Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

AGPLICULTURA. AGRICULTUR A. 47
versus qucIr' at2s, a square whose side was 100 lady of the family (snatrona) may be more willing
feet, the words actus and versus marking the or- to bear her husband company.
dinary length of furrow in the two regions. (Varr. 2. Rustica. This comprehended that part of the
R.. i. 10, L. L. iv. 4; Col. v. 1; Plin. H. N. building occupied by the servants, consisting of a
xviii. 3.) large and lofty kitchen (culina), to which they
FENCES (sepes, sepinezta) were of four kinds:- might at all times resort, baths (baoiseae) for their
1,. Sepirnzentu?, naturale, the quickset hedge use on holidays, sleeping closets (cellee) for the
(viva sepes). servi soluti, a gaol (ergastulum) under ground for
2. Sepinentzum agreste, a wooden paling made the servi eincti. In this division were included
with upright stakes (pali) interlaced with brush- also the stables, byres, sheds, folds, courts, and
wood (vigyuttis implicatis), or having two or more enclosures of every description (stabdia, bubilia,
cross-spars (amites, longuria) passed through holes septa, ovilia, cortes) for the working oxen (donziti
drilled in the stakes, after the manner of what are bores), and other stock kept at home, together with
now termedflakes (palis latis perforatis et per ea a magazine or storehouse (horreazn) where all the
foramina tIrajectis longuriis/ftre binis aut ternis). implements of agriculture (omne rusticurm instru3. Sephimentaml nzilitare, consisting of a ditch mentzn) were deposited, and within this, a lock-up
(fossa) with the earth dug out and thrown up in- room for the reception of the iron tools (fJrraside so as to form an embasnkment (acgger), a fence smenta). In so far as the distribution of rooms
used chiefly along the sides of public roads or on was concerned, the overseer (villicus) was to have
the banks of rivers. his chamber beside the main entrance (janua), in
4. Sepizentumn? fibrile, a wall which might be order that he might observe all who came in or
formed either of stones (7aoceria), as in the vicinity went out, the book-keeper (procurator) was to be
of Tusculum, or of baked bricks as in the north placed over the gate, that he might watch the
of Italy, or of unbaked bricks as in Sabinum, or villiczus as well as the others, while the shepherds
of masses of earth and stone pressed in between (opiliones), oxmen (bubulci), and such persons were
upright boards (in fonrmis), and hence termed to be lodged in the immediate vicinity of the anifobrmacii. These last were common in Spain, in mnals under their charge.
Africa, and near Tarentunm, and were said to last 3. Fructuzari. This comprehended that part of
for centuries uninjured by the zweather. (Varr. i. the building where the produce of the farm was
14; Plin. II. N. xxxv. 14; comp. Col. v. 10, x. 3; preserved, consisting of the oil cellar (cella olearia),
Pallad. i. 34; vi. 3.) the press-house (cella torcularia), the vault for
Finally, after the land had been drained, di- wines in the cask (cella vinaria), the boiling-room
vided, and fenced, the banks which served as for inspissating must (de/futaria), all of which
boundaries, and the road-sides were planted with were on the ground floor, or a little depressed betrees, the elm and the poplar being preferred, in low the level of the soil. Above were hay-lofts
order to secure a supply of leaves for the stock and (foenilia), repositories for chaff, straw, leaves, and
timber for domestic use. (Cat. 6.) other fodder (palearia), granaries (horrea, granaria), a drying-room for newly cut wood (fioneal. b. VIaaLLA RUSTI. sriZo) in connection with the rustic bath flues,
In erecting a house and offices, great importance and store-rooms (apotlhecae) for wine in the amwas attached to the choice of a favourable position. phora, some of which communicated with the
The site selected was to be elevated rather than flmnarlius., while others received the jars whose
low, in order to secure good ventilation and to contents had been sufficiently mellowed by the
avoid all danger of exhalations from running or influence of heat.
stagnant water; under the brow of a hill, for the In addition to the conveniences enumerated
sake of shelter; facing the east so as to enjoy abbve, a mill and bake house (pistrinusm et finsunshine in winter and shade in summer; ncear, enu) were attached to every establishment; at
but not too near to a stream, and with plenty of least two open tanks (piscinae, lacus sb dclio), one
wood and pasture in the neighbourhood. The for the cattle and geese, the other for steeping
structures were to be strictly in proportion to the lupines, osiers, and objects requiring maceration;
extent of the farm; for if too large, the original and, where there was no river or spring available,
cost is heavy, and they must be kept in repair at covered reservoirs (cisternae sub tectis) into which
a great expense; if too small, the various products rain water was conveyed for drinking and culinary
would run thle risk of being injured by the want purposes. (Cat. 3, 4, 14; Varr. i. 11-14; Col.
of proper receptacles (ito edifices ne villa fundum i. 6; Geopon. ii. 3.)
quaerat neve fizndus villain, Cat. R. R. 3). The
buildings were usually arranged round two courts,
with a tank in the centre of each, and divided The instrumenta employed to cultivate the
into three parts, named according to the purposes ground were two-fold: a. Persons (hosines);
for which they were destined. 1. (Pars) Urbana. b. Aids to human toil (ad7ninicula honzinnmrs),
2. (Pars) Rustica. 3. (Pars) Fructuaria. namely, oxen and other animals employed in
1. Urbana. This comprehended that part of work; together with tools (instrumenta), in the
the building occupied by the master and his family, restricted sense of the word.
consisting of eating rooms (coenaliones) and sleeping apartrients (cubicula), with different aspects
for summer and winter, baths (balnearia), and The men employed to cultivate a farm might
porticoes or promenades (ansbulationes). Columella be either, 1. free labourers (operarii), or 2. slaves
recommends that, this portion of the mansion should (servi).
be made as commodious as the means of the pro.. 1. Free labovtrers. Cato considers the facility of
prietor will permit, in order that he himself may procuring persons of this description, whom in one
be tempted to spend more time there, and that the place he calls meerceaiarA po itorcs. as one of the