.(q. v.), who, in 1086,
of the Mediterranean. The basin is built several hernitages in a desert survery deep, even quite close to the town. rounded by hills and rocks, four leagues
The hills that surround it, with steep from Grenoble, and, with six companions,
ascents, and' an island at the mouth of united the ascetic with the monastic life,
the harbor, protect the vessels from all like the Camalcdulians. The inhabitants
winds. The town, with the citadel, is of this desert built a church, and, by insituated on a peninsula in the harbor. It dustry and skill, converted into gardens
contains 29,000 inhabitants, fine wharves, a place which seemed to have been desa naval arsenal, a naval school, a nmathe- tined for the haunt of wild beasts only.
matical, nautical and pilot academy, an At the same time, they practised the
observatory, a botanical garden, a sail- greatest abstinence, wore coarse garcloth mlanufactory, has some fisheries, ments, and eat only vegetables and the
and some trade in barilla, silk, &c. III coarsest bread. From their original seat
the neighborhood of the town, the Car- (La Chartreuse), they were called Carthuthaginians possessed mines of silver of sians, and their monasteries, at first only
such richness, that Hannibal was enabled a few in number, were called Chartreuses.
to carry on the war against the Romlans Their fifth general, Guigues (died 1137).
out of their produce. There are hot prescribed, besides the usual monastic
springs and salt mines in the neighbor- vows, eternal silence and solitude. 11lehood. The town was built by the Car- chlanical labors and copying of boo!-s, tothaginian general Asdrubal. gether with religious worship, constituted
CARTH AGENA; a province of Colomlbia, their occupation. They observed a strict
fornming, with the provinces Santa Mar- temperance, and submitted to bleeding
tha and Rio Hacha, the department Mag- five times a year. In 1170, they were
dalena (see Colombia), bordering on the confirmed by the pope. In the following
Caribbean sea and the gulf of Darien. centuries, they received additional statThe country is composed of mountains utes, which forbade altogether the eating
and valleys, covered with large and small of flesh, and allowed them to speak onlv
fbrests. The variety of plants and trees, during certain hours on Thursda-ys and
as well as fruits, is wonderful. The earth the days on which the chapter met.
is covered with perpetual verdure. Wheat With increasing wealth, however, many
and other kinds of European grain do not enbellishments were added to their soliflourish well, but Indian corn and rice are tary life, as the great Chartreuse, near
raised in sufficient quantity for the con- Grenoble, and their elegant palace at Nasuniption of the inhabitants. The cli- ples, prove. The monks were, in general,
mate is very hot. From May to Decem- well informed, hospitable, and remarkable
ber, there is a great deal of rain. The for their neatness. Excessive penance
variety and beauty of the birds is remark- was interdicted, but their laws were exable. Poultry, pigeons, partridges and ceedingly severe against disobedience.
geese, are good and plentifitl. The fruits Their habit was entirely white within,
of the country are pine-apples, papayas, covered with a black mantle. The lay
plantains, &c. The principal town is brothers were distinguished by the beard
Carthagena. and a shorter scapulary. The CarthuCARTHAGE:NA; a city and seaport of sian nuns originated in 1616. They were
Colombia, capital of the province of the dressed in white, like the monks, with a
same name; lat. 100 25' N.; Ion. 770 30t black veil. They obtained permission to
W. The population is rated at 24,000. dine in common, and to interrupt their
It contains a handsome cathedral, several silence more frequently. The general of
churches, convents and monasteries. The the whole order was always the vicar of
city is situated on a sandy island, which the Chartreuse at Grenoble. In the midforms a narrow passage on the S. W. dle of the 18th century, the Carthusian
The bay is one of the best in the country. monks occupied 172 monasteries, of which
It extends seven miles from N. to S., and 75 were in France, the others mostly in
46 *