A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. By various writers. Ed. by William Smith. Illustrated by numerous engravings on wood.

STUDITA. STYMPHALUS. 929
xviii. xix.) a Latin version of an Epistola ad Si- of him in some MS. of the Greek S/ynaxaria, by
mneonem Monachum, or probably of a part of it; which interpolations the emperor Leo the Armenian
and Gretserus, in his collection De Cruce, has [LEO V.], in whose reign Joseph attempted to go
given, with a Latin version and notes, Aoyos Els to Rome, has been confounded with Leo the IsauToe' BiUoo gml'wo7rsLotv 0Taupo's roO cqLoAoyITosv rian [LFo III.], who reigned nearly a century'IwridP dpXLe7rLaKorov OEoaaahovbKpsc, Oratio in before. Joseph is chiefly celebrated as a writer of
venerandam et vivificam Crucem Confessoris Jo- Canones or IHymni, of which several are extant in
sephiArch7iepiscopi Thessalonsicensis (Gretser. Opera, MS.; but there is solne difficulty in distinguish.
vol. ii. p. 85, &c., fol. Ratisbon, 1734). Joseph of ing his compositions from those of Joseph of ThesThessalonica appears to have written several Ca- salonica [No. 1]. His Canoozes in omnia Beatae
nones or hymns, but it is not easy to distinguish Virginis Jllariaefesta, and his Theotocia, hymns in
these from the Canones of the other Joseph men- honour of the Virgin, scattered through the eccletioned below (No. 2). (Acta Sanctorumn, Aprilis, siastical books of the Greeks, were published,
vol. i. p. 268, Jsulii, vol. iii. p. 710; Lambec. Com- with a learned commentary, and a life of Joseph,
mesntarius de Bibliothi. Caesaraea, vol. v. col. 564, translated from the Greek of Joannes or John the
576, 721, ed. Kollar; Oudin, De Scriptoribus Deacon, by Ippolito Maracci, under the title of
L'ccles. vol. ii. col. 24, &c.; Le Quien, Oriens Mariale S. Josephi HIymnnographi, 8vo. Rome, 1661.
Christianus, vol. ii. col. 43, &c.; Cave, Hist. Litt. The version of the life of Joseph was by Luigi
ad ann. 808, vol. ii. p. 6, ed. Oxford, 1740-1743; Maracci of Lucca, the brother of Ippolito. AnFabric. Biblioth. Graec. vol. x. p. 248, vol. xi. p. 79.) other Latin version of the same life but less exact,
2. JOSEPHUS HYMNOGRAPHUS (O'Tr~voypd- by the Jesuit Floritus, was published among
pos), or MELODUS, or CANONUM SCRIPTOR (d the Vitae Sanctrulm Siculorumls of Octavius Caje7ronr2T7s Trb' Kavdiwv), or of SICILY. This Jo- tanus (Ottavio Gaetano), vol. ii. p. 43, fol. Palerno
sephus lived a little later than the preceding. He 1657, and reprinted in the Acta Sanctorumn (vid.
was a Sicilian by birth, the son of Plotinus or infra).
Plutinus (rIAoTsr7vos), and Agatha, persons ap- Some writers have supposed that there was a
parently of some property, and of eminent piety. third Joseph, a writer of hymns, mentioned in the
They were compelled, in consequence of the ra- title of a MS. Typicon at Rome, as of the Monasvages of the Saracens in Sicily, to flee into the tery of St. Nicolaus Casularum (rCsc Kao'oiAwv):
Peloponnesus; and Joseph, fearing lest their but there seems reason to think that this Joseph
altered circumstances would interfere with his. was the subject of the present article; and that
desire of leading a monastic life, left them, and, the Monastery of St. Nicolaus was the one built
while yet a lad, repaired to Thessalonica, and by him, adjacent to the deserted Church of St. John
became an inmate of the convent of Latomus, Chrysostom. ( Vita S. Josephi IlymnograpAi, in the
where he became eminent for his ascetic practices Acta Sanctorum, Aprilis, a. d. iii. vol. i. p. 269, &c.,
and for the fluency and gracefulness of his utter- with the Conlmzentarius Praevies of Papebroche,
ance; "so that he easily," says his biographer, and Appendix, p. xxxiv.; Fabricius, Biblioth. Graec.
" threw the fabled sirens into the shade." Having vol. xi. p. 79, Menologiums Graecorion, jussu Basilii
been ordained presbyter, he accompanied to Con- Imperatoris editum, a. d. iii. Aprilis, fol. Urbino,
stantinople Gregory of Decapolis, who there became 1727. [J. C. M.]
one of the leaders of the "orthodox" party, in ST'YMPHA'LIDES ('vtreppaXles), the celetheir struggle with the iconoclastic emperor, Leo brated rapacious birds near the Stymphalian lake
the Armenian, which began in A. D. 814. From in Arcadia, whence they were driven by Heracles
Constantinople Joseph repaired, at the desire of and compelled to take refuge in the island of Arethis Gregory, to Rome, to solicit the support of the tias in the Euxine, where they were afterwards
pope; but falling into the hands of pirates, was found by the Argonauts. They are described in
by them carried away to Crete. Here he remained different ways, but most commonly as voracious
till the death of Leo the Armenian (A. D. 820), birds of prey, which attacked even men, and which
when he was, as his biographer asserts, miracu- were armed with brazen wings, from which they
lously delivered, and conveyed to Constantinople. could shoot out their feathers like arrows. (Apollod.
On his return he found his friend and leader, Gre- ii. 5. ~ 2; Paus. viii. 22. ~ 4; Hygin. Fab. 30;
gory, dead, and attached himself to another leader, Schol. ad Apollon. Rhod. ii. 1053.) They are said
John, on whose death he procured that his body to have been brought up by Ares. (Serv. ad Aen.
and that of Gregory should be transferred to the viii. 300.) According to Mnaseas (ap. ScAol. ad
deserted church of St. John Chrysostom, in con- Apollon. Rhod. ii. 1054), they were not birds, but
nection with which he established a monastery. women and daughters of Stymphalus and Ornis,
that was soon, by the attractiveness of his elo- and were killed by Heracles because they did not
quence, filled with inmates. After this he was, receive him hospitably. In the temple of the
for his strenuous defence of image worship, banished Stymphalian Artemis, however, they were repreto Chersonae, apparently by the emperor Theophi- sented as birds, and behind the temple there were
lus, who reigned from A. D. 829 to 842: but, on white marble statues of maidens with birds' feet.
the death of the emperor, was recalled from exile (Palls. viii. 22. ~ 5.) [L. S,]
by the empress Theodora, and obtained, through ST'YMPHALUS (2T'6v/pahos), 1, A son o
the favour of the patriarch Ignatius, the office of Lycaon. (Apollod. iii. 8. ~ 1,)
sceuophylax, or keeper of the sacred vessels in the 2. A son of Elatus and Laodice, a grandson of
great church of Constantinople. Joseph was Arcas, and father of Parthenope, Agamedes, and
equally acceptable to Ignatius and to his compe- Gortys. (Apollod. ii. 7. ~ 8, iii. 9. ~ I; Paus. viii.
titor and successor Photius [IGNATITs, No. 3; 4. ~ 3, 22, ~ 1,) Pelops, who was unable to conPHOTIUS, No. 3]. He' died at an advanced age, quer him in war, murdered him by stratagem, and
in A. D. 883. The chronology of his life has been cut his body in pieces. For this crime Greece was
much perplexed by the interpolation of the notices visited with a famine, which however was averted
VOL. no. 3 o