Encyclopædia americana. A popular dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, history, politics and biography, a new ed.; including a copious collection of original articles in American biography; on the basis of the 7th ed. of the German Conversations-lexicon. Ed. by Francis Lieber, assisted by E. Wigglesworth ...

CALCUTTA-CALDAS DE MONBUY. 397
terprise is nowhere more active than here. Wellesley, has been changed, in part,
There are some houses which trade, an- from its original plan, which was, not onnually, to the amount of 4 or 5 million ly to instruct the youth in the service of
pounds sterling. The trade in sugar, the company in the languages, and other
opium, silk, muslin, &c. is very consider- branches of study necessary for their proable. Large quantities of salt are export- fession, but also to watch over their beha.
ed to Assam, and gold, silver, ivory, musk, viour, and to guard them from the danand a peculiar kind of silky cotton, are gers to which they were exposed by their
brought back in exchange. Cowries, a inexperience. The latter part of the plan
kind of small shells, passing as coin, are is now given up. The Asiatic society
received in exchange fobr rice from the founded by sir William Jones, in 1784, is'!Maldives. The trade with Pegu, Siam, devoted to the study and explanation of
and the Malay isles, formerly so profita- the literature, history, antiquities, arts and
ble, has very much declined. The Brit- sciences of Asia. The papers already
ish merchants are, as might be expected, published are, generally, of great value.
the most numerous; and many of them There is a botanical garden belonging to
have acquired fortunes which enable them the society on the beautiful island of
to live in a style of great splendor. Next Garden Reach, the summer residence of
to them, in number and respectability, as the rich English.
well as in outward show, are the Ar- CALDARA, Polidoro, called Caravaggio,
menians. They are peaceable and indus- born in 1495, at Caravaggio, in the Miltrious merchants. Many of them have anese, went to Rome in his youth, carried
large capitals, and carry on an extensive bricks, at first, for the masons who worktrade to China and the ports to the west, ed in the Vatican, and felt a great desire
as far as the Persian gulf. The Mongols, to become a painter, from seeing Giovanhowever, are the wealthiest; and, as they ni da Udina and the other painters who
lend only at an enormous interest, their were occupied in the Vatican. He formprofits, from this source, are three times ed a close friendship with Maturin of
as great as a capital commonly gives. Florence, who assisted him with his adThe Hindoos remain fixed, however rich vice. C. soon surpassed him, and exerted
they may become, in their narrow views, himself to introduce improvements in
and their accustomed frugality. Their drawing, having always in view the anhouses and shops are mean, and it is only tiques. Raphael employed him in the
on occasion of their nuptials and religious galleries of the Vatican, where he paintfestivals, that they indulge in any extraor- ed, under his direction, several excellent
dinary expense. Then they assemble un- firiezes. At Messina, he executed an oilder magnificent, illuminated canopies, dis- painting, which represents Christ bearing
tribute rose-water and other perfumes in the cross, contains a number of beautiful
profusion, and regale themselves with figures, and proves his ability to treat the
confectionary from golden vessels, while most elevated subjects. He has apthey are entertained by the voices of proached, more than any one, to the style
singing girls, or the exhibition of a panto- and the manner of the ancients, particutnime. The petty trade of C. is mostly larly in imitating their basso-relievos. His
in the hands of the Banyans and Sarkars, figures are correct, well-distributed and
who are constantly on the watch for arranged; the positions are natural, the
cheap purchases, and make use of the heads full of expression and character. It
lowest artifices to impose on their cus- is evident that he would have acquired
tomers. This kind of deception is so far great celebrity if he had undertaken
from being in disrepute among their greater works, He applied himself to
countrymen, that they honor the adepts the chiaro-oscuro, particularly to that kind
in it with the title of pucka admle, which of it which is called sgraffiato. He
signifies a man of great talent.-Notwith- showed, also, much talent in his landstanding the high price of all the necessa- scapes. At the sack of Rome, in 1527,
ries of life, and the enormous expendi- he fled to Naples, and, on his return from
tures of the English merchants, we find a that place to Rome, in 1543, he was murmultitude of institutions for the relief of dered by his domestic.
the indigent. Of this kind are, an hospital CALDARA, a celebrated composer of the
for those natives who are in want of medi- 18th century, was born at Venice, 1714,
cal aid, two schools for orphans whose and died 1763. His church compositions
fathers were in the service of the compa- are still in repute.
ny, a free school, &c. The college of CALDAS DE MONBUY; a small town in
fort William, founded by the marquis of Catalonia, Spain, about 20 miles north
VOL. II. 34