Encyclopædia americana. A popular dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, history, politics and biography, a new ed.; including a copious collection of original articles in American biography; on the basis of the 7th ed. of the German Conversations-lexicon. Ed. by Francis Lieber, assisted by E. Wigglesworth ...

CARICATURE-CARILLONS. 519
tellectual deformities, of the vices and fol- and from Novara he proceeded, March
lies of individuals, or of whole classes, 31, to the Austrian head-quarters, and,
sects, &c.; as dramatic pictures, which ac- subsequently, to France, as he was not
quire interest from the moral views with allowed to return to Turin. In 1823, unwhich they are composed by the painter, der the duke of Angouleme, he made a
and understood by the spectator. With campaign in Spain, distinguished himself
this object, Leonardo da Vinci has drawn somewhat before Cadiz, and, since 1824,
his caricatures. He represents the quar- has lived again in Turin. The founder
relsorie, the peevish, the braggart, the of the line of Savoy- Carignan was Thoinslothful, the bloated glutton, the dissipated as Francis, youngest son of Charles
rake, the awkward clown, the laughing Emanuel I, duke of Savoy, who married
fool, &c., all with fidelity, but with exag- M'aria de Bourbon, countess of Soissoals,
geration. Caricatures may be tragic or in 1624. This line possesses considlerconic. To the former belong illustrations' able private estates, both in France and
of lmoral depravity; to the latter, those of Piedmont. The former remained, entire
intellectual deficiencies, arising from self- during the period of the French revoneglect. They were in use even among lution, as the duke Challes Ferdinand
the ancients, who had among their masks received the rights of a French citizen.
a nulmler of caricatures. HIogarth (q. v.) There have sprung, likewise, from this
is an unirivalled master of caricature. Le- house, the chevalier de Savoy, a son of
o:ardo da Vinci, Annibale Caracci, Ghez- count de Villafranca; laria Louis (who
zi, Callot and Ramberg (q. v.) were also died in 1785), brother of the grandfather
distinguished in this branchl of art. The of the heir apparent, and Louisa Anna de
political caricatures of the English are of Alahon, wife of the count. But this mara striking and peculiar kind, often exhib- riage was never acknowledged by the
iting a greater sensibility for political lib- chief of the ruling house. as entitling the
erty than for dignity and beauty, but heirs of it to be regarded in the line of sucabounding in wit and bold humor. Gil- cession to the throne. The possibility of
ray and Bunbury may be considered as the succession of the house of Caiignano,
the ch-ief masters in this kind of caricature. even before the declaration of the congress
The French caricatures are rather exag- of Vienna, could not be contested; but,
gerated representations of li3S than satiri- as the line of Savoy-Carignano, for 200
cal ideals. The Italians have too strong a years, had been confouncded with the prinsense for the beautiful to relish caricatures, cipal line, disputes might arise, whether
and the Germans are too grave to excel in the new acquisitions of the latter, consist
these sportive productions. Grose, in ing, amnong other places, of the duchy ci
Lo01don (1788), published rules for the IAlontferrat, the western part of Mdilan,
drawing of caricatures, with an essay on the island Sardinia, and Genoa, would
comic painting; anl IMalcolm, a Histori- not admit of a fernale succession to the
cal Sketch of the Art of Caricaturing, with last possessor of the crown in the chief
Graphic Illustrations (London, 1813, 4to). line. The succession was more involved,
CARIGNANO, Charles Amadeus Albert, from the circumstance that many parts of
prince of Savoy, was born Dec. 28, 1798, Savoy and Piedmlont had been undoubted
and, in 1817, married Maria Theresa, German fiefs; and it might be thought that
daugliter of the grand-duke Ferdinand of the possessor of the crown of the chief
Tuscany, heir apparent to the crown of line of this family could settle how they
Sardinia, as the king, Charles Felix Jo- should be disposed of, after the dissolution
seph, had no male heir. Until the insur- of the German empire. The experience
rection of a part of the Sardinian army, in drawn from history, how contests for suethe night of' March 11 and 12, 1821, the cession to the thrones of Europe, after
prince had taken no part in state affairs; the direct lines had become extinct, have
and, when he at length came forward, he often involved this continent in bloodv
showed himself extremely irresolute, and wars, induced the congress of Vielnna to
destitute alikre of sound views and manly put an eld to all uncertailty, by a discharacter. The leaders of the insurrec- tinct acknowledgmlent of the right of sue
tion well knew how to make the prince, cession in the house of Carignano, in case
who had no knowledge of the political of a failure of male heirs in the principal
condition of the state, approve the steps line. The marriage of the prince of Cavof the insurgents, which he did by a pub- rignano has already been blessed by the
lie proclamation of March 12. March 21, birth of two princes. (See Sardinian Jfon-.
the prince travelled to Novara, without archky.)
giving instructions to theprovisorialjunta; CARIL.LONS. (See Chimes.)