Encyclopædia americana. A popular dictionary of arts, sciences, literature, history, politics and biography, a new ed.; including a copious collection of original articles in American biography; on the basis of the 7th ed. of the German Conversations-lexicon. Ed. by Francis Lieber, assisted by E. Wigglesworth ...

BAYLE-BAYLEN. 15
tacked his religion: others persecuted Lockman and others, was published,
him as the enemy of his sect and his new 1734-41, 10 vols. fol.
country. These contests increased his BAYLEN, capitulation of general Dupont
bodily infirmities. His luings becamne in- at; an event which, in July, 1808, raised
flamed; but he was unwilling to use any the courage of Spain, and hastened a
medical applications against a disorder general insurrection. Joseph Bonaparte
which he considered as hereditary and had entered Madrid as king; the provincurable. Hle died, so to speak, with the inces Leon, Valencia, Valladolid, Zamopen in his hand, in 1706, at the age of 59 ra and Salamanca had been subdued
years. "Bayle," says Voltaire, "is the and disarmed. In the south alone, on the
first of logicians and sceptics. His great- Guadalquivir, in the naturally fortified
est enemies must confess that there is not Andalusia, in Cordova, Grenada, Jaen,
a line in his works which contains an the spirit of insurrection still prevailed,
open aspersion of Christianity; but his and was excited as mnuch as possible by
warmest apologists must acknowledge, the junta of' Seville. Thither general
that there is not a page in his controver- Dupont directed his march, at the end of
sial writings which does not lead the May, with three divisions. Cordova and
reader to doubt, and often to scepticism." Jaen were taken by assault, after the
lie compares himself to Homer's cloud- most terrible resistance. The monks
compelling Jupiter. " My talent," he says, promised the joys of heaven, without
"' consists in raising doubts; but they are purgatory, to every one who should kill
only doubts." The confidence of most three Frenchmen. The corps of Castatheologians induced him to undertake to rios soon increased to 30,000 men. The
prove that several points are not so certain able manceuvres of this general, together
and so evident as they imagined. But he with famine and sickness in the French
gradually passed these limits: his pene- army, augmented by the total want of
tration caused him to doubt even the hospitals, prepared the way for the overmost universally acknowledged facts. Yet throw of general Dupont. 3000 Spanhe never attacked the great principles of iards had possession of the Sierra Morena,
morality. Though an admirable logician, in the rear of his army. In order to rehe was so little acquainted with physics, establish his communication with the
that even the discoveries of Newton were capital, he occupied the cities of B. and
unknown to him. His style is natural Carolina with detachments, while he
and clear, but often prolix, careless and himself took a position near Andujar, on
incorrect. IHe himself calls his Diction- the Guadalquivir. But, on the 14th of
naire "une compilation informe des pas- July, 18,000 men, with some pieces of
sages co'sus a lit queue les uns des autres." heavy artillery, marched against the fi'ont
Without assenting implicitly to this mod- of the French position near Andujar;
est judgment, we lnust confess that the while 3000 men came through the defiles
articles, in themselves, are of little of the Sierra Morena upon the rear, and
value, and that they serve only as a pre- 6000 men attacked Dupont's left wing.
text for the notes, in which the author He defended himself, for three days, with
displays, at the same time, his learning, skill and courage; but the 18th of July
and the power of his logic. The charac- decided the contest. The Spanish genter of B. was gentle, amiable, disinterest- erals Reding and Compigny attacked B.
ed, highly modest and peaceable: he de- Periias and Jones overawed the main body,
voted himself entirely to literature. The under Dupont. He was compelled to
nost esteemed edition of his Dictionnaire evacuate Andujar, after B. had been taken
historique is that of 1740, in 4 vols. fol. by the Spaniards. The action continued
(an edition was also printed at Bale, nine hours, when Dupont requested a
the same year). At the Hague appeared suspension of arms, but was told that he
the (Euvres diverses de P. Bayle (also 4 must surrender at discretion. J3'eanwbile
vols. fol.) An editiQn of his Diet. histor., the division of Vedel, not acquainted with
in 16 vols., printed with great typograph- the proceedings of Dupont, had attacked
ical beauty, was published, in 1820, by the Spaniards anew, and taken the regi
Desoer, in Paris: it contains notes, and ment of Cordova prisoners, together with
the life of the author. In the Disc. pre- two pieces of artillery, but were finally
limin., the editor, Beuchot, reviews the 11 overpowered by superior numbers. On
former editions. Gottsched has translated the 23d of July, the whole French army,
the Dict. into German (Leipsic, 1741-44, 17,000 mulen strong, being surrounded,
4 vols. fol.) An English translation, with was obliged to capitulate, having lost
considerable additions, by Th. Birch, 3000 men on the field of battle: The di