Encyclopædia americana. A popular dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, history, politics and biography, a new ed.; including a copious collection of original articles in American biography; on the basis of the 7th ed. of the German Conversations-lexicon. Ed. by Francis Lieber, assisted by E. Wigglesworth ...

208 BOSSUET- BOSTON.
energy, but not without defects: his Latin 180 piers. The western avenue, so called,
style is hard. The French academy con- leading across the bay, from the western
sider him among their most renowned part of the city to Roxbury, is 8000 feet
members. His life has been written by M. in length, and is formed of solid earth,
deBausset. (For his dispute with the arch- supported on each side by walls of stone.
bishop of Cambray, Fenelon, see Fenelon It serves the double purpose of a bridge
and Quietismn.) and a dam, by means of which and a
BOSTANGI (g'ardeners); the guard of the cross dam, two large basins are forimed,
sultans in the seraglio, whose overseer is one of which is filled at every flood-tide,
called bostangi baschi, and has the super- and the other is emptied at every ebb.
intendence over the gardens of the se- whereby a perpetual water-power is cre
raglio, over the channel of the Black sea, ated for carrying mills and machinery.
and the imperial summer residences. This dam was built at a cost exceeding
The bostangi baschi accompanies the $600,000. One of the bridges is free; all
sultan in all his rides, and has the privi- the others are toll bridges. The streets
lege of wearing a beard. The bostangi are mostly narrow and irregular, and
alre also the boatmen and executioners of some of them are crooked. The wharves
the sultan. are, in general, spacious, and afibrd ample
BOSTON (anciently Botolph's Town); a accommodation to shipping, and storetown of England, in Lincoln; 34 miles houses for merchandise. Long wharf is
S. S. E. Lincohl, 115 N. London; lon. 0~ 1650 feet in length; Central wharf, 1240
2; W.; lat. 52~ 48' N. Population in 1801, feet long and 150 widle. The wharves
5926; in 11811, 8113. It is nearly sur- and many of the streets have been mualde
rounded by fens, on the Witham, which by raising the ground formerly covered
is navigable, and forms a port, well fre- by the tide. The number of dwellingquented, and much assisted by navigable houses is about 10,000, besides a great
canals. It has four annual fairs, and number of store-houses and shops. A
markets on Wednesday and Saturday. great part of the buildings are of brick,
It has a flourishing trade with the Baltic four stories in height. Many of them. are
for hemp, tar, timber, &c. In former of hammered granite and sienite. These
periods, it stood high as a commercial are excellent building materials, of a
town. The church is a handsome struct- beautiful, gray color, hard and durable,
ure, and serves as a mark to seamen. splitting easily, and readily wrought into
BOSTON, the capital of Massachusetts the required form. Many of the dwelling
and the largest city in New England, lies houses are large and well built. The
14 miles S. W. Salem, 40 N. N. E. Prov- principal public buildings are the stateidence, 56 S. W. Portsmouth, 100 E. N. house, which is of brick, is situated on
E. Hartford, 210 N. E. New York, 300 the highest part of the city, and coinS. S. E. Montreal, 300 N. E. Philadelphia, mands a view of the country and bay for
436 N. Washington; ion. 71~ 4 W.; lat. many miles round; the county court42~ 22' N. Pop. in 1765, 15,520; in 1790, house, which is of stone; Faneuil hall, in
18,038; in 1800, 24,937; in 1810, 33,250; which town-meetings and public assemin 1820, 43,298; in 1825,48,281. Its popu- blies for political discussions are held;
Iation, in 1829, amounted to 58,281. the 1Massachusetts general hospital, and
It is situated at the bottom of Massachu- the Faneuil hall market, two handsome
setts bay, at the mouth of Charles' river. buildings of granite, the latter two stories
It stands principally on a small peninsula in height, 540 feet in length and 50 feet
of elevated ground, two miles and three in width; about 40 churches; 10 public
quarters in length and one in breadth, and school-houses; a house of industry; a
is connected with the continent by a nar- house of correction; a county jail; and
row neck of land, and by seven bridges. two theatres. Among the best specimens
Including South Boston, which is without of architecture are the market-house,
the peninsula, its whole extent is nearly Trinity church, the general hospital, sevthree square miles. It has a capacious eral of the bank buildings, and the Treharbor, of sufficient depth of water for mont house, the front of which is built of
the largest ships of war to enter safely gray sienite, and is ornamented with a
and lie at anchor, protected from storms handsome portico of the Doric order,
by a great number of islands, on several with fluted pillars. This last-named
of which are fortifications.; The bridges, building is finely situated, and is the most
with one exception, are of wood. That elegant and commodious hotel in the U,
which leads from B. to Cambridge is States. The city is divided into 12 wards.
3483 feet in length, and is supported by The municipal government is vested in a