Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

ABCITTECTURA, ARICHON, 121
the art, it only remains to subjoin a brief sketch of commencement of the third and most brilliant
its history, which Hirt and Muller divide into five period of the art was signalized by the rebuilding
periods: the first, which is chiefly mythical, comes of Athens, the establishment of regular principles
down to the time of Cypselus, 01. 30, B. c. 660 for the laying out of cities by Hippodamus of Mile(Muller brings this period down to the 50th Olym- tus, and the great works of the age of Pericles, by
piad, B. c. 580): the second period comes down to the contemporaries of Pheidias, at Athens, Eleusis,
the termination of the Persian war, 01. 75. 2, B. C. and Olympia; during its course every city of
478 (Muller brings it down to 01. 80, B. c. 460): Greece and her colonies was adorned with splendid
the third is the brilliant period from the end of the edifices of every description; and its termination
Persian war to the death of Alexander the Great, is marked by the magnificent works of Deinocrates
01. 114, B. c. 323 (MUller closes this period with and his contemporaries at Alexandria, Antioch,
the death of Philip, 01. 111, B. c. 336): the fourth and other cities. The first part of the fourth peperiod is brought down by Hirt to the battle of riod saw the extension of the Greek architecture
Actium, B. c. 31, but by Muller only to the over the countries conquered by Alexander, and,
Roman conquest of Greece, B. C. 146; the latter in the West, the commencement of the new style,
division has the convenience of marking the tran- which arose from the imitation, with some altersition from Greek to Roman architecture: Hirt's ations, of the Greek forms by Roman architects,
fifth period is that of the Roman empire, down to to which the conquest of Greece gave, of course,
the dedication of Constantinople, A. D. 330; while a new impulse. By the time of Augustus, Rome
Miiller's fifth period embraces the whole history of was adorned with every kind of public and priRoman architecture, from the time when it began vate edifice, surrounded by villas, and furnished
to imitate the Greek, down to the middle ages, with roads and aqueducts; and these -various
when it became mingled with the Gothic: Hirt's erections were adorned by the forms of Grecian
division requires us to draw a more definite line of art; but already Vitruvius begins to complain that
demarcation than is possible, between the Roman the purity of that art is corrupted by the intermixand Byzantine styles, and also places that line too ture of heterogeneous forms. This process of deteearly. rioration went on rapidly during the fifth period,
The characteristics of these several periods will though combined at first with increasing magbe developed under the articles which describe the nificence in the scale and number of the buildings
several classes of buildings: they are therefore erected. The early part of this period is made illusnoticed in this place with the utmost possible triousby the numerous works of Augustus, and his
brevity. Our infolrmation respecting the first period successors, especially the Flavii, Nerva, Trajan,
is derived from the Homeric poems, the tradi- Hadrian, and the Antonines, at Rome and in the
tions preserved by other writers, and the most provinces; but from the time of the Antonines the
ancient monuments of Greece, Central Italy, and decline of the art was rapid and decided. In one
the coast of Asia Minor. Strongly fortified cities, department, a new impulse was given to architecpalaces, and treasuries, are the chief works of ture by the rise of Christian churches, which were
the earlier part of this period; and to it may be generally built on the model of the Roman Basilica.
referred most of the so-called Cyclopean remains; One of the most splendid specimens of Christian
while the era of the Dorian invasion marks, in architecture is the church of S. Sophia at Constanall probability, the commencement of the Dorian tinople, built in the reign of Justinian, A. D. 537,
style of temple architecture. The principal names and restored, after its partial destruction by an
of artists belonging to this period are Daedalus, earthquake, in 554. But, long before this time,
Euryalus, Hyperbius, Docius, and some others. In the Greco-Roman style had become thoroughly
the second period the art made rapid advances corrupted, and that new style, which is called the
under the powerful patronage of the aristocracies Byzantine, had arisen out of the mixture of Roman
in some cities, as at Sparta, and of the tyrants in architecture with ideas derived from the Northern
others, as Cypselus at Corinth, Theagnes at Megara, nations. It is beyond our limits to pursue the
Cleisthenes at Sicyon, the Peisistratids at Athens, history of this and later styles of the art.
and Polycrates at Samos. Architecture now as- Of the ancient writers, from whom our knowledge
sumed decidedly the character of a fine art, and of the subject is derived, the most important is, of
became associated with the sister arts of sculpture course, Vitruvius. The following are the principal
and painting, which are essential to its develop- modern works on the general subject: - Winckelment. The temples of particular deities were en- mann, Asznerkurngen fiber die Bazkznst der Alten,
riched and adorned by presents, such as those 1762; Stieglitz, Archlaologie der Baukunzst, 1801,
which Croesus sent to the Pythian Apollo. Mag- and G'eschichte der Baukunst, 1827; Hirt, Bauzkust
nificent temples sprung up in all the principal nack den Grunds/itzez der Alten, 1809, and CesGreek cities; and while the Doric order was chic/lte der Baukunst bei den Alten, 1821; Muller,
brought almost, if not quite, to perfection, in Greece Handbuch/ der Archiiologie de IKuszst, 1825; the
Proper, in the Doric colonies of Asia Minor, and various works of travels, topography, and antiin Central Italy and Sicily, the Ionic order ap- quities, such as those of Stuart, Chandler, Clarke,
peared, already perfect at its first invention, in the Dodwell, &c., all the most important of which
great temple of Artemis at Ephesus. The ruins will be found cited by the authorities referred to;
still existing at Paestum, Syracuse, Agrigentum, and, for Central Italy, Miiller's Etlsuske;-, and
Selinus, Aegina, and other places, are imperishable Abeken's /IIittelitalien vor ders Romiscc/en Herrmonuments of this period. Nor were works of scAeft. [P. S.]
utility neglected, as we see in the fountain of the ARCHITHEOIRUS. [DELIA.]
Peisistratids at Athens, the aqueduct at Samos ARCHON (aipXco). The government of
[AQUABDUCTUs], the sewers (&6rsO'oaow) and baths Athens appears to have gone through the cycle of
(KoANvCh/Ope) at Agrigentum. To this period also changes, which ancient history records as the lot of
belong the great works of the Roman kings. The many other states. It began with monarchy; anld