Dictionary of Greek and Roman antiquities. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

1104 TEMPLUM. TEMPLIJM.
piece of land, cut off from common uses, and dedi- or sceellum. [SACRARIUs; SACE.LUMI-.] Varno
cated to a god. In Attica, there appears to have (ap. Gell. xiv. 7. ~ 7) justly considers the ceremony
been a considerable quantity of such sacred lands performed by the augurs as essential to a temple,
(re/Yqv?), which were let out by the state to farm; as the consecration by the pontiffs took place also
and the income arising from them was appropriated in other sanctuaries which were not templa, but
to the support of the temples, and the maintenance, mere sacra or aedes sacrae. Thus the sanctuary
of public worship. (Xen. Vectig. iv. 19; Harpocrat. of Vesta was not a tesrplum but an aedes sacra,
s.. drn M0Ow0Ltd'rw,; B6ckh, Publ. Econ. of Athens, and the various curiae (Hostilia, Pompeia, Julia)
p. 303, 2d ed.) required to be made templae by the augurs before
TEMO. [ARATRUM; CURRUS.] senatusconsulta could be made in them. In what
TEMPLUM is the same word as the Greek manner a templum differed from a delubrsum is more
TebtEYIos, from T-,eA, to cutoff, for tesnplhtm, ac- difficult to decide, and neither the ancient nor mocording to Servius (ad Aen. i. 446), was any place dern writers agree in their definitions. Some allwhich was circumscribed and separated by the au- cients believed that delh'uZrnz was originally the
gurs from the rest of the land by a certain solemn name given to a place before or at the entrance of
formula. The technical terms for this act of the a temple, which contained a font or a vessel with
augurs are liberace and e/fari, and hence a templum waters by which persons, before entering the temple,
itself is a locus liberatus et effitus. A place thus performed a symbolic purification (Serv. ad Aen.
set apart and hallowed by the augurs was always iv. 56, ii. 225; Corn. Fronto, quoted by Dacier on
intended to'serve religious purposes, but chiefly for Fest. s. v. Delubrum)n; others state that delubrnum
taking the auguria. ('" Templum locus an2gs'ii aut was originally the name for a wooden representaacaspicii causa quibusdaon conceptis verbis finitus," tion of a god (S',avov), whichl derived its name
Varro, de Ling. Lat. vi. p. 81, Bip.) When Varro from librumn (the bark of a tree), which was taken
(de Ling. Lat. v. p. 65, Bip.) says that a locus ef- off (delibrare) before the tree was worked into.a/2us was always outside the city, we must remember an image of the god, and that hence delubrucn was
that this only means outside the ponzoerium, for applied to the place where this image was erected.
the whole space included within the ponzoerium (Fest. s. v. Delubsruzm; Massur. Sab. ap. Serv.
was itself a tesnplum, i. e. a place in which auspices ad Aen. ii. 225.) Hartung (Die iel. d. R'mn. i.
could be taken [POMOaRIvai]; but when they p. 143, &c.) derives the word delubrum from liber
were to be taken in any place outside the pomoe- (anciently lubesr), and thinks that it originally
9'ium, it was always necessary for such a place meant a locus liberatus, or a place separated by the
to be first circumscribed and sanctified by the augur from the profane land, in which an image of
augur (liberacre:et eteffiri). The place in the heavens a god might be erected, and sacred rites be perwithin which the observations were to be made formed. Adelubrumn would therefore bea sanctuary.
was likewise called temnplsen, as it was marked out whose chief characteristic was its being separated
and separated from the rest by the staff of the from the profane land. But nothing certain can be
augur. When the augur had defined the templumn said on the subject. (Comp. Macrob. Sat. iii. 4.)
within which he intended to make his observa- After these preliminary remarks, we shall protions, he fixed his tent in it (tahernaculum capere), ceed to give a brief account of the ancient temples,
and this tent was likewise called templmn, or more their property, and their ministers, both in Greece
accurately, ternpluem mzinus. To this sminus telr- and Rome. We must, however, refer our readers
plszm we must refer what Servius (ad Aenz. iv. -200) for a more detailed description of the architectural
and Festus (s. v. minora templa) state, that a temrn- structure of ancient temples to other works, such as
plum was enclosed with planks, curtains, &c., at- Stieglitz, Archliologie der Bnaukunst, and others,
tached to posts fixed in the ground, and that it especially as the structure of the temples varied
had only one door (exitus). The place chosen for according to the divinities to whom they were
a tesnplsusz was generally an eminence, and in the dedicated, and other circumstances.
city it was the arx, where the fixing of a tent does Temples in Greece.-Temples appear to have
not appear to have been necessary, because here a existed in Greece from the earliest times. They
place called auguraZculum was once for all conse- were separated from the profane land around them
crated for this purpose, (Paul Diac. s. v. Augzura- (ordrros 81r AXos, or'rd c4~9Ya), because every one
c~lZzmss; comp. Liv. i. 18, iv. 18; Cic. de Oe. iii. was allowed to walk in the latter. (Schol. ad Soph.
16.) Oed. Col. 10.) This separation was in early times
Besides this meaning of the word tesnplum in indicated by very simple means, such as a string or
the language of the augurs, it also had that of a a rope. (Paus. viii. 10. ~ 2.) Subsequently, howtemple in the common acceptation. In this case ever, they were surrounded by more efficient fences,
too, however, the sacred precinct within which a or even by a wall (e'pKcos, 7repi6oAos, Herod. vi.
temple was built, was always a locus liberatus 134; Pollux, i. 10; Paus. passism), the entrance
et effeatus by the augurs, that is, a lesmplzsmsz or a to which was decorated, as architecture advanced,
fianunz (Liv. x. 37; Varro, de Lisyg. Lat. v. p. 65, with magnificent Propylaea [PrOPYvLAEA]. The
Bip.); the consecration was completed by the whole space enclosed in such a 7repigoAos was called
pontiffs, and not until inauguration and consecra-'T/rcs'oE, or sometimes lepod (Herod. ix. 36, vi. 19,
tion had taken place, could sacra be performed or with Valckenaer's note; Thucyd. v. 18); and conmeetings of the senate be held in it. (Serv. ad Aen. tained, besides the temple itself, other. sacred
i. 446.) It was necessary then for a temple to be buildings, and sacred ground planted with groves,
sanctioned by the gods, whose will was ascertained &c. Within the precincts of the sacred enclosure
by the augurs, and to be consecrated or dedicated by no dead were generally allowed to be buried,
the will of man (the pontiffs). Where the sanction though there were some exceptions to this rule,
of the gods had not been obtained, and where the and we have instances of persons:being buried in
mere act of man had consecrated a place to the or at least near certain temples. The religious
gods, such a place was only a sacrum, sacrarium, laws of the island of Delos did not allow any