Encyclopædia americana. A popular dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, history, politics and biography, a new ed.; including a copious collection of original articles in American biography; on the basis of the 7th ed. of the German Conversations-lexicon. Ed. by Francis Lieber, assisted by E. Wigglesworth ...

BONE-BONWIFACE. I8I
and, at the timle of maturity, the bone is boiling water, which is allowed to stand
completely formed. After birth, the bones a few minutes upon the fire. It is one
become gradually more solid, and, in the of the best domestic articles for breaking
temperate zones, reach their perfection in up and throwing off a violent cold, forl
men between the ages of 15 and 20. which purpose, from a half pint to a pint
From this age till 50, they change but of the above infusion may be drank cold,
slightly; after that period, they grow at bed-time, which will be found to purge
thinner, lighter, and more brittle. Those by morning; or it may be taken warm
of the two first classes of animals are before eating, in the morning, when it
harder on their exterior than they are in- will generally operate as an emetic and
ternally. Their material, except in the purgative. Smaller quantities of the inteeth, is nearly the same throughout. fusion, taken warm through the day, in
Their structure is vascular, and they are bed, and in combination with other rledtraversed by the blood-vessels and the ab- icines, will be found highly serviceable in
sorbetnts. They are hardest at the surface, rheumatism and rheumatic fevers. As a
which is formed by a firm membrane, safe and valuable family medicine, it can.called the periosteum; the internal parts not be too highly recommended.
are cellular, containing a substance called BONIFACE; the name of several popes.
marrow. The use of the marrow is to B. I, elected, 418, by a party of the clergy,
prevent the too great dryness and brittle- and confirmed by the emperor Honorius,
nessofthe bones. —Chemistry decomposes who declared the antipope Eulalius a
bone into gelatin, fat, cartilage and earthy usurper. B. persecuted the Pelagians,
salts. A fiesh bone boiled in water, or and extended his authority by prudent
exposed to the action of an acid, gives out measures. A decree of the emperor Theits gelatin; if boiled in water, on cooling odosius deprived him, in 421, of the
the decoction, a jelly is formed, which spiritual sovereignty over Eastern llyria.
makes a good portable soup. A pound He died 422. His history proves the
of bone yields twice as much as the same Roman bishop to have been, in his time,
quantity of flesh. The earth of bones is dependent on the secular power. —B. 13,
obtained by calcination; that is, by ex- elected 530. The death of his rival, the
posing them to a red heat, by which they antipope IDioscorus, a few days after his
are deprived of the soft substances.-That election, left him in quiet possession of
part of anatomy which treats of the bones the papal chair. He acknowledged the
is called osteology. supremacy of the secular sovereign, in a
BONER, Ulrich, the most ancient Ger- council held at Rome. —B. III, chosen
man fabulist, was a Dominican friar at 607, died nine months after his election.
Berne, in the first half of the 14th centu- -B. IV, elected 608. He consecrated the
ry. He lived when the age of minstrelsy Pantheon (q. v.) to the virgin and all the
and chivalrous poetry was in its decline, saints.-B. V, a Neapolitan, was pope from
and has published a collection of fables, 619 to 625. He confirmed the inviolaunder the title Der Edelstein (The Gem), bility of the asylums, and endeavored to
which is distinguished by purity of ian- diffuse Christianity among the English.
guage and picturesque simplicity of de- -B. VI, a Roman, elected 896, died of
scription. The first editions of these the gout a fortnight after.-B. VII, antifables were by Bodmer and Eschen- pope, elected 974, during the lifetime of'
burg. Benecke in G6ttingen has publish- Benedict VI, whose death he was sused a very good edition more recently, and pected of having caused. Expelled from
added a vocabulary (Berlin, 1816). Rome, he returned on the death of BeneBONESET. The herb known by the diet VII, and found the chair occupied
name of boneset or thoroughwort (eupato- by John XIV, whom he deposed and
rium peifoliatuzn) is a very useful annual threw into prison, where he allowed him
plant, indigenous to the United States. It to die of hunger. B. died 11 months afis easily distinguished, in the autumn, in ter his return.-B. VIII, see the article.r-parshy grounds, by its tall stem, four or B. IX, Pietro Tomacelli of Naples, sucfive feet in height, passing through the ceeded Urban VI at Rome, during the
middle of a large, double, hairy leaf; which schism in the church, while Clement VII
is perforated by the stalk, and surmounted resided at Avignon. He was distinguishby a broad, flat head of light-purple ed for the beauty of his person, and the
flowers. —It is much used as a medicine, elegance of his manners, rather than for
throughout the country, in the form of an a profound knowledge of theology and
infusion of the heads of the flowers, and canon law. Even the counsel of his expart of the remainder of the plant, in perienced cardinals could not save himr