A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

SYMEON. SYMEON. 955
Solitary [PHILIPPUS, literary and ecclesiastical, bodies excited the Persian king to commence a
No. 271, or a different work, is not ascertained. severe persecution against the Christians, and
(Allatius; p. 136; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. x. p. Symeon, archbishop of Seleucia and Ctesiphon,
62, note oo.) was put to death on a charge of favouring the
The works of Symeon Metaphrastes are still interests of, and treacherously conveying to, the Rovalued by the Greeks. Three small quarto volumes man emperor Constantine the Great, or more procontaining selections from the Vitae Sanctorum,trans- bably his son Constantius II., intelligence affecting
lated into the modern Greek tongue by Agapius, the interests of Persia. Syriac writers call this
a Cretan monk, printed at Venice in the years 1797, Symeon Bar-Saba' or Bar-sabie, i. e. " Filius
1805, and 1806, and entitled respectively, Ilapd- Tinctorum" (Assemani. Biblioth. Orient. vol. i.
8ethos, Paradisus,'EKcAXystoY, Eclogium, and NEos p. 1, 2), and state that he was the disciple of Papas
fIapdaeLros, Paradisus Novus, are now before us. or Phaphas, whom he succeeded in the see of Se(Allatius, De Symeon. Scriptis, pp. 24-151; Cave, leuceia. Papas had been deposed for his arrowho makes three persons of our Symeon, viz. Sy- gance and impiety, and Symeon was appointed in
meon Metaphrastes, Symeon Logotheta, and Symeon his room (Le Quien, Orie1ns Christicanus, vol. iii.
Logotheta Junior, Hist. Litt. ad annos 901, 967, col. 1107, &c.; Assemani, Biblioth. Orient. vol. i.
1170, vol. ii. pp. 88, 104, 241; Oudin, De Scrip- p. 186), which led Papas to utter an imprecation
toribus Eccl. vol. ii. col. 1300 —1383; Vossius, De against Symeon that his sins might never be forHistoricis Graecis, lib. ii. c. xxv. and lib. iv. pars given to him. Symeon was born of respectable and
iii; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. vii. pp. 471, 683, vol. pious parents, who carried on the business of silk
viii. p. 29, vol. x. p. 180, &c. alibi; Ceillier, Au- dyers, and appear to have supplied the Persian
teurs Sacres, vol. xix. p. 565, &c., 592, &c.; Han- kings with their royal robes. The date of Sykius, De Byzantinaruns Rerunm Scriptoribus, pars i. meon's accession to his see is undetermined. Acc. 24; Hamberger, Zuverlassige Nachrichten, vol. iv. cording to some authorities (Le Quien, col. 1106)
p. 139, &c.; Saxius, Onomasticon, vol. ii. p. 135.) Symeon was present at the Council of Nice, A. D.
23. MONACHUS S. HIEROMONACHUS. Various 325, as representative of his predecessor Papas,MSS. bear the name of Symeon Hieromonachus or who was then archbishop of Seleuceia; according to
Monachus as their author. (Comp. Fabric. Biblioth. others (Assemani, p. 8, 9) Symeon had already
Graec. vol. xi. p. 299; Cave, Hist. Litt. vol. ii.; acquired the see, and sent one of his clergy to
Dissertat. Prima, p. 18). A Symeonius Monachus represent him. The date of his death is also unet Presbyter is mentioned by Photius (Biblioth. certain; but it was probably during the war beCod. 231) as flourishing in the reign of Justinian I. tween the Persians and the Roman emperor Con(See also Nos. 24, 25.) stantius II. Many other Christians perished with
24. PIUS, VENERABILIS or STUDITA. Symeon, Symeon, and in the bloody persecution which foldenominated by his admirers d eVAa~isq " the lowed his death: among these martyrs was his
Pious," or, as Combefis renders it, " the Venerable," sister Tarbula. He was buried at Susa. (Assemani,
was a monk of the monastery of Studium at Con- p. 4.) Symeon wrote some letters in Syriac, which
stantinople, in the latter half of the tenth century. are mentioned by Ebed-jesu (Assemani, p. l 1); but
His younger namesake, Symeon of St. Mamas the occasion and subject of them are not stated. Two
[No. 16], was his disciple, and held him in such hymns which are, it would appear, still used by the
reverence as to pay to his memory honours which Christians of the country about Bagdad (in divinis
were deemed unauthorized and excessive, and in- Chaldaeorum officiis) are ascribed to him. (Assevolved the younger Symeon in difficulties with his mani, Biblioth. Oriental. vol. i. p. 1-12; Le Quien,
ecclesiastical superiors. Symeon the Pious is re- 1. c.; Sozomen. H. E. ii. 8-15; Hieronym. Chrogarded as the author of a short treatise on the nicon; Theophan. Chronog. p. 19, ed. Paris, p. 15,
duties of an ascetic life, Aloyos deW'yuncos 7roAv- ed. Venice, p. 36, ed. Bonn; Cedrenus, Comnpend.
