Encyclopædia americana. A popular dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, history, politics and biography, a new ed.; including a copious collection of original articles in American biography; on the basis of the 7th ed. of the German Conversations-lexicon. Ed. by Francis Lieber, assisted by E. Wigglesworth ...

CALPURNIUS-CALVERT. 4 21
Sicily, lived in the 3d century. We have CALVADOs; a dapgerous ridge of rocks
7 idyls written by him, which are not on the north coast of Normandy, extendwithout merit, and approach near to ing (lat. 490 22' N.) to the west of Orne,
those of Virgil, although they are inferior for the space of 10 or 12 miles. It is so
to them in elegance and purity, as well called from a Spanish vessel once wrecked
as to those of Theocritus in simplicity on it, and gives its name to the departand conformity to nature. The best edi- ment. (q. v.)
tion is that of Beck (Leipsic, 1803). CALVADos. (See Departments.)
CALTROP; a kind of thistle, armed with CALVART, Dionysius, a painter, born at
prickles, which grows in France, Italy and Antwerp, in 1555, went, very young, to
Spain, and is troublesome by running in- Italy, as a landscape painter; where, in
to the feet of cattle. Hence, in the mili- order to learn how to draw figures, he
tary art, C. is an instrument with 4 iron entered the school of Fontana and Sabbapoints, disposed in a triangular form, 3 tini, in Bologna, with the latter of whom
of them being turned to the ground, and he visited Rome. After having passed
the other pointing upwards. They are some time in copying the paintings of
used to impede the progress of cavalry. Raphael, he opened a school at Bologna,
CALUMET; the Indian pipe of peace. from which proceeded 137 masters, and
The origin of the word is doubtful. fHeck- among these Albano, Guido and Domeniewelder, in his Narrative of the Mission chino. The people of Bologna regarded
of the United Brethren among the Dela- him as one of the restorers of their school,
ware and Mohegan Indians (Phil. 1820), particularly in respect to coloring. C.
gives several derivations. Mr. Dupon- understood perspective, anatomy and archiceau thinks it may come from the French tecture; but the attitudes of his figures are
chalumeau, a reed. Upon all occasions, sometines mean and exaggerated. He died
when Indian chiefs and warriors meet in in 1619, at Bologna, where are his best
peace, or at the close of a war with those paintings. Agostin Caracci and Sadeler
of another nation, in their talks and trea- have engraved some of his works.
ties with the whites, or even when a sin- CALVARY (in Hieb., Golgotha, the skull,
gle person of distinction comes among Luke xxiii. 33., or the place of the skull,
them, the calumet is handed round with Matt. xxvii. 33.); a mountain situated withceremonies peculiar to each tribe, and out the walls of Jerusalem, on which Jeeach member of the company draws a few sus Christ was crucified. Matthew rewhiffs. To accept the calumet, is to lates, that, at the time when our Savior
agree to the terms proposed; to refuse it, expired, the earth shook, and the rocks
is to reject them. Some symbols of ami- split; and some modern travellers assert
ty are found among all nations: the white that the fissures in this mountain do not
flag, or flag of truce, of the moderns, and follow the direction of the strata, but are
the olive branch of the ancients, are simi- evidently supernatural. Jewish traditions
lar in character to the Indian calumnet. affirmed, that Adam was buried on mount
The calumet is still in use among the In- Calvary (credat Judaeus), and the early
dians, and was introduced at a late inter- Christians believed that Jesus Christ was
view between president Adams and the crucified here, that the blood shed for the
chiefs of some Indian tribes. Tobacco redemption of the world might also puis smoked in the calumet, and the leaves rify the remains of the first sinner!-C4alof various otherkinds of plants. The bowl varies are small chapels, raised on hills
of this pipe is made of different kinds of in the vicinity of cities, with a crucifix,
marble, and the stem of a reed, or of some in allusion to the place and manner of
light kind of wood, which is easily perfo- Christ's death. Thus the calvary of
rated. This stem is adorned in various mount Valerian, near Paris, is composed
ways; sometimes it is marked with the fig- of 7 chapels, in each of which some mysunres of animals, and hieroglyphical deline- tery of the passion is represented.
ations, and almost universally has beautiful CALVERT, George, the first baron of
feathers attached to it, disposed according Baltimore, was descended of a Flemish
to the taste of the individual, or of the tribe family settled at Kipling, in Yorkslhire,
to which he belongs. The calumet dance is where he was born in 1582. He was
the least hideous of the Indian dances. educated at Oxford, and, after travelling
It is of a peaceful character, and seems to abroad, entered into the service of Robert
be intended to represent, by a series of Cecil, afterwards earl of Salisbury. He
movements, the power and utility of the was knighted by James I, and made clerk
calumet. It is rude and simple, as are all of the privy council, and, in 1619, was
the dances of the Indians. appointed one of the secretaries of state.
vot. ri 36