Encyclopædia americana. A popular dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, history, politics and biography, a new ed.; including a copious collection of original articles in American biography; on the basis of the 7th ed. of the German Conversations-lexicon. Ed. by Francis Lieber, assisted by E. Wigglesworth ...

248 BRAZIL.
1823. Don Joaq. de Carneiro Campos drade from the assembly. Immediately
(formerly professor of mathematics at the after, the troops entered the city, surcollege of Lisbon) received the depart- rounded the hall of the convention, and
nment of foreign affairs, and don Man. an officer delivered an imperial decree,
Jacilt. Figueroa da Gama that of the ordering the dissolution of the assembly.
finances-both adherents to the politi- The president recorded it on the journals,
cal principles of 1791.-Meanwhile, the declared the session terminated, and the
royal power had been restored in Lis- deputies separated, Nov. 12, 1823. But
bon in May, 1823; but the Brazilians while departing, and subsequently, many
demanded the more loudly a free con- were arrested; among them the three
stitution and a separation from Portu- Andrade, who were eventually transpoltgal. The emnperor, therefore, refused to ed. In a decree of the same day, the
receive the envoy of the king his father, emperor termed the assembly perjured.
the count de Rio Mayor, Sept. 6, 1823, but, on the following day, limited this
because he could not give assurance expression to the faction of the Andrade.
of the acknowledgment of the indepen- -The provinces, also, were the theatre
dence of B. At the same time, the con- of' many turbulent scenes. In Pernamgress authorized a loan of ~2,500,000 in buco, the violent dissolution of the conLondon, which has subsequently been gress gave rise to much dissatisfaction,
increased about ~700,000. (75 per cent. and it was difficult to appease the hatred
only was paid in specie, at 6 per cent. of the Brazilians against the Portuguese.
interest!) The constitution of Aug. 10, A second national assembly was finally
1823, which the national assembly had convened at the end of Nov., 1823, and
accep)ted with some alterations, was final- the emperor caused a constitution, drawn'y laid before the emperor, but, in conse- up by his council of state, to be laid bequence of a revolution which suddenly fore the cabildo (the municipality) of the
ensued, not accepted, because it resem- capital, Dec. 11, 1823, which collected
blled the Spanish and Portuguese consti- the votes of the citizens respecting it in
tutions, and restricted too much the au- writing. As all assented to this constituthority of the sovereign. Since the fall of tion, the oath was administered Jan. 9,
the Andrade, the republican party had 1824. The same course was pursued in
gained strength, and attacked, in their the provinces: but here many citizens
j'ournals, with particular violence, the voted against the constitution; among
P1ortuguese in the Brazilian service, and others, the president, Man. de Carvalho
demanded theirexpulsion. Two officers, Paes d'Andrade of Pernanmbuco. March
in retaliation, did Vome injury, Nov. 8, 25, 1824, the oath to observe the constito an apothecary at Rio, who laid his tution was also taken by the emperor and
complaintsbefore the congress. The two empress. In its fundamental principles,
ex-ministers Andrade, and their third this constitution coincided with those
brother, don Antonio Carlos, likewise a previously projected. The four branches
deputy, demanded that congress should of civil authority-the legislative, the
investigate the matter; others desired mediative, the executive and the judicial
that it should be referred to the courts of -are made to rest on a transfer of power
justice. This gave rise to a violent tu- by the people. The government is momult on the 10th; the people took part in narchical, hereditary, constitutional and
it; the dismissal of the ministers, and representative. The representation of the
the departure of all the Portuguese, were Brazilian nation consists of the emperor
loudly required. The ministers gave in and the general assembly, a body comtheir resignation, and the emperor col- posed of two chambers-that of the depulected the troops at his palace San Chris- ties, chosen for four years, and that of the
tovao, four leagues from the city. The senators, chosen by the emperor fiomn the
congress hereupon declared itself perma- election-lists. With the former rests the
nent. Nov. 12, it was informed, by a power of originating bills for the imposimessage fiom the emperor, that all the tion. of taxes and the levying of soldiers,
officers regarded themselves as injured as well as of proposing a change of dynby two journals, of one of which the asty. The latter retain their digpnity for
three Andrade were editors, and patrons life. The sessions of these chambers are
of the other; and they were accused, in public. The majority of votes decides.
general, of being at the head of a rebel- The senate has jurisdiction of the misdeiious party. The minister of the interior meanors of the members of the royal
declared, at the same time, that the troops family, of the ministers, deputies and
insisted on the removal of the two An- council of state. The two chambers pos