/Eepi)s 01c'S KeephaaAes7qs, Oratio de vitae asceticae p. 298, ed. Paris, vol. i. p. 522, ed. Bonn; Niceoifciis summatmn seripta, of which a version in mo- phorus Callisti, H. E. viii. 35, 37, 38; Menolog.
dern or Romaic Greek, by Dionysius Zagoraeus, is Basilian. a. d. April. xiv. pars iii. p. 55, fol. Urpublished with his version of the works of Symeon bino, 1727; Henschen. apud Acta Sanctoruma
of St. Mamas. 4to. Venice, 1790. See the bio- Aprilis, vol. ii. p. 846; Baronius, Annales Eccles.
graphical notices of Symeon of St. Mamas, in the ad ann. 343, xii.-xvii.; Pagi, Critice in Baron. in
Auctarium Novissimum of Combdfis and in the ver- loc.; Tillemont, MJlzoires, vol. vii. pp. 76, &c.,
sion of Zagoraeus, already referred to [No. 16]. 662, &c.)
25. SCHOLARIUS, styled also HIEROMONACHUS, 27. SETH or SETHUS, V710, or SETHI,:70 L; or'vIuecuv iepoovPraXOS d vxoA\dpeos; a monk of the perhaps THE SON of SETHUS or SETH, a Byzantine
Byzantine empire, whose date is not known, ex- writer of some importance of the eleventh century.
cept that he lived about or after the close of the He is known also by the titles which he bore of MAeighth century. He composed a work entitled GISTER ET PHILOSOPHUS, MyaLSrpos KaI'L);hoKavoves, Syntagma Canonum, extant in MS. at (os, and of PROTOVESTIARIUS ANTIOCHI, rlpoWoVienna, containing the Canons ascribed to the ~eo,-dppXqs rTo,'AVTLOdXOU, i. e. Master of the Robes
Apostles and to the seven general councils. (Fa- in the palace of Antiochus (Flavius Antiochus the
bric. Biblioth. Graec. vol. xi. p. 299; Cave, Hist. Eunuch, who was consul, A. D. 431) at ConstantiLitt. vol. ii., Appendix prima, p. 18; Lambecius, nople, in which the imperial jewels or costly articles
Comnmentar. de Bibliotheca Caesaraea, vol. iv. col. were kept. (Comp. Ducange, Glossar. Mied. et Infirm.
435, ed. Kollar.) Graecitat. s. v. 7rPWrogeo'rdapXrls'rC'AVTLOXou, inter
26. Of SELEUCCEIA and CTESIPHON. The in- derivat. voc. BemjT-o'; and Constantinop. Christiana,
crease of the number of Christians in Persia, and lib. ii. sect. xiii. ~ 5.) By a corruption of his
their formation into churches with ecclesiastical title he has been improperly styled ANTIOCHENUS,
officers, had excited the apprehensions of the'A'Tnoxevs, and MAGISTER ANTIOCHIAE, MaiYo'.
Magi, and also the jealousy of the Jews: these'rpos'Apr'oXeias, and BEsTus. BE'oror. It is pro