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CALIXTINS-CALIXTUS. 413
hemian confession, presented by them in ory VIII prisoner, in 1121, by the aid of
connexion with the Bohemian Brethren the Normans, and treated him shamefully.
and the Lutherans, and to confirm the He availed himself of the troubles of the
church government, under which they emperor to force him, in 1122, to agree to
had hitherto possessed teachers, churches the concordat of Worms. (See Investiand schools of their own, and a separate ture and Concordat). He died in 1124.consistory at Prague. When Matthias C. III, chosen in 1168, in Rome, as antimade many encroachments on the privi- pope to Paschal III, and confirmed by
leges thus granted, the united Protestants, the emperor Frederic I, in 1178, was
under the count of Thurn, in 1617, un- obliged to submit to pope Alexander Ili.
dertook to defend themselves. This final- As he was not counted among the legal
ly kindled the 30 years' war. After a popes, a subsequent pope was called C. 1H.
short triumph under Frederic of the This was a Spanish nobleman, Alphonso
Palatinate, whom they had chosen king, Borgia, counsellor of Alphonso, king of'
they were defeated, in 1620, near Prague, Arragon and the Sicilies. He was made
and the Protestant cause completely over- pope in 1455. He was at this time far
thrown. Ferdinand II caused many advanced in life, but equalled in policy
C., Lutherans and Calvinists to be exe- and presumption the most enterprising
cuted as rebels, and drove others into rulers of the church. In order to appease
banishment; and Ferdinand III did not the displeasure of the princes and nations,
extend the benefits of the peace of West- occasioned by the proceedings of the
phalia to the Protestants in Bohemia. councils of Constance and Basil, he in-His successors were not more favorably stigated them to a crusade against the
disposed towards the Protestants; and the Turks, and supported Scanderbeg, fbr
edict oftoleration of Joseph II, 1782, first this purpose, with money and ships.
restored to the Protestants in Bohemia His intention was counteracted in Gertheir religious liberty, of which they had many by the discontent of the states of
been deprived during 162 years, and the empire with the concordat of Vienna,
which is enjoyed to the present day by and in France by the appeals of the unithe Calvinists and Lutherans, among versities of Paris and Toulouse against
whom the remains of the old C. have the tithe for the Turkish war. King Albeen lost. phonso, moreover, was indignant at the
CALIXTUS; the name of several popes. refusal of the pope to acknowledge his
-1. The first was a Roman bishop from natural son Ferdinand as king of Naples.
217 to 224, when he suffered martyrdom. The Romans, also, were displeased at the
-2. Guido, son of count William of Bur- favors which he conferred on his worthgundy, archbishop of Vienna, and papal less nephews. After his death, in 1458,
legate in France, was elected, in 1119, in a treasure of' 115,000 ducats was found,
the monastery of Clugny, successor of destined for the Turkish war.
the expelled pope Gelasius II, who had CALIXTUS (properly Callisen), George,
been driven from Italy by the emperor the most able and enlightened theologian
Ienry V, and had died in this monastery. of the Lutheran church in the 17th century,
He received the tiara at Vienna. In the was born in 1586, at Ileelby, in Holstein,
same year, he held councils at Toulouse and educated at Flensborg and felmnstadt.
and at Rheims, the latter of which was In 1607, in the latter university, he turnintended to settle the protracted dispute ed his thoughts to theology; in 1609, visrespecting the right of investiture. As ited the universities of the south of Gerthe emperor Henry V would not confirm many, in 1612, those of Holland, England
an agreement which he had already made and France, where his intercourse with
on this subject, C. repeated anew the ex- the different religious parties, and the
communication which he had pronounced greatest scholars of his tille, developed
against him as legate, at the council of that independence and liberality of opinVienna, in 1112. He excommunicated, ion, for which he was distinguished.
also, the anti-pope Gregory VIII, and re- After a brilliant victory, in 1614, in a renewed former decrees respecting simony, ligious dispute with the Jesuit Turrianus,
lay investiture and the marriage of priests. he was made professor of theology, and
Successful in his contest with the emperor died in 1656. His treatises on the auon the subject of investiture by means of thority of the HIoly Scriptures, transubhis alliance with the rebels in Germany, stantiation, celibacy, supremacy of the
in particular with the Saxons, he made pope, and the Lord's supper, belong, even
his entrance into Italy in 1120, and, with according to the judgment of learned
great pomp, into Rome itself; took Greg- Catholics, to the most profound and acute
35*