Encyclopædia americana. A popular dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, history, politics and biography, a new ed.; including a copious collection of original articles in American biography; on the basis of the 7th ed. of the German Conversations-lexicon. Ed. by Francis Lieber, assisted by E. Wigglesworth ...

438 @~9Ln%~ ~CAMPAGNA I1 ROMA- CAMPAIGN.
near Ronciglione or Viterbo, and, includ- long rows of aqueducts, some in ruins.
inga the Pontine marshes (q. v.), extends some in a state of preservation, are overto Terracina. In the middle of this re- grown with ivy and other plants. I tile
gion lies, half deserted, the ancient capi- winter, flocks of sheep pasture in these
tal of the world. The lakes of the C. solitudes; during the summer, they are
are evidently craters of extinct volcanoes. driven up the Apennines. Herds of halfThus the lake Regillus, above Frascati, wild cattle remain during the whole year
lies at the bottom of an. inverted cone of in the C. Their keepers, however, soon
alrd, black lava, rising in wild and naked become a prey to the pestilence, or fall
niasses from 40 to 60 feet high. The into a gradual decline. They are mostly
craters containing the lakes of Albano natives of the mountains, and serve the
and Nemi, which lie firom 400 to 500 feet proprietors of the herds for trifling wages.
higher than the lake Regillus, have a very Bonstetten saw at Torre Paterno, very
regular conical form. The lake of Al- near Rome, a herd of several hundred
bano is also remarkable for its aqueduct, cows, the proprietors of which did not
or emissaritnm, one of the most ancient consider it worth while to milk them,
and excellent works of the Romans, though milk is as dear in Rome as in
which discharges the waters of the lake other large cities. The herdsmen are
through the mountains. It was cut mounted, and armed with long lances,
through the lava, in a year, by the com- with which they manage the cattle very
mand of an oracle, during the siege of skilfully. Scarcely a ninth part of the C.
Veii, when the lake threatened to inun- is cultivated; the rest is used for pasturdate even Rome. (See Albano.) It an- age. In the times of the ancient Romans,
swers its original purpose even at the this dreary solitude exhibited a smiling
present day. There are, also, many sul- picture of abundance and fertility. Cornphiur springs here, particularly between fields, groves, villas, monuments, alterRome and Tivoli, where the water issues nated with each other, and, according to
almost boiling from the earth, and forms the accounts of Strabo, Varro and Pliny,
the lake of Solfatara, which contains the air was remarkably healthy, with the
floating islands, consisting of a calcarious exception of a few marshy tracts along
deposit, which collects round substances the coasts. The corruption of the clithlrown into the water. The water of the mate originated as early as the 6th cenriver, which issues from this lake, has the tury, according to tradition, after soine
same qualities, and was considered, by great inundations of the Tiber; which,
the ancients, as particularly salutary. however, still take place, without increasNear the lake were the baths of 1i. ing the evil. The unhealthy air, the faAgrippa. The soil of the C. is, in gen- mous aria cattiva, is most injurious in the
eral, dry, but very fertile in the lower dry and hot seasons. The most probable
parts, though its cultivation is much neg- supposition is, that it originated after the
letted. From Monterosi to the hills of devastations of the barbarians, when the
Albano, a tree is seldom to be seen. All waters became stagnant from the want
the efforts of the French to diminish the of human industry. The greatest obstamualignity of the mal'aria in these regions, cle to the removal of the evil is in the
by planting trees, have been unsuccessful. prejudices and indolence of the people.
I'here are no villages and towns in the C. Thus the corruption is continually spreadlHere and there you find single huts lean- ing, and has even attacked some quarters
jig against the ruins of old towers or of Rome.
temples, and patched up from their frag- CAMPAIGN generally denotes the season
ments. In the middle of the summer, during which armies keep the field. It
when malignant fevers render a residence also means an extensive level coulnty.
in the C. very dangerous, the unhappy Formerly, when war was not carried on
inhabitants are obliged to take refuge in with so much impetuosity as at present,
thae neighboring towns, or in Rome, where campaigns lasted only during the warmer
they seek shelter under the porticoes of months; and, towards winter, the troops
the churches and palaces. The great went into winter-quarters, when the olnumber of sick persons who fill the Ro- ficers of the opposing armies often met
man hospitals during the months of July, very amicably at balls and other entertainAugust and September, are chiefly in- ments; but, of late, armies have kept
nabitants of the country. Besides their the field through the winter, till a decifluts, innumerable ruins of temples, cir- sive victory has been gained. Thus the
cases and monuments are scattered about allies, in the winter of 1813 —14, followvef
J., particularly near the Via Appia; and the French over the Rhine; some battles