Encyclopædia americana. A popular dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, history, politics and biography, a new ed.; including a copious collection of original articles in American biography; on the basis of the 7th ed. of the German Conversations-lexicon. Ed. by Francis Lieber, assisted by E. Wigglesworth ...

BRUNSWICK-BRUSSELS. 301
of the 5th of August at Delmenhorst, and errors, he was obliged to leave the stadtappeared to be directing his course to holder in 1772. He died in 1788.
East Friesland, in order to embark there. BRUNSWICK (M. J. Leopold), prince of,
But, contrary to expectation, he crossed, major-general in the Prussian service,
at Huntebrfick, the small river Hunte, youngest son of duke Charles of Brunswhich falls into the Weser, seized the wick, born at Wolfenbfittel in 1752, was
merchant ships which were lying at Els- instructed by the abbe Jerusalem. lHe
fleth, principally unloaded, embarked his studied in Strasburg military science and
troops in the night of the 6th, leaving be- other branches of knowledge, travelled
hind the horses, and procuring, in that through Italy under the care of Lessing,
country, which is inhabited by seamen, and entered the Prussian service, in 1776,
the necessary sailors by force. On the as commander of a regiment of foot, at
7th, in the morning, the duke himself; Frankfort on the Oder. In this city,
having the English flag hoisted, set sail, where he resided after his return fiom
and, on the 8th, landed at Heligoland, the Bavarian war of succession in 1779,
whence he sailed, on the 11th, with his he gained universal esteem by his amiacorps, for England. In England, the duke ble character, his talents, and his zeal for
was received with great distinction. His literature. In 1780, Frankfort was precorps immediately entered the English served, by his activity, from an inundaservice, and was afterwards employed in tion which threatened to overthrow the
Portugal and Spain. The parliament dikes and.deluge the suburbs. He disgranted him a pension of ~6000, until he played the same vigilance on the occareturned to his hereditary dominions, sion of several conflagrations, with which'Dec. 22, 1813. He was a prince of an this city was afflicted. He visited the
uncommonly open character. In his he- poor in their most miserable haunts, and
reditary states, he acted with the best his life was devoted to works of benevointentions; but his frequent errors disap- lence. He fell a sacrifice to his humanity
pointed the great expectations which had in the inundation of 1785, in which he
been formed of him, and narrow-minded was drowned while hastening to the ascounsellors contributed to lead him astray. sistance of the suburbs. The monuments
He wished to sow and reap at the same that have been erected to hin will bear
time. His military spirit and penetrating witness to future generations of the esmind led him to foresee new dangers teem of his contemporaries.
from the great oppressor of Europe. His BRUSH-WHEELS. In light machinery,
great preparations must be explained from wheels sometimes turn each other by
this view of circumstances in 1814 and means of bristles or brushes fixed to their
181.5. His finances were thrown into circumference. They may, also, corngreat disorder by his maintaining so many municate circular motion by friction only.
troops; and even the interest of the pub- The surface brought in contact is then
lie debt was not paid. Thus he became formed of the end grain of wood, or is
unpopular as the sovereign of a country covered with an elastic substance, and
which had been prosperous under his the wheels are pressed together to infather's sceptre. The events of 1815 crease the friiction.
called him again to arms, and he fell BRUSSELS, formerly the capital of the
June 16, 1815. (See Quatrebras, and Austrian Netherlands, with 75,000 inhabLigny.) itants, principally Catholics, and, after
BRtuNswICx, Louis Ernest, duke of; Amsterdam, the second city of the kingthird son of Ferdinand Albert, duke of dom of the Netherlands, is a handsome
Brunswick-Luneburg; born in 1718; en- city of South Brabant. During 20 years,
tered the imperial service in 1750; be- from 1794 to 1814, it was in the possescamne field-marshal of the republic _of sion of the French, and the chief town in
Holland; during seven years from 1759, the department of the Dyle. It is now,
was captain-general of the United Prov- alternately with the Hague, the royal resinces; was regent during the minority of idence, and the place of meeting of the
the stadtholder, and had previously pre- states-general of the kingdom. It is a
served the neutrality of the republic dur- favorite resort of the English, many of
ing the long war of the neighboring whom have resided here since the peace
powers fiom i1754. After the stadtholder of 1814. The gloomy forest of Soignies,
became of age, B. was made counsellor so memorable since the battle of Waterby the states-general. Having, however, loo, lies on the south and south-west of
incurred the hatred of the people by his the town. It was formerly surrounded
partiality for the nobility, and some other by a wall, which has been demolished,
voL. II. 26