Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

EXERCITUS. EXERCITUS. 483
Spartans were mixed up together in some way Pihaloan),.is an assumption which leaves out of
which it is not easy to unravel. The whole life sight the proportion of citizens called out, and the
of a Spartan was passed in the discipline of a kind number of Perioeci in the army.; (Of the 292
of camp. The citizens messed together in com- heavy-armed soldiers who surrendered at Sphacpanies, and slept in a sort of barracks. It appears teria, 120 were Spartans, Thuc. iv. 38. At the
from Xenophon (Rep. Lac. xi.) that the whole battle of Plataeae, one half of the heavy-armed
body of citizens of military age was divided into soldiers of the Lacedaemonians were Spartans.)
six divisions called udOpai (reroiritc'al u4paL he When in the field, each mora of infantry was atterms them), under the command or superintend- tended by a mora of cavalry, consisting at the most
ence of a polemarch, each mora being subdivided of 100 men, and commanded by an hipparmost
into four hAdXo (commanded by Aoxayoi), each (17r'apopoa'ris, Xen. Hellen. iv. 4. ~ 10, 5. ~ 12).
A6Xos into two'reVT71KcorTES (headed by rsv77- - Plutarch (Lye. 23) mentions squadrons (ohvAalot)
KCorTTlpES), each 7rervTi7ots into two E'vw/ouoria of fifty, which may possibly be the same divisions.
(headed by enomotarchs). The EvwcoT[aL were It is not easy, however, to see in what manner the
so called from the men composing them being cavalry could have been thus apportioned, or how
bound together by a common oath (Tdais Trs lai each mora of cavalry could have " belonged to a
poayiwsyv eycaoTosr, Hesych. s. v.). These were mora of infantry without being in close connection
not merely divisions of troops engaged in actual with it" (as Muller says). The cavalry seems
military expeditions. The whole body of citizens merely to have been employed to protect the flanks,
at all times formed an army, whether they were and but little regard was paid to it. The corps of
congregated at head-quarters in Sparta, or a 300?7r7re7s (Herod. viii. 124) formed a sort of
portion of them were detached on foreign service. body-guard for the king, and consisted of the
Herodotus (i. 65) speaks of enomoties, triacades, flower of the young soldiers. Though called
and syssitia as military divisions, and we learn that horsemen, they fought on' foot. (Xen. Rep. Lac. iv.
the polemarchs presided over the public tables ~ 3.)
(Plut. Lye. 12). When a portion of the citizens Thucydides in his account of the battle of Manwas sent out on foreign service, the army that they tineia (v. 68) describes the Lacedaemonian army
formed was arranged in divisions corresponding to, as divided into seven lochi, each containing four
and bearing the same names as the divisions of pentecostyes, and each pentecostys four enomotiae,
the entire military force of Sparta, i. e. of the with thirty-two men in each; so that the lochus
entire body of citizens of military age. As has here is a body of 512 men, and is commanded by
already been remarked, an army sent On foreign a polemarch. It is clear, therefore, that the lochus
service consisted of citizens between certain ages, of Thucydides, in this instance, answers to the
determined according to the number of soldiers mora of Xenophon. As on this occasion, the
wanted. So that, as it would seem, every eno- pentecostys contained four instead of two eno.
motia of the general body sent out a certain pro- suotiae, and as four pentecostyes were thrown togeportion of its numbers for the expedition in ther into one division, Thucydides may have been
question, who (with some Perioeci) formed an led to call this division a lochus, as being next
enomotia of the army so sent; and the detach- above the pentecostys, though it was, in fact, a
ment of those enomotiae which formed a mora of mora commanded by a polemarch (Thirlwall, 1. c.
the whole body of citizens, formed (apparently) a p. 445; comp. Arnold on Thuc. v. 68). Aristotle
mora of the army on service. All the accounts appears to use the terms lochus and mora indisthat we have of Spartan military operations indi. criminately (Aarbvwov iroA.. Fr. 5 and 6; Photius
cate that the Perioeci who sei'ved as heavv-armed s. v. dXol0). The suggestion of Arnold (1. c.) that
soldiers, formed integral members of the different one of the seven lochi spoken of consisted of the
divisions to which they were attached; so that an Brasidean soldiers and Neodamnodes, who would
enomotia, pentecostys, &c., in the field, would con- not be taken account of in the ordinary divisions
tain a number of soldiers who did not belong to of the Spartan forces, is not unlikely, and would
the corresponding larger divisions of the whole explain the discrepancy between the number of
body of citizens of military age. Thirlwall (Hist. lochi (or morae) here, and the ordinary number of
of Greece, vol. i. app. ii.) talks of thirty families six morae; but even independently of it, no diffibeing represented in thle army by thirty soldiers; culty need be felt with respect to that particular
an idea totally at variance with all the accounts point, as the whole arrangement of the troops on
that we have. Supposing a family to consist of a that occasion was a departure from the ordinary
father and three sons, if the latter were above divisions. It was not universally the case that an
twenty, and the father not above sixty years of army was made up of six morae and twenty-four
age, all would be soldiers, liable to be called out ordinary lochi. On one occasion, we hear of
for active service at any time; and according to twelve lochi (Xen. Hellen. vii. 4. ~ 20, comp.
the limits of the age proclaimed by the ephors, ~ 27), each of about 100 men. The Neodamodes
one, two, three, or all of them might be called out were not usually incorporated in the morae (Xen.
at once. The strength of a mora on actual service, Hellen. iv. 3. ~ 15).
of course, varied, according to circumstances. To It seems a probable opinion that the number of
judge by the name pentecostys, the normal number morae in the Spartan military force had reference
of a mora would have been 400; but 500, 600, to the districts into which Laconia was divided.
and 900 are mentioned as the number of men in a These, including Sparta and the districts immemora on different occasions (Plut. Pelop. 16; Xen. diately around it, were six in number. Perhaps,
Hellen. iv. 5. ~ 11, 12, vi. 4. ~ 12; Schol. ad as Thirlwall suggests, the division of the army
T/uc. v. 66; Diod. xv. 32, &c.; Miiller, Dorians, may have been founded on the fiction that one
iii. 12. ~ 2, note t.). That these variations arose mora was assigned for the protection of each
from variations in the number of Spartan citizens district. The same writer also suggests a very
(Haase in Ersch and Gruber's Encyclop3die, art. probable explanation of the AsXoss Itracl'rd's
i 2