Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

PSEPHUS. PSEUDENGRAPES GAPES GRAPE. 971
PSEP1HUI S (4ijos). The Athenian dicasts, reasonable party, that, unless he offered them some
in giving their verdict, voted by ballot. For this better alternative, they should adopt the estimate
purpose they used either sea-shells, XoLpCvaL (Aris- of his adversary. (As to this point, see Meier,
toph. yesp. 333, 34.9, Eq. 1332), or beans (hence Att. Proc. p. 181.) The tablet is called bvy Aristothe iiJ,uos is called scuanosrpw' by Aristophanes, phanes sivdicIov'L,L/UrTdcV. In the expression
Eq. 41), or balls of metal (7rdv3voXoL) or stone i,1a6V sT[ V m/aicpdv, we understand ypangiljv or
(~iJ'pot). These last were the most common: hence rTlotuJlv (Vesp. 106, 167, 850). See Pollux, viii.
~ob7 piCE-0ola and its various derivatives, are used so 16, 17, 123; Meier, Att. Proc. pp. 720, 726;
often to signify voting, determining, &c. The balls Platner, Proc. uand Klag. vol. i. p. ]88; Wachswere either pierced (Te'rpvir?7e'a' ) and whole muth, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 344.
(erArXpes), the former for condemnation, the latter In the popular assemblies the common method
for acquittal (Aesch. c. Tinzarlc7. 11, ed. Steph.; of voting was by show of hands. [CHaEIROTONIA.]
Harpoc. s. e. Terpusr.7eE/'7,); or they were black There were some occasions, however, when the
and white; for the same purposes, respectively, as ballot was employed; as where it was deemed imthe following lines show (Ovid.,Met. xv. 41): — portant that the voting should be secret, or that
"c Mos erat antiquus niveis atrisque lapillis, the numbers should be accurately counted. Thus,
His daslnarc reos, illis absolvere culpa." to pass a law for the naturalization of a foreigner,
or for the release of a state debtor, or for the restoThere might be three methods of voting. First, ration of a disfranchised citizen, and indeed inl
the secret method, called KpS~S9jv tquifSBo'OanL, every case of a privilegiuZn, it was necessary that
when each dicast had two balls given him (say a six thousand persons should vote in the majority,
black and a white); two boxes (Kcoati, cKanio'Ktot, and in secret. (Andoc. de Myst. 12, ed. Steph.;
or l.(popes) were prepared, one of brass, called Demosth. c. Timoc. 715, 719, c. Neaer. 1375.)
the judgment-box (Kscpsos), into which the dicast On the condemnation of the ten generals who
put the ball by which he gave his vote, and the gained the battle of Arginusae, the people voted
other of wood, called &icvpos, into which he put by ballot, but openly, according to the second of
the other ball, and the only object of which was the plans above mentioned. The voting was then
to enable him to conceal his vote. Each box had a by tribes, tcacrao ovxAs. (Xen. Bfell. i. 7. ~ 9.)
neck or fennel (iCn~L,/d, i. e. Er6LOnIa uAcs Q7o1Pou Secret voting by the Senate of Five Hundred is
Xo&pasv eXos), into which a man could put his hand, menti6ned in Aeschines (c. Timanrcls. 5, ed. Steph.);
blt only one ball could pass through the lower part and in ostracism the voting was conducted in secret.
into the box. (Aristopli. IJesp. 99, 751.) Secondly, (Schlimann, De Comit. pp. 121-128, 245.)
there might be only one box, in which the dicast The people or jury were said'i~eto'Oatl, rty ov
put which of the two balls lie pleased, and return- cipeIr or rei0ai, to vote, or give their vote or
ed the other to the officer of the court. Thirdly, judymZesnt. T'jpo, r'OE'van, to cast cccounts, is used
there might be two boxes, one for condemnation, with a different allusion. (Demosth.pro Coor. 304.)
the other for acquittal, aud only one ball. (Harpoc. The presiding magistrate or officer. who called on
s. v. Kaelowcos.) The first method was most com- the people to give their votes, was said Ei[ri* ewqp[,lv
monly practised at Athens. Where, however, uifrov Ead'yerv or &ado'at, though the last expresthere were several parties before the court, as in sion is also used in the sense of voting in.favour of
inheritance causes, to one of whom an estate or a person. Ytr/qIb[e0vo, to vote, to resolve, lLroother thing was to be adjudged, it was customary *71+iicErda:, to ecquit, and other derivations from
to have as many ballot-boxes as there were parties, 47(pos, are often used metaphorically, where the
or at least parties in distinct interests; and the method of voting was XEspoTrovfa, and conversely.
dicast put the white or whole ball into the box of XEIporoV'eYI, however, is not used, like 7r0iCE[vOat,
that person in whose favour he decided. [HERE. s -with the accusative of the thing voted. As to
(Gr. EE).] The same system of balloting was this see Schomann, de Conzitiis, p. 123. [C. R. K.]
employed when the dicasts voted on the question PSEUDENGRAPHES G RAPIl'E (bevof damnages. Hence the verdict on the question, ae7yypa)pS ypapqs). It is shown under PRAC-.euilty or not guilty, orfor tlhe plaintiffior defendant TORES that the name of every state debtor at
(to distinguish it from the other), is called 7rpoS67r7 Athens was entered in a register by the practores,
(ipoTr. (Aesch. c. Cies. 82, ed. Steph.; Demosth. whose duty it was to collect the debts, and erase
de Fcads. Leg. 434, c. Az-istocr. 676, c. Asristog. 795, the namie of the party when he had paid it. The
c. Neaer. 1347.) A curious custom was in vogue entry was usually made upon a return by some
in the time of Aristophanes. Each. dicast had a magistrate, to whom the incurring of the debt be-.
waxen tablet, on which, if the heavier penalty was came officially known; as, for instance, on a reawarded, he drew a long line (length way on the turn by the wrwA2ivat, that such a person had
tablet); if the lighter penalty, he drew a short become a lessee of public lands, or farmer of
line (breadthway on the tablet). We must sup. taxes, at such a rent or on such terms. In case,
pose, not that the voting took place in this way, however, the authorities -neglected to make the
but that, on the votes being counted, the jurors proper return, ally individual might, on his own
took a note of the result for their own satisfaction; responsibility, give information to the registering
unless we resort to this hypothesis, viz. that the officers of the existence of the debt; and thereupon
drawing lines on the tablets was an act preliminary the officers, if they thought proper, might mlake an
to the division, whereby the jury intimated to the entry accordingly, though it would probably be
parties how the matter was likely to go, unless their duty to make some inquiry before so doing.
they came to a compromise. Such intimation If they made a false entry, either wilfuilly, or -upon
mnight be necessary in those cases, where, the esti- tile suggestion of another person, the aggrieved
mates of the parties being widely different, the party might institute a prosecution against them,
onle proposing too high a penalty, the other too low or against the person upon whose suggestion it was
a one, the jury Awished to inform the more un- mlade. Such prosecution was called ^YFpa(pI.